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Geometric-Designs
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GEOMETRIC
DESIGNS

Module Overview

Almost all things we find in our surroundings has shape, line, volume, surface
area, curve, and some other aspects of geometry. Geometry has influenced the
way we live. As a child, we were interested in toys with shapes, patterns, and
designs. Whenever we do our daily tasks, we conform to geometric principles.
Some professions use geometry as a tool to do their jobs properly, such as
construction, weaving and sewing, computer imaging, art and aesthetics, and
architectural designing.

The knowledge we learned through a complete understanding of geometric

principles has provided not only safety but also increase in the creation of tools,
skill level enhancement, and aesthetically pleasing arrangements. Geometry
affects us even in the most basic details of our lives. Whatever form we use it
helps us to understand specific phenomena and to uplift the quality of life.

Module Outcomes

 Apply geometric concepts in describing and creating designs; and

 Contribute to the enrichment of the Filipino culture and the arts using the
concepts in geometry.

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Lesson 1 Recognizing & Analyzing

Geometric Shapes

Learning Outcomes

The students will be able to analyze and recognize fundamental plane and solid
geometrical shapes.
Time Frame: Self-paced learning

Introduction
Geometric shapes have fascinated, many people throughout history in the
fields of art, science, engineering, interior designing, and many other
professions. Mathematicians have constructed ideal representations of these
shapes and developed methods in obtaining the measurement of lengths (one-
dimension), areas (two-dimension), and volumes (three-dimension).

A polygon is a two-dimensional shape with straight sides. It can be

classified according to the number of its sides, such as a three-sided shape
called triangle and four-sided shape called quadrilateral. Others are pentagon,
heptagon, hexagon, and so on.

Polygons are either simple or complex. A simple polygon has only one
boundary and never crosses over itself while a complex polygon intersects
itself.

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Illustration 1

Simple (Pentagon) Complex (Pentagon)

Polygons are either concave or convex. A convex polygon has no angles

pointing inward. More precisely, no internal angles can be more than 180. If
any internal angles are greater than 180, it is a concave.

Illustration 2

Convex Concave

Polygons are either regular or irregular. If all angles are equal and all sides
are equal, it is regular; otherwise, it is irregular.

Illustration 3

Regular Irregular

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Lesson 2 Geometric Transformations

Learning Outcomes

The students will be able to analyze and recognize the four geometric
transformations.

Time Frame: Self-paced learning

Introduction

Geometric transformation of shapes is a change of its size, orientation, or

position following certain techniques in mathematics. The original shape is
called object, and the new shape is called its image. Many objects around us
are said to be symmetrical, and this symmetry resulted from geometric
transformation. Some of the basic geometric transformations are as follows:
Translation, Rotation, Reflection, and Dilation.

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Lesson 3 Patterns and Diagrams

Learning Outcomes

The students will be able to analyze and recognize symmetries along with the
Rosette and Frieze patterns.

Time Frame: Self-paced learning

Introduction

Patterns are one aspect in geometry, which are usually found and utilized.
There are patterns around us; at home, we see patterns on wallpapers, floor
mats, bed sheets, window panes and pieces of furniture. Patterns are also
profuse in nature: on flowers, in leaves, on animals, and all on other places.
Patterns can be simple or complex, and they sometimes use the same object
or color more than once.

Symmetries are an integral part of nature and the arts of cultures worldwide.
They can be found in architecture, crafts, poetry, music, dance, chemistry,
painting, physics, sculpture, biology, and mathematics. Because symmetric
designs are so natural pleasing, symmetric symbols are very popular.

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Symmetry

When a figure undergoes an isometry and the resulting image coincides

with the original, the figure is symmetrical. Different isometries yield different
types of symmetry.

If a figure can be reflected over a line in such a way that the resulting
image coincides with the original, the figure has reflection symmetry.
Reflection symmetry is also called bilateral symmetry. The reflection line is
called the line of symmetry.

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You can test a figure for reflection symmetry by tracing and folding it. If
you can fold it so that one half exactly coincides with the other half, the figure
has reflection symmetry.

Activity 1. State the order of rotational symmetry for each shape below.

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Activity 2. Reflect each of these shapes in the dotted lines. No. 1 has been done for
you as an example.

