REVIEWER LIT  During the first year of the American

period the languages and writings were

AMERICAN REGIME (1898-1941)
Spanish and tagalog
333 years – colonized by the Spaniards  In 1910, a new group started to write in
English. Hence, Spanish, Tagalog, the
June 12, 1898 – independence day
Vernaculars and finally, English
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo – first president of the
Vernaculars – dialects in different parts of
Philippines
the Philippines
Fil-American was resulted in the defeat of Gen.
A. Literature in Spanish
Miguel Malvar in 1903
 The inspiration of our Filipino writers in
1900- peace movement Spanish was Rizal not only because of
his being a national leader but also
The active arousal in the field of literature because of his novels NOLI and FILI.
started to be felt in the following newspapers. These two novels contained the best
1. EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day) - Established qualities of a novel ever written, in
by Sergio Osmeña in 1900. The American English or in Filipino.
censors twice banned this and threatened Cecilio Apostol - wrote poems dedicated to
Osmeña with banishment because of his Rizal, Jacinto, Mabini and all other heroes but
nationalistic writings. his poem dedicated to Rizal is considered the
2. EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of the best poem in praise of the hero of Bagumbayan.
Nation) - Established by Pascual Poblete in Fernando Ma. Guerrero
1900.
 shared with Apostol the reign in the
3. EL RENACIMIENTO (The Rebirth) - Founded balagtasan in Spanish during their time.
by Rafael Palma in 1901.  He also dedicated a poem to Rizal but
(Plays were written then but after the first and he collected the best of his poems in a
second presentations, the Americans put a stop book called CRISALIDAS, meaning, a
to this because of the consistent theme of kind of black, wooly caterpillar. He
nationalism. Included here were the following) wrote it on June 19, 1901 to
commemorate Rizal’s birthday.
1. KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS
(Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow). JESUS BALMORI
- Written by Aurelio Tolentino
 Jesus Balmori is well-known for his pen
depicting the suppression done
name of Batikuling. He and Manuel
by the Americans and their plan
Bernabe participated in a debate on the
to colonize the Philippines.
topic – (Remembrance and
2. TANIKALANG GINTO of Juan Abad.
Forgetfulness). He was elected Poet
3. MALAYA by Tomas Remigio.
Laureate in Spanish besting Manuel
4. WALANG SUGAT by Severino Reyes.
Bernabe.
 Collantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos Garmaitan,
Manuel Bernabe - is a lyric poet and the and Amado V. Hernandez.
fierceness of his nationalistic spirit was
unchanged in any topic he wrote about.
3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng Tanghalan).
CLARO M. RECTO - In nobility of speech Led by Aurelio Tolentino, Patricio Mariano,
and theme, Claro M. Recto can compare Severino Reyes, and Tomas Remigio.
with the other writers of Spanish. He
collected his poems in a book entitled Novelists or biographers
BAJO LOS COCOTEROS (Under The Lope K. Santos - a novelist, poet and author, and
Coconut Trees). grammarian covered three periods of Tagalog
literature – American, Japanese and the
Other Writers in Spanish contemporary period. If Manuel L. Quezon is
called the Father of the National Language, Lope
1. Adelina Guerrea was the first woman K. Santos is called the Father of the National
poet in the Philippines who was good Language Grammar. He was also called the
in Spanish. She obtained the Zobel “Apo” of the Tagalog writers. BANAAG AT SIKAT
prize in her song El Nido. (The Nest). was his masterpiece.
2. Isidro Marpori became famous for his
four books entitled Aromas de Jose Corazon de Jesus - is very popularly known
