Class Discussion Solutions:

Anatomy of Flowering Plants and vascular strand. Vascular strand is eustele

1. (b) Secondary meristems are formed in the form of a ring of conjoint, collateral and
secondarily from the permanent tissues through open vascular bundles around a central pith.
a process of dedifferentiation. e.g., vascular Xylem is endarch and medullary rays are
cambium, cork cambium, etc. present.
2. (d) Meristem is classified on the basis of 8. (b) Stele is the portion of the plant tissue which
position in plant bodies into lateral meristem, comprises of all the tissues inner to endodermis
apical meristem and intercalary meristem. and includes pericycle, vascular bundles, and
Lateral meristem is present on the lateral sides, medullary rays and pith if present. The stele is
e.g., vascular cambium (fascicular and called protostele when pith is absent in the
interfascicular cambium) and cork cambium centre. Eustele consists pith and all other parts.
(phellogen). 9. (b)
3. (a) Sclerenchyma consists of long, narrow cells 10. (d) Companion cells are narrow, elongated and
with thick and lignified cell walls have a few or thin walled living cells on the sides of sieve
numerous pits. They are usually dead and tubes and are closely associated with them
without protoplasts. Scelerenchyma is the chief through compound plasmodestmata which
mechanical tissue which provides mechanical assists in translocation of solutes.
support to mature plants organs. 11. (a)
4. (b) Parenchyma is widely distributed simple 12. (d) Palisade parenchyma is absent in leaves of
tissue. The cells of parenchyma may be Sorghum. It is a monocot plant where the
spherical, oval, round or polygonal in shape. parenchyma tissues of the leaves are not
Their walls are thin and made up of cellulose. differentiated into palisade and spongy.
5. (d) 13. (d)
6. (a) The epidermal tissue system consists of the 14. (c) Jute (Linum usitatissimum) is a type of
epidermis derived from protoderm and its secondary bast fibre, of family Linaceae.
associated structures; the epidermal outgrowths. 15. (c) There is a marked difference in activity of
The stomata are minute pores which occurs on cambium with change in season. In spring, the
epidermal surface of leaves and also some activity of cambium is more and hence the wood
herbaceous stems. Each stoma or pore is elements are larger in size with wide lumen.
bounded by two specialized kidney shaped Moreover, the amount is more and the
epidermal cells, called guard cells. The guard secondary xylem or wood formed during spring
cells are also surrounded by other specialized is called spring wood or early wood. The
epidermal cells called subsidiary cells or activity of cambium is less during winter or
accessory cells. From epidermal cells, various autumn and the wood elements are smaller in
unicellular or multicellular epidermal size with narrow lumen. Moreover, it is lesser
outgrowths have originated and they are present in amount and the wood formed during winter
all over the plant parts. These are called or autumn is called autumn wood or late wood.
trichomes. In roots, tubular, unicellular, In autumn wood, tracheids and fibres are more
unbranched outgrowths are called root hairs abundant than those found in the spring wood.
which increase the surface for absorption. Spring wood and autumn wood of a year
Companion cells are part of phloem which in together constitute annual ring or growth ring.
turn are a part of vascular tissue system and not 16. (d) Sclerenchyma is composed of dead cells.
epidermal tissue system. The cell wall is heavily thickened due to
7. (b) A dicot stem has epidermis, 3-4 layered deposition of lignin.
collenchymatous hypodermis, general cortex,
endodermis without Casparian strips, pericycle
 According to histogen theory, periblem is the lineage or common ancestory). The finding
middle dermatogen, which gives rise to cortex gave cell theory its final shape.
of root and stem. 2. (d) Mesosome are characteristic of prokaryotes.
