Geomatics Engineering (GE)

General Aptitude (GA)

Q.1 – Q.5 Carry ONE mark Each

Q.1 “You are delaying the completion of the task. Send _______ contributions at the
earliest.”

(A) you are

(B) your

(C) you’re

(D) yore

Q.2 References : ______ : : Guidelines : Implement

(By word meaning)

(A) Sight

(B) Site

(C) Cite

(D) Plagiarise

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Q.3 In the given figure, PQRS is a parallelogram with PS = 7 cm, PT = 4 cm and

PV = 5 cm. What is the length of RS in cm? (The diagram is representative.)

7
P S

5 90°
4
90° V
Q T R

(A) 20
7

(B) 28
5

(C) 9
2

(D) 35
4

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Q.4 In 2022, June Huh was awarded the Fields medal, which is the highest prize in
Mathematics.

When he was younger, he was also a poet. He did not win any medals in the
International Mathematics Olympiads. He dropped out of college.

Based only on the above information, which one of the following statements can be
logically inferred with certainty?

(A) Every Fields medalist has won a medal in an International Mathematics Olympiad.

(B) Everyone who has dropped out of college has won the Fields medal.

(C) All Fields medalists are part-time poets.

(D) Some Fields medalists have dropped out of college.

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Q.5 A line of symmetry is defined as a line that divides a figure into two parts in a way
such that each part is a mirror image of the other part about that line.

The given figure consists of 16 unit squares arranged as shown. In addition to the
three black squares, what is the minimum number of squares that must be coloured
black, such that both PQ and MN form lines of symmetry? (The figure is
representative)

P N

M
Q

(A) 3

(B) 4

(C) 5

(D) 6

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Q.6 – Q.10 Carry TWO marks Each

Q.6 Human beings are one among many creatures that inhabit an imagined world. In
this imagined world, some creatures are cruel. If in this imagined world, it is given
that the statement “Some human beings are not cruel creatures” is FALSE, then
which of the following set of statement(s) can be logically inferred with certainty?

(i) All human beings are cruel creatures.

(ii) Some human beings are cruel creatures.
(iii) Some creatures that are cruel are human beings.
(iv) No human beings are cruel creatures.

(A) only (i)

(B) only (iii) and (iv)

(C) only (i) and (ii)

(D) (i), (ii) and (iii)

Q.7 To construct a wall, sand and cement are mixed in the ratio of 3:1. The cost of sand
and that of cement are in the ratio of 1:2.

If the total cost of sand and cement to construct the wall is 1000 rupees, then what
is the cost (in rupees) of cement used?

(A) 400

(B) 600

(C) 800

(D) 200

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The World Bank has declared that it does not plan to offer new financing to Sri
Q.8 Lanka, which is battling its worst economic crisis in decades, until the country has
an adequate macroeconomic policy framework in place. In a statement, the World
Bank said Sri Lanka needed to adopt structural reforms that focus on economic
stabilisation and tackle the root causes of its crisis. The latter has starved it of
foreign exchange and led to shortages of food, fuel, and medicines. The bank is
repurposing resources under existing loans to help alleviate shortages of essential
items such as medicine, cooking gas, fertiliser, meals for children, and cash for
vulnerable households.

Based only on the above passage, which one of the following statements can be
inferred with certainty?

(A) According to the World Bank, the root cause of Sri Lanka’s economic crisis is that
it does not have enough foreign exchange.

(B) The World Bank has stated that it will advise the Sri Lankan government about how
to tackle the root causes of its economic crisis.

(C) According to the World Bank, Sri Lanka does not yet have an adequate
macroeconomic policy framework.

(D) The World Bank has stated that it will provide Sri Lanka with additional funds for
essentials such as food, fuel, and medicines.

Q.9 The coefficient of 𝑥 4 in the polynomial (𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 − 2)3 is equal to _______.

(A) 33

(B) ̶ 3

(C) 30

(D) 21

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Q.10 Which one of the following shapes can be used to tile (completely cover by
repeating) a flat plane, extending to infinity in all directions, without leaving any
empty spaces in between them? The copies of the shape used to tile are identical
and are not allowed to overlap.