Ensueño (Scents of Dreams). as Huseng Batute. He was also called the Poet
3. Macario Adriatico wrote of a legend of Love in his time. ANG ISANG PUNONG
of Mindoro entitle La Punta de Salto KAHOY (A TREE), an elegy, is believed to be his
(The Place of Origin). masterpiece.
4. Epifanio de los Santos (known as Don Amado V. Hernandez - was dubbed Makata ng
PAnyong). He was a good leader and mga Manggagawa (Poet of the Laborers) in our
biographer during the whole period literature because he pictures in his poem the
of Spanish literature. intense love for the poor worker or laborer. To
5. Pedro Aunario wrote the Decalogo him, a poem is a scent, bittersweet memories,
del Proteccionismo. and a murmur of flowing water. The pen is
B. Filipino Literature powerful and according to him, even a king can
be bent by the pen.
(FLORANTE AT LAURA of Francisco Balagtas and
URBANA AT FELISA of Modesto de Castro Valeriano Hernandez Pena - Together with Lope
became the inspiration of the Tagalog writers.) K. Santos he reached the summit of his novel-
writing. He was known as Tandang Anong and
1. Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso). These his pen name was Kuntil Butil (Small Grain). He
included Lope K. Santos, Iñigo Ed. Regalado, considers NENA AT NENENG his masterpiece.
Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro Deogracias del Rosario,
Ildefonso Santos, Amado V. Hernandez, Iñigo Ed. Regalado - was a son of a popular
Nemecio Carabana, and Mar Antonio. writer during the Spanish time known as
Odalger. He proved that he not only followed
the footsteps of his father but also reached the
2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay). Led by Lope peak of his success by the “sumpong” (whim) of
K Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus, Florentino
his pen. He also became a popular story-teller, Other Forms of Literature
novelist and newspaperman.
The following are those recognized in the field
The Tagalog drama - During the advent of the of Ilocano Literature:
American period, Severino Reyes and
1. Pedro Bukaneg - Father of Ilocano Literature.
Hermogenes Ilagan started the movement
From his name was derived the word
against the moro-moro ( a play on the Spanish
Bukanegan, which means Balagtasan (a poetic
struggles against the Muslims) and struggled to
contest) in Ilocano.
show the people the values one can get from
the zarzuela and the simple plays. 2. Claro Caluya - Prince of Ilocano Poets.
Known as poet and novelist.
The people one should not forget in the field of
writing are the following: 3. Leon Pichay - Known as the best Bukanegero
(from Bukaneg). Also a poet, novelist, short
1. Severino Reyes. Father of the Tagalog drama
story writer, dramatist and essayist.
and author of the immortal WALANG SUGAT.
Two stalwarts in the literature of the
2. Aurelio Tolentino. The dramatist in whom
Kapampangans stand out: they are:
the Kapampangans take pride. Included in his
writings were LUHANG TAGALOG, his 1. Juan Crisostomo Soto - (Father of
masterpiece, and KAHAPON, NGAYONG AT Kapampangan Literature). The word CRISOTAN
BUKAS that resulted in his incarceration. (meaning Balagtasan) in Tagalog is taken from
his name.
3. Hermogenes Ilagan. Founded the group
Campaña Ilagan that presented many dramas in 2. Aurelio Tolentino - He truly proved his being
Central Luzon. a Kapampangan in his translation of KAHAPON,
NGAYON AT BUKAS into Kapampangan which he
4. Patricio Mariano. Wrote the novel NINAY
called NAPON, NGENI AT BUKAS.
and ANAK NG DAGAT (Son of the Sea), his
masterpiece. The following are the top men in Visayan
literature:
5. Julian Cruz Balmaceda. Wrote BUNGANGA
NG PATING (Shark’s Mouth). This gave him 1. Eriberto Gumban - (Father of Visayan
much honor and fame. Literature). He wrote a zarzuela, moro-moro
and a play in Visayan.