Tracheids are most primitive type of conducting It is a characteristic circular to villiform
elements in xylem. The xylem of gymnosperms specialisation of bacterial cell membrane that
consist of tracheids only. develops as an ingrowth from plasma
Companion cells are thin-walled elongated cells membrane. It consists of vesicles, tubules and
in phloem. They are living, contain dense lamellae. Mesosomes may be septal or lateral.
protoplasm and large elongated nucleus. Septal mesosome connects nucleoid with
Cork is produced by a number of plants. plasma membrane and assists in replication and
However, it is commercially obtained from the septum formation during cells division. Lateral
cork oak tree (Quercus suber). mesosome is not connected with nucleoid and
17. (b) As growth begins, the cells of medullary contains respiratory enzymes and performs
rays, which lie in between two vascular functions similar to eukaryotic mitochondria
bundles become active and give rise to cambial and hence is also called chondrioid. They also
strip called interfascicular cambium. The increase the surface area of plasma membrane
alternate inter and intrafascicular cambium and enzymatic contact.
constitute cambium. 3. (d) In prokaryotes, ribosomes are 70S type (S
18. (a) Corm cambium is also called phellogen. denotes sedimentation coefficient or Svedberg
Cork is also called phellem. Secondary cortex number). Each prokaryotic ribosome has two
is also called phelloderm. subunits, larger 50S and smaller 30S.
Cork cambium, cork and secondary cortex are Ribosomes take part in protein synthesis.
collectively called periderm or secondary 4. (a)
ground tissue. 5. (b) Golgi complex is a complex cytoplasmic
19. (b) Dicot root differ from dicot stem in the structure made up of smooth membrane
absence of phloem. Cambium gives off saccules or cisternae, a network of tubules with
secondary phloem towards outerside and vesicles and vacuoles, which takes part in
secondary xylem towards inner side. In old membrane transformation, secretion and
root, the primary phloem is usually crushed, production of complex biochemical. One face of
while in dicot stem primary phloem, secondary Golgi apparatus is convex (forming, cis) face
phloem, cambium, primary xylem and while the other is concave (maturing, trans)
secondary xylem all are present. face. Cis face receives contents from
20. (c) Heartwood have dead and non-conducting endoplasmic reticulum which then reaches
elements. As a result of continued secondary trans face and bud off as secretory vesicles.
growth in subsequently years, the older part of 6. (d) The two chromatids of a chromosome are
secondary xylem or wood becomes non- attached to each other by a narrow area called
functional, loses the power of conduction. The centromere or primary constriction.
cells are filled with resins or tannins produced 7. (b) SER is found in cells engaged in the
by adjacent functional cells. synthesis and storage of glycogen, fat and
The activities of vessels become blocked by sterols. It is mostly made up of vesicles and
tyloses. Due to these activities, non-functional, tubules.
secondary xylem becomes hard, durable and 8. (d)
blackish in colour, called heartwood. 9. (c) Peroxisome is a small cell organelle (a type
Cell : The Unit of Life of microbody) that is bounded by a single
1. (b) Rudolf Virchow (1855) observed that new membrane and is found in both plant and animal
cells develop by division of the pre-existing cells. It contains enzymes that are involved in
cells - Omnis cellula-e-cellula (theory of cell oxidation processes, some of which generate the
 highly toxic compound hydrogen peroxide healthy cells and transplanted tissues, diseased
(H2O2). Hence, peroxisomes are equipped with cells, and invading organisms.
catalase enzyme, an enzyme that breaks down 17. (d)
H2O2 into water and oxygen. 18. (b) In cell biology, a mitochondrion is a
10. (d) Golgi apparatus principally performs the membrane -enclosed organelle found in most
function of packaging materials, to be delivered eukaryotic cells. These organelles range from
either to the intracellular targets or secreted 0.5 to 10 micrometers (mm) in diameter.
outside the cell. 19. (b) Elaioplasts are colourless plastids which
11. (c) Primary cell wall is laid inner to middle store lipids e.g., tube rose.