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Rosette Pattern

A symmetry group is the collection of all symmetries of a plane figure. The

symmetry groups have all been one of two types:

1. Cyclic symmetry group has rotation symmetry only around a center

point. If the rotation has n order, the group is called Cn.

2. Dihedral symmetry group has rotation symmetry around the center

point with reflection lines through the center point. If the rotation has n
order, there will be n reflection lines and the group is called Dn.

The cyclic and dihedral symmetry groups are known as rosette

symmetry groups, and a pattern with rosette symmetry is known as a
rosette pattern. Rosette patterns have been used as architectural and
sculptural decoration of the new century.

Examples of Rosette Pattern

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You can create your own rosette pattern using a pattern generator. Visit the
site http://math.hws.edu/eck/jsdemo/rosette.html.

Frieze Pattern

An infinite strip with a repeating pattern is called a frieze pattern, or

sometimes a border pattern or an infinite strip pattern. The term “frieze” is
from architecture, where a frieze refers to a decorative carving or pattern that
runs horizontally just below a roofline or ceiling. Here are some examples of
frieze patterns:

Examples of Frieze Pattern

(The patterns repeat and extend infinitely in both directions)

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Lesson 4 Tessellation

Learning Outcomes

The students will be able to analyze and recognize tessellation patterns.

Time Frame: Self-paced learning

Introduction

A tessellation is defined as a pattern of shapes that covers a plane without

any gaps or overlaps. Tessellation can be found on pavements, terrace,
courtyard and wallpapers. The tiled surface of flooring and walls is an example
of tessellation where there are no tiles that overlap, and there are no gaps
between shapes. In most cases, tessellations are formed by repeated pattern;
however, some utilize pictures or designs, which in no way repeat.

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Geometric transformation of polygons, such as translation, reflection, and

rotation can be used to create patterns. Such patterns that cover a plane
constitute tessellation.

Examples of tessellation of regular polygons are shown below.

Squares Triangles Hexagons

Looking at these three regular tessellations, you will notice that the

squares
can easily be lined up with each other while the triangles and hexagons involve
translations.

The vertex point is the point where the shapes come together. The sum of
all the angles of each shape that come together at vertex point is 360. The
shapes will overlap if the sum is greater than 360; otherwise, there will be gaps
if the sum is less than 360.

Naming tessellation can be done by looking at one vertex point. Looking

around a vertex point, start with a shape with the least number of sides, and
count the number of sides of each shape at each vertex point. The name of
tessellation then becomes these numbers. For example in the tessellation of
triangles, the number of sides is 3 and there are 6 shapes; therefore, it can be
named as 3,3,3,3,3,3. For the squares, it can be labeled as 4,4,4,4 and for
hexagon, we can call it 6,6,6.

Semi-regular tessellation can be formed using a variety of regular

polygons and the arrangement of these polygons at every vertex is identical.
Some examples of semi-regular tessellation are as follows:

Semi-Regular Tessellations
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Semi-regular tessellation can be formed using a variety of regular polygons and the
arrangement of these polygons at every vertex is identical.
You can view more animal tessellations at Bruce Bilney’s Tessellation Art
Gallery here: http://www.tessellations.org/bruce-bilney-tgp.shtml.

References

Aufman, R. N., Lockwood, J. S., Nation, R. D., & Clegg, D. K. (2013). Mathematical Excursions
(3rd ed.). Belmont: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

COMAP, Inc. (2013). For all practical purposes: Mathematical literacy in today’s world.
NY: W.H. freeman & Co.

Johnson and Mowry (2012). Mathematics: A practical odyssey 7th ed. Belmont:
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

http://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2017/06/27/mindanao-weaves.html

https://www.wyzant.com

http://www.bbc.co,uk

http://mathforum.org/sum95/suzanne/whattess.html

http://hauteculturefashio.com/tboli-textile-tribe-philippines/

http://www.ethnicgroupsphilippines.com/2017/03/02/the=maranao-and-their-weaving-
tradition/

http://www.choosephilippines.com/specials/buy-local/3759/mindanao-woven-cloth-
crafts

https://www.universalclass.com

http://mandayanblood.blogspot.com/2008/08/mandaya-dagmay-weaving.html

http://mathstat.slu.edu/escher/index.php/

https://en.wikipedia.org/

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