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    Lesson 5 The American Regime (1898-1941) : Historical Background

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    Jerome Bautista
    1. The passage discusses Philippine literature during the American regime from 1898-1941. It covers literature written in both Spanish and Tagalog during this period, as well as the transition to literature written in English. 2. Notable Filipino writers in Spanish included Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, and Claro M. Recto, who wrote poems praising national hero Jose Rizal. Tagalog literature was inspired by works like Florante at Laura and included poets like Lope K. Santos and Jose Corazon de Jesus. 3. By 1925-1941, Filipino writers had gained proficiency in English and wrote across multiple genres, including poetry, novels, short stories

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    Lesson 5 The American Regime (1898-1941) : Historical Background

    Uploaded by

    Jerome Bautista
    385 views5 pages
    1. The passage discusses Philippine literature during the American regime from 1898-1941. It covers literature written in both Spanish and Tagalog during this period, as well as the transition to literature written in English. 2. Notable Filipino writers in Spanish included Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, and Claro M. Recto, who wrote poems praising national hero Jose Rizal. Tagalog literature was inspired by works like Florante at Laura and included poets like Lope K. Santos and Jose Corazon de Jesus. 3. By 1925-1941, Filipino writers had gained proficiency in English and wrote across multiple genres, including poetry, novels, short stories

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    LESSON 5

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    1. The passage discusses Philippine literature during the American regime from 1898-1941. It covers literature written in both Spanish and Tagalog during this period, as well as the transition to literature written in English. 2. Notable Filipino writers in Spanish included Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, and Claro M. Recto, who wrote poems praising national hero Jose Rizal. Tagalog literature was inspired by works like Florante at Laura and included poets like Lope K. Santos and Jose Corazon de Jesus. 3. By 1925-1941, Filipino writers had gained proficiency in English and wrote across multiple genres, including poetry, novels, short stories

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    385 views5 pages

    Lesson 5 The American Regime (1898-1941) : Historical Background

    Uploaded by

    Jerome Bautista
    1. The passage discusses Philippine literature during the American regime from 1898-1941. It covers literature written in both Spanish and Tagalog during this period, as well as the transition to literature written in English. 2. Notable Filipino writers in Spanish included Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, and Claro M. Recto, who wrote poems praising national hero Jose Rizal. Tagalog literature was inspired by works like Florante at Laura and included poets like Lope K. Santos and Jose Corazon de Jesus. 3. By 1925-1941, Filipino writers had gained proficiency in English and wrote across multiple genres, including poetry, novels, short stories

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

    LESSON 5
    The American Regime (1898-1941)

    Historical Background

    The Filipino Revolutionists won against the Spaniards who colonized us for more than 300
    years. Our flag was hoisted on June 12, 1898 as a symbol of our independence. Gen. Emilio
    Aguinaldo was elected the first President of the Philippine Republic but this was short-lived.
    The Fil.-American was resulted in the defeat of Gen. Miguel Malvar in 1903. The peace
    movements started as early as 1900. Many Filipinos started writing again and the nationalism
    of the people remained undaunted. Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like new
    s, reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays, and novels. Their writings clearly depicted their
    love of country and their longings for independence.

    READ

    The active arousal in the field of literature started to be felt in the following newspapers.

    1. EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day). Established by Sergio Osmeña in 1900. The American
    censors twice banned this and threatened Osmeña with banishment because of his
    nationalistic writings.

    2. EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of the Nation). Established by Pascual Poblete in
    1900.

    3. EL RENACIMIENTO (The Rebirth). Founded by Rafael Palma in 1901.

    There were also plays written then but after the first and second presentations, the Americans
    put a stop to this because of the consistent theme of nationalism.

    A. Literature in Spanish

    The inspiration of our Filipino writers in Spanish was Rizal not only because of his being a
    national leader but also because of his novels NOLI and FILI. These two novels contained the
    best qualities of a novel ever written, in English or in Filipino. Those who were inspired to
    write in praise of him were Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Jesus Balmori, Manuel
    Bernabe and Claro M. Recto.

    CECILIO APOSTOL
    Cecilio Apostol wrote poems dedicated to Rizal, Jacinto, Mabini and all other heroes but his
    poem dedicated to Rizal is considered the best poem in praise of the hero of Bagumbayan.

    FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO


    It is believed that Fernando Ma. Guerrero shared with Apostol the reign in the balagtasan in
    Spanish during their time. He also dedicated a poem to Rizal but he collected the best of his
    poems in a book called CRISALIDAS, meaning, a kind of black, wooly caterpillar. Here are
    a few stanzas of his call to Rizal which he wrote on June 19, 1901 to commemorate Rizal’s
    birthday.
    PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

    JESUS BALMORI
    Jesus Balmori is well-known for his pen name of Batikuling. He and Manuel Bernabe
    participated in a debate on the topic – (Remembrance and Forgetfulness). He was elected
    Poet Laureate in Spanish besting Manuel Bernabe.

