MATHEMATICAL ASTROLOGY

TOPIC 1 TIME MEASURE

HINDU MANAGEMENT OF TIME

One solar day is equal to one sunrise to the next sunrise
One Lunar day is equal to one thithi to another thithi.

HINDU TIME MEASURES.

1 day or 24 hours :: 60 ghatis
1 ghati :: 60 pala, kala or vighati
1 pala :: 60 vipala, vikala or lipta
1 vipala :: 60 valipta
1 valipta :: 60 para
1 para :: 60 tatpara

60 ghatis :: 24 hours
60 pala :: 24 minutes
60 vipala :: 24 seconds

1 hour :: 2.5 ghatis

1 minute :: 2.5 pala
1 second :: 2.5 vipala

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SIDEREAL METRICS.

Sidereal Day – Rotation of earth around its axis with reference to a fixed star is a
sidereal day. Sidereal Day 23 hrs, 56 min, 4.091 sec in mean solar time

Sidereal month – Time taken by moon to rotate once around the earth with reference
to a fixed star Sidereal month : 27 days 7 hours 43 min 11.6 sec

Sidereal Year - Period taken by earth to make a revolution once in its orbit around
sun with reference to a fixed star

Sidereal year is 365 days 6 hours 9 min 9.8 sec

Sidereal Day – Sidereal Day 23 hrs, 56 min, 4.091 sec in mean solar time

Sidereal month – Sidereal month : 27 days 7 hours 43 min 11.6 sec

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Sidereal year is 365 days 6 hours 9 min 9.8 sec

1 Sidereal Year about 13.368 Sidereal months

SOLAR METRICS
Mean solar Day – 24 hours

Solar month – Period of suns movement in one rashi or sign. Month starts with suns
ingress into the sign or Sankranti Eg: Makara Sankranti – sun’s ingress
into Capricorn. Sun covers 30 degrees in one sign. Average Solar Month is
one twelfth of Solar year : 30 days 10 hours 29 min
3.8 sec

Solar year (Tropical Year)– Period of Sun’s movement to cover all 12 signs or rashis
beginning from Aries and to end in Pisces. Time interval between Sun’s
successive passage through vernal equinox. Vernal equinox receeds
westwards by 50.29” every year

Solar Year is 365 days 5 hours 48 min 45.2 seconds

Day – Midnight to midnight – 24 hours

Mean solar Day – 24 hours

Solar month : 30 days 10 hours 29 min 3.8 sec

Solar Year is 365 days 5 hours 48 min 45.2 seconds

Average Solar Month is one twelfth of Solar year

LUNAR METRICS

Lunar Day – one Tithi – When moon gains 12 degrees over sun’s longitude – 30 tithis
Mean Lunar Day 23 hrs, 37 min, 28.096 sec

Lunar month – Month measured between two successive new moons or full moons.

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 Lunar Month has two pakshas called Shukla paksha and Krishna
Paksha. Lunar month : 29 days 12 hours 44 min 2.9 sec

Lunar Year - Typically 12 lunar months denote a lunar year.

Lunar year is 354 days 8 hours 48 min 46.1 seconds (29.53*12 = 354.37 days)

First day of Lunar year begins from Chaitra Shukla Pratipada. Name of month is based on
nakshatra in which moon is placed on full moon day.

Lunar Day – one Tithi – Mean Lunar Day 23 hrs, 37 min, 28.096 sec

Lunar month : 29 days 12 hours 44 min 2.9 sec

Lunar year is 354 days 8 hours 48 min 46.1 seconds (29.53*12 = 354.37 days)

Lunar Year - Typically 12 lunar months denote a lunar year.

TROPICAL METRICS

Tropical Month – Period taken by Moon for two successive passage through vernal
equinox or same point on ecliptic Tropical Month : 27 days 7 hours
43 minutes 4.7 seconds

Tropical (Solar) Year - Time interval between sun’s successive passage through
vernal equinox. Vernal equinox receeds westwards by 50.29” every year.
Time it takes earth to complete one full revolution around sun.

Tropical year is 365 days 5 hours 48 min 45.2 seconds

1 Tropical Year = 13.368 tropical months.

Day – Midnight to midnight – 24 hours

Tropical Month : 27 days 7 hours 43 minutes 4.7 seconds

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Tropical year is 365 days 5 hours 48 min 45.2 seconds

1 Tropical Year = 13.368 tropical months

Savana day - One Sunrise to next day Sunrise.

