Auxiliary Verbs

V0 (infinitive/Base form) Be Do Have

V1 (simple present) am is are do does have has
V2 (simple past) was were did had
V3 (past participle) been done had

Examples:
I didn’t watch this movie.
I haven’t watched this movie.
I don’t watch movies.
I am going to watch the movie.

TENSES OF THE VERBS

When we study the tenses, we should pay attention to the following points:
- Uses.
- Form
- Verb conjugation (regular or irregular)

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 Simple Present
Uses:
- Facts (Scientific & General).
Ex: The sun rises in the east.
- Routine or habits.
Ex: He runs in the park every morning.
- Talk about programs.
Ex: We have a flight next Monday. I leave at 10:00 and arrive at 1300.
- Tell a story (narrative)

Form with (Be):

+) S + am is are + adjectives, nouns, numbers.
He is a tall man.
-) S + am is are + not + adjectives, nouns, numbers.
She is not 41.
?) Am Is Are + s + adjectives, nouns, numbers?
Are you happy?

Form with (main verbs):

+) S + V1 + rest.
He speaks English.
-) S + do/does + not + v0 + rest.
She does not speak German.
?) Do/Does + s + v0 + rest ?
Does she speak English?
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With the present simple, we often use adverbs of frequency to say 'how often' we do something. Here's a list

of common adverbs:

 always
 frequently
 generally
 hardly ever
 infrequently
 never
 normally
 occasionally
 often
 rarely
 regularly
 seldom
 sometimes
 usually

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 Present Continuous

Uses:
- To talk about actions happening now (at the moment):
Ex: We are learning English now.
- To talk about future plans.
Ex: I am going to visit my uncle tomorrow.
- To talk about future arrangements.
Ex: I am visiting my uncle tomorrow.
- To express annoyance
Ex: She is always taking my laptop.
Ex: You are always making the same mistake.

Form:
+) S + am, is, or are + v-ing + rest .
Ex: We are playing tennis at the moment.
-) S + am, is, or are + not + v-ing + rest .
Ex: He is not watching TV.
?) Am, Is, or Are + s + v-ing + rest + ?
Are you drinking tea?

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 Simple Past

Uses:
- Action started and finished at a specific time in the past.
Ex: She grew up in Madrid.
- Past habits.
Ex: She used to eat a lot of chocolate.
Ex: When I was a kid I visited my uncle every week.
- Telling a story.

Form with (Be):

+) S + was / were + adjectives, nouns, numbers.
Ex: He was a fat man.
-) S + was / were + not + adjectives, nouns, numbers.
Ex: She was not 41.
?) Was / Were + s + adjectives, nouns, numbers?
Ex: Were you happy?

Form with (main verbs):

+) S + V2 + rest.
Ex: He spoke English.
-) S + did + not + v0 + rest.
Ex: She did not speak German.
?) Did + s + v0 + rest + ?
Ex: Did she speak English?

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 Past Continuous
Uses:
- An action was in progress interrupted by another action in the past simple.
Ex: I was shopping when I met an old friend.
- Action was in progress it a certain time in the past.
Ex: At 5 o’clock I was watching a movie.

Form:

+) S + was, or were + v-ing + rest .

Ex: We were playing tennis at at 8 o’clock.
-) S + was, or were + not + v-ing + rest .
Ex: He was not watching TV.
?) Was, or Were + s + v-ing + rest + ?
Ex: Were you drinking tea?

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 Present Perfect Simple

Uses:
- We use this tense when we want to talk about unfinished actions that started in the past and continues to the
present.
Ex: She has lived in London for 7 years.
- To talk about life experience. These are actions or events that happened sometime during a person's life. We don't
say when the experience happened, and the person needs to be alive now. We often use the words 'ever' and
'never' here.
Ex: I have been to Tokyo. I have also tried the Japanese food.
- With an unfinished time word (this month, this week, today). The period of time is still continuing.
Ex: I haven't seen her this month.
Ex: She's drunk three cups of coffee today.
- A finished action with a result in the present (focus on result).
Ex: I've lost my keys (so I can't get into my house).
Ex: She's hurt her leg (so she can't play tennis today).
Ex: They've missed the bus (so they will be late).

Form:
+) S + have or has + v3 + rest.
Ex: He has lost his keys.
-) S + have or has + not + v3 + rest.
Ex: I have not written the email yet.
?) Have or Has + s + v3 + rest + ?
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Ex: Have you spoken to the manager?

The Present Perfect Continuous

Uses:
(Unfinished actions)
- Action started in the past and continues to the present.
I have been living in Mersin for 10 years.

- Talk about temporary habits.

I have been going to the gym a lot recently.
(Finished actions)
- Actions stopped recently with the result in the present.
I am tired because I have been working all night.

Form:

+) S + have/has +been +v-ing + rest.

Ex: They have been cleaning the house for three hours.

-) S + have/ has + not + been +v-ing + rest.

Ex: He has not been watching TV.

?) Have/Has + s + been +v-ing + rest +?

Ex: Have you been cooking?

The Past Perfect Simple

Use:
- A finished action before a second action in the (simple) past.

Ex: When we arrived, the film had started (= first the film started, then we arrived).

Tip: If it's clear which action happened first (if we use the words 'before' or 'after', for example),
the past perfect is optional.
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 Ex: The film started before we arrived / the film had started before we arrived

Form:
+) S + had + v3 + rest.
-) S + had not + v3 +rest.
?) Had + s + v3 + rest ?

The Past Perfect Continuous

Use:
- Action that started in the past and continued up to another action or time in the past.

Ex: She had been working at that company for a year when she met James.

Ex: I'd been walking for hours when I finally found the house.

Form:
+) S + had + been + v-ing + rest.
-) S + had not + been + v-ing + rest.
?) Had + s + been + v – ing + rest ?

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

Types of conditionals:
If clause, the result clause
If you come, I will make tea.

Zero conditionals:
Uses: a statement that is always true (100%).

If we heat water, it boils.

Simple present, simple present

First:
Uses: an action that is likely to happen (90%).

If you visit me, I will visit you.

Simple present, Simple future

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Second:
Uses:
1- an action that is likely not to happen (10%).

If you studied hard, you would pass.

Simple past, past modal

2- talk about imaginary situations.

If I were you, I would kill the rat.
If I had a lot of money, I would buy a car.

Third:
Use:
To talk about actions that will never happen (0%). The impossible case.

If you had studied hard, you would have passed.

Past perfect, Perfect modal

The Passive Voice (Be + V3)

1- When the doer of the action is unknown.

John was murdered yesterday by Peter.

2- When the action is more important than the doer.

This picture was painted by Picasso.

3- When we do not want to disclose the doer.

BBC has been informed that the US is preparing for a war against Russia.

John broke the window.

The window was broken.

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 S. Present: S + am /is /are + v3
S. Past: S + was / were + v3
Present continuous: S + am /is /are + being + v3
Past continuous: S + was / were + being + v3
Present perfect: S + have/has + been + v3
Past perfect: S + had + been + v3
Present perf. Cont. S + have/has + been + being + v3
Past perf. Cont. S + had + been + being + v3
Modals: S + modal + be + v3

Direct Speech Vs Reported Speech

1. We use direct speech to quote a speaker's exact words. We put their words
within quotation marks. We add a reporting verb such as "he said" or "she asked"
before or after the quote.

Example:

 He said, "
I am happy. "
2. Reported speech is a way of reporting what someone said without using
quotation marks. We do not necessarily report the speaker's exact words. Some

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changes are necessary: the time expressions, the tense of the verbs, and the
demonstratives.

Example:

 He said that he was happy.

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