(A) circle

(B) regular octagon

(C) regular pentagon

(D) rhombus

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PART A: Common FOR ALL CANDIDATES

Q.11 – Q.27 Carry ONE mark Each

Q.11 An angle was measured with a standard error of 5ʺ. How many observations a
surveyor needs to take in order to obtain a standard error of 1ʺ for the mean value
of this angle?

(A) 5

(B) 1

(C) 10

(D) 25

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Q.12 What are the Manhattan and Pythagorean distances (in m), respectively between
points A and B in the figure below, where the Euclidean distance between A and C
is 4 m, and the Euclidean distance between C and B is 4 m? All the cells have the
same edge lengths.

(A) 9.0 and 5.7

(B) 5.7 and 8.0

(C) 5.7 and 5.7

(D) 8.0 and 5.7

Q.13 Which of the following is tested using the Chi-square test in least squares
adjustment?

(A) Adjusted and observed values of observations are statistically similar

(B) Presence of gross errors in observations

(C) Adjusted and assumed values of parameters are statistically similar

(D) High correlation between observations and residuals

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Q.14 In active remote sensing of Earth objects from a satellite-borne sensor, the source
of the energy used for sensing, lies at the____________.

(A) satellite

(B) Sun

(C) object being sensed on Earth

(D) ground station

Q.15 For a push-broom sensor, the following details are given:

Number of detectors = 3000

Height above the ground = 900 km

Swath on the ground = 30 km

The spatial resolution of the sensor is ______________ m.

(A) 30

(B) 270

(C) 3

(D) 10

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Q.16 To visually distinguish between a river channel and a canal on an image, having
similar widths and located in the same area, the most important parameter used
is______________.

(A) size

(B) shape

(C) tone

(D) texture

Q.17 The unit of spectral radiance is ______________.

(A) 𝑊 𝑠𝑟 −1 𝜇𝑚−1

(B) 𝑊 𝑚−2 𝑠𝑟 −1

(C) 𝑊 𝑚−2

(D) 𝑊 𝑚−2 𝑠𝑟 −1 𝜇𝑚−1

Q.18 The ratio between the reflected to the incident energy on a surface at a particular
wavelength gives the _____________ of the surface.

(A) spectral reflectance

(B) spectral transmittance

(C) spectral radiance

(D) spectral irradiance

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Q.19 GNSS stands for Global Navigation Satellite Systems. As of today, which of the
following is the complete set of GNSS constellations that cover the entire globe?

(A) GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, IRNSS, QZSS

(B) GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, IRNSS, QZSS, GAGAN, WAAS, EGNOS

(C) GPS, GLONASS, Galileo

(D) GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou

Q.20 The basic premise for using the DGPS technique is to reduce the errors due to

(A) atmosphere, satellite orbit, multipath

(B) atmosphere, satellite orbit, satellite clock

(C) atmosphere, satellite clock, receiver clock

(D) atmosphere, satellite orbit, satellite clock, receiver clock, multipath

Q.21 The orbital period of GPS satellites is determined by the _____________________

of their orbits.

(A) semi-major axis

(B) eccentricity

(C) inclination

(D) semi-major axis, inclination and eccentricity

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Q.22 Which vector data analysis tool combines geometries and attributes from different
layers?

(A) Overlay

(B) Map Manipulation

(C) Buffer

(D) Cartesian distance measurement

Q.23 A GIS analyst has two raster datasets with the same number of rows and columns.
The analyst computes the average of the two input raster layers to generate a new
raster layer with the same size as the input raster layers. What type of raster data
analysis operation is performed?

(A) Local

(B) Neighborhood

(C) Zonal

(D) Global

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Q.24 Match the following errors (Column 1) in spatial data digitization with their
descriptions (Column 2).

