A MINI PROJECT PRESENTATION

ON
HOSPITAL AND ITS ORGANIZATION

Submitted To
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad Mak College of Pharmacy, Moinabad, 2020-2024

Submitted by Under the guidance of

K. Venkatesh Mr/Mrs:Nadia
20VH1R0050 Assistant Professor
HOSPITAL AND ITS
ORGANIZATION
 INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLE :

A hospital is a healthcare institution providing patient treatment with specialized health science and

auxiliary healthcare staff and medical equipment. The best-known type of hospital is the general

hospital, which typically has an emergency department to treat urgent health problems ranging from

fire and accident victims to a sudden illness. A district hospital typically is the major health care

facility in its region, with many beds for intensive care and additional beds for patients who need

long-term care. Specialized hospitals include trauma centres, rehabilitation hospitals, children's

hospitals, seniors' (geriatric) hospitals, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical needs such as

psychiatric treatment (see psychiatric hospital) and certain disease categories. Specialized hospitals

can help reduce health care costs compared to general hospitals. Hospitals are classified as general,

specialty, or government depending on the sources of income received.

DEFINITION:

“An institution of community health/ a specialized complex organization, that makes use of
physicians, surgeons & team of technical staff, in order to provide facilities for diagnosis, therapy,
rehabilitation, prevention, education & research.
◦ FUNCTIONS OF HOSPITAL:

◦ Below mentioned are some of the functions of hospital/hospital use: -

• Medical hospital - medical hospital includes the treatment and management of patients by a

team of doctors.

• Patient Support provides nursing, nutritional diagnostic, counselling, pharmacy, and medical

supplies, all of which are directly related to patient care.

• Administrative responsibilities include carrying out the hospital's guidelines and directives

regulating the release of support services in the areas of finance, staff, housekeeping, materials

and property, laundry, protection, transportation, engineering, and board as well as several

other maintenances.

• The hospital's financial activities must be planned, guided, and coordinated for
• Patients in a hospital as well as the employees working there.

• Prepare a job and financial plan for services and initiatives, as well as funding projections.

• To keep track of cash receipts and disbursements.

• To manage personnel development plans, procedures, and standards; to provide guidance on

policy, implementation, and administration of laws, rules, and regulations.

• The quality, efficacy, and outcomes of health services for various groups and populations are
shaped by the structure and dynamics of healthcare organizations; the policy repercussions for
future health care reform initiatives and patients in the hospital.
 CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITALS

◦ Primary hospitals:

◦ Primary care hospitals provide the services of the day-to-day healthcare facilities by health care
practitioners. In such hospitals, the health care provider act as the principal and main point of
contactors for continuing care of the patient and may co-ordinate other specialists for the care of the
patient if need. This type of hospital provides mostly basic health care facilities and consider as a
gateway to receive more specialty care facilities for example: Upazilas Health Complex

◦ These are those hospitals which contains

less than 100 beds, they providing minimal

health care and preventive care they include

general practitioners, family physicians and

physiotherapist

◦ Example: Local hospitals in town

◦ Secondary hospitals:

◦ This type of hospital provides the first level of recommendation services which are more
complicated and beyond the scope and capacity of the primary level. This level is allocated to
provide some specialist care services mostly in Internal Medicine, General Surgery, Obstetrics
and Gynaecology, and Paediatrics. Such level of a hospital usually provides 50-200 bedded
capacities.

◦ Specialists focus either on a specific system of the body or a particular disease or condition.

◦ Examples of specialists include:

• Cardiologists focus on the heart and blood vessels.

• Endocrinologists focus on hormone systems, including diseases like diabetes and thyroid
disease.
• Oncologists specialize in treating cancers, and many focus on a specific type of cancer.
◦
 Classification based on clinical basis:
Based on their anatomical- physiological specialization:

1. General Hospital: General hospitals provide a wide range of medical services

and treat various conditions.
2. Cardiac Hospital: Cardiac hospitals specialize in the diagnosis, treatment, and
management of heart-related conditions.
3. Orthopaedic Hospital: Orthopaedic hospitals focus on the treatment of
musculoskeletal conditions, including bone and joint disorders, fractures’
4. Paediatric Hospital: Paediatric hospitals cater exclusively to the medical needs
of children and adolescents.
5. Maternity Hospital: Maternity hospitals, also known as maternity centres or birthing
centres, specialize in prenatal, delivery, and postnatal care for expectant mothers.
6. Cancer Hospital: Cancer hospitals specialize in the diagnosis, treatment, and management
of various types of cancers.
7. Psychiatric Hospital: Psychiatric hospitals provide specialized mental health services
for individuals with psychiatric disorders.
8. Rehabilitation Hospital: Rehabilitation hospitals focus on providing specialized care and
therapy for patients recovering from surgeries, injuries, or debilitating conditions.
9. Eye Hospital: Eye hospitals specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders,
including vision correction procedure, and treatment of retinal conditions.
10. Geriatric Hospital: Geriatric hospitals cater to the medical needs of elderly patients,
particularly those with age-related conditions such as dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and
mobility issues.
 Based on system of medicine adopted for treatment
◦ Hospitals around the world typically adopt different systems of medicine for treatment, depending on
the region, culture, and medical practices prevalent in that area. Here are some of the commonly
recognized systems of medicine and the hospitals associated with them:

1. Allopathic or Western Medicine: This is the dominant system of medicine in most countries,
including the United States, Canada, Europe, and many others.

2. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): TCM is a holistic system of medicine originating from
China. TCM hospitals primarily focus on acupuncture, herbal medicine, massage, and dietary
therapies.

3. Ayurveda: Originating from India, Ayurveda is an ancient system of medicine that emphasizes a
personalized approach to health and wellness.