Savana Month - 30 Savana days.

Savana Year - 360 days of 12 Savana Month each consisting of 30 Savana days.

Synodic Month - Time interval between 2 successive similar positions between

Sun, Earth and Moon. This is called LUNATION. The duration of
Mean Synodic Month is 29days 12 hours 44 minutes 2.9 seconds.

Synodic Year - The duration is same as Tropical Year. Tropical year is 365 days
5 hours 48 min 45.2 seconds

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EARTH ::
Diameter - at Equator - 12,756 Kilometers

Diameter through the poles - 12,714 Kilometers

Circular in shape - 360 degrees, takes 24 hours to complete one rotation.

360 / 24 = 15 degrees.
In one hour it covers 15 degrees of rotation.

CLASSIFICATION OF HOUSES-BHAVAS.

 Kendra or Angular houses - 1 4 7 10

 Trikona or Trine house - 1 5 9
 Panapara or Succedent houses - 2 5 8 11

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  Apoklima or Cadent houses - 3 6 9 12
 Upachaya or Increasing houses - 3 6 10 11
 Apachaya/Anupachaya - 1 2 4 5 7 8 9 12
or Decreasing houses
 Maraka / Death inflicting houses - 2 7
 Dusthana or Trik houses - 6 8 12
 Bhadaka houses - Chara-11th, Sthira-9th, Dvi-7th.
 Trishadya / Evil houses - 3 6 11
 Hidden houses - 8 12
 Visible houses - 8th to 1st houses
 Invisible houses - 2nd to 7th house

 Purushaarta (Trikona Houses)

Dharma -- 1 5 9, Artha -- 2 6 8, Kaama -- 3 7 10
Moksha -- 4 8 12.
N / 10

W/7 E/1

S/4

SIDEREAL METRICS
SIDEREAL DAY. Complete rotation of the Earth on its axis with reference to a fixed
star is known as sidereal day. Its duration is 23 hours 56 minutes 4.091 seconds in mean
solar time. It is also called as MEAN SIDEREAL DAY.

SIDEREAL MONTH Time taken by Moon to rotate once around the Earth with
respect to a background (fixed) star is known as the sidereal month. Its duration is 27
days 7 hours, 43 minutes 11.6 seconds.

LUNAR METRICS
NAKSHATRA DAY - in Hindu system Nakshatra day is the time taken from rising
of a nakshatra to the rising of the next nakshatra . It may also be treated as a sidereal
day.

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 Nakshatra MONTH - The period taken by Chandra to move from Ashwini to Revathi
Nakshatra i.e., the period taken by Chandra to traverse all the 27 nakshatras once is
Nakshatra month. Duration is about 27 days.
It has two pakshas called Shukla paksha (Bright Half) Krishna paksha (dark half)
Two types are there

AMANTA  Amavasaya + Anta OR SHUKLADI

Followed in KARNATAKA GUJARAT, MAHARASHTRA, ANDHRA PRADESH,

PURNIMANTA  Purnima + Anta. KRISHNAADI

Followed in MP, UP, Bihar, Punjab, Delhi, Rajasthan
The length of a lunar month is 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes 2.9 seconds.

TROPICAL METRICS

Autumunal Equinox
23rd September

Northern Hemisphere Northern Hemisp

Winter solistice (ends Summer Solistice(ends)
22nd December
21st June
Southern Hemisphere Southern Hemis
Summer solistice (Starts) Winter solistice (starts)

Vernal Equinox 21st March

TROPICAL YEAR
The period taken by Sun from one vernal equinox to the next vernal equinox is known as
tropical year. The duration of a tropical year is 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes, 45.2 seconds.

Vernal equinox tilts by 50 minutes 29 seconds every year. The sun has to travel so much
lesser to reach the vernal equinox point every year and hence the tropical year is small
than the sidereal year.