Column 1 Column 2

(P) Mis-located entities 1) Points, lines or boundary segments digitized twice

(Q) Missing labels 2) Points, lines or boundary segments digitized in

wrong place

(R) Artefacts of 3) Undershoots, overshoots, wrongly placed nodes

digitization loops or spikes

(S) Duplicate labels 4) Undefined polygons

(T) Duplicate entities 5) Two or more identification labels for same

polygon

(A) P-2, Q-4, R-3, S-5, T-1

(B) P-1, Q-2, R-3, S-5, T-4

(C) P-2, Q-1, R-4, S-3, T-5

(D) P-2, Q-4, R-3, S-1, T-5

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Q.25 Which of the following statement(s) is/are TRUE for the least squares adjustment
of observations?

(A) Observations have a Chi-square distribution

(B) Random errors in the observations are assumed to have a symmetrical distribution

(C) The positive and negative random observation errors are equally likely

(D) The adjusted parameters are independent of a priori reference variance

Q.26 Which of the following statement(s) is/are TRUE for the systematic errors?

(A) These can be corrected by applying a suitable mathematical model

(B) The least squares adjustment automatically removes unmodelled systematic errors

(C) These must be removed while or before applying the least squares adjustment

(D) Removal of gross errors automatically removes systematic errors

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Q.27 In the following figure, A and B are fixed points with known plane rectangular
coordinates. C and D are the new points in the control survey whose coordinates are
to be determined. For this network, the surveyor has measured all 8 internal angles
(1 to 8) and 5 sides BC, CD, DA, AC and BD. The value of redundancy (r) for the
given figure will be equal to ____________ (In integer).

Y C

4
3
5 D
B 2 6
1

8 7
A

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Q.28 – Q.46 Carry TWO marks Each

Q.28 As shown in the following figure, let 𝑑1 , 𝑑2 , 𝑑3 denote three uncorrelated clockwise
directions, observed at point P with equal standard errors for each direction, i.e.,
𝜎𝑑1 = 𝜎𝑑2 = 𝜎𝑑3 = ±√2ʺ. Let 𝛼1 and 𝛼2 be two included angles formed by these
three directions. The covariance matrix (in arcsecond2) for these included angles will
be given as:

d1

α1
P d2
α2
d3

(A) 4 2
[ ]
2 4

(B) 4 −2
[ ]
−2 4

(C) −4 2
[ ]
2 −4

(D) 4 2
[ ]
−2 4

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Q.29 The figure shows three distance observations D1, D2 and D3. The table lists values of
these observations and the corresponding weights. Assuming uncorrelated
observations, the most probable values by the least squares approach for these
measurements are ____________ (Rounded off to 3 decimal places).

Distance Measurement Weight

(m)

D1 40.150 1

D2 40.180 2

D3 80.390 1

D3 = 80.390 m
A C B

D1 = 40.150 m D2 = 40.180 m

(A) ̂1 = 40.170 𝑚, 𝐷
𝐷 ̂2 = 40.190 𝑚, 𝐷
̂3 = 80.360 𝑚

(B) ̂1 = 40.174 𝑚, 𝐷
𝐷 ̂2 = 40.192 𝑚, 𝐷
̂3 = 80.366 𝑚

(C) ̂1 = 40.175 𝑚, 𝐷
𝐷 ̂2 = 40.185 𝑚, 𝐷
̂3 = 80.360 𝑚

(D) ̂1 = 40.172 𝑚, 𝐷
𝐷 ̂2 = 40.195 𝑚, 𝐷
̂3 = 80.367 𝑚

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Q.30 Which of the following methods is widely used by the GNSS constellations to
distinguish the satellites from each other at the GNSS receiver?

(A) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

(B) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

(C) Amplitude Division Multiple Access (ADMA)

(D) Phase Division Multiple Access (PDMA)

Q.31 For the following data, the slope (m) and intercept (c) of the least squares fitted
straight line (Y = mX + c) are given as:

Point X Y

1 12 14

2 14 16

3 16 17

(A) Slope = 0.750, Intercept = 5.167

(B) Slope = 0.850, Intercept = 6.180

(C) Slope = 0.650, Intercept = 5.558

(D) Slope = 0.750, Intercept = 5.555

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Q.32 Which of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT for sun-synchronous Earth
observation satellites?

