Module 1: 27 Q's - 32 Mins Module 2: 27 Q's - 32 Mins

This test is available on the Your feedback for typo

Bluebook app designed by the correction or missing
Collegeboard. However, loads of information are always
students couldn't access it. Mr. welcome.
Abdulshafi took the honor of writing
it and publishing it for everyone.
SAT Digital Practice Test 1
1 SECTION 1, MODULE 1: READING AND WRITING
1 l
Researchers and conservationists stress that biodiversity loss due to invasive species is ______. For
example, people can take simple steps such as washing their footwear after travel to avoid
introducing potentially invasive organisms into new environments.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) preventable
B) undeniable
C) common
D) concerning

2
It is by no means ______ to recognize the influence of Dutch painter Hieronymus Bosch on Ali
Banisadr’s paintings; indeed, Banisadr himself cites Bosch as an inspiration. However, some
scholars have suggested that the ancient Mesopotomian poem Epic of Gilgamesh may have had a
far greater impact on Banisadr’s work.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) substantial
B) satisfying
C) unimportant
D) appropriate

3
Astronomers are confident that the star Betelgeuse will eventually consume all the helium in its
core and explode in a supernova. The are much less confident, however, about when this will
happen, since that depends on internal characteristics of Betelgeuse that are largely unknown.
Astrophysicist Sarafina El-Badry Nance and colleagues recently investigated whether acoustic
waves in the star could be used to determine internal stellar states but concluded that this method
could not sufficiently reveal Betelgeuse’s internal characteristics to allow its evolutionary state to
be firmly fixed.

Which choice best describes the function of the second sentence in the overall structure of the text?
A) It explains how the work of Nance and colleagues was received by others in the field.
B) It presents the central finding reported by Nance and colleagues.
C) It identifies the problem that Nance and colleagues attempted to solve but did not.
D) It describes a serious limitation of the method used by Nance and colleagues.
4
The mimosa tree evolved in East Asia, where the beetle Bruchidius terrenus preys on its seeds. In
1785, mimosa trees were introduced to North America, far from any B. terrenus. But evolutionary
links between predators and their prey can persist across centuries and continents. Around 2001,
B. terrenus was introduced in southeastern North America near where botanist Shu-Mei Chang and
colleagues had been monitoring mimosa trees. Within a year, 93 percent of the trees had been
attacked by the beetles.

Which choice best describes the function of the third sentence in the overall structure of the text?
A) It states the hypothesis that Chang and colleagues had set out to investigate using mimosa
trees and B. terrenus.
B) It presents a generalization that is exemplified by the discussion of the mimosa trees and
B. terrenus.
C) It offers an alternative explanation for the findings of Chang and colleagues.
D) It provides context that clarifies why the species mentioned spread to new locations.

5
Text 1
When companies in the same industry propose merging with one another, they often claim that the
merger will benefit consumers by increasing efficiency and therefore lowering prices. Economist
Ying Fan investigated this notion in the context of the United States newspaper market. She
modeled a hypothetical merger of Minneapolis-area newspapers and found that subscription prices
would rise following a merger.

Text 2
Economists Dario Focarelli and Fabio Panetta have argued that research on the effect of mergers on
prices has focused excessively on short-term effects, which tend to be adverse for consumers.
Using the case of consumer banking in Italy, they show that over the long term (several years, in
their study), the efficiency gains realized by merged companies do result in economic benefits for
consumers.

Based on the texts, how would Focarelli and Panetta (Text 2) most likely respond to Fan's findings
(Text 1)?
A) They would argue that over the long term the expenses incurred by the merged
newspaper company will also increase.
B) They would recommend that Fan compare the near-term effect of a merger on
subscription prices in the Minneapolis area with the effect of a merger in another
newspaper market.
C) They would encourage Fan to investigate whether the projected effect on subscription
prices persists over an extended period.
D) They would claim that mergers have a different effect on consumer prices in the
newspaper industry than in most other industries.