4. Naturopathy: Naturopathy is a system of medicine that aims to support the body’s natural
healing abilities using a combination of natural therapies.

5. Homeopathy: Homeopathy is a system of medicine that uses highly diluted substances to

stimulate the body’s self-healing abilities

6. Traditional Korean Medicine: Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM) combines elements of

Chinese medicine, indigenous Korean practices, and modern medicine.
Organizational Structure of Hospitals:
Organizations that have this sort of requirement usually take on a vertical organizational
structure – having many layers of management, with most of the organization's staff working
in very specific, narrow, low-authority roles. The numerous layers of management are designed
to make sure that no one person can throw the system off too much. This structure also ensures
that tasks are being done exactly and correctly.
Boards of Directors:
Hospitals are corporations and are therefore overseen by boards of directors. Nonprofit hospitals have
boards that often consist of influential members of health care and local communities. Many hospitals
were founded by a religious group and maintain religious affiliation. These hospitals often include
clergy and congregation leadership in their boards. Educationally affiliated hospitals are often overseen
by universities. Therefore, university boards of trustees or regents may double as the board of directors
for a hospital. Multihospital systems, particularly for-profit ones, usually have one board of directors
overseeing numerous facilities.
Medical staff categories:
Role and Responsibilities of Overall Medical Staffs:

The medical unit of the hospital comprises the following personnel according to their
designation and they are assigned to perform various activities as given below:

• Doctors

• Nurses

• Allied Health Professionals

• Support staff
Functions:

Depends upon the level of experience and their medical specialty:

• Senior Consultants: These are the specialist doctors who see the patients at specific time
intervals mostly during the ward rounds and meetings.
• Registrars: These are the senior doctors and are responsible to supervise residents, interns, and
student doctors.
• Residents: The resident doctors are responsible to look after patients on the ward and are under
training for specialization. The resident doctor is based on the ward and is typically the patients
often get in more contact.
• Interns: These are the medical students and they are engaged in further training after finishing
graduation.
• Student Doctors: These are undergraduate medical student doctors who are supervised by the
attending physician.

Nurses manage most of the ongoing care and treatment services in a hospital. They assess, plan and
administer the dose of the drug on a daily treatment basis.
 ◦Functions:

• Nurses are responsible for carrying out the treatment plan established by the physician.

• Nurse Unit Manager – runs the ward.

• Associate Nurse Unit Manager – helps and acts as nurse unit manager when he/she is off-site.

• Nurse Practitioners – highly skilled, have an advanced level of training.

• Special Nurses – such as; clinical nurse specialists, clinical nurse consultants, clinical nurse
educators, triage nurses, emergency department nurses.

• Registered Nurses – provide a high level of day-to-day care and perform some procedures.

They are educated practitioners who work as a part of a multidisciplinary healthcare team. They
assess, diagnose and treat health conditions and work to prevent disease and disability.

• Dieticians: They have specialized nutritional and medicinal training which helps them to
determine and establish the person’s dietary needs and accordingly design the dietary plans. In
which, dietician decides which food will satisfy the requirements and which they should avoid.
• Occupational Therapists: These practitioners are responsible to assess people’s ability to do
their daily activities.

• Pharmacist: They supervise the use of drugs in the hospital. They are also involved in the
provision of education on how to safely and effectively consume the prescribed drugs.

• Physiotherapists: They examine and treat the people who have difficulty in physical
movement and also help them to function better physically and become more independent.

• Speech Therapists: They work closely with patients who have any disorder that interferes
with communication or swallowing issues. They also evaluate the thought process involved in
communication.

• Interpreter Services: The hospital provides an interpreter who has special skills in medical
terminology for an unresponsive patient (hard hearing issues) and for people who are not able
to communicate in the commonly spoken language.

• Rapid Response Team: These are the groups of designated hospital staff, mostly a doctor,
nurses, and respiratory therapists. These teams are very alert and quickly come to a patient’s
room if there is any warning that the patient’s condition is deteriorating.
 ◦Other hospital staff:

• Clinical Assistants: They are responsible to take care of ward housekeeping.

• Patient Service Assistants: Takes care of meals and any other requirements of patients.

• Porters: Responsible for taking care of the patient when lifting and during transport.

• Volunteers: help with fundraising and ward visits.

• Ward Clerks: These are the hospital staff and are available 24 hours on the ward reception
desks.
◦ Conclusion:

◦ India’s health scenario currently presents a contrasting picture. While health tourism and private healthcare
are being promoted, a large section of Indian population still reels under the risk of curable diseases that do
not receive adequate attention of policymakers. India’s National Rural Health Mission is undeniably an
intervention that has put public health care upfront. Although the government has been making efforts to
increase healthcare spending via initiatives like the National Rural Health Mission, much still remains to be
done. The priority will be to develop effective and sustainable health systems that can meet the dual
demands posed by the growth in non-communicable diseases and peoples’ needs for better quality and
higher levels of health care. This paper provides a quantitative estimation of efficiency and effectiveness
changes following the implementation of the PC hospital model in a major region of Italy. Taking
advantage of a quasi-experimental setting and a detailed administrative dataset, we perform an ex-post
evaluation of innovating the hospital organization by switching from a traditional functional model to a PC
organizational one. We provide robust evidence, at the average MDC, of a statistically significant and
positive effect of the introduction of the PC model on both effectiveness and efficiency. In particular, the
increase in efficiency emerges from the reduction of the average length of stay, while for efficacy,
our results such as reduction in re-hospitalization rates of hospitals that switched to a PC organization.
These results are in line with our theoretical framework which suggests an increase in efficiency and
effectiveness of PC hospitals and provides a sound example of a quantitative evaluation of an
THANK YOU