(A) They are in near-polar orbit around the Earth

(B) They cross the equator at different longitudes at nearly the same local solar time

(C) They maintain nearly the same sun-target-satellite geometry while crossing the
equator at different longitudes

(D) The angle of inclination of their orbit is < 1 degree

Q.33 Which of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT?

(A) In optical remote sensing, more often we are interested in diffuse reflections

(B) The reflection will be diffuse if the incident wavelength is comparatively much larger
than the surface roughness

(C) A surface that reflects microwave in specular manner may reflect the visible in
diffuse manner

(D) All wavelengths emitted by the Sun reflect in diffuse manner from the objects on the
surface of the Earth

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Q.34 The spectral reflectance curves of three materials (A, B, and C) are shown in the
figure below. Also shown are three wavelength bands at X, Y and Z. Which of the
following statement(s) is/are CORRECT?
Spectral reflectance

B
A
X Y Z
Wavelength

(A) Each of the curve is the spectral signature of the respective material

(B) A sensor designed for the wavelength band ‘Y’ will best distinguish these materials
in the image captured by the sensor

(C) A sensor designed for the wavelength band ‘Z’ will best distinguish these materials
in the image captured by the sensor

(D) These curves are normally produced using a spectro-radiometer

Q.35 Which of the following statement(s) is/are TRUE?

(A) Topography is an example of continuous spatial feature

(B) Geo-relational data model stores spatial data and attribute data separately

(C) Object based data model stores spatial data and attribute data together

(D) Land surface temperature is an example of discrete spatial feature

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Q.36 In the network shown below, after converting it to a topological graph, which of the
following statement(s) is/are TRUE? (Assume there are no pseudo-nodes)

(A) The correct number of nodes (or vertices) are 7

(B) The correct number of edges (or links) are 9

(C) The total number of regions are 4

(D) The correct number of edges (or links) are 8

Q.37 Which of the following type(s) of tolerances is/are used in editing GIS data?

(A) Snap tolerance

(B) Weed tolerance

(C) Grain tolerance

(D) Polygon tolerance

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Q.38 Choose the CORRECT statement(s) regarding microwave remote sensing.

(A) Spatial resolution of passive microwave remote sensor is coarser than that of active
microwave remote sensor from the same platform

(B) The intensity of signal returned by an object depends on its geometric as well as
dielectric properties

(C) It is possible to “see through” the dense forest canopy using X-band active
microwave remote sensing (i.e. signals can penetrate the dense forest canopy)

(D) Microwave remote sensing can be used in soil moisture studies

Q.39 Consider the Sun and the Earth as blackbodies at 6000 K and 300 K temperatures,
respectively. Which of the following statement(s) is/are INCORRECT?

(A) Sun emits maximum energy at 9.3 𝜇𝑚

(B) Sun does not emit energy at microwave

(C) The wavelengths of the energies emitted by the Sun are a sub-set of the wavelengths
emitted by the Earth

(D) Earth does not emit energy at green wavelength

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Q.40 Which of the following statement(s) concerning GNSS errors is/are CORRECT?

(A) Tropospheric delay increases with increasing relative humidity

(B) Ionospheric error is highly correlated with the position of the Moon

(C) Multipath error is caused by buildings and man-made features and not by vegetation

(D) The observed range is called as pseudorange because of its erroneous nature

Q.41 For a push-broom (along-track) sensor the following are known:

Field of view (FoV) = 2 degrees

Instantaneous FoV = 1 milli-radian

Time to scan one full scanline = 2 x 10-2 s

Height above ground = 100 km

The dwell time for a single pixel of this sensor is ______________ s.

(Rounded off to 2 decimal places)

Q.42 The range accuracy with a microsecond accurate clock in the GNSS receiver is about
300 m. If we improve the clock accuracy to 3.33 × 10−x s, the range accuracy
becomes 1 cm. The value of x is ________ (In integer).

Assume the speed of light to be 𝑐 = 3 × 108 m/s and that no other errors are being
considered.