6
The following text is from Jane Austen's 1811 novel Sense and Sensibility. Elinor lives with her
younger sisters and her mother, Mrs. Dashwood.
Elinor, this eldest daughter, whose advice was so effectual, possessed a strength of understanding,
and coolness of judgment, which qualified her, though only nineteen, to be the counsellor of her
mother, and enabled her frequently to counteract, to the advantage of them all, that eagerness of
mind in Mrs. Dashwood which must generally have led to imprudence. She had an excellent heart;
her disposition was affectionate, and her feelings were strong; but she knew how to govern them: it
was a knowledge which her mother had yet to learn; and which one of her sisters had resolved
never to be taught.

According to the text, what is true about Elinor?

A) Elinor often argues with her mother but fails to change her mind
B) Elinor can be overly sensitive with regard to family matters.
C) Elinor thinks her mother is a bad role model.
D) Elinor is remarkably mature for her age.
7
The following text is adapted from Charles W. Chesnutt's 1901 novel The Marrow of Tradition.
Mrs. Ochiltree was a woman of strong individuality, whose comments upon her acquaintance[s],
present or absent, were marked by a frankness at times no less than startling. This characteristic
caused her to be more or less avoided. Mrs. Ochiltree was aware of this sentiment on the part of her
acquaintance[s], and rather exulted in it.

Based on the text, what is true about Mrs. Ochiltree's acquaintances?

A) They try to refrain from discussing topics that would upset Mrs. Ochiltree.
B) They are unable to spend as much time with Mrs. Ochiltree as she would like.
C) They are too preoccupied with their own concerns to speak with Mrs. Ochiltree.
D) They are likely offended by what Mrs. Ochiltree has said about them.

8
The following text is adapted from William Shakespeare's 1609 poem "Sonnet 27." The poem is
addressed to a close friend as if he were physically present.
Weary with toil, I [hurry] to my bed,
The dear repose for limbs with travel tired;
But then begins a journey in my head
To work my mind, when body's work's expired:
For then my thoughts--from far where I abide-
[Begin] a zealous pilgrimage to thee,
And keep my drooping eyelids open wide,

What is the main idea of the text?

A) The speaker is asleep and dreaming about traveling to see the friend.
B) The speaker is planning an upcoming trip to the friend's house.
C) The speaker is too fatigued to continue a discussion with the friend.
D) The speaker is thinking about the friend instead of immediately falling asleep.

9
Black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are a nutritionally dense food, but they are difficult to digest in
part because of their high levels of soluble fiber and compounds like raffinose. They also contain
antinutrients like tannins and trypsin inhibitors, which interfere with the body's ability to extract
nutrients from foods. In a research article, Marisela Granito and Glenda Álvarez from Simón
Bolívar University in Venezuela claim that inducing fermentation of black beans using lactic acid
bacteria improves the digestibility of the beans and makes them more nutritious.

Which finding from Granito and Alvarez's research, if true, would most directly support their
claim?
A) When cooked, fermented beans contained significantly more trypsin inhibitors and
tannins but significantly less soluble fiber and raffinose than nonfermented beans.
B) Fermented beans contained significantly less soluble fiber and raffinose than
nonfermented beans, and when cooked, the fermented beans also displayed a significant
reduction in trypsin inhibitors and tannins.
C) When the fermented beans were analyzed, they were found to contain two
microorganisms, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum, that are theorized to
increase the amount of nitrogen absorbed by the gut after eating beans.
D) Both fermented and nonfermented black beans contained significantly fewer trypsin
inhibitors and tannins after being cooked at high pressure.
10
Ablation Rates for Three Elements in
Cosmic Dust, by Dust Source

Earth's atmosphere is bombarded by cosmic dust originating from several sources: short-period
comets (SPCs), particles from the asteroid belt (ASTs), Halley-type comets (HTCs), and Oort
cloud comets (OCCs). Some of the dust's material vaporizes in the atmosphere in a process called
ablation, and the faster the particles move, the higher the rate of ablation. Astrophysicist Juan
Diego Carrillo-Sánchez led a team that calculated average ablation rates for elements in the dust
(such as iron and potassium) and showed that material in slower-moving SPC or AST dust has a
lower rate than the same material in faster-moving HTC or OCC dust. For example, whereas the
average ablation rate for iron from AST dust is 28%, the average rate for____.