lamella. It is formed in a growing cell. Primary 20. (c)
cell wall occurs in all plant cells. It is single Cell Cycle and Cell Division
layered and consists of a number of microfibrils 1. (a) In S-shape (synthetic phase) of cell cycle, the
embedded in matrix. In majority of plants, chromosomes replicate. For this their DNA
microfibrils are formed by cellulose. molecules function as templates and form
12. (d) The protein responsible for movement of carbon copies. The DNA content doubles i.e, 1C
cilia and flagella was first discovered and to 2C for haploid cells and 2C to 4C for diploid
named dynein in 1963. Dynein is a motor cells. As a result duplicate sets of genes are
protein in cells which converts the chemical formed. Along with replication of DNA new
energy contained in ATP into the mechanical chromatin fibres are formed which, however,
energy of movement. remain attached in pairs and the number of
13. (a) Lysosomes are small vesicles which are chromosomes does not increase. As chromatin
bound by a single membrane and contain fibres are elongated chromosomes, each
hydrolytic enzymes. The precursors of chromosome comes to have two chromatin
hydrolytic enzymes are synthesised at the rough threads or sister chromatids which remain
endoplasmic reticulum and transferred to the attached at a common point called centromere.
Golgi complex where the precursors are 2. (d) Interphase is the period between the end of
changed to enzymes. The enzymes are then one cell division to the beginning of the next cell
packed in larger vesicles which are pinched off division, i.e., (between two successive M-
from the maturing face of Golgi complex. phases). It is further sub-divided into three sub-
Golgian vesicles are joined by endosomes to stages : G1 (Gap -1) phase S (Synthesis) phase
produce lysosome. G2 (Gap -2) phase Prophase, metaphase,
14. (d) Plasmodesmata (sing. Plasmodesma) are anaphase and telophase are sub-stages of M
fine cytoplasmic strands that connect the (Mitosis) phase.
protoplasts of adjacent plant cells by passing 3. (c) Cell cycle includes G1, S, G2 and M phases
through their cell walls. They are cylindrical in where G1 = 1st Growth phase
shape and are lined by the plasma membrane of S = Synthesis phase
two adjacent cells. G2 = 2nd Growth phase
15. (b) Glycoproteins and glycolipids are formed in G1, S and G2 are the parts of interphase (Longest
the Golgi apparatus in the cisternae. phase in cell cycle). M refers to mitotic phase of
16. (b) External to the plasma membrane, all animal cell cycle where the cell divides. It is a phase of
cells have a fuzzy coat called the glycocalyx. actual division.
This coat consists of the carbohydrate moieties 4. (b) S-phase is a part of interphase of cell cycle.
of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. DNA content of a cell is doubled during this
Only identical twins have chemically identical phase. Centrosome also begins to divide, in
glycocalices; everyone else is unique. The centriole containing cells, to form two
glycocalyx is a type of identification that the centrosomes or centriole pair.
body uses to distinguish between its own 5. (a)
6. (d) At metaphase each chromosome is made up 11. (b) The interphase cell is metabolically quite
of two sister chromatids held together by the active. Interphase is the long non-dividing
centromere in the centre. During metaphsase, phase further divided into G1, S and G2. It
kinetochores; disc shaped structures are present occupies 75 to 95% of entire cell division time.
at the surface of each centromere which help in 12. (a) In metaphase, chromosomes consisting of
the attachment of spindle fibres to the two sister chromatids get arranged at equator.
chromosomes. The chromosomes arrange Discontinuous fibres radiate out from two
themselves at the equator in one equatorial spindle poles and get connected to the disc
plane known as metaphase plate. Nucleolus, shaped structure at the surface of the centromere
nuclear envelope, Golgi complex, endoplasmic called kinetochores. These are known as
reticulum disappear during late prophase. Cell chromosome fibres or tractile fibrils. A
plate formation begins during the late anaphase kinetochore is a complex protein structure that
or early telophase of M-phase. is analogous to a ring for the microtubule hook;
7. (b) Telophase is the final stage of nuclear it is the point where microtubules attach
division. During it, the chromosomes that have themselves to the chromosome.
reached their respective pole decondense 13. (d) Endomitosis is the replication of
loosing their individually and collect in a mass chromosomes in the absence of cell or nuclear
in the two poles. Nuclear envelope starts to division resulting in numerous copies within
assemble again. Nucleolus, Golgi complex and each cell. It occurs in the salivary glands of
ER appear again. Drosophila and other flies.
