Unit IV

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Unit – IV

Part B –

1. Compare squirrel cage and slip ring induction motor.

Basis For
Slip Ring Motor Squirrel Cage motor
Comparison
The rotor of the motor is The rotor of the motor is a squirrel cage
Definition
constructed as a slip ring type. type.
Cylindrical laminated core with
The slots of the rotor are not parallel, but
Rotor parallel slots and each slot consist
are skewed.
one bar.
Other name Phase wound rotor Cage motor
Construction Complicated Simple
The rotor bar is permanently shorted at the
Resistance Added external to the rotor end of the ring, thus it is not possible to add
any external resistance.
The rotor resistance starter can be
Starter Rotor resistance starter can not be used.
used.
Starting Torque High Low
Brushes Present Absent
Maintenance Frequent maintenance required Less maintenance required
Copper Loss High Low
Efficieny Low High
Speed Control Possible Not Possible
Power Factor Low High
Cost Costly Cheap
Starting Current Low High
Use in hoist, cranes, elevator where Use in lathe machines, fan, blower,
Uses
high torque is required. profiting machines, etc.

2. Write the short notes on (a) Cogging (b) Crawling

The important characteristics normally shown by a squirrel cage induction motors are crawling
and cogging. These characteristics are the result of improper functioning of the motor that
means either motor is running at very slow speed or it is not taking the load.

(a) Cogging of Induction Motor

The characteristic of induction motor comes into picture when motor refuses to start at
all. Sometimes it happens because of low supply voltage. But the main reason for starting
problem in the motor is because of cogging in which the slots of the stator get locked up with
the rotor slots. As we know that there is series of slots in the stator and rotor of the induction
motor. When the slots of the rotor are equal in number with slots in the stator, they align
themselves in such way that both face to each other and at this stage the reluctance of the
magnetic path is minimum and motor refuse to start. There is one more reason for cogging. If the
harmonic frequencies coincide with the slot frequency due to the harmonics present in the supply
voltage then it causes torque modulation. As a result, of it cogging occurs. This characteristic is
also known as magnetic teeth locking of the induction motor.

(b) Crawling of Induction Motor

It has been observed that squirrel cage type induction motor has a tendency to run at very
low speed compared to its synchronous speed, this phenomenon is known as crawling. The
resultant speed is nearly 1/7th of its synchronous speed. This action is due to the fact that
harmonics fluxes produced in the gap of the stator winding of odd harmonics like 3 rd, 5th, 7th etc.
These harmonics create additional torque fields in addition to the synchronous torque.

The torque produced by these harmonics rotates in the forward or backward direction at N s/3,
Ns/5, Ns/7 speed respectively. Here we consider only 5 th and 7th harmonics and rest are neglected.
The torque produced by the 5th harmonic rotates in the backward direction. This torque produced
by fifth harmonic which works as a braking action is small in quantity, so it can be neglected.
Now the seventh harmonic produces a forward rotating torque at synchronous speed N s/7. Hence,
the net forward torque is equal to the sum of the torque produced by 7 th harmonic and
fundamental torque. The torque produced by 7th harmonic reaches its maximum positive value
just below 1/7 of Ns and at this point slip is high. At this stage motor does not reach up to its
normal speed and continue to rotate at a speed which is much lower than its normal speed.
This causes crawling of the motor at just below 1/7 synchronous speed and creates the racket.
The other speed at which motor crawls is 1/13 of synchronous speed.
Note:
For Better understanding:
Cogging: Magnetic locking between the stator and the rotor teeth is called cogging or teeth
locking.
Crawling: A squirrel cage induction motor exhibits a tendency to run at very slow speeds (as
low as one-seventh of their synchronous speed).
3. List out the applications of squirrel cage, slip ring induction motor and synchronous motor.

Squirrel cage induction motor:

 Centrifugal pumps.
 Industrial drives (e.g. to run conveyor belts)
 Large blowers and fans.
 Machine tools.
 Lathes and other turning equipment.
 Machine tools,
 Cranes & Hoist
 Reactor vessels
 mixing and agitating machinery,
 Paper mills, Cement mills, food and beverage industries
Slip ring induction motor:
 Cranes
 Hoists
 Compressors,
 Printing presses,
 Large ventilation fans, and
 Loads requiring speed control, such as for driving lifts and pumps.
 Crushers
 Plunger pumps
 Elevators
Synchronous motor
 Fans
 Blowers
 Line shafts
 Centrifugal pumps
 Compressors
 Reciprocating pumps
 Rubber and paper mills

 Synchronous motors are used to regulate the voltage at the end of transmission lines.
 Tape recorders and precision servomechanisms
 Conveyers
4. Briefly explain the need Necessity of starter and speed control.

Necessity of starter

The three phase induction motors are self-starting due to rotating magnetic field. But the
motors show tendency to draw very high current at the time of starting. Such a current can be 6 to 8
times of full load or rated current and it can damage the motor winding. Hence there should be a
device which can limit such high starting current. Such a device which limits high starting current is
called a starter.

Explanation :

In a 3 phase induction motor, the magnitude of an induced emf in the rotor circuit depends on
the slip of the induction motor. Thus induced emf effectively decides the magnitude of the rotor
current. The rotor current in the running condition is given by :

1. At starting time, the speed of the motor is zero and slip is at its maximum i.e. unity. So
magnitude of the rotor induced emf is very large at start. As rotor conductors are short-
circuited, the large induced emf circulates very high current through rotor at start.
2. The condition is exact similar to a transformer with short-circuited secondary. Such a
transformer when excited by a rated voltage, circulates a very high current through short-
circuited secondary. As secondary current is large ⇒ Primary current also draws very large
current from the supply line.
3. Similarly in a 3 phase induction motor, when rotor current is high, consequently the stator
draws a very high current from the supply line. Due to such increment in line current ⇒
Voltage starts deeping. ⇒ Whole system can collapse. ⇒ Hence even 3 hp rating
induction motor is not allowed without Starter.
4. Due to such heavy inrush current at start
 Such sudden inrush of current causes large line voltage drop.
 Thus other appliances connected to the same line may be subjected to voltage spikes
which may affect their working.
 Possibility of damage to the motor windings.

⇒ so to avoid such affects, it is necessary to limit the current drawn by the motor at start.

⇒ The starter is a device which is basically used to limit the starting current by supplying
reduced voltage to the motor at the time of starting.
Note :

For Better understanding –

From the expression of rotor current it can be seen that the current at start can be controlled by :

 By reducing the supply voltage at the time starting.


 Or by increasing the rotor resistance at the time of starting. [This is possible only in case
of slip-ring induction motor]

Necessity of speed control

AC Motors plays an important role in energy conversion process. It is a machine which converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy. In mechanical system, speed varies with number of task so
speed control is necessary to do mechanical work in a proper way. It makes motor to operate easily.
Then in the induction motor operation especially in Industrial, commercial and domestic applications,
the motors must require to rotate in synchronous speed or sub synchronous speed or above
synchronous speed. In that position, the effective types of speed adjusting or controlling methods are
essential to fix the speed of the motors. Further In Industries mechanical loads should not only be
driven but should also be driven at desired speed. Therefore, the need of speed control methods for
induction motor arises.

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