2. Magdalena Jalandoni - She devoted her

Two collections of Tagalog stories were
talent to the novel. She wrote ANG MGA
published during the American Period.
TUNUK SAN ISA CA BULACLAC.
 First was the MGA KUWENTONG GINTO
Philippine Literature in English
(Golden Stories) published in 1936 it
was written by Alejandro Abadilla and In a way, we can say that we can trace the
Clodualdo del Mundo that contained beginnings of Philippine literature in English
the 25 best stories according to them. with the coming of the Americans. For this
 KUWENTONG GINTO ng 50 BATIKANG purpose, we can divide this period into three
KUWENTISTA (50 Golden Stories by 50 time frames, namely:
Noted Storytellers) it was written by
1. The Period of Re-orientation: 1898-1910
Pedrito Reyes
2. The Period of Imitation: 1910-1925 Wordsworth and Tennyson, Thackeray
and Macaulay, Longfellow, Allan Poe,
3. The Period of Self-Discovery: 1925-1941
Irving and other American writers of the
Romantic School.

The Period of Re-orientation (1898-1910) Essay

English as a literary vehicle came with the - The noted essayists of this time were:
American occupation in August 13, 1898 and as Carlos P. Romulo, Jorge C. Bocobo,
they say, a choice bestowed on us by history. By Mauro Mendez, and Vicente Hilario.
1900, English came to be used as a medium of Their essays were truly scholarly
instruction in the public schools. From the characterized by sobriety, substance
American forces were recruited the first and structure. They excelled in the
teachers of English. serious essay, especially the editorial
type.
The first attempts in using English language - Ignacio Manlapaz, Godefredo Rivera,
(a) El Renacimiento: founded in Manila by Federico Mangahas, Francisco B.
Rafael Palma in 1901. Icasiano, Salvador P. Lopez, Jose
Lansang and Amando G. Dayrit.
(b) Philippines Free Press: established in Manila Introduced informal essay, criticism and
in 1905 by R. McCullough Dick and D. Theo journalistic column, they spiced there
Rogers. work with wit and humor.
Poetry SHORT STORIES
- In 1907, Justo Juliano’s SURSUM In the field of short stories, DEAD STARS by Paz
CORDA which appeared in the Marquez Benitez written in the early 1920’s
Renacimiento was the first work stand out as a model of perfection in character
to be published in English. delineation, local color, plot and message.
- In 1909, Jan F. Salazar’s MY Other short stories published during this time
MOTHER and his AIR CASTLES were but poor imitations of their foreign
were also published in this models.
paper.
- It was also in 1909 when Period of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-
Proceso Sebastian followed 1941)
with his poem TO MY LADY IN By this time, Filipino writers had
LAOAG, also in this same paper. acquired the mastery of English writing. They
The Period of Imitation (1910-1924) now confidently and competently wrote on a lot
of subjects although the old-time favorites of
- By 1919, the UP College Folio published love and youth persisted. They went into all
the literary compositions of the first forms of writing like the novel and the drama.
Filipino writers in English. They were
the pioneers in short story writing. 1. POETRY
- Imitating American and British - Noteworthy names in this field include
- Their models included Longfellow and Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion, Jose
Hawthorne, Emerson and Thoreau, Garcia Villa, Angela Manalang Gloria,
 Abelardo Subido, Trinidad Tarrosa reflections and serious essays and
Subido and Rafael Zulueta da Costa. which won first prize in the
- The poetry was about love patriotic, Commonwealth Literary Contest
religious, religious descriptive and - Camilo Osias published THE
reflective. FILIPINO WAY OF LIFE (1940) -
2. THE SHORT STORY (1925-1941) essays on the Filipino way of life as
- publicationswriters during this drawn from history, folkways,
time include Osmundo Sta. philosophy and psychology of the
Romana, Arturo Rotor, Paz Philippine
Latorena’s Sunset, and Jose - 1941: F.B. Icasiano (Mang Kiko) -
Garcia Villa’s Mir-in-isa. From was reprints of the best of
1930 to 1940, the Golden Era of Icasiano’s essays in the Sunday
Filipino writing in English saw the Times Magazine under the column
short story writers “who have From My Nipa Hut. It is an essay
arrived,” like Jose Lansang’s The of the common “tao” and is
Broken Parasol, Sinai C. written with humor and sympathy.
Hamada’s Talanata’s Wife, Fausto - Carlos P. Romulo (august 16 1941)
Dugenio’s Wanderlust, Amando - printed in the Philippines Herald.
G. Dayrit’s His Gift and Yesterday, Entitled I AM A FILIPINO, it was
Amador T. Daugio’s The Woman reprinted in his book MY BORTHER
Who Looked Out of the Window. AMERICANS in 1945 in New York
- incentives provided by by Doubleday & Co.
publications
OTHER ESSAYISTS INCLUDE:
3. ESSAYS AND OTHER PROSE STYLES (1925-
Ignacio Manlapaz, Vicente Albano Pacis, I.V.
1941)
Mallari, Jose M. Fernandez, Leopoldo Y.
- Essays during this period improved Yabes, Isidro L. Ritizos, Pura Santillan.
with the years in quality and
essays called Literature Under the
quantity, in content, subject and
Commonwealth: Amando G. Dayrit with his
style. Essayists like Carlos P.
column Good Morning Judge led others like
Romulo became even more
Leon Ma. Guerrero, Salvador P. Lopez,
eminent editorial writers.
Vicente Albano Pacis, Jose A. Lansang and
The notable writers of essays during this period Federico Mangahas.
were:
4. BIOGRAPHY 1925-1941
a. Political, social reflective essays:
- 1935, I.P. Caballero and Marcelo de
Through their newspaper columns the
Gracia Concepcion wrote about
following became very popular
QUEZON.
b. Critical essays
- 1938, THE GREAT MALAYAN won a
c. Personal or Familiar
prize in the national contest
Notable works during that time sponsored by the Commonwealth
of the Philippines. This was written
- Salvador P. Lopez’ LITERATURE
by Carlos Quirino
AND SOCIETY (1940) - critical
 - 1940, I.V. Mallari’s The Birth of - Filipino literature was given a break
Discontent revealed the sensitive during this period.
touch of a writer who in simple - LIWAYWAY was placed under strict
language was able to reveal his surveillance until it was managed by
profound thoughts and feelings. Japanese named Ishiwara.