Hint: error-free range = speed of light × time of travel of the signal

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Q.43 A GPS satellite is flying at a distance of 20,000 km from the observer. The phase of
the L1 carrier (1575.42 MHz) in degrees as received by the observer is _______
(Rounded off to 2 decimal places).

Assume that the signal did not experience any refraction, reflection or other errors
and the speed of light to be 𝑐 = 3 × 108 m/s.

Q.44 For a profile given in the figure in the form of three steps A, B and C, the following
information is available:

Height of step A (𝐻𝐴 ) with respect to a reference line = 10 m (known and error
free)
Difference in height between step A and step B (ℎ1 ) = 5 𝑚 ± 2 𝑚𝑚
Difference in height between step B and step C (ℎ2 ) = 8 𝑚 ± 3 𝑚𝑚
𝐻𝐵 and 𝐻𝐶 are the unknown heights of step B and C, respectively. The step B is
higher than step C and D.
The coefficient of correlation, 𝜌ℎ1 ℎ2 , between the height differences = 0.25

The coefficient of correlation between estimated heights of points B and C (𝜌𝐻𝐵 𝐻𝐶 )

will be _____________ (Rounded off to 2 decimal places).

HB B
h1 h2
HA A
C HC
10 m

Reference line

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Q.45 The relative radiance value of a facet of a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) can
be computed using:

𝑅𝑓 = cos(𝐴𝑓 − 𝐴𝑠 ) sin(𝐻𝑓 ) cos(𝐻𝑠 ) + cos(𝐻𝑓 ) sin(𝐻𝑠 )

Where, 𝑅𝑓 is the relative radiance value of a facet, 𝐴𝑓 is the facet’s aspect, 𝐴𝑠 is the
sun’s azimuth angle, 𝐻𝑓 is the facet’s slope and 𝐻𝑠 is the sun’s altitude. Suppose a
facet of a TIN has a slope value of 10° and an aspect value of 297° and sun’s azimuth
of 315°. For sun’s altitude angle of 65°, the relative radiance value of this facet is
______ (Rounded off to 2 decimal places).

Q.46 The table provides the X- and Y-coordinates of the points, measured in row and
column of a raster with cell size of 1 meter, and their known values. Using inverse
distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method and Euclidean distance, the
interpolated value at Point 0 is_______ (Rounded to 2 decimal places).

A constant rate of change in value between points should be assumed.

Point X Y Value

1 69 76 27

2 59 67 10

3 74 79 13

0 69 67 ?
Figure not to scale

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PART B: FOR Section I: Surveying and Mapping CANDIDATES ONLY

Q. 47 – Q. 54 Carry ONE mark Each
Q.47
The bearing of the line AB from North is 143°40ʹ and angle ABC measured in
clockwise direction is 309°30ʹ. The bearing of line BC in Quadrantal Bearing
System is __________.

(A) N3°10ʹW

(B) N86°50ʹE

(C) N86°50ʹW

(D) N3°10ʹE

Q.48
Which of the following map scale is most suitable for urban planning?

(A)
1:10,000

(B)
1:25,000

(C)
1:50,000

(D)
1:100,000

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Q.49 Which of the following statement is NOT true regarding relief displacement in
vertical photographs in the context of aerial photogrammetry?

(A) Relief displacement is the shift in the photographic position of an object caused by
the elevation of the object (above or below the datum)

(B) Relief displacement is always in non-radial direction from the principal point

(C) Relief displacement can cause straight roads (not passing through the ground
principal point) to appear crooked in undulating terrain

(D) The magnitude of relief displacement is affected by the flying height of the camera
(assuming everything else to be same)

Q.50 A square grid is laid on a flat terrain and is photographed from an aerial camera.
The flying height and camera parameters are assumed to be constant. The camera
and lens are assumed to be perfect (i.e. free from any distortions). The image of the
grid obtained from the camera is shown below. Select the CORRECT statement
from the statements given below.

(A) Camera is looking directly downwards (towards nadir)

(B) The given photograph is a vertical photograph

(C) The given photograph is an oblique photograph

(D) Scale over the given photograph is constant

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Q.51 Which of the following statement is TRUE for the World Geodetic System 1984
(WGS84)?

