Fundamentals of electrical engineering

Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften

Ohm’s law Würzbug-Schweinfurt - Fakultät Elektrotechnik
I
U  RI R U / I I U / R U
Symbol Quantity Unit Symbol
U  I /G G  I /U I  U G
U Voltage Volt V
Electr. power: Work / energy: I Current Ampere A
P U I W  P  t  U  I  t
R Resistance Ohm Ω

Power at resistor: Energy at resistor: G Conductivity Siemens S

P  RI2 U2 / R W  R  I 2  t  U 2  t / R P Power Watt W

W Work Joule J = Ws
resistivity: Temperature dependency:
R   l / A  ( )   20C  (1   20     20   2  ...) ρ Resistivity Ω·mm²/m
    20C

Kirchhoff laws:

Current law: Voltage law:

U
N
 U12  U 23  U 34  U 45  U 51  0
I
k 1
k  I1  I 2  ...  I N  0 U51 U12
{kl }M
kl

I1 I3 M
The sum of all currents in a node The sum of all voltages in a mesh is zero.
I2 is zero. U45 U23
U34

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jan Hansmann Seite 1 Formulary

Fundamentals of electrical engineering
Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften
Series connection: Current devider: Würzbug-Schweinfurt - Fakultät Elektrotechnik
I1 R2 I2 R1
R1  
R1 R2 RN I
I1
I R1  R2 I R1  R2
N
RGES  R1  R2  ...  RN   Rk I1 R2 The currents are
I2 R2  reciprocal to the
k 1 I 2 R1 resistances.

Parallel connection: Voltage divider:

U1 R1 U2 R2
N U1 U2  
1

1 U R1  R2 U R1  R2
RGES R1 R2
k 1 Rk
U1 R1 The voltages are

RN
R1

R2

R3

proportional to the
1 U U 2 R2
RGES  resistances.
1 1 1
  ...  Star to delta conversion
R1 R2 RN

R1
Two resistors: R1  R2
RGES 
R1  R2

Source conversion: R23

Ri R12  R31 R1 R 2

R1  R12  R1  R 2 
Uq = Iq · Ri R12  R 23  R31 R3
Iq
R 23  R12 R 2  R3
Ri R2  R 23  R 2  R3 
Uq R12  R 23  R31 R1
Iq = Uq / Ri
R31 R 23 R3  R1
R3  R31  R3  R1 
R12  R 23  R31 R2

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jan Hansmann Seite 2 Formulary

Fundamentals of electrical engineering
Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften
Circuit analysis: Nodal voltage analysis:
Würzbug-Schweinfurt - Fakultät Elektrotechnik
Step 1: conversion of voltage sources in current sources
U13
U1 U3 Step 2: reference (here U4 = 0)
ID GD Step 3: KCL for nodes
M3
IA M2 IC Node U1: – Iq1 – GD·U13 – GE·U14 – GA·U12 = 0
IE IF M1
Node U2: GA·U12 – GF·U23 – GB·U24 – Iq2 = 0
U12
GA U23 U14 GC
U34 Node U3: GD·U13 – Iq3 – GC·U34 + GF·U23 = 0
with Ukl = Uk – Ul
GF GE
Node U1: – (GD+GE+GA)·U1 + GA·U2 + GD·U3 = Iq1
U2 U4
Node U2: GA·U1 – (GA+GF+GB)·U2 + GF·U3 = Iq2
IB GB
Node U3: GD·U1 + GF·U2 – (GD+GC+GF)·U3 = Iq3
U24
Matrix form:
Iq1 Iq2 Iq3
  (GD  GE  G A ) GA GD   U1   I q1 
    
 G A  (G A  G F  G B ) G F   U 2    I q 2 
Kirchhoffsch laws: 
 GD GF  (GD  GC  GF )   U 3   I q 3 
Node U1: – Iq1 – ID – IE – IA = 0
IA – IF – IB – Iq2 = 0   Y11 Y12 Y13   U1   I q1  Y: Admittance matrix
Node U2:     
Node U3: ID – Iq3 – IC + IF = 0  12
Y  Y22 Y23    U 2    I q 2 
𝑼: Vector with node voltages
Y     𝑰Ԧ: Vector with current sources
Mesh M1: IF / GF + IC / GC – IB / GB = 0  13 Y23  Y33   U 3   I q 3  Ik: Sum of all currents at node k.
Mesh M2: ID / GD – IF / GF – IA / GA = 0
Mesh M3: ID / GD + IC / GC – IB / GB – IA / GA = 0
Y 𝑼 𝑰Ԧ

6 equations and 6 unknowns 3 equations and 3 unknowns

IA, IB, IC, ID, IE and IF U1, U2 und U3

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jan Hansmann Seite 3 Formulary

Fundamentals of electrical engineering
Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften
AC
Würzbug-Schweinfurt - Fakultät Elektrotechnik

… time domain … … complex numbers … … phasor …

Voltage u (t )  uˆ  sin( t  U ) u (t )  uˆ  e j( t U )  uˆ  e j t

Current i (t )  iˆ  sin( t   I ) i (t )  iˆ  e j( t  I )  iˆ  e j t

Im
u

ρU
RMS û iˆ U
û iˆ i

U Eff  I Eff  I
2 2 2 ρI
Effective value
2
Re
Impedance Admittance
(complex resistance) (complex conductivityt)

uˆ  iˆ  Z uˆ  iˆ / Y

Ohmic
resistor u (t )  R  i (t ) Z R  1/ G  R Y R  G  1/ R
Im Capacitor:
Current leads voltage
iC by 90°.