8. (d) The plane of alignment of the chromosomes 14. (a) Karyokinesis results in the formation of two
at metaphase is referred to as the metaphase nuclei inside a cell and then it is followed by
plate. The key features of metaphase are (i) division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis), thus
Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores of forming two daughter cells. Cytokinesis may
chromosomes (ii) Chromosomes are moved to occur by cell furrow method and cell plate
spindle equator and get aligned along method. The cell plate method is characteristic
metaphase plate through spindle fibres to both of plant cells. Here vesicles provided by golgi
poles. apparatus unite to form phragmoplasts which
9. (c) Mitosis is an equational division where after joints to form cell plate. Cell furrow method is
division each cell produces two daughter cells, observed in animals.
therefore after 7 divisions one cell will give 128 15. (a) Pachytene is characterised by the appearance
cells in case of mitosis. of recombination nodules, the sites at which
crossing over occurs between non-sister
chromatids of the homologous chromosomes.
Nodules contain multienzyme complex called
10. (d) Prophase -I of meiosis has been divided into recombinase. Recombinase is made of
five sub-stages which occur in the sequence as : endonuclease, exonuclease, unwindase, R-
Leptotene  Zygotene  Pachytene  protein, etc.
Diplotene  Diakinesis. Synapsis i.e., pairing 16. (a)
of homologous chromosomes occurs during 17. (d) Colchicine treatment can double the
zygotene. Crossing over i.e, exchange of chromosome number as it does not allow the
chromatid segments occurs during pachytene. formation of spindle. This happens because
Terminalisation of chiasmata i.e, shifting of alkaloid colchicine prevents the assembly of
chiasmata towards the ends of chromosomes microtubules. Thus, called as ‘mitotic
and complete disappearance of nucleolus take poison’.
place during diakinesis. 18. (d)In zygote of prophase-I, homologous
chromosomes pair up together by a process is
 called synapsis. One chromosome of the pair 9. (c) Lipids are fatty acids esters of alcohols and
comes from the male parent while, the other related substances. Polysaccharides are
form the female parent. polymers of monosaccharides. Proteins are
19. (b) During the metaphase stage of cell division, polymers of amino acids and nucleic acids are
chromosomes are most condensed. These are polymer of nucleotides.
easiest to distinguish and to study and are often 10. (a) Lecithin is a triglyceride lipid where one
chosen for karyotyping. fatty acid is replaced by phosphoric acid which
20. (c)In G2-phase also called as second growth is linked to additional nitrogenous group called
phase or pre-mitotic gap phase, the DNA choline. It is a common membrane lipid. It is an
synthesis stops after doubling in S-phase. amphipathic phospholipid having both
However, the chromosomes number remain the hydrophilic polar and hydrophobic non polar
same, so the right answer is 12 chromosomes. groups.
Biomolecules 11. (a) Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C),
1. (b) According to Chargaff’s rule, is thymine (T) and uracil (U) are all nitrogenous
bases, whereas cytidine is a nucleoside, i.e., a
constant for species and also A = T and G = C.
combination of nitrogenous base (cystosine)
hence, G = 10%.
with a pentose sugar (ribose).
2. (a) Chitin is a structural polysaccharide that
12. (b) The bond which connects a nitrogenous base
constitutes the exoskeleton of arthropods. It is a
and a pentose sugar is a glycosidic bond. It leads
complex carbohydrate in which N-acetyl
to formation of nucleoside which is a part of
glucosamine monomers are joined together by
nucleotide. The nitrogen base combines with
1, 4--linkages. Chitinous exoskeleton provides
sugar molecule at its carbon atom 1 in a
strength and elasticity to arthropods. It also
glycosidic bond (CNC) by one of its
occurs in fungi.
nitrogen atoms (usually 1 in pyrimidines and 9
3. (b) Chitin is present in both insects and fungi.
in purines).
The body of insects, such as cockroach is
13. (d) Thymine is a pyrimidine derivative and one
externally covered by hard brown chitinous
of the major component bases of nucleotides
plates which constitute the exoskeleton. Fungal
and the nucleic acid DNA.
chitin is made up of acetyl glucosamine which
14. (c) Morphine is an alkaloid and curcumin is a
is present in hyphae or cell wall.
drug.