5. HISTORY
A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD
Not much about history has been written by
Poems during japnese occupation nationalism,
Filipino writers. In 1937, with regard to
country, love, and life in the barrios faith,
literary history, we can cite Teofilo del
religion and the arts.
Castillo’s The Brief History of the Philippine
Islands. Three types of poems emerged during this
period. They were:
6. PUBLICATIONS
1. Haiku – a poem of free verse that the
The Philippine Free Press provided the first
Japanese like. It was made up of 17 syllables
incentives to Filipino writers in English by
divided into three lines. The first line had 5
offering prizes to worthwhile contributions.
syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and the third,
Other publications followed suit
five. The Haiku is allegorical in meaning, is short
7. THE DRAMA (1925-1941) and covers a wide scope in meaning.

Drama during this period did not reach the 2. Tanaga – like the Haiku, is short but it had
heights attained by the novel or the short story. measure and rhyme. Each line had 7 syllables
The UP provided the incentives when they and it’s also allegorical in meaning.
introduced playwriting as a course and
3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) – like those
established the UP Little Theater.
mentioned earlier in the beginning chapters of
this book.

The Japanese Period (1941-1945) B. FILIPINO DRAMA DURING THE JAPANESE

PERIOD
Historical background
drama experienced a lull during the Japanese
- Between 1941-1945, Philippine period because movie houses showing
Literature was interrupted in its American films were closed. The big movie
development when the Philippines was houses were just made to show stage shows.
again conquered by another foreign
country, Japan. Philippine literature in A few of playwriters were:
English came to a halt. Except for the
1. Jose Ma. Hernandez – wrote PANDAY PIRA
TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW,
almost all newspapers in English were 2. Walang Sugat – Severino Reyes
stopped by the Japanese. This had an
3. Francisco Soc Rodrigo – wrote sa PULA, SA
advantageous effect on Filipino
PUTI
Literature, which experienced renewed
attention because writers in English 3. Clodualdo del Mundo – wrote BULAGA (an
turned to writing in Filipino. expression in the game Hide and Seek).
 - Nick Joaquin produced THE WOMAN
WHO LOOKED LIKE LAZARUS. Fred
4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda – wrote SINO BA
Ruiz Castro wrote a few poems.
KAYO?, DAHIL SA ANAK, and HIGANTE NG PATAY.
- F.B. Icasino wrote essays in The
Philippine Review.
- Carlos Bulosan’s works included THE
C. THE FILIPINO SHORT STORY DURING THE LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER (1944), THE
JAPANESE PERIOD VOICE OF BATAAN, 1943, SIX FILIPINO
The field of the short story widened during POETS, 1942, among others. Alfredo
the Japanese Occupation. Many wrote Litiatco published With Harp and Sling
short stories. Among them were: Brigido and in 1943, Jose P. Laurel published
Batungbakal, Macario Pineda, Serafin Forces that Make a Nation Great.
Guinigindo, Liwayway Arceo, Narciso Commonwealth Literary Awards gave prizes to
Ramos, NVM Gonzales, Alicia Lopez Lim, meritorious writers. Those who won were:
Ligaya Perez, and Gloria Guzman.
1. LIKE THE MOLAVE – by Rafael Zulueta da
Best writings in 1945 Costa (Poetry)
First Prize:Narciso Reyes with his LUPANG 2. HOW MY BROTHER LEON BROUGTH HOME A
TINUBUAN WIFE – by Manuel E. Arguilla (Short Story)
Second Prize: Liwayway Arceo’s UHAW ANG 3. LITERATURE AND SOCIETY – by Salvador P.
TIGANG NA LUPA Lopez (Essay)
Third Prize: NVM Gonzales’ LUNSOD NAYON 4. HIS NATIVE SOIL – by Juan Laya (Novel)
AT DAGAT-DAGATAN
President Manuel L. Quezon’s autobiography
D. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (1941- THE GOOD FIGHT was published posthumously.
