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The document describes different methods for handling input/output (I/O) operations and the interaction between user programs and the operating system (OS) during I/O. Synchronous I/O requires the program to wait for completion before continuing, while asynchronous I/O returns control immediately. Alternatives like wait instructions, wait loops, and system calls allow the CPU to idle or the program to wait for completion without busy-waiting. The OS maintains a device-status table containing metadata on all I/O devices and indexes this table to determine device status and update interrupt information.

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25 views

I

The document describes different methods for handling input/output (I/O) operations and the interaction between user programs and the operating system (OS) during I/O. Synchronous I/O requires the program to wait for completion before continuing, while asynchronous I/O returns control immediately. Alternatives like wait instructions, wait loops, and system calls allow the CPU to idle or the program to wait for completion without busy-waiting. The OS maintains a device-status table containing metadata on all I/O devices and indexes this table to determine device status and update interrupt information.

Uploaded by

tayyab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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I/O Structure

1. After I/O starts, control returns to user program only upon


I/O completion:
 This refers to synchronous I/O operations, where the
program that initiated the I/O process must wait until the
entire I/O operation completes before it regains control
and continues execution. This can lead to inefficient CPU
utilization if the I/O device is slow, as the CPU will be idle
during this waiting time.
2. Wait instruction idles the CPU until the next interrupt:
 This refers to an instruction used by a program to idle the
CPU intentionally until an interrupt occurs, typically
signaling the completion of an I/O operation. This allows
other processes to use the CPU while the current process
waits for its I/O to finish.
3. Wait loop (contention for memory access):
 A wait loop is a method where the CPU repeatedly checks
a condition (such as the status of an I/O operation) until
the condition is met. This is also known as busy-waiting or
polling. During this time, the CPU might be in contention
with other processes for memory access, as it's actively
checking the condition rather than being idle.
4. At most one I/O request is outstanding at a time, no
simultaneous I/O processing:
 This suggests that the system is designed to handle only
one I/O request at a time per device or controller. As such,
no parallel processing of multiple I/O requests is possible,
potentially leading to a bottleneck if there are multiple I/O-
intensive processes running.
5. After I/O starts, control returns to user program without
waiting for I/O completion:
 This indicates an asynchronous I/O operation where the
I/O request is initiated, and control is immediately returned
to the user program without waiting for the I/O to
complete. This allows the program to continue executing
other tasks while the I/O operation is being processed in
the background.
6. System call – request to the OS to allow user to wait for I/O
completion:
 A system call is a mechanism through which a program
requests a service from the operating system (OS), such as
waiting for an I/O operation to complete. The system call
provides a controlled interface for the program to interact
with the hardware.
7. Device-status table contains entry for each I/O device
indicating its type, address, and state:
 The device-status table is a data structure maintained by
the OS that stores information about each I/O device
connected to the system. It includes details like the type of
device (e.g., disk, printer, etc.), its hardware address, and
its current state (e.g., busy, idle, error).
8. OS indexes into I/O device table to determine device status
and to modify table entry to include interrupt status:
 The OS uses indexing to access the device-status table and
retrieve or update the status of an I/O device. This can
include altering the table entry to reflect that an interrupt
has occurred, which typically signals the completion of an
I/O request or an error.

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