4. (b) Reducing sugars are those which have a free
15. (c) Trypsin is an enzyme present in pancreatic
aldehyde (CHO) or ketonic group (CO) e..g,
juice. Insulin is a hormone secreted by beta cells
maltose and lactose. The sugars without a free
of islets of Langerhans of pancreas. Collagen is
aldehyde or ketonic group are non-reducing
the most abundant protein in our body.
sugars e.g., sucrose. They do not reduce cupric
16. (b) Malonate is a competitive inhibitor of the
ions of Benedict’s or Fehling’s solution to
enzyme succinic dehydrogenase. Malonate
cuprous ions.
binds to the active site of the enzyme without
5. (c) Inulin is a polymer of fructose. It is a storage
reacting and so competes with succinate, the
polysaccharide of roots and tubers of Dahlia
usual substrate of the enzyme. The observation
and related plants.
that malonate is a competitive inhibitor of
6. (c) The three-dimensional structure of a single
succinic dehydrogenase was used to deduce the
polypeptide chain is termed as its tertiary
structure of the active site of that enzyme.
structure. Tertiary structure is stabilised by
17. (b) The enzymes are organic catalysts or
several types of bonds and provides the proteins
biocatalysts which catalyse biochemical
their enzymatic functions.
reactions at the body temperature. They regulate
7. (a)
the rate of biochemical reactions without being
8. (c)
utilised in these reactions. Enzymes are mostly
 proteins but some are RNA (ribozymes). No P680) absorbs light via antenna chlorophyll
lipid working as enzymes are known. pigments, electrons are released from this
18. (b) system, thus chlorophyll molecules (P680) get
19. (b) Transferase is a class of enzyme that oxidized. P680 is a very strong oxidizing agent –
catalyse the transfer of a group of atoms from it has a very strong affinity for an electron
one molecule to another. The given reaction (greater than that of oxygen). It can even extract
shows the involvement of transferase enzyme. electrons from water. Four electrons are
20. (a) extracted from two molecules of water with the
Photosynthesis in higher plants release of O2 in the atmosphere and 4H+ into the
1. (d) thylakoid lumen.
2. (d) The equation of photosynthesis may be 10. (c) During Calvin cycle, biphosphoglyceric acid
represented as is reduced by NADPH through the agency of
6CO2 + 12H2O  C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 enzyme glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate
No. of CO2 molecules utilized = 6 dehydrogenase. It produces glyceraldehydes 3-
No. of H2O molecules utilized = 12 phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde.
No. of C6H12O6 (sugar) molecules produced = 11. (c) The net reaction for Calvin cycle (C3 dark
1 fixation of CO2) is 6 RuBP + 6CO2 + 18 ATP +
No. of H2O molecules produced = 6 12 NADPH  6 RuBP + C6H12O6 + 18 ADP +
No. of O2 molecules produced = 6 18 P + 12 NADP+
Hence, total number of CO2,H2O, O2 and sugar From above reaction, it is clear that synthesis of
utilized and produced one molecule of glucose requires 6 molecules of
= 6 + 12 + 1 + 6 + 6 = 31. Ribulose-1, 5-biphosphate and 6 molecules of
3. (d) CO2. Thus, the Calvin cycle turns 6 times to
4. No synthesis one glucose molecule.
5. (d) PAR stands for Photosynthetically Active 12. (a) Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase
Radiation. oxygenase (RuBisCO) is the most abundant
6. (c) The range of photosynthetically active protein in the whole of the biosphere.
radiation (PAR) lies between 400-700 nm. 13. (c) In C3 plants all of the carbon fixation (C3
Maximum photosynthesis occurs in blue-violet carbon fixation) and photosynthesis happens in
and red regions of the light spectrum where mesophyll cells just on the surface of the leaf.
most of the absorption is carried out by C3 plants include most temperate plants (except
chlorophylls. Minimum photosynthesis occurs many grasses) more than 95% of all earth’s
in the green wavelengths. plants. C3 carbon fixation is a metabolic
7. (b) In light reaction of photosynthesis, ATP, pathway for carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
NADPH and oxygen are produced. NADPH This process converts carbon dioxide and
participates in anabolic reactions (e.g., ribulose biphosphate (RuBP, a 5-carbon sugar)
photosynthesis) that consume energy in order to into 3-phosphoglycerate.
build up larger molecules. NADH participates 14. (d) The fixation of every CO2 molecule in
in catabolic reactions (e.g., respiration) that Calvin cycle requires 3 molecules of ATP and 2
break down molecules to release energy. of NADPH.