1945) Radio broadcasts echoed the mingled fear and
Because of the strict prohibitions imposed by doubts in the hearts of the people. Other
the Japanese in the writing and publishing of writers of this period were Juan Collas (19440,
works in English, Philippine literature in English Tomas Confesor (1945), Roman A. de la Cruz and
experienced a dark period. The few who dared Elisa Tabuñar.
to write did so for their bread and butter or for
propaganda.
Chapter 4
- Carlos P. Romulo who won the Pulitzer
Prize for his bestsellers I SAW THE FALL The Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898)
OF THE PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE
GUMBURZA – Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were
PHILIPPINES RISE and his MOTHER
executed without sufficient evidence of guilt.
AMERICA AND MY BROTHER
AMERICANS. A. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896
- Journalists include Salvador P. Lopez,
This movement was spearheaded mostly by
Leon Ma. Geurrero, Raul Manglapuz
the intellectual middle-class like Jose Rizal,
and Carlos Bulosan.
Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena,
Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma.
 Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno. The 1. PAGIBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA (Love of
objectives of this movement were to seek Country). Translated from the Spanish
reforms and changes like the following: AMOR PATRIA of Rizal, published on August
20, 1882, in Diariong Tagalog.
1. To get equal treatment for the Filipinos
and the Spaniards under the law. 2. KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful). A humorous
and sarcastic dig in answer to Fr. Jose Rodriquez
2. To make the Philippines a colony of
in the novel NOLI of Rizal, published in
Spain.
Barcelona in 1888. He used Dolores Manapat
3. To restore Filipino representation in the as pen-name here.
Spanish Cortes.
3. DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayers and Jokes).
4. To Filipinize the parishes. Similar to a cathecism but sarcastically done
agains the parish priests, published in Barcelona
5. To give the Filipinos freedom of speech, in 1888. Because of this, del Pilar was called
of the press, assembly and for redress of “filibuster.” Done in admirable tone of
grievances. supplication and excellent use of Tagalog.
B. Highlights of the Propaganda Movement 4. ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS (God’s
- the three principal leaders of the Goodness). Published in Barcelona, it was also
propaganda movement like a cathecism sarcastically aimed against the
parish priests but also contains a philosophy of
DR. JOSE P. RIZAL the power and intelligence of God and an
- Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonzo y appreciation for and love for nature.
Realonda was born on June 19, 1861 at 5. SAGOT SA ESPANYA SA HIBIK NG PILIPINAS
Calamba, Laguna. (Answer to Spain on the Plea of the Filipinos).
- His first teacher was his mother Teodora A poem pleading for change from Spain but
Alonzo. that Spain is already old and weak to grant any
- He studied at the Ateneo de Manila, aid to the Philippines. This poem is in answer
started medicine at UST and finished at to that of Hermenigildo Flores’ Hibik sa Pilipinas
the Universidad Central of Madrid. He (A Plea from the Philippines).
also studied at the University of Berlin,
Leipzig and Heidelberg. 6. DUPLUHAN…DALIT…MGA BUGTONG (A
- Poet, essayist, diarist, correspondent, poetical contest in narrative sequence, psalms,
novelist riddles). A compilation of poems on the
- Pen names: Laong Laan, Dimasalang oppression by the priests in the Philippines.
- Works: noli me tangere , el 7. LA SOBERANIA EN PILIPINAS (Sovereignty in
filibusterismo the Philippines). This shows the injustices of the
Writings of Marcelo H. del Pilar friars to the Pilipinos.