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the example?
E) Iron form SPC dust is 20%.
F) Sodium from OCC dust is 100%.
G) Iron from HTC is 90%
H) Sodium from AST is 75%.

11

High levels of public uncertainty about which economic policies a country will adopt can make
planning difficult for businesses, but measures of such uncertainty have not tended to be very
detailed. Recently, however, economist Sandile Hlatshwavo analyzed trends in news reports to
derive measures not only for general economic policy uncertainty but also for uncertainty related to
specific areas of economic policy, like tax or trade policy. One revelation of her work is that a
general measure may not fully reflect uncertainty about specific areas of policy, as in the case of
the United Kingdom, where general economic policy uncertainty ______.

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to illustrate the claim?
A) aligned closely with uncertainty about tax and public spending policy in 2005 but
differed from uncertainty about tax and public spending policy by a large amount in
2009.
B) was substantially lower than uncertainty about tax and public spending policy each year
from 2005 to 2010.
C) reached its highest level between 2005 and 2010 in the same year that uncertainty about
trade policy and tax and public spending policy reached their lowest levels.
D) was substantially lower than uncertainty about trade policy in 2005 and substantially
higher than uncertainty about trade policy in 2010.
12
Average Number and Duration of Torpor Bouts and Arousal
Episodes for Alaska Marmots and Arctic Ground Squirrels, 2008-
2011

When hibernating, Alaska marmots and Arctic ground squirrels enter a state called torpor, which
minimizes the energy their bodies need to function. Often a hibernating animal will temporarily
come out of torpor (called an arousal episode) and its metabolic rate will rise, burning more of the
precious energy the animal needs to survive the winter. Alaska marmots hibernate in groups and
therefore burn less energy keeping warm during these episodes than they would if they were alone.
A researcher hypothesized that because Arctic ground squirrels hibernate alone, they would likely
exhibit longer bouts of torpor and shorter arousal episodes than
Alaska marmots.

Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researcher's hypothesis?
A) The Alaska marmots' arousal episodes lasted for days, while the Arctic ground squirrels'
arousal episodes lasted less than a day.
B) The Alaska marmots and the Arctic ground squirrels both maintained torpor for several
consecutive days per bout, on average.
C) The Alaska marmots had shorter torpor bouts and longer arousal episodes than the Arctic
ground squirrels did.
D) The Alaska marmots had more torpor bouts than arousal episodes, but their arousal
episodes were much shorter than their torpor bouts.

13
Employment by sector in France and the United States, 1800-2012 (% of total employment)
Services Agriculture Manufacturing Services
Agriculture Manufacturing in France in US in US in US
in France in France
1800 64 22 14 68 18 13
1900 43 29 28 41 28 31
1950 32 33 35 14 33 53
2012 3 21 76 2 18 80
Rows in table may not add up to 100 due to rounding.
Over the past two hundred years, the percentage of the population employed in the agricultural
sector has declined in both France and the United States, while employment in the service sector
(which includes jobs in retail, consulting, real estate, etc.) has risen. However, this transition
happened at very different rates in the two countries. This can be seen most clearly by comparing
the employment by sector in both countries in_____.

