Hospital Pharmacy The Hospitals and Its Organization

Hospital Pharmacy
The Hospitals and its Organization

1. Introduction:
Health is an important factor in the formation of human resources

development which will play a vital role in improving the qualities of
human beings, who are the active agents of economic development.
According to the World Health organization, Health is a “State of

complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the
absence of disease or deformity”
Health is the extent to which an individual or group is able, on the one

hand, to realize aspirations and satisfy needs; and, on the other
hand, to change or cope with the environment
2. History background and the meaning of the hospital:
Hospital first came into existence prior to 1000 B.C.
During the Middle ages the hospital could serve other functions, such as
almshouse for the poor, or hostel for pilgrims
The name comes from Latin word (host), which is also the root for the
English words hotel, hostel and hospitality. It means also a host or a
guest.
Some believe that the origin of the hospital from the word (HOSPITUM)
which means a rest house for travelers or night shelters showing
(hospitality to the guests)
• In Islamic history, hospital foundation was given by Arab between 8th
and 9th century.
• In 997 Hospitals started in Damascus and Baghdad.
• Mansoura hospital was built in 1283 in Egypt.
• In the present time, a hospital is an institution for health care, often

but not always provides large term patient stays.
• “The hospital is an integral part of the social and medical
organization, the function of which is to provide for the population
complete health care, both curative and preventive, and whose
outpatient services reach out to the family and its home environment.
• The hospital is also a center for training of health workers and for
biosocial research”
• The modern concept of the hospital visualizes it, as one of a

comprehensive system of preventive and curative medicine and as an
institution devoted not only to inpatient treatment, but also to
ambulatory and domiciliary care
From above,
• the hospital could be defined as a complex organization and an
institute which provides health care to peoples through
complicated but specialized scientific equipment and a team of
trained staff educated in solving the problems of modern medical
science. They are all co-ordinate together for the common goal
of restoring and maintaining a good health of the people who go
there for relief from the pain, suffering and disease.
• Thus, the hospital is a specialized body where the patient care is

the focal point and about which all activities of the hospital
revolve. The physician who examines and takes care of the
patient is in the principal position and special facilities and
trained personnel are provided to him to make his work easy and
efficient. Trained personnel includes technical staff of nurses,
dieticians and pharmacists.
• From the organizational and administrative point of view, a hospital is
virtually a city within a city. Within its four walls, it has an operation
theatre, a hospital which is in the shape of the patients rooms, a
dormitory for student nurses, residents and interns, a school for
training of nurses, technicians, dietician, laboratories, a pharmacy,
food vending operations, laundry and linen service, delivery service, a
post office, massive internal and external communication system,
blood bank, accounting and credit services, a public relation
department, a motor service, and security patrols.
• In short the hospital is a healthcare Organization.

3. Classification of Hospitals:
There is wide range of hospitals Some hospitals are small, some are big,
some imparting teaching and training facilities, some are owned by
private bodies, some are special hospitals and so on. These hospitals can
be categorized or classified in several manners. Some of the methods of
classification of hospital are given below:
a) According to Ownership and Control:

i.Government: Public hospitals
ii.Non government: Voluntary hospitals, Nursing homes and Corporate
hospitals
• Public hospitals:
The hospitals run by central or state government, local bodies and public
sector undertaking. The hospitals are purely service organizations and
nonprofit making hospitals. Examples are civil hospitals.
• Voluntary Hospitals:
These hospital are registered under the societies act or public trust act.
They are run by trusts and on non commercial basis examples, charitable
hospitals.
• Nursing Homes:
Generally owned and, managed by individual doctors. These hospitals
generally do not admit cases of medico legal importance and the patient
care services are usually provided in some of the specialties of medicine.
Some of the nursing homes provide only maternity care. Some hospitals
even provide tertiary care in some super specialties like cardiology,
Nephrology. Example is Mayo medical center.
• Corporate Hospitals:
These hospitals are run on the basis of profit-earning and are registered
under companies act.
b) According to Directory of Hospital:
i. General Hospital
ii. Rural Hospital
iii. Specialty Hospital
iv. Teaching Hospital
v. Isolation Hospital
• General Hospital:
These hospitals usually provide medical care in more than one broad
specialty and there is no strict departmentation.
• Rural Hospitals:
The hospitals located in rural areas.
• Specialty Hospitals:
Hospital providing medical care usually in one or more specialty like TB
hospital, eye hospital, cancer hospital, heart centers etc.
• Teaching Hospital:
Usually the hospitals attached to medical college
• Isolation Hospital:
Hospitals providing patient care to communicable diseases.
c) According to systems of medicine:
• Allopathic Hospital : refers to science-based, modern medicine, such