    MANUEL BERNABE
    Manuel Bernabe is a lyric poet and the fierceness of his nationalistic spirit was unchanged in
    any topic he wrote about. In his debate with Balmori, he was more attractive to the public
    because of the modious words he used. He defended OLVIDO (Forgetfulness).

    CLARO M. RECTO
    In nobility of speech and theme, Claro M. Recto can compare with the other writers of
    Spanish. He collected his poems in a book entitled BAJO LOS COCOTEROS (Under The
    Coconut Trees).

    Other Writers in Spanish

    1. Adelina Guerrea was the first woman poet in the Philippines who was good in Spanish.
    She obtained the Zobel prize in her song El Nido. (The Nest).
    2. Isidro Marpori became famous for his four books entitled Aromas de Ensueño (Scents of
    Dreams).
    3. Macario Adriatico wrote of a legend of Mindoro entitle La Punta de Salto (The Place of
    Origin).
    4. Epifanio de los Santos (known as Don PAnyong). He was a good leader and biographer
    during the whole period of Spanish literature.
    5. Pedro Aunario wrote the Decalogo del Proteccionismo.

    B. Filipino Literature

    FLORANTE AT LAURA of Francisco Balagtas and URBANA AT FELISA of Modesto de


    Castro became the inspiration of the Tagalog writers. Julian Cruz Balmaceda classified three
    kinds of Tagalog poets: They were:

    1. Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso). These included Lope K. Santos, Iñigo Ed. Regalado,
    Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro Deogracias del Rosario, Ildefonso Santos, Amado V. Hernandez,
    Nemecio Carabana, and Mar Antonio.
    2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay). Led by Lope K Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus,
    Florentino Collantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos Garmaitan, and Amado V. Hernandez.

    3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng Tanghalan). Led by Aurelio Tolentino, Patricio Mariano,
    Severino Reyes, and Tomas Remigio.

    LOPE K. SANTOS
    Lope K. Santos, a novelist, poet and author, and grammarian covered three periods of
    Tagalog literature – American, Japanese and the contemporary period. If Manuel L. Quezon
    is called the Father of the National Language, Lope K. Santos is called the Father of the
    National Language Grammar. He was also called the “Apo” of the Tagalog writers.
    BANAAG AT SIKAT was his masterpiece.
    PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

    JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS


    Jose Corazon de Jesus is very popularly known as Huseng Batute. He was also called the
    Poet of Love in his time. ANG ISANG PUNONG KAHOY (A TREE), an elegy, is believed
    to be his masterpiece.

    AMADO V. HERNANDEZ
    Amado V. Hernandez was dubbed Makata ng mga Manggagawa (Poet of the Laborers) in our
    literature because he pictures in his poem the intense love for the poor worker or laborer. To
    him, a poem is a scent, bittersweet memories, and a murmur of flowing water. The pen is
    powerful and according to him, even a king can be bent by the pen. He contributed a lot of
    writings to literature like ISANG DIPANG LANGIT (A Stretch of Heaven), BAYANG
    MALAYA (A Free Nation), ANG PANDAY (The Blakcsmith), and MUNTING LUPA (A
    Small Plot), but his masterpiece is ANG PANDAY.

    VALERIANO HERNANDEZ PEÑA


    Together with Lope K. Santos he reached the summit of his novel-writing. He was known as
    Tandang Anong and his pen name was Kuntil Butil (Small Grain). He considers NENA AT
    NENENG his masterpiece.

    IÑIGO ED. REGALADO


    Iñigo Ed. Regalado was a son of a popular writer during the Spanish time known as Odalger.
    He proved that he not only followed the footsteps of his father but also reached the peak of
    his success by the “sumpong” (whim) of his pen. He also became a popular story-teller,
    novelist and newspaperman.

    THE TAGALOG DRAMA


    During the advent of the American period, Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilagan started
    the movement against the moromoro ( a play on the Spanish struggles against the Muslims)
    and struggled to show the people the values one can get from the zarzuela and the simple
    plays. The people one should not forget in the field of writing are the following:

    1. Severino Reyes. Father of the Tagalog drama and author of the immortal WALANG
    SUGAT.

    2. Aurelio Tolentino. The dramatist in whom the Kapampangans take pride. Included in his
    writings were LUHANG TAGALOG, his masterpiece, and KAHAPON, NGAYONG AT
    BUKAS that resulted in his incarceration.

