Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

FACULTY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Laboratory Manual
Digital Systems
Experiment 2

Ho Chi Minh City, 11/2020

 Digital Systems – Lab 2

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Goals:
 Become familiar with the oscilloscope.
 Know how to investigate the propagation delay of 7400-Series ICs.
 Know how to design and implement Edge Detector circuits.

1.2 Equipment and apparatus:

 Digital System KIT
 Lab tools: VOM, Oscilloscope
 74-Series Integrated Circuits (IC)

1.3 References:
 Digital Systems: Principles and Applications (11th Edition) – Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S.
Widmer, Gregory L. Moss, 2010.
 Lecture Slides/Videos – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tran Ngoc Thinh.
 Tutorial documents on how to use Oscilloscope.
 Tutorial videos on how to use Oscilloscope:
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5RV0go3-4o
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIfH_80S2uA&t=0s

1.4 Pre-laboratory:
 Read this experiment carefully to become familiar with the procedural steps in this
experiment.
 Study on tutorial videos to grasp the basics of using an oscilloscope.

1.5 Safety First

 You are dealing with live power. Be mindful of the current and voltage you are supplying
to the circuit. No drinks on the working surface!

1.6 Submit your reports:

 Complete all exercises in Section 2.3. Show all of your work step-by-step.
 Capture and include images about your implemented circuits in Logisim, KIT, and Tools
 Submit report to BKeL by deadline.

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2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

2.1 Introduction to Oscilloscope

The oscilloscope is a particularly useful item of test equipment that can be used for testing and
fault-finding a variety of electronics circuits from logic circuits through analogue circuits to
radio circuits. By knowing the basics of using an oscilloscope, it is possible to fault find
circuits more effectively and more swiftly as well as gaining a better understanding of how
they the circuits work.

Figure 1: The Tektronix TBS1052B-Edu Oscilloscope

Types of Oscilloscope
Oscilloscopes can be classified into two types: analog oscilloscopes and digital oscilloscopes.
A digital oscilloscope uses an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to convert the measured
voltage into digital information. It acquires the waveform as a series of samples, and stores
these samples until it accumulates enough samples to describe a waveform. In this course, we
will use the Tektronix TBS1052B digital oscilloscope as shown in Figure 1.
The Oscilloscope’s Graph
At the most basic level, an oscilloscope's graph of an electrical signal shows how the signal
changes over time (Figure 2):

Figure 2: X, Y, and Z components of a displayed waveform.

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Types of Waves
An oscilloscope measures voltage waves. A waveform
is a graphic representation of a wave. Any time you see
a change in the height of the waveform, you know the
voltage has changed. Any time there is a flat horizontal
line, you know that there is no change for that length of
time. Figure 3 shows some common types of waveform.

You can classify most waves into these types:

 Sine waves.
 Square and rectangular waves.
 Sawtooth and triangle waves.
 Step and pulse shapes.
 Periodic and non-periodic signals.
 Synchronous and asynchronous signals.
 Complex waves.
Figure 3: Common Waveforms.

Waveform Measurements with Digital Oscilloscopes

Figure 4: Examples of fully-automated waveform measurements

To know more about Oscillopscope: Please read the oscilloscope manual documents or
reference at https://www.tek.com/document/online/primer/xyzs-scopes/ch1/oscilloscope-
basics !

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2.2 How to use a Tektronix TBS1052B Oscilloscope

Figure 5: Digital Oscilloscope Tektronix TBS1052B-EDU and its Probes

2.2.1 The Probes

Probes are single-input devices that route a signal from your circuit to the oscilloscope. Most
oscilloscopes have at least two probes for two input channels and each channel can display a
waveform on the screen.

Figure 6: The probe

As shown in Figure 6, the probes have a sharp tip which probes into a point on your circuit.
The tip can also be equipped with hooks, tweezers or clips to make latching onto a circuit
easier. Every probe also includes a ground clip, which should be secured safely to a common
ground point on the circuit under test.

Figure 7: Connecting the Probe to channels on the scope

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Testing the Probe

Most scopes will have a built-in frequency
generator that emits a reliable, set-frequency wave -
on the TEKTRONIX TBS1052B-EDU, there is a
1kHz square wave output at the bottom-right of the
front panel (PROBE COMP). The frequency
generator output has two separate conductors - one
for the signal and one for ground.