(A) The WGS84 ellipsoid best fits the shape of the earth including its topography

(B) The WGS84 ellipsoid and the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) ellipsoid
are one and the same

(C) The WGS84 ellipsoid is not a geocentric ellipsoid

(D) The WGS84 ellipsoid can be used to determine the geoid

Q.52 Which of the following map(s) is/are published by Survey of India?

(A) Topographical Maps

(B) Geological Maps

(C) Soil Maps

(D) Thematic Maps

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Q.53 Which of the following triangles are well conditioned and may be suitable for
control establishment using triangulation?

Triangle Interior Angles

I 90°, 45°, 45°

II 130°, 25°, 25°

III 110°, 35°, 35°

IV 110°, 45°, 25°

(A) I

(B) II

(C) III

(D) IV

Q.54 An angle of 90° is to be laid out with a theodolite having a least count of 30ʺ. The
angle was measured by repetition method and was found to be 90° 00ʹ 25ʺ. The
offset value at a distance of 300 m from the theodolite to set-out the correct angle
is _________ m. (Rounded off to 3 decimal places).

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Q. 55 – Q. 65 Carry TWO marks Each

Q.55 The following vertical circle readings were taken by a theodolite set up at station A
to observe targets located at P and Q

Instrument Sighted Observation - 1 Observation - 2

at to
Vernier C Vernier D Vernier C Vernier D

A P 3° 10ʹ 10ʺ 10ʹ 20ʺ 3° 10ʹ 30ʺ 10ʹ 50ʺ

A Q -2° 40ʹ 40ʺ 41ʹ 00ʺ -2° 41ʹ 20ʺ 41ʹ 10ʺ

The value of the vertical angle PAQ is _________.

(A) 1° 51ʹ 25ʺ

(B) 1° 51ʹ 30ʺ

(C) 5° 51ʹ 25ʺ

(D) 5° 51ʹ 30ʺ

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Q.56 Aerial photograph is to be taken from a flying height of 2 km above a flat ground
with a camera having a focal length of 200 mm. The image format used is
23 cm × 23 cm. The ground area covered by a single photograph is __________km2.

(A) 5.29

(B) 1.48

(C) 0.95

(D) 2.22

Q.57 The scaled and rotated versions of vectors [1, 2] and [-3, 4] are ________

(A) [-1, 3], [-7,1]

(B) [5, 7], [-7, 3]

(C) [2, -3], [-7, 1]

(D) [2, -3], [-7, 3]

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Q.58 Find the best match between Column 1 and Column 2

Column 1 Column 2

P: Trilateration 1. Measurements of lengths and directions of all sides

Q: Triangulation 2. Measurements of all the sides of a triangle

R: Traversing 3. Measurements of all the interior angles of a triangle

S: Resection 4. Determination of occupied position with the help of

known stations

(A) P – 4; Q – 2; R – 3; S-1

(B) P – 1; Q – 3; R – 2; S-4

(C) P – 4; Q – 3; R – 2; S-1

(D) P – 2; Q – 3; R – 1; S-4

Q.59 Which of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT?

(A) WGS84 ellipsoid is an oblate ellipsoid

(B) GPS positioning gives the orthometric height of a place

(C) Height of a point above the geoid is its ellipsoidal height

(D) Shape of geoid changes with time

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Q.60 For a constant flying height, the average scale of an aerial photograph depends on
which of the following parameter(s)?

(A) Focal length of the camera

(B) Size of the photograph

(C) Size of the objects in the area

(D) Topography of the ground

Q.61 Which of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT?

(A) Mean sea level is defined as the long-term mean of the tide gauge measurements at
a given location

(B) Mean sea level is the same as the mean tide level

(C) Mean sea level is defined as the monthly mean of the tide gauge measurements

(D) Mean sea level is an approximation of geoid

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Organizing Institute: IIT Kanpur
 Geomatics Engineering (GE)

Q.62 Following is the page of a field book used for levelling. Few readings marked with
‘-’ are illegible. The Reduced Level (RL) of the Temporary Bench Mark (TBM)
is__________ m (Rounded off to 2 decimal places). All the readings are in m.