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?
A) 1900 with the employment by sector in 1950.
B) 1800 with the employment by sector in 2012.
C) 1900 with the employment by sector in 2012.
D) 1800 with the employment by sector in 1900.
14
Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) is a Eurasian plant that has become invasive in North America,
where it displaces native vegetation and sickens cattle. E. esula can be controlled with chemical
herbicides, but that approach can also kill harmless plants nearby. Recent research on introducing
engineered DNA into plant species to inhibit their reproduction may offer a path toward
exclusively targeting E. esula, consequently ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) making individual E. esula plants more susceptible to existing chemical herbicides.
B) enhancing the ecological benefits of E. esula in North America.
C) enabling cattle to consume E. esula without becoming sick.
D) reducing invasive E. esula numbers without harming other organisms.

15
Both Sona Charaipotra, an Indian American, and Dhonielle Clayton, an African American, grew up
frustrated by the lack of diverse characters in books for young people. In 2011, these two writers
joined forces to found CAKE Literary, a book packaging _______ specializes in the creation and
promotion of stories told from diverse perspectives for children and young adults.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) company,
B) company that
C) company
D) company, that

16
In 1930, Japanese American artist Chiura Obata depicted the natural beauty of Yosemite National
Park in two memorable woodcuts: Evening at Carl Inn and Lake Basin in the High Sierra.
In 2019, _______ exhibited alongside 150 of Obata's other works in a single-artist show at the
Smithsonian American Art Museum.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) it was
B) they were
C) this was
D) some were

17
American writer Edwidge Danticat, who emigrated from Haiti in 1981, has won acclaim for her
powerful short stories, novels, and _______ her lyrical yet unflinching depictions of her native
country's turbulent history, writer Robert Antoni has compared Danticat to Nobel Prize-winning
novelist Toni Morrison.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) essays, praising
B) essays and praising
C) essays praising
D) essays. Praising
18
In 1966, Emmett Ashford became the first African American to umpire a Major League Baseball
game. His energetic gestures announcing when a player had struck out and his habit of barreling
after a hit ball to see if it would land out of ______ transform the traditionally solemn umpire role
into a dynamic one.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) bounds helped
B) bounds, helping
C) bounds that helped
D) bounds to help

19
In crafting her fantasy fiction, Nigerian-born British author Helen Oyeyemi has drawn inspiration
from the classic nineteenth-century fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. Her 2014 novel Boy, Snow,
Bird, for instance, is a complex retelling of the story of Snow White, while her 2019 novel ______
offers a delicious twist on the classic tale of Hansel and Gretel.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) Gingerbread—
B) Gingerbread,
C) Gingerbread
D) Gingerbread:

20
The violins handmade in the seventeeth century by Italian craftsman Antonio Stradivari have been
celebrated as some of the finest in the world. In close collaboration with musicians, Stradivari
introduced changes to the shape of a traditional violin, flattening some of the instrument's curves
and making _______ lighter overall.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) those
B) one
C) them
D) it

21
During the English neoclassical period (1660-1789), many writers imitated the epic poetry and
satires of ancient Greece and Rome. They were not the first in England to adopt the literary modes
of classical _______ some of the most prominent figures of the earlier Renaissance period were
also influenced by ancient Greek and Roman literature.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) antiquity, however
B) antiquity, however,
C) antiquity, however;
D) antiquity; however,
22
One poll taken after the first 1960 presidential debate suggested that John Kennedy lost badly: only
21 percent of those who listened on the radio rated him the winner. ______ the debate was
ultimately considered a victory for the telegenic young senator, who rated higher than his opponent,
Vice President Richard Nixon, among those watching on the new medium of television.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) In other words,
B) Therefore,
C) Likewise,
D) Nevertheless,

23
In November 1934, Amrita Sher-Gil was living in what must have seemed like the ideal city for a
young artist: Paris. She was studying firsthand the color-saturated style of France's modernist
masters and beginning to make a name for herself as a painter. ______ Sher-Gil longed to return to
her childhood home of India; only there, she believed, could her art truly flourish.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Still,
B) Therefore,
C) Indeed,
D) Furthermore,

24
In his 1925 book The Morphology of Landscape, US geographer Carl Sauer challenged prevailing
views about how natural landscapes influence human cultures. ______ Sauer argued that instead of
being shaped entirely by their natural surroundings, cultures play an active role in their own
development by virtue of their interactions with the environment.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Similarly,
B) Finally,
C) Therefore,
D) Specifically,