8. (d) In PS I (Photosystem I) the reaction centre 15. (c) Photorespiration is the light dependent
chlorophyll a has an absorption peak at 700 nm, process of oxygenation of ribulose biphosphate
hence is called P700. (RuBP) and release of carbon dioxide by the
9. (a) The first event in photosynthesis is photo- photosynthetic organs of a plant. It leads to
excitation of P680 chlorophyll molecule, a oxidation of considerable amount of
reaction centre of photosystem II. When photosynthetic products to CO2 and H2O
reaction center of PS II (chlorophyll molecule without the production of useful energy.
 Photorespiration occurs only in C3 plants principle of limiting factors which states that
because at high temperature and high oxygen when a process is conditioned as to its rapidity
concentration RuBP carboxylase changes to by a number of separate factors, the rate of the
RuBP oxygenase. Photorespiration is absent in process is limited by the pace of the slowest
C4 plants because RuBisCO and other Calvin factor.
cycle enzymes are present only in bundle sheath Breathing and Exchange of Gases
cells, and CO2 concentration in those cells is 1. (d) After puberty, larynx grows larger and
maintained too high for O2 to compose with becomes prominent in man, therefore, called
CO2. Temperature is also low in bundle sheath Adam’s apple.
cells of C4 plants. 2. (c) A cartilaginous flap called epiglottis
16. (d) C4 plants show kranz type of anatomy. In prevents the entry of food into the glottis –
kranz anatomy, the mesophyll is opening of the windpipe during swallowing.
undifferentiated and its cells occur in concentric 3. (b)
layers around vascular bundles. The vascular 4. (a) The movement of air into and out of the
bundles are surrounded by large sized bundle lungs is carried out by creating a pressure
sheath cells which are arranged in wreath-like gradient between the lungs and atmosphere.
manner in one to several layers. In C4 plants Inspiration can occur if the pressure within the
there are two carboxylation reactions, first in lungs (intrapulmonary pressure) is less than the
mesophyll chloroplast and second in bundle atmosphere pressure, i.e, there is a negative
sheath chloroplast. RuBP or RuBisCO is pressure in the lungs with respect to
present in bundle sheath chloroplasts where C3 atmospheric pressure. The diaphragm and a
cycle takes place. specialized set of muscles-external and internal
17. (a) Oxaloacetic acid is the primary CO2 fixation intercostal between the ribs, help in generation
product of C4 cycle. It occurs in several plants of such gradients.
like sugarcane, maize, sorghum etc. 5. (d) Diaphragm is present below lungs and
18. (a) In C4 pathway, the primary CO2 acceptor is separates thoracic cavity from abdominal
a 3-carbon molecule phosphoenol pyruvate cavity. Its up and down movement assists in
(PEP) and is present in the mesophyll cells. The expiration and inspiration during breathing.
enzyme responsible for this fixation is PEP 6. (b) Expiratory capacity is the total volume of air
carboxylase or PEPcase. a person can expire after normal inspiration. It
19. (a) Photorespiration is a metabolic pathway that includes tidal volume and expiratory reserve
occurs in plants in the presence of light, in volume.
which ribulose bisphosphate EC = TV + ERV = 500 + 1000 = 1500 mL.
carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), the enzyme 7. (d) Residual volume is the volume of air which
involved in carbon dioxide fixation with remains in the lungs after the most forceful
ribulose bisphosphate, accepts oxygen, in place expiration. This residual air enables the lungs to
of carbon dioxide, resulting in the formation of continue exchange of gases even after
a two-carbon compound, glycolate. Hence it is maximum exhalation. Due to this, lungs do not
also called C2 cycle. collapse even after forceful expiration.