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Ruthu or Seasonal Months
RUTHU CHANDRAMANA MASA SOURAMANA MASA
Vasantha Chaitra - Vaishakha Meena-Mesha
Greeshma Jyeshta-Ashadha Vrushabha-Mithuna
Varsha Shravana - Bhadrapada Kataka-Simha
Sharath Ashwayuja - Kartheeka Kanya - Thula
Hemantha Margashira - Pushya Vrushchika - Dhanus
Shishira Magha - Phalguna Makara – Kumbha

CHANDRA MAANA - SOURA MAANA & ENGLISH MONTHS

CHANDRAMANA ENGLISH MONTHS SOURAMANA ENGLISH MONTHS
Chaitra March-April Mesha April-May
Vaishakha April – May Vrushabha May – June
Jyeshta May-June Mithuna June – July
Ashada June - July Kataka July – August
Shravana July - August Simha August - September
Bhadrapada August – September Kanya September - October
Ashwayuja September - October Thula October – November
November -
Kartheeka October – November Vrushchika
December
November -
Margashira Dhanus December - January
December
Pushya December - January Makara January- February
Magha January - February Kumbha February – March
Phalguna February - March Meena March - April

CONCEPT OF ADHIKA MAASA AND KSHAYA MASA

Mean duration of Lunar Month is 29.5306 days
 Lunar year = 29.5306 X 12 == 354.3672 days

 Sidereal year = 365. 25636 days diff :: 10.88916 days or 10.89 days.

 Lunar year is short by sidereal year by 10.89 days / year. Say 11 days. This
has to be adjusted so that it is brought in tune with the solar year because the
seasons are recognized correctly. Therefore intercalary months are added
i.e., ADHIKA MASA are added to the lunar year.

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 New Moon 1 ------- LUNAR MONTH-------------- New Moon 2

Sankranthi 1----------SOLAR MONTH---------------- Sankranthi 2

New
Solar
Month

A normal Chandramana masa has ONE SANKRAMANA

ADHIKA MASA - CHANDRAMANA MASA HAS NO SANKRAMANA

New Moon 1 ------- LUNAR MONTH---------New Moon 2

Sankranthi 1--------SOLAR MONTH-----------------Sankranthi 2

This month is ADHIKA MASA or MALA MASA or INTER CALARY MONTH. Second
Month is called Nija or Shuddha masa . No religious festivals are done in Adhika Masa
except Birth and Death.
Adhika Masa will happen in intervals of 2 Y 11 M, 2 Y 10M , 2 Y 4 M average of 2 years 7
months.

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KSHAYA MASA

Kshaya Chandramana masa will have TWO SANKRAMANAS It may happen that a lunar
month overlaps a solar month . This can happen when a solar month is shorter

New Moon 1 ------------------ LUNAR MONTH----------------- MODERN

------ New Moon 2 MEASUREMENT
OF TIME
CONVERSION
Sankranthi 1------------SOLAR MONTH----------- Sankranthi 2

No New Moon in the Solar Masa Therefore this lunar masa is dropped from the Lunar
Calendar year
 Missing month.
 This will occur after 141 years of its occurrence. There is a possibility of its
occurring after 19 years also.
 Such a year will thus consist of 11 chandramana masas. However all such years
will have an Adhika Masa making it a 12 month Lunar year.

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MODERN MEASUREMENT OF TIME

MID NIGHT 12 DAY CHANGES, 12 MONTHS WITH DAYS BEING 30 or 31, February has 28
days and in leap year it has 29 days. 365 days in a year

Hour, Minute, Second.

Conversion of Ghati – Pal – Vipal to H – M – S

1 hour :: 2.5 ghatis

1 minute :: 2.5 pala
1 second :: 2.5 vipala

Conversion of H–M–S to Ghati – Pal – Vipal

60 ghatis :: 24 hours
60 pala :: 24 minutes
60 vipala :: 24 seconds

Conversion from

•LMT to IST •IST to LMT •GMT to IST •IST to GMT

•ZST to GMT •GMT to ZST

ONE HOUR == 15 DEGREES

A) Find the standard meridian of the place :

•GMT + 8 hrs == 0 degree + 8* 15 E = 120 degreeE

GMT + 5.5 hrs == 5.5 X 15 == 82.5 degreeE

GMT –5:00 hrs == 5.00 X 15 == 75 W

B) Find the Time zone of the place

•150degrees E == GMT + 10 hrs

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 •75 degrees W = = GMT – 5 hrs

WITH RESPECT TO INDIA

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