Back Sight Fore Sight Height of RL Remarks

Instrument

- 101.50 100.00 Bench Mark

(BM)

3.50 2.00 103.00 -

1.50 2.50 - 100.50

0.50 ? TBM

Q.63 The zone number of Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection having a
longitude of 67° 20ʹ 30ʺE is _______ (In integer).

Q.64 A pair of overlapping vertical photographs were taken from a flying height of
1230 m above sea level with a camera having a focal length of 152.4 mm. The
distance between the consecutive exposure stations is 350 m. The parallax bar
reading of a point A on the photograph is observed as 10.96 mm. The parallax bar
constant for this setup is given as 80.71 mm. The elevation of point A above sea
level is found to be ______________ m (Rounded off to 2 decimal places).

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Organizing Institute: IIT Kanpur
 Geomatics Engineering (GE)

Q.65 A perfectly adjusted tachometer is set at a point A having Reduced Level (RL) of
80.50 m and the following readings are taken to the staff held at point B having RL
of 80.10 m.

Instrument Staff at Vertical Circle Stadia readings

at reading (m)

Upper Lower

A B 0° 0ʹ 0ʺ 2.20 1.80

The height of the instrument from the ground above point A is ________ m
(Rounded off to 2 decimal places).

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Organizing Institute: IIT Kanpur
 Geomatics Engineering (GE)

PART B: FOR Section II: Image Processing and Analysis CANDIDATES ONLY
Q. 66 – Q. 73 Carry ONE mark Each

Q.66 The purpose of thresholding in supervised classification is

(A) to reject homogeneous classes

(B) to correct the geometry of the image

(C) to identify image speckle

(D) to identify and reject pixels not belonging to pre-defined training classes

Q.67 The pixel values for a 3 band and 8-bit image are (127, 127, 127). On an RGB
colour display, this pixel will appear ____________.

(A) green

(B) black

(C) gray

(D) white

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Organizing Institute: IIT Kanpur
 Geomatics Engineering (GE)

Q.68 The value at the center pixel of the image at (1) obtained after applying the filter
given at (2) is _____________

(A) 70

(B) 68

(C) 69

(D) 71

Q.69 To store a 3 band, 4-bit, 512x512 size image (without header) the number of storage
bits required are _____________.

(A) 31,45,728

(B) 6,144

(C) 10,48,576

(D) 1,25,82,912

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Organizing Institute: IIT Kanpur
 Geomatics Engineering (GE)

Q.70 A child travelling in a bus is staring at the wheels of a car. To the child’s amusement
the car wheels appear to spin backwards, but the car moves forward. This perception
is because of the nature of our human visual sensory system, and is attributed to
____________.

(A) aliasing

(B) convolution

(C) filtering

(D) modulation

Q.71 Which one of the following is NOT a linear operation?

(A) Convolution

(B) Moving average

(C) Filtering with a median filter

(D) Similarity transformation

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 Geomatics Engineering (GE)

Q.72 The minimum number of 2-dimensional ground control points (GCP’s) required for
second order polynomial mapping for image georeferencing is:

(A) 4

(B) 5

(C) 6

(D) 7

Q.73 Consider an across-track multispectral scanner with ground pixel size of

56 m x 79 m in the along-track and across-track directions. Which of the following
statement is TRUE?

(A) Aspect ratio distortion of the image will be greater than 1

(B) Aspect ratio distortion of the image will be less than 1

(C) There will be no geometric distortion in the image

(D) Aspect ratio distortion is a type of radiometric distortion

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Organizing Institute: IIT Kanpur
 Geomatics Engineering (GE)

Q. 74 – Q. 84 Carry TWO marks Each

Q.74 The contingency table as given below is obtained after an image classification. The
overall classification accuracy (O) is given as

Classes on Reference map

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5

Class 1 10 1 1 2 3

Classes Class 2 1 25 1 2 2
on
Class 3 0 2 35 1 2
classified
map Class 4 1 1 0 15 1