20. (a) A limting factor is defined as a factor which 8. (d) Dead space air is that air which is inhaled by
is deficient to such an extent that increase in its the body in breathing, but does not take part in
magnitude directly increases the rate of process. gas exchange. Not all the air in each breath is
The effect of limiting factors was studied by able to be used for the exchange of oxygen and
Blackman in 1905. carbon dioxide. In adults, it is usually
Blackman (1905) studied the effect of CO2 150 mL.
concentration, light intensity and temperature 9. (b) The partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air
on rate of photosynthesis. He formulated the is 104mmHg whereas it is 40mmHg in
 deoxygenated blood and 95mmHg in
oxygenated blood.
10. (c) The amount of oxygen that can bind with
haemoglobin is determined by oxygen tension.
This is expressed as partial pressure of oxygen
pO2, similarly partial pressure of carbon dioxide
is pCO2. This reaction is thousands times faster in
The pCO2 and pO2 in oxygenated blood i.e., erythrocytes because they contain carbonic
arterial blood is 40 mm Hg and 95 mm Hg anhydrase, an enzyme that reversibly catalyses
respectively. the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to
11. (d) carbonic acid.
12. (c) About 7% of carbon dioxide transported is 16. (c)
dissolved in plasma. About 23% loosely binds 17. (b)
with haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin in 18. (a) The pneumotaxic centre is located dorsally
the form of bicarbonates and about 70% reacts in the upper pons. It transmits signal to the
with water forming carbonic acid in inspiratory area.
erythrocytes in the presence of enzyme carbonic 19. (d) Medulla oblongata (myelencephalon) is the
anhydrase. Carbonic acid is son converted into extension within the skull of the upper end of
H+ and HCO (bicarbonate) ions. This HCO the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the
ion comes out of RBCs and combines with Na+ brainstem. Besides forming the major pathway
and K+ to form bicarbonates of these ions. for nerve impulses entering and leaving the
Sodium and potassium bicarbonates account for skull, the medulla contains centres that are
70% of total CO2 transport of the body. responsible for the regulation of the heart and
13. (b) At higher temperature haemoglobin gives up blood vessels, respiration, salivation, and
oxygen more redily and the dissociation curve swallowing.
shifts to the right. This is of physiological 20. (b) Occupational respiratory disorders are due
importance because increased temperature to the occupation of the individual. Silicosis is
means higher metabolic rate or higher oxygen an occupational disease that occurs due to the
requirement. excessive inhalation of silica dust by the
14. (d) Oxygen is transported through blood either workers of mining industry. Long exposure can
as dissolved gas or as oxyhaemoglobin. cause proliferation of fibrous connective tissue
About 3 percent of oxygen in the blood is (fibrosis) of upper part of lungs causing
dissolved in the plasma which carries oxygen to inflammation. Anthrax and botulism are
the body cells whereas about 97 percent of bacterial diseases of human caused by Bacillus
oxygen is carried in combination with anthracis and Clostridium botulism
haemoglobin of the erythrocytes. respectively. Emphysema is an abnormal
15. (c) The large fraction of carbon dioxide (about distension of the bronchioles or alveolar sacs of
70%) is converted to bicarbonate ions (HCO ) the lungs.
and transported in plasma. When carbon dioxide Body Fluids and Circulation
diffuses into the RBCs, it combines with water, 1. (d) Among WBCs, neutrophils, monocytes,
forming carbonic acid (H2CO3). H2CO3 is eosinophils and basophils are phagocytic cells.
unstable and quickly dissociates into hydrogen But neutrophils and monocytes are primarily
ions and bicarbonate ions. phagocytic cells. Eosinophils and basophils can
act phagocytes but this is not their primary
function.