25
Although those who migrated to California in 1849 dreamed of finding gold nuggets in streambeds,
the state's richest deposits were buried deeply in rock, beyond the reach of individual prospectors.
______ by 1852, many had given up their fortune-hunting dreams and gone to work for one of the
large companies capable of managing California's complex mining operations.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Furthermore,
B) Still,
C) Consequently,
D) Next,
26
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• In 2013, archaeologists studied cat bone fragments they had found in the ruins of
Quanhucun, a Chinese farming village.
• The fragments were estimated to be 5,300 years old.
• A chemical analysis of the fragments revealed that the cats had consumed large amounts
of grain.
• The grain consumption is evidence that the Quanhucun cats may have been domesticated.

The student wants to present the Quanhucun study and its conclusions. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) As part of a 2013 study of cat domestication, a chemical analysis was conducted on cat
bone fragments found in Quanhucun, China.
B) A 2013 analysis of cat bone fragments found in Quanhucun, China, suggests that cats
there may have been domesticated 5,300 years ago.
C) In 2013, archaeologists studied what cats in Quanhucun China, had eaten more than
5,000 years ago.
D) Cat bone fragments estimated to be 5,300 years old were found in Quanhucun, China, in
2013.

27
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Started in 1925, the Scripps National Spelling Bee is a US-based spelling competition.
• The words used in the competition have diverse linguistic origins.
• In 2008, Sameer Mishra won by correctly spelling the word “guerdon.”
• "Guerdon" derives from the Anglo-French word "guerdun."
• In 2009, Kavya Shivashankar won by correctly spelling the word "Laodicean."
• "Laodicean" derives from the ancient Greek word "Laodíkeia."

The student wants to emphasize a difference in the origins of the two words. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) "Guerdon," the final word of the 2008 Scripps National Spelling Bee, is of Anglo-French
origin, while the following year's final word, "Laodicean," derives from ancient Greek.
B) In 2008, Sameer Mishra won the Scripps National Spelling Bee by correctly spelling the
word "guerdon"; however, the following year, Kavya Shivashankar won based on
spelling the word "Laodicean."
C) Kavya Shivashankar won the 2009 Scripps National Spelling Bee by correctly spelling
"Laodicean," which derives from the ancient Greek word "Laodíkeia."
D) The Scripps National Spelling Bee uses words from diverse linguistic origins, such as
"guerdon" and "Laodicean."
SAT Digital Practice Test 1
2 SECTION 1, MODULE 2: READING AND WRITING
1
Due to their often strange images, highly experimental syntax, and opaque subject matter, many of
John Ashbery's poems can be quite difficult to ______ and thus are the object of heated debate
among scholars.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) delegate
B) compose
C) interpret
D) renounce

2
Mônica Lopes-Ferreira and others at Brazil's Butantan Institute are studying the freshwater stingray
species Potamotrygon rex to determine whether biological characteristics such as the rays' age and
sex have ______ effect on the toxicity of their venom-that is, to see if differences in these traits are
associated with considerable variations in venom potency.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) a disconcerting
B) an acceptable
C) an imperceptible
D) a substantial

3
Former astronaut Ellen Ochoa says that although she doesn't have a definite idea of when it might
happen, she ______ that humans will someday need to be able to live in other environments than
those found on Earth. This conjecture informs her interest in future research missions to the moon.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) demands
B) speculates
C) doubts
D) establishes

4
Following the principles of community-based participatory research, tribal nations and research
institutions are equal partners in health studies conducted on reservations. A collaboration between
the Crow Tribe and Montana State University ______ this model: tribal citizens worked alongside
scientists to design the methodology and continue to assist in data collection.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) circumvents
B) eclipses
C) fabricates
D) exemplifies
5
Researchers have struggled to pinpoint specific causes for hiccups, which happen when a person's
diaphragm contracts ______. However, neuroscientist Kimberley Whitehead has found that these
uncontrollable contractions may play an important role in helping infants regulate their breathing.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) Involuntarily
B) beneficially
C) strenuously
D) smoothly