as the use of medications or surgery to treat or suppress symptoms or
the ill effects of disease.
• Ayurvedic Hospital : Ayurvedic medicine (“Ayurveda” for short) is

one of the world's oldest holistic (“whole-body”) healing systems. It
was developed more than 3,000 years ago in India. It’s based on the
belief that health and wellness depend on a delicate balance between
the mind, body, and spirit.
• Tibb and Unani Hospital: the Perso-Arabic system of medicine was

based on the teachings of the Greek physicians Hippocrates and
Galen. 12
• Homeopathy Hospital: Homeopathy, or Homeopathic Medicine, is
the practice of medicine that embraces a holistic, natural approach to
the treatment of the sick. Homeopathy is holistic because it treats the
person as a whole, rather than focusing on a diseased part or a
labeled sickness. Homeopathy is natural because its remedies are
produced according to the U.S. FDA-recognized Homeopathic
Pharmacopoeia of the United States from natural sources, whether
vegetable, mineral, or animal in nature.
d) According to size of hospital:

depends upon the bed strength of the hospital
i. Large Hospital Beds > 500 Beds
ii. Medium Hospital 200-500 Beds
iii.Small Hospital ˂ 200 Beds
d) According to clinical base:
i. General Hospital
ii. Specialty Hospital
e) According to level of care:

i. Primary care hospital
ii. Secondary care hospital
iii.Tertiary care hospital
f) According to teaching facilities:

i. Teaching hospital
ii. Non teaching hospital
14
g) According to length of stay:
Acute (short term stay) and chronic (long term stay) hospitals
h) According to gender:
Male and female hospitals
15
5. Functions of the Hospitals:
In general the functions of the hospitals are:

a. Providing patient care. (curative or preventive. Inpatients and out
patients. Primary, secondary or tertiary)
b. Acts as a training medium for all health professionals like
physicians, nurses and pharmacists.
c. Medical Research.
d. Public health and health promotion
e. Provides diagnosis and treatment of diseases to both in patients and
out patients.
f. Provides facilities for hospitalization.
g. Acts as immunization center to prevent diseases.
16
4. Hospital’s goals:
a. The common goal is to restore and maintained good health of the

people who are coming to the hospitals for their relief from pain,
suffering and diseases.
b. To disseminate medical and pharmaceutical knowledge by providing

and interchange of information among hospital pharmacists and with
members of allied specialties and professions.
c. To assure a high quality of professional practice through the

establishment and maintenance of standards of professional ethics,
education and attainments and through the promotion of economic
welfare.
d. Provides advices in different matters like family planning, improve
quality of life in chronic patients like AIDS and rehabilitation.
e. Educate the people.
f. Lowering the incidence of diseases by prognosis, detection,
treatment and advices.
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Hospital Pharmacy

The Hospitals and its Organization

Health is an important factor in the formation of human resources

According to the World Health organization, Health is a “State of

Health is the extent to which an individual or group is able, on the one

Hospital first came into existence prior to 1000 B.C.

• In 997 Hospitals started in Damascus and Baghdad.

• Mansoura hospital was built in 1283 in Egypt.

• In the present time, a hospital is an institution for health care, often

• The modern concept of the hospital visualizes it, as one of a

• Thus, the hospital is a specialized body where the patient care is

• In short the hospital is a healthcare Organization.

a) According to Ownership and Control:

b) According to Directory of Hospital:

• Allopathic Hospital : refers to science-based, modern medicine, such

• Ayurvedic Hospital : Ayurvedic medicine (“Ayurveda” for short) is

• Tibb and Unani Hospital: the Perso-Arabic system of medicine was

d) According to size of hospital:

e) According to level of care:

f) According to teaching facilities:

In general the functions of the hospitals are:

a. The common goal is to restore and maintained good health of the

b. To disseminate medical and pharmaceutical knowledge by providing

c. To assure a high quality of professional practice through the

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