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A FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF TRANSIT-ORIENTED

DEVELOPMENT

Thesis · January 2021

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Prashanth shekar Lokku Prasad Csrk

National Institute of Technology, Warangal National Institute of Technology, Warangal
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 A FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF
TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT

PhD Thesis Work

Graduate Student: Prashanth Shekar Lokku (Roll Number: 714102)
Supervisor: Prof. CSRK Prasad (csrk@nitw.ac.in)
Department & Institute: Civil Engineering, NIT Warangal
Copyright: National Institute of Technology Warangal, India 2021
ABSTRACT

Urbanisation is taking place rapidly all around the world. Urban population will be two
thirds of world’s population by the year 2050. Because of urbanization there is noticeable
impact on social, environmental and economic conditions in positive and negative manner
as well. As population increases, need and dependency on private vehicles increases.
So, increase in private vehicles on urban roads leads to negative impact on the
environment and quality of life. Achieving sustainability in urban lives is the biggest
challenge for urban transportation planners. From the past few decades, it has been
proved that, Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) can be a tool for achieving
sustainability as TOD will be addressing the sustainability aspects like socio, economic
and environmental.

TOD is a well-known concept for more than five decades; however, research is still going
on and has seen resurgence in recent years. Developing countries are trying to establish
their own policy, design and implementation strategy for TOD. Hence, the research work
is mainly focused on developing a framework for Implementation of TOD in developing
countries. By looking at the ground realities and understanding of existing situation, an
attempt is made to know, how TOD can be implemented and what are the possible ways
to incorporate TOD concept into current urban scenario? To address these queries, in
this research a frame work for implementation of TOD is proposed. The proposed
framework consists of several steps in sequence as follows:

To carry out the analysis and application of the framework of the present study Hyderabad
Metropolitan Area (HMA) is selected. Based on the population and employment densities
across the study area, it is divided into urban and sub-urban area to have more sensible
approach. First phase is identification of feasible TOD locations: In this step, Spatial Multi
Criteria Analysis (SMCA) is adopted to identify the most important/feasible TOD locations
for urban area (within GHMC). SMCA process involves four layers of data viz., transit
network, traffic flow characteristics of road, bus network and land-use details. As a result
of this analysis, a total of 34 urban TODs are identified. In a similar way, analysis is carried
out for sub-urban area (rest of HMA) and a total of 35 sub-urban TODs are identified. The
34 urban TODs are further processed to typology in next step. Also, an attempt is made
to rank/prioritise all the TODs present in urban area by using Analytical Hierarchy Process
(AHP). This will help the authorities to make decisions in stage wise implementation
process.
 Further, TOD typology is performed at two different levels, one is at city level and other
is at sub-area level, for better understanding of exiting built-environment conditions. A
city-level typology is performed by considering 34 urban feasible TODs by using four
criteria’s namely urban morphology, transportation system, built environment, and land
use. As a result of this analysis, 23 types of TODs (or urban forms) are categorised.
Further, based on this data a TOD priority strategy is drawn to ease the decision-making
process of the authorities. Also, an attempt is made to derive sub-area level TOD typology
for Gachibowli-Hitech city Area (GHA). To perform this analysis, parameters considered
are Mix land use Index, Plot ratio, Proportion of Transport Area, Development Mix Index,
and Intersection Density. K-Means clustering technique is used to categorise identified
20 TODs in GHA and as a result of it five clusters (namely activity centre, balanced,
commercial, mixed use, residential neighbourhood TODs) are formed. Design proposals
and implementation strategies are suggested based on typology derived. The design
parameters such as plot ratio, development mix, land use mix index, affordable housing,
and proportion of transport area, NMT facilities, and open space preservation are
considered to strengthen the TOD area. Subsequently, a schematic generalized TOD
model is developed to address the identified challenges (viz., local markets, parking,
traffic circulation etc.) for Indian dense cities context.

In final stage, TOD Index is measured for GHA to evaluate the design proposals. For
calculating the TOD Index, parameters considered are transit facility capacity, density,
economic development, land use diversity and street design. For these parameters,
weightages are assigned based on their role in making successful TOD. Calculating the
TOD Index before and after proposals would give the exact improvement happening
based on given proposals. As a result of it, an average of 22% increase in TOD Index is
observed based on before and after design proposals. And also, an attempt is made to
know the impact of TOD via, property value assessment through percentage change in
residential property value.

Thus, the proposed framework implemented on Hyderabad Metropolitan area and the
results obtained are satisfactory. So, the research methodology can be applied to any
dense cities in developing countries.

Keywords: TOD Index, TOD Typology, Spatial Multi Criteria Analysis, Built
Environment

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