    3. Hermogenes Ilagan. Founded the group Campaña Ilagan that presented many dramas in
    Central Luzon.
    PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

    4. Patricio Mariano. Wrote the novel NINAY and ANAK NG DAGAT (Son of the Sea), his
    masterpiece. 5. Julian Cruz Balmaceda. Wrote BUNGANGA NG PATING (Shark’s Mouth).
    This gave him much honor and fame.

    THE TAGALOG SHORT STORY

    Two collections of Tagalog stories were published during the American Period. First was the
    MGA KUWENTONG GINTO (Golden Stories) published in 1936) KUWENTONG GINTO
    ng 50 BATIKANG KUWENTISTA (50 Golden Stories by 50 Noted Storytellers) in 1939.
    The first was written by Alejandro Abadilla and Clodualdo del Mundo that contained the 25
    best stories according to them.
    The second was written by Pedrito Reyes. PAROLANG GINTO (Golden Lantern) and
    TALAANG BUGHAW (Blue List) of Abadilla became popular during this period.

    TAGALOG POETRY
    Almost all Tagalog writers during the American Period were able to compose beautiful
    poems which made it difficult to select the best. Even if poetry writing is as old as history,
    poetry still surfaces with its sweetness, beauty, and melody.

    D. Period of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941) By this time, Filipino writers had
    acquired the mastery of English writing. They now confidently and competently wrote on a
    lot of subjects although the old-time favorites of love and youth persisted. They went into all
    forms of writing like the novel and the drama.

    1. POETRY
    Noteworthy names in this field include Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion, Jose Garcia Villa,
    Angela Manalang Gloria, Abelardo Subido, Trinidad Tarrosa Subido and Rafael Zulueta da
    Costa. They turned our not only love poems but patriotic, religious, descriptive and reflective
    poems as well. They wrote in free verse, in odes and sonnets and in other types. Poetry was
    original, spontaneous, competently written and later, incorporated social consciousness.

    2. THE SHORT STORY (1925-1941)


    Probably because of the incentives provided by publications like the Philippine Free Press,
    The Graphic, The Philippine Magazine and college publications like the UP Literary
    Apprentice, poetry and the short story flourished during these times. Other writers during this
    time include Osmundo Sta. Romana, Arturo Rotor, Paz Latorena’s Sunset, and Jose Garcia
    Villa’s Mirin-isa. From 1930 to 1940, the Golden Era of Filipino writing in English saw the
    short story writers “who have arrived,” like Jose Lansang’s The Broken Parasol, Sinai C.
    Hamada’s Talanata’s Wife, Fausto Dugenio’s Wanderlust, Amando G. Dayrit’s His Gift and
    Yesterday, Amador T. Daugio’s The Woman Who Looked Out of the Window.

    Characteristics of the short stories during these times: There were still remnants of Spanish
    influence in the use of expressions that were florid, sentimental, exaggerated and bombastic.
    The influence of the Western culture also was already evident.

    3. ESSAYS AND OTHER PROSE STYLES (1925-1941)


    PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

    Essays during this period improved with the years in quality and quantity, in content, subject
    and style. Essayists like Carlos P. Romulo became even more eminent editorial writers. The
    notable writers of essays during this period were:
    a. Political, social reflective essays:

    b. Political, social reflective essays: Through their newspaper columns the following
    became very popular: Federico Mangahas, Salvador P. Lopez, Pura S. Castrence,
    Vicente Albano Pacis, Ariston Estrada and Jose A. Lansang.

    c. Critical essays were espoused by Salvador P. Lopez, I.V. Mallari, Ignacio Manlapaz,
    Jose Garcia Villa, Arturo B. Rotor, and Leopoldo Y. Yabes. An example of this is
    Maximo V. Soliven’s THEY CALLED IT BROTHERHOOD.

    4. BIOGRAPHY 1925-1941
    In 1935, I.P. Caballero and Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion wrote about QUEZON.

    In 1938, THE GREAT MALAYAN won a prize in the national contest sponsored by the
    Commonwealth of the Philippines. This was written by Carlos Quirino, the most famous
    biographer of the period. He also wrote Quezon, the Man of Destiny.

    In 1940, I.V. Mallari’s The Birth of Discontent revealed the sensitive touch of a writer who in
    simple language was able to reveal his profound thoughts and feelings.

    5. HISTORY
    Not much about history has been written by Filipino writers. In 1937, with regard to literary
    history, we can cite Teofilo del Castillo’s The Brief History of the Philippine Islands.

    6. PUBLICATIONS
    The Philippine Free Press provided the first incentives to Filipino writers in English by
    offering prizes to worthwhile contributions. Other publications followed suit.

    THE DRAMA (1925-1941)

    Drama during this period did not reach the heights attained by the novel or the short story.
    The UP provided the incentives when they introduced playwriting as a course and established
    the UP Little Theater.

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