Inductor di 1
u (t )  L  Z L  j L YL  u
dt j L iR

Re
Capacitor 1 1
C
u (t )  i (t ) dt ZC  Y C  j C Inductivity:
j C iL Voltage leads current
by 90°.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jan Hansmann Seite 4 Formulary

Fundamentals of electrical engineering
 
Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften
Instantaneous Power:
*

p(t )  u (t )  i (t )  Re U  I  Re U  I  e 2 j t  I, U, and I Eff - Fakultät
with RMS values ofWürzbug-Schweinfurt I , U Eff U
Elektrotechnik

Complex power Real power Apparent power Reactive power

S U I P  Re S S S Q  Im S
*
Power:

Ohmic resistor
S R  R  I Eff
2
PR  R  I Eff
2
S R  R  I Eff
2
QR  0

Inductor
S L  j L  I Eff
2
PL  0 S L   L  I Eff
2
QL   L  I Eff
2

2 2 2
Capacitor I Eff I Eff I Eff
SC  PC  0 SC  QC  
j C C C

Gain: Example: lowpass  2 

ADB ,Tiefpass  10 log10 1  2  dB
 0 
uˆa U a , Eff
A  A0
uˆe U e , Eff L 0dB Corner frequency
ue(t) R ua(t) -10dB
-20dB

 
R
0 
-20dB/Decade
AdB  10  log 10 A dB 2
L
-30dB
-40dB

 uˆ  U R 1 -50dB Pass band Block band

 20  log10  a  dB A a   -60dB

 uˆe  Ue j L  R 1   2 / 02
0.01ω0 0.1ω0 ω0 10ω0 100ω0

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jan Hansmann Seite 5 Formulary

Fundamentals of electrical engineering
Three-phase-circuits: U1 Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften
U1 Würzbug-Schweinfurt I-1Fakultät Elektrotechnik
L1
I1 U 2  U 1  e -j120 U31 U12
L1 U1 U12 U31 UStr1 UStr3
U 3  U 1  e -j240 U3 U2
U1 U12 U31 U23
UStr1 U1 U 2 U 3  0 Phase voltage
UStr2 I2
L2
I2
U 12  U 1  U 2  U 1  3  e j30
U2 U23 I3 UStr2
L2 L3
U2 U23 I3 UStr3 U 23  U 2  U 3  U 1  3  e -j90  U 12  e -j120 U3
L3 N I 1  I 12  I 31
U3 U 31  U 3  U 1  U 1  3  e j150  U 12  e -j240
N Line voltages I 2  I 23  I 12
U 12  U 23  U 31  0
I 3  I 31  I 23
U Str1  U 1 I Str1  I 1  U 1 / Z 1 U  U Ph  U 1  U 2  U 3
star
U Str1  U 12 I Str1  I 12  U 12 / Z 12
U Str 2  U 2 I Str 2  I 2  U 2 / Z 2
delta U   U 12  U 23  U 31 U Str 2  U 23 I Str 2  I 23  U 23 / Z 23
U Str 3  U 3 I Str 3  I 3  U 3 / Z 3
nominal U N  U   3 U U Str 3  U 31 I Str 3  I 31  U 31 / Z 31
I1
L1
Symmetric load: I 2  I 1  e -j120
Sternschaltung U1 U12 U31
Z  Z1  Z 2  Z 3 I 3  I 1  e -j240
mit offenen UStr1 Z   Z Str1  Z Str 2  Z Str 3 I1  I 2  I 3  0
Sternpunkt: UStr2
Z   3 Z I 12  I 23  I 31  0
I2
L2
U2 U23 I3 UStr3 line I Str  I 12  I 23  I 31
L3
U3 U0N phase I AL  I Ph  I 1  I 2  I 3  3  I Str
N
U1 U U power:
I Str1  I 1  (U 1  U 0 N ) / Z Str1  2  3
S  U Str1  I Str1  U Str 2  I Str 2  U Str 3  I Str 3  3 U Str1  I Str1
* * * *
Z Z Str 2 Z Str 3
I Str 2  I 2  (U 2  U 0 N ) / Z Str 2 U 0N  Str1 sym.
1 1 1
I Str 3  I 3  (U 3  U 0 N ) / Z Str 3   S  3  U Str  I Str , P  3  U Str  I Str  cos  , Q  3  U Str  I Str  sin 
Z Str1 Z Str 2 Z Str 3 sym. sym. sym.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jan Hansmann Seite 6 Formulary