6
The parasitic dodder plant increases its reproductive success by flowering at the same time as the
host plant it has latched onto. In 2020, Jianqiang Wu and his colleagues determined that the tiny
dodder achieves this ______ with its host by absorbing and utilizing a protein the host produces
when it is about to flower.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) synchronization
B) hibernation
C) prediction
D) moderation

7
Ofelia Zepeda's contributions to the field of linguistics are ______: her many accomplishments
include working as a linguistics professor and bilingual poet, authoring the first Tohono O'odham
grammar book, and co-founding the American Indian Language Development Institute.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) pragmatic
B) controversial
C) extensive
D) universal

8
In the Indigenous intercropping system known as the Three Sisters, maize, squash, and beans form
an ______ web of relations: maize provides the structure on which the bean vines grow; the squash
vines cover the soil, discouraging competition from weeds; and the beans aid their two "sisters" by
enriching the soil with essential nitrogen.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) indecipherable
B) ornamental
C) obscure
D) intricate
9
The following text is adapted from Oscar Wilde's 1891 novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. Dorian
Gray is taking his first look at a portrait that Hallward has painted of him.
Dorian passed listlessly in front of his picture and turned towards it. When he saw it he drew back,
and his cheeks flushed for a moment with pleasure. A look of joy came into his eyes, as if he had
recognized himself for the first time. He stood there motionless and in wonder, dimly conscious
that Hallward was speaking to him, but not catching the meaning of his words. The sense of his
own beauty came on him like a revelation. He had never felt it before.

According to the text, what is true about Dorian?

A) He wants to know Hallward's opinion of the portrait.
B) He is delighted by what he sees in the portrait.
C) He prefers portraits to other types of paintings.
D) He is uncertain of Hallward's talent as an artist.

10
"Often Rebuked, Yet Always Back Returning" is an 1846 poem by Emily Bronte. The poem
conveys the speaker's determination to experience the countryside around her: ______

Which quotation from the poem most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) "Often rebuked, yet always back returning / To those first feelings that were born with
me, / And leaving busy chase of wealth and learning / For idle dreams of things which
cannot be."
B) "I'll walk, but not in old heroic traces, / And not in paths of high morality, / And not
among the half-distinguished faces, / The clouded forms of long-past history."
C) "I'll walk where my own nature would be leading: / It vexes me to choose another guide:
/ Where the grey flocks in ferny glens are feeding; / Where the wild wind blows on the
mountain side."
D) "To-day, I will seek not the shadowy region; / Its unsustaining vastness waxes drear; /
And visions rising, legion after legion, / Bring the unreal world too strangely near."

11
"Mrs. Spring Fragrance" is a 1912 short story by Sui Sin Far. In the story, Mrs. Spring Fragrance, a
Chinese immigrant living in Seattle, is traveling in California. In letters to her husband and friend,
she demonstrates her concern for what's happening at her home in Seattle while she is away: _____

Which quotation from Mrs. Spring Fragrance's letters most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) "My honorable cousin is preparing for the Fifth Moon Festival, and wishes me to
compound for the occasion some American 'fudge,' for which delectable sweet, made by
my clumsy hands, you have sometimes shown a slight prejudice."
B) "Next week I accompany Ah Oi to the beauteous town of San José. There will we be met
by the son of the Illustrious Teacher."
C) "Forget not to care for the cat, the birds, and the flowers. Do not eat too quickly nor fan
too vigorously now that the weather is warming."
D) "I am enjoying a most agreeable visit, and American friends, as also our own, strive
benevolently for the accomplishment of my pleasure."
12
Hedda Gabler is an 1890 play by Henrik Ibsen. As a woman in the Victorian era, Hedda, the play's
central character, is unable to freely determine her own future. Instead, she seeks to influence
another person's fate, as is evident when she says to another character, ______

Which quotation from a translation of Hedda Gabler most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) "Then what in heaven's name would you have me do with myself?"
B) "I want for once in my life to have power to mould a human destiny."
C) "Then I, poor creature, have no sort of power over you?"
D) "Faithful to your principles, now and for ever! Ah, that is how a man should be!"