2. (d) Red blood cells of adult humans do not have
cell organelles including nucleus, Golgi bodies,
 mitochondria,, ribosomes, etc. It increases the wall of the right atrium. The AV node picks up
surface area of RBCs and enables them to the wave of contraction propagated by SA node.
contain more haemoglobin (the oxygen carrying A mass of specialized fibres, the bundle of His,
pigment). originates from the AV node. The bundle of His
3. (c) Serum is the fluid that separates from blood divides into two branches, one going to each
plasma on centrifugation. Serum is essentially ventricle. Within the mycocardium of the
similar in composition to plasma but lacks ventricles the branches of bundle of His divide
fibrinogen and other substances that are used in into a network of line fibres called the Purkinje
the coagulation process. fibres. The bundle of His and the Purkinje fibres
4. (c) Megakaryocytes are the large cells of bone convey impulse of contraction from the AV
marrow with a lobulated nucleus, responsible node to the mycocardium of the ventricles.
for the production of thrombocytes (blood 12. (c) Mitral valve (Bicuspid valve) is present in
platelets). Formation of thrombocytes is called the atrioventricular opening between the left
thrombopoiesis. auricle and left ventricle. During atrial systole,
5. (d) the mitral valve open to allow the flow of blood
6. (a) ABO blood groups are determined by the from left auricle to left ventricle. During
gene I (isoagglutinin). There are three alleles, beginning of ventricular systole, mitral valve
IA, IB and IO of this gene. IA allele is responsible closes so as to prevent the backward flow of
for formation of A antigen, while IB allele is blood.
responsible for formation of B antigen. People 13. (d) The artificial pacemaker is a small battery
with blood group A have A antigen on the operated electrical stimulator planted beneath
surface of their RBCs, and antibodies to antigen the skin under right clavicle while the
B in their plasma. Persons with blood group B string/cable is passed via superior vena cava,
have B antigen on their RBCs, and antibodies right atrium, and allowed to rest against the tip
against A antigen in their plasma. Individuals of the right ventricle. It is an electrical device
with AB blood group have both antigen A and used for covering up any deficiency of
B on their RBCs, and no antibodies for either of myogenic functioning so as to make heart beat
the antigen in their plasma. Type O individuals normally.
are without A and B antigens on their RBCs, but 14. (b) Chordae tendineae are the fibrous cords
have antibodies for both these antigens in their which on one end are joined to the flaps of
plasma. Individuals with blood group AB can bicuspid and tricuspid valves and to the
receive blood of A, B or O group, while those papillary muscles on the other sides. The
with blood group O can donate blood to anyone. chordae tendineae prevent the bicuspid and
7. (c) The blood group was O. The person having tricuspid valves from collapsing back into the
O blood group is universal donor. It lacks both atria during the powerful ventricular
antibodies ‘a’ and ‘b’ thud do not cause contraction.
agglutination of clumping of blood cells when 15. (d) Heart of a normal person beats 72 times per
transfused into person with any of the four minute and pumps out about 70 ml of blood per
blood groups. minute which is equivalent to the total body
8. (b) The Rh-factor has great significance in child blood volume.
birth. An Rh-negative woman married with Rh- 16. (d) Second heart sound i.e., dup is caused by the
positive man becomes sensitized by carrying a closure of the semilunar valves and marks the
Rh-positive child within her body. end of ventricular systole.
9. (d) 17. (a, c) Blood enters the liver from two sources.
10. (b) From the hepatic artery, it gets oxygenated
11. (b) A mass of neuromuscular tissue, the atrio- blood and from the hepatic portal vein, it
ventricular node (AV node) is situated in the receives deoxygenated blood. Blood in the
 hepatic artery comes from the aorta. Blood in
the hepatic portal vein comes directly from the
intestine (containing newly absorbed nutrients),
stomach etc.
18. (a) Whale is a mammal and in mammals, two
separate circulatory pathways are found –
systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation.
Oxygenated and deoxygenated bloods received
by the left and right atria respectively pass on
the left and right ventricles. Thus, oxygenated
and deoxygenated bloods are not mixed. This is
referred to as double circulation.
19. (b) Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood
from lungs to heart.
20. (d) The T-wave in an ECG represents the return
of the ventricles from the excited to normal state
(repolarisation). The end of the T-wave marks
the end of systole.