Class 5 2 2 1 1 20

(A) O = 0.795

(B) O = 0.850

(C) O = 0.725

(D) O = 0.754

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Organizing Institute: IIT Kanpur
 Geomatics Engineering (GE)

Q.75 Divergence analysis in classification is used:

(A) to decorrelate a given set of bands used in classification

(B) to logically smooth the classified image

(C) to segregate mixed and homogeneous pixels

(D) to evaluate statistical separability amongst class pairs

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Organizing Institute: IIT Kanpur
 Geomatics Engineering (GE)

Q.76 Consider the histogram of an 8-bit image given below at (1). A piece-wise linear
contrast stretch given at (2) is applied on the said image. The minimum and
maximum pixel values of the image obtained after applying the given contrast stretch
are ____________ (minimum value) and ______________ (maximum value),
respectively.

Histogram of the given image (1) Piece-wise linear contrast stretch (2)

(A) 17, 176

(B) 17, 120

(C) 20, 176

(D) 20, 120

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Organizing Institute: IIT Kanpur
 Geomatics Engineering (GE)

Q.77 The variance-covariance matrix for a 3-band image is given below (in the sequence
of bands 1, 2 and 3). Which of the statement(s) is/are CORRECT?

9 2 4
[2 9 −3]
4 −3 9

(A) The standard deviation of all bands is the same

(B) The bands 1 and 2 are positively correlated

(C) The bands 2 and 3 are positively correlated

(D) A line fitted to the scattergram between band 1 and band 3 will have a positive slope

Q.78 Which of the following statement(s) is/are TRUE regarding color theory:

(A) Subtractive color theory is used for color printing

(B) Additive color theory is used to display images on a color television screen

(C) White light projected on a translucent filter made of yellow dye would subtract the
blue light

(D) White light projected on a translucent filter made of cyan dye would subtract the
green light

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Organizing Institute: IIT Kanpur
 Geomatics Engineering (GE)

Q.79 Pixel (x, y) indicates a pixel at location x, y in the image coordinate system. Which
of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT?

(A) Pixels (x+1, y) and (x, y+1) are the adjacent horizontal and vertical neighbors of
pixel (x, y), respectively

(B) The digital number at pixel (x, y) will always be the average of the digital numbers
of pixels (x-1, y) and (x+1, y)

(C) Pixel (x-1, y-1) is not an adjacent neighbor of pixel (x+1, y+1)

(D) Pixel (x, y) has only four diagonal adjacent neighbors

Q.80 Which of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT in the context of image
enhancement?

(A) Histogram equalization carries out a contrast stretch such that output values are
displayed on the basis of their frequency of occurrence

(B) Compared to a linear contrast stretch, histogram equalization is computationally

more expensive

(C) Both histogram equalization and linear contrast stretch are neighborhood operators

(D) Histogram equalization and linear contrast stretch will produce identical results if
the histogram of the input image is uniform

Q.81 1
The value of the convolution of 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 cos 2𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3 sin 2𝑥 where
π
𝑥 ∈ [0,2π), at 𝑥 = 3, is___________(Rounded off to 2 decimal places).

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Organizing Institute: IIT Kanpur
 Geomatics Engineering (GE)

Q.82 A sensor converts the influx of light linearly to digital code through voltage changes.
The sensor has a voltage range of 0-5 V and the maximum number of codes that it
can quantize the voltage change is 2048. The bit-size of the quantizer is
___________ (In integers).

Q.83 The following digital numbers are given for a pixel of multispectral sensor. The
NDWI (normalized difference water index) for this pixel is ______________
(Rounded off to 1 decimal place).

Blue = 136

Green = 200

Red = 245

NIR = 150

TIR = 50

Q.84 In the grid below, the four corners A, B, C and D are the pixel locations on an image.
The brightness values at pixels A, B, C and D are 10, 20, 5 and 30, respectively.
Using bilinear interpolation, the brightness value determined at point P is ______
(Rounded off to 1 decimal place).

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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Organizing Institute: IIT Kanpur