- Pen names: Plaridel, dolores manapat, 8. POR TELEFONO (By Telephone)

pingping, pupdoh, kupang, siling labuyo, 9. PASIONG DAPAT IPAG-ALAB NG PUSO NG
maitaga, L.O., crame, Carmelo TAONG BABASA (Passion that should arouse the
hearts of the readers)
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA 5. EN HONOR DEL PRESIDENTE MORAYTA DE LA
ASSOCIACION HISPANO FILIPINO 1884. Here he
(1856-1896)
praised Gen. Morayta for his equal treatment of
A most notable hero and genius of the the Filipinos.
Philippines, Graciano Lopez Jaena was born on
6. EN HONOR DE LOS ARTISTAS LUNA Y
December 18, 1856 and died on January 20,
RESURRECCION HIDALGO. A sincere expression
1896.
of praise for the paintings of Hidalgo on the
- journalist, oratorfrom Iloilo condition of the Filipinos under the Spaniards

- pen name: Diego Laura 7. AMOR A ESPAÑA O A LAS JOVENES DE

MALOLOS (Love for Spain or To the Youth of
- wrote Fray Botod when he was 18 Malolos). The theme is about how girls were
- went to Spain in 1879 to flee the wrath of the taught Spanish in schools and whose teachers
Spain friars were the governors-general of the place.

- died of tuberculosis in Barcelona ( January 20, 8. EL BANDOLERISMO EN PILIPINAS (Banditry in

1896) the Philippines). Jaena refuted the existence of
banditry in the Philippines and of how there
 he won the admiration of the Spaniards should be laws on robbery and other reforms.
and Europeans. He is a known writer
and orator in the Philippines. He wrote 9. HONOR EN PILIPINAS (Honor in the
100 speeches which were published by Philippines). The triumphant exposition of
Remigio Garcia Luna, Resurrecion and Pardo de Tavera of the
 he moved to Barcelona to established thesis that intellect or knowledge gives honor to
his first magazine LA SOLIDARIDAD the Philippines.

A. The Works of Graciano Lopez Jaena 10. PAG-ALIS SA BUWIS SA PILIPINAS (Abolition
of Taxes in the Philippines)
1. ANG FRAY BOTOD (Friar Botod). One of his
works written in Jaro, Iloilo in 1876, six years 11. INSTITUCION NG PILIPINAS (Sufferings of
after the Cavite Revolt attacking the friars in the the Philippines). Jaena refers here to the wrong
Philippines. He exposed how some of the friars management of education in the Philippines
were greedy, ambitious and immoral. 1887.

2. LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The Child of the Friar) B. OTHER PROPAGANDISTS

and EVERYTING IS HAMBUG (Everything is mere Antonio Luna - was a pharmacist who was
show). Here Jaena explains the tragedy of banished by the Spaniards to Spain. He joined
marrying a Spaniard. the Propaganda Movement and contributed his
3. SA MGA PILIPINO...1891… A speech which Some of his works are:
aimed to improve the condition of the Filipinos 1. NOCHE BUENA (Christmas Eve). It pictured
to become free and progressive. true Filipino life.
4. TALUMPATING PAGUNITA KAY KOLUMBUS 2. SE DEVIERTEN (How They Diverted
(An Oration to Commemorate Columbus). A Themselves).
speech he delivered in Madrid on the 39th
anniversary of the discovery of America
3. LA TERTULIA FILIPINA (A Filipino Conference C. Period of Active Revolution (1896-1898)
or Feast).
- The government turned deaf ears to these
4. POR MADRID (For Madrid). petitions; oppression continued and the church
and the government became even more
5. LA CASA DE HUEPEDES (The Landlady’s
oppressive to the Filipinos.
House)
- Because of this, not a few of the Filipinos
Mariano Ponce - became an editor-in-chief,
affiliated with the La Liga Filipina (a civic
biographer and researcher of the Propaganda
organization suspected of being revolutionary
Movement. He used Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and
and which triggered Rizal’s banishment to
Naning as pennames. The common themes of
Dapitan). Like Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto,
his works were the values of education. He also
Apolinario Mabini, Jose Palma, and Pio
wrote about how the Filipinos were oppressed
Valenzuela decided that there was no other way
by the foreigners and of the problems of his
except to revolt.
countrymen. Among his writings were:
Andres Bonifacio
- MGA ALAMAT SA BULACAN
- PAGPUGOT KAY LOMGINOS - is best known as the Father of Filipino
- SOBRE FILIPINOS Democracy, but more than others, as the
- ANG MGA PILIPINO SA INDO-TSINA Father of the Katipunan because he led
in establishing the Kataas-taasan,
Pedro Paterno - was a scholar, dramatic,
Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga
researcher and novelist of the Propaganda
Anak ng Bayan (KKK).
Movement. He was the first Filipino writer who
- known as the great Revolutionary rather
escaped censorship of the press during the last
than a writer but he also wrote things
day of the Spanish colonization.
which paved the way for the revolution
- NINAY and which also became part of our
- A MI MADRE (TO MY MOTHER) literature.
- SAMPAGUITA Y POESIAS
His works:
- VARIAS(sampaguitas and varied poems)
1. ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG
Jose Ma. Panganiban - hid his identity behind
(What the Tagalogs Should Know)
his penname JORMAPA. He was also known for
having photographic mind. He was a member 2. KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN NG MGA ANA NG
of a number of movements for the country. BAYAN (Obligations of Our Countrymen). This is
Some of his writings were: an outline of obligations just like the 10
commandments of God.
1. ANG LUPANG TINUBUAN (My Native Land)
3. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUAN LUPA (Love of One’s
2. ANG AKING BUHAY (My Life)
Native Land). A poem with a title similar to that
3. SU PLANO DE ESTUDIO (Your Study Plan) of Marcelo H. del Pilar.

4. EL PENSAMIENTO (The Thinking) 4. HULING PAALAM (Last Farewell). A

translation of Mi Ultimo Adios of Rizal in
Tagalog.
Apolinario Mabini - is known in literature and 2. DE MI JARDIN (In My Garden). A poem
history as the Sublime Paralytic and the Brains expressing one’s longings for his sweetheart.
of the Revolution.
NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLUTION
Emilio Jacinto - was the intelligent assistant of
In the effort of the Revolutionists to spread to
Andres Bonifacio in the establishment of the
the world their longings for their country, many
Katipuna. He is called the Brains of the
newspapers were put up during the
Katipunan. He became the right hand man of
Revolutionary period. They were:
Emilio Aguinaldo
1. HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION. Printed the
His works:
decrees of the Revolutiary Government, news
1. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN (A primer book on and works in Tagalog that aroused nationalism.
the Katipunan)
2. LA INDEPENDENCIA (Independence). Edited
2. LIWANAG AT DILIM (Light and Darkness). A by Antonio Luna and whose aim was for
collection of essays on different subjects like Philippine Independence.
freedom, work, faith, government, love of
3. LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The Philippine
country.
Republic). Established by Pedro Paterno in
3. A MI MADRE (To My Mother). A touching 1898.
ode to his mother.
4. LA LIBERTAD (Liberty). Edited by Clemente
4. A LA PATRIA (To My Country). His Zulueta.
masterpiece.

5. EL VERDADERO DECALOGO (The True

Decalogue or Ten Commandments). This was
his masterpiece and his aim here was to
propagate the spirit of nationalism.

6. EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA DE LA REPUBLICA

(The Rise and Fall of the Philippine Republic)

7. SA BAYANG PILIPINO (To the Filipino Nation)

8. PAHAYAG (News)

Jose Palma - became popular because of his

Himno Nacional Filipino (The Philippine National
Anthem) which was set to music by Julian
Felipe. The youngest Filipino general who died
during the revolution.

His other works:

1. MELANCOLIAS (Melancholies). A collection

of his poems.