Chapter 3

CINHS
CABUYAO INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Senior High School Department
|
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methods used by the researchers. It presents
the research design of the study, the instrumentation, procedure of pulverizing
the eggshell, and extraction of starch from cassava.
The research design section of this chapter specifies the methods and
techniques that were used by the researchers. The materials used are
indicated, these are the specific materials needed for making bioplastic. The
procedure of pulverizing the eggshell and extraction of Cassava starch explains
the systematic process the researchers must follow.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers used experimental research design in this quantitative
form of research. Experimental research design manipulates the independent
variable to determine the effect of it to its dependent variable. In addition, it
uses manipulation and control testing to figure out the causal effect.
The researchers used experimental research design because there were
two sets of variable, or subject, to be observed. The first set was the controlled
variable, and the other one was manipulated variable. The controlled variable
was the one that remained constant. In this study, the controlled variables were
glycerin, oil and water. On the other hand, the manipulated variable was the
independent variable that was modified to meet the conclusions. In this
research, the manipulated variables were the eggshell and cassava starch.
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DESCRIPTION OF THE MATERIALS
The following are the materials that were used by the researchers to
perform the trials of the experiment for this study.
Water, oil, eggshells, glycerin, and cassava. These served as the raw
materials in making bioplastic.
Mortar and pestle. The apparatus that the researchers used to make the
powdered eggshell.
Beaker. This is where the ingredients were mixed and cooked.
Tray. The material that was used as a molder of a large sample of bioplastic.
Petri dish. This is where the cooked sample mixture was left to dry.
Spatula. The tool that the researchers used to level the cooked mixture.
Knife. Tool that the researchers used to peel the cassava.
Grater. The material that the researchers used to granulate the cassava.
Strainer. Tool that was used to sieve the dried cassava starch.
Cloth. The material needed to completely extract the sap from cassava pulp.
Measuring spoon. Tool that the researchers used to measure the dry
component of the mixture.
Graduated cylinder. The material needed by the researchers to measure the
water in milliliters.
Weights. The materials that the researchers used to test the tensile strength of
the bioplastic.
Dropper. Tool that was used to measure the glycerin and oil.
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PULVERIZATION OF EGGSHELL
In the process of pulverization of eggshells, the eggshells were gathered
costing the researchers no money. The first thing that was done after washing
the eggshells was the removal of the inner and outer membranes which are thin
and transparent. The removal of these membranes helped ease the
pulverization process. The eggshells were exposed to sun for about 30 minutes
before they were crushed. Secondly, to start the process, the whole eggshell
was crushed for a time on a mortar and pestle until no large pieces are seen
and the powdered eggshell was ready, putting aside what was used in the
bioplastic making.
EXTRACTION OF CASSAVA STARCH
The cassava was peeled with the use of a knife. The peeled cassava
was washed with clean water. The cassava was grated to its smallest portion.
To begin the extraction, the grated cassava was squeezed manually on the
strainer that separated the sap from the pulp. Certainly, there was a container
under the strainer. This process was repeated until all the grated cassava was
squeezed. However, using hands was not enough, to completely extract its
juice, a net is advised. The cassava pulp was squeezed for the second time
until there was no cassava sap remaining. The cassava starch was allowed to
sit in the container until a yellow liquid was visible. The yellow liquid was
removed and the starch was left in the bottom of the container to dry
completely. Finally, the starch was crushed and sifted using the strainer.
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INSTRUMENTATION
The researchers used record sheet as the instrument in recording the
data needed in their study. Through this, they gathered the data methodically
there and then.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
This study is consisted of steps to gather the needed data by the
researchers:
First, the researchers went to three different teachers to ask for the
validation of their questionnaire. Then, after the validation process, they started
preparing for the production of bioplastic. They prepared the tools and
ingredients needed for the experiments’ trials. They pulverized the eggshell and
extracted the cassava starch. After that, they mixed all the ingredients in a
container under the heat until it was cooked. This cooked mixture was then put
on a tray and flattened with the use of a spatula. After the bioplastic completely
cooled down and dried, the bioplastic’s tensile strength, solubility and
degradability were tested.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
In this study, the researchers used F-Test to test the significant
difference in tensile strength of the trials with different ratio of cassava starch
and eggshell as well as in the decomposability of the bioplastic that ultimately
let the researchers determine which ratio has the best resulting bioplastic.
The researchers used the F-test to obtain the significant differences of
the ratios:
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SSE1−SSE2
m
F=
SSE 2
n−k
Where:
SSE= sum of the number square
m = number of restrictions
k = number of independent variable
The researchers correspondingly used the Scheffe’s test to identify as to
where the difference lies.
Scheffe’s Test:
2
' ( X 1− X 2)
F= 2
SW (n1 +n2 )
n 1 n2
Where:
F’ = Scheffe’s test
X 1 = mean of group 1
X 2 = mean of group 2
n1 = number of samples in group 1
n2 = number of samples in group 2
2
Sw =¿ Within mean squares

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CINHS

CABUYAO INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

This chapter discusses the methods used by the researchers. It presents

the research design of the study, the instrumentation, procedure of pulverizing

the eggshell, and extraction of starch from cassava.

procedure of pulverizing the eggshell and extraction of Cassava starch explains

the systematic process the researchers must follow.

The researchers used experimental research design in this quantitative

form of research. Experimental research design manipulates the independent

variable to determine the effect of it to its dependent variable. In addition, it

The researchers used experimental research design because there were

independent variable that was modified to meet the conclusions. In this

perform the trials of the experiment for this study.

materials in making bioplastic.

Beaker. This is where the ingredients were mixed and cooked.

Knife. Tool that the researchers used to peel the cassava.

component of the mixture.

Graduated cylinder. The material needed by the researchers to measure the

In the process of pulverization of eggshells, the eggshells were gathered

and transparent. The removal of these membranes helped ease the

EXTRACTION OF CASSAVA STARCH

The researchers used record sheet as the instrument in recording the

there and then.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

This study is consisted of steps to gather the needed data by the

degradability were tested.

In this study, the researchers used F-Test to test the significant

and eggshell as well as in the decomposability of the bioplastic that ultimately

The researchers used the F-test to obtain the significant differences of

SSE= sum of the number square

k = number of independent variable

The researchers correspondingly used the Scheffe’s test to identify as to

where the difference lies.

n1 = number of samples in group 1

n2 = number of samples in group 2

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