Probe
Step to test a Probe COMP

 Step 1: Connecting the Probe to channels on the

scope and Turn the scope ON (Figure 7)
 Step 2: Connect your probe's ground clip to the
ground, and the probe tip to the signal output.
 Step 3: Push the AUTOSET button to
automatically set up the controls to
accommodate the signal.
 Step 4: Check if a 1kHz square wave appears
on screen (Figure 8). If the square wave is not
straight-edged, you need to adjust the Probe.

Figure 8: Testing the Probes

2.2.2 The Control Systems

The front panel of an oscilloscope is divided into three sections labeled Vertical, Horizontal,
and Trigger as shown in Figure 8.
When using an oscilloscope, you adjust settings in these areas to accommodate an incoming
signal:
 Vertical: This is the attenuation or amplification of the signal. Use the volts/div control to
adjust the amplitude of the signal to the desired measurement range.
 Horizontal: This is the time base. Use the sec/div control to set the amount of time per
division represented horizontally across the screen.
 Trigger: This is the triggering of the oscilloscope. Use the trigger level to stabilize a
repeating signal, or to trigger on a single event.

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2.2.3 Analyze signal with CURSOR mode

In this experiment, we will use the scope to analyze some characteristics of digital signal with
respect to time. The scope provides several ways to take measurement, and we choose the
CURSOR method to serve our purposes. Intuitively, this method allows you to take
measurements by moving the cursors, which always appear in pairs, and reading their numeric
values from the display readouts.

Figure 9: Mode buttons

If you are analyzing a pulse waveform and you want to measure parameters related to time of
the pulse, follow these steps:
 Step 1: Push the Cursor button to see the Cursor Menu.
 Step 2: Push the Type side-menu button. A pop-out menu should appear showing a
scroll-able list of the available cursor types.
 Step 3: Turn the Multipurpose knob to highlight Time.
 Step 4: Push the Multipurpose knob to select Time.
 Step 5: Push the Cursor 1 option button.
 Step 6: Turn the Multipurpose knob to place a cursor on the first point of the pulse.
 Step 7: Push the Cursor 2 option button.
 Step 8: Turn the Multipurpose knob to place a cursor on the second point of the pulse.

You can see the following measurements in the Cursor Menu:

 The time at Cursor 1, relative to the trigger.
 The time at Cursor 2, relative to the trigger.
 The Δ (delta) time, which is the pulse width measurement.

To understand more about how to use Oscilloscope: Please read the oscilloscope manual
documents.

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2.3 Exercises
2.3.1 Measurement Propagation Delay

In digital circuits, the propagation delay, or gate delay, is the length of time which starts when
the input to a logic gate becomes stable and valid to change, to the time that the output of that
logic gate is stable and valid to change. Often on manufacturers' datasheets this refers to the
time required for the output to reach 50% of its final output level when the input changes to
50% of its final input level (Figure 10)

Figure 10: Propagation Delay

Randomly select TWO 74-Series ICs out of the list: 7400, 7404, 7408, and 7432. Design,
implement circuits, and use the Oscilloscope to measure the propagation delay of those selected
ICs.
Hint: Use Frequency pins on Digital System KIT to connect with the input of circuits., adjust
the frequency to 1kHz when measuring with Oscilloscope.

Figure 10: Sample circuit for measuring the propagation delay

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2.3.2 Signal Edge Detection (Edge Detector Circuit)

Signal edge detection is a technique widely used in embedded software, model based
development and electronics. A signal edge is defined as the transition of the signal from a high
state to a low state or vice-versa. There are two popular types of edge detection:
 Rising edge: when the input signal is transitioning from a low state (e.g. 0) to a high state
(e.g. 1)
 Falling edge: when the input signal is transitioning from a high state (e.g. 1) to a low state
(e.g. 0)

Figure 11: Rising Edge and Falling Edge

Design, implement circuits, and use the Oscilloscope to determine the rising edge and falling
edge of a pulse signal using IC 7400, 7404, 7408, or 7432.
Hint: Use Frequency pins on Digital System KIT to connect with the input of circuits., adjust
the frequency to 1kHz when measuring with Oscilloscope.

Figure 12: Sample design for edge detector circuit.