13
If some artifacts recovered from excavations of the settlement of Kuulo Kataa, in modern Ghana,
date from the thirteenth century CE, that may lend credence to claims that the settlement was
founded before or around that time. There is other evidence, however, strongly supporting a
fourteenth century CE founding date for Kuulo Kataa. If both the artifact dates and the fourteenth
century CE founding date are correct, that would imply that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) artifacts from the fourteenth century CE are more commonly recovered than are artifacts
from the thirteenth century CE.
B) the artifacts originated elsewhere and eventually reached Kuulo Kataa through trade or
migration.
C) Kuulo Kataa was founded by people from a different region than had previously been
assumed.
D) excavations at Kuulo Kataa may have inadvertently damaged some artifacts dating to the
fourteenth century CE.

14
One theory behind human bipedalism speculates that it originated in a mostly ground-based
ancestor that practiced four-legged "knuckle-walking," like chimpanzees and gorillas do today, and
eventually evolved into moving upright on two legs. But recently, researchers observed orangutans,
another relative of humans, standing on two legs on tree branches and using their arms for balance
while they reached for fruits. These observations may suggest that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) bipedalism evolved because it was advantageous to a tree-dwelling ancestor of humans.
B) bipedalism must have evolved simultaneously with knuckle-walking and tree-climbing.
C) moving between the ground and the trees would have been difficult without bipedalism.
D) a knuckle-walking human ancestor could have easily moved bipedally in trees.

15
E) In a study of the cognitive abilities of white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus imitator), researchers
neglected to control for the physical difficulty of the tasks they used to evaluate the monkeys. The
cognitive abilities of monkeys given problems requiring little dexterity, such as sliding a panel to
retrieve food, were judged by the same criteria as were those of monkeys given physically
demanding problems, such as unscrewing a bottle and inserting a straw. The results of the study,
therefore, ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) could suggest that there are differences in cognitive ability among the monkeys even
though such differences may not actually exist.
B) are useful for identifying tasks that the monkeys lack the cognitive capacity to perform
but not for identifying tasks that the monkeys can perform.
C) should not be taken as indicative of the cognitive abilities of any monkey species other
than C. imitator.
D) reveal more about the monkeys' cognitive abilities when solving artificial problems than
when solving problems encountered in the wild.
16
The increased integration of digital technologies throughout the process of book creation in the late
20th and early 21st centuries lowered the costs of book production, but those decreased costs have
been most significant in the manufacturing and distribution process, which occurs after the
authoring, editing, and design of the book are complete. This suggests that in the late 20th and
early 21st centuries, ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) digital technologies made it easier than it had been previously for authors to write very
long works and get them published.
B) customers generally expected the cost of books to decline relative to the cost of other
consumer goods.
C) publishers increased the variety of their offerings by printing more unique titles but also
printed fewer copies of each title.
D) the costs of writing, editing, and designing a book were less affected by the technologies
used than were the costs of manufacturing and distributing a book.

17
Public-awareness campaigns about the need to reduce single-use plastics can be successful, says
researcher Kim Borg of Monash University in Australia, when these campaigns give consumers a
choice: for example, Japan achieved a 40 percent reduction in plastic-bag use after cashiers were
instructed to ask customers whether _______ wanted a bag.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) they
B) one
C) you
D) it

18
A member of the Cherokee Nation, Mary Golda Ross is renowned for her contributions to NASA's
Planetary Flight Handbook, which _______ detailed mathematical guidance for missions to Mars
and Venus.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) provided
B) having provided
C) to provide
D) providing

19
Typically, underlines, scribbles, and notes left in the margins by a former owner lower a book's
______ when the former owner is a famous poet like Walt Whitman, such markings, known as
marginalia, can be a gold mine to literary scholars.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) value, but
B) value
C) value,
D) value but
20
British scientists James Watson and Francis Crick won the Nobel Prize in part for their 1953 paper
announcing the double helix structure of DNA, but it is misleading to say that Watson and Crick
discovered the double helix. _______ findings were based on a famous X-ray image of DNA
fibers, "Photo 51," developed by X-ray crystallographer Rosalind Franklin and her graduate student
Raymond Gosling.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) They’re
B) It’s
C) Their
D) Its

21
In order to prevent nonnative fish species from moving freely between the Mediterranean and Red
Seas, marine biologist Bella Galil has proposed that a saline lock system be installed along the
Suez Canal in Egypt's Great Bitter Lakes. The lock would increase the salinity of the lakes and
______ a natural barrier of water most marine creatures would be unable to cross.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) creates
B) create
C) creating
D) created

22
Lucía Michel of the University of Chile observed that alkaline soils contain an insoluble form of
iron that blueberry plants cannot absorb, thus inhibiting blueberry growth. If these plants were
grown in alkaline soil alongside grasses that aid in iron solubilization, _______ Michel was
determined to find out.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) could the hibernation thrive.
B) the blueberries could thrive.
C) the blueberries could thrive?
D) Could the blueberries thrive?

23
The classic children's board game Chutes and Ladders is a version of an ancient Nepalese game,
Paramapada Sopanapata. In both games, players encounter "good" or "bad" spaces while traveling
along a path; landing on one of the good spaces _______ a player to skip ahead and arrive closer to
the end goal.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) allows
B) are allowing
C) have allowed
D) allow
24
In 1968, US Congressman John Conyers introduced a bill to establish a national holiday in honor
of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The bill didn't make it to a vote, but Conyers was determined. He
teamed up with Shirley Chisholm, the first Black woman to be elected to Congress, and they
resubmitted the bill every session for the next fifteen years. ______ in 1983, the bill passed.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Instead,
B) Likewise,
C) Finally,
D) Additionally,

25
Most conifers (trees belonging to the phylum Coniferophyta) are evergreen. That is, they keep their
green leaves or needles year-round. However, not all conifer species are evergreen. Larch trees,
______ lose their needles every fall.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) for instance,
B) nevertheless,
C) meanwhile,
D) in addition,

26
Samuel Coleridge-Taylor was a prominent classical music composer from England who toured the
US three times in the early 1900s. The child of a West African father and an English mother,
Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race ancestry. For example, he referred to himself as
Anglo-African. ______ he incorporated the sounds of traditional African music into his classical
music compositions.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) In addition,
B) Actually,
C) However,
D) Regardless,
27
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• British musicians John Lennon and Paul McCartney shared writing credit for numerous
Beatles songs.
• Many Lennon-McCartney songs were actually written by either Lennon or McCartney,
not by both.
• The exact authorship of specific parts of many Beatles songs, such as the verse for "In
My Life," is disputed.
• Mark Glickman, Jason Brown, and Ryan Song used statistical methods to analyze the
musical content of Beatles songs.
• They concluded that there is 18.9% probability that McCartney wrote the verse for "In
My Life," stating that the verse is "consistent with Lennon's songwriting style."

The student wants to make a generalization about the kind of study conducted by Glickman,
Brown, and Song. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A) Based on statistical analysis, Glickman, Brown, and Song claim that John Lennon wrote
the verse of "In My Life."
B) There is only an 18.9% probability that Paul McCartney wrote the verse for "In My
Life"; John Lennon is the more likely author.
C) It is likely that John Lennon, not Paul McCartney, wrote the verse for "In My Life."
D) Researchers have used statistical methods to address questions of authorship within the
field of music.