Transformer Sheet

Physics/ Grade (10)
Topic 4/ Electricity and Magnetism

4.5.6 The transformer / Ch:21
What is a A transformer is an electrical device which increases or decreases an alternating voltage

transformer? based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Describe the
structure of a
simple
transformer
A transformer consists of two coils of wire wound round separately on a laminated soft-
iron core.
• The coil connected to the input voltage is called the primary coil. The coil connected to
the output voltage is called the secondary coil.
• The purpose of the common iron core is to provide a magnetic field linkage in the
secondary coil.
Describe the A transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

operating • When a.c voltage, V , is applied to the primary coil of transformer, an alternating
p
principle of a current flows through the coil. The soft-iron core is magnetized in one way and then the
simple other (alternating magnetic field).
transformer • This means that the magnetic field passing through (flux linkage in) the secondary coil is
constantly changing.
• An alternating e.m.f is induced across it to produce an a.c voltage, V in the secondary
s
coil.
• The frequency of the secondary voltage V is the same as that of the primary voltage V .
s p
• The magnitude of the secondary voltage, V , depends on the ratio of the number of
s
turns of the primary and secondary coils.
Step- up transformer Step- down transformer
V = input (primary) voltage N = number of turns in the primary coils

p p
V = output (secondary) voltage N = number of turns in the secondary coils
s s
What is the A transformer transfers electrical power from the primary circuit to the secondary
relationship circuit.
• The primary circuit of a transformer receives power at a certain voltage from the a.c
between
power supply. The transformer delivers this power at another voltage to an electrical
output power device connected to the secondary circuit.
and input
power of an
ideal
transformer?
In an ideal transformer, there is no energy loss during the process of transforming the
voltage, 100% efficient.
[Power supplied to the primary coil]= [Power used in the secondary coil]
Input power = Output power
V I =VI
p p s s
Vp/Vs=Is/Ip
Describe the In a real transformer, some energy is lost in the transformer especially in the form of heat.
energy losses in The output power is less than the input power.
a transformer Therefore, the efficiency of the transformer is less than 100%.
Efficiency of a
transformer
• The power loss is due to

(a) heating of coils
(b) eddy currents in the iron core
(c) magnetization and demagnetization of core
(d) Leakage of magnetic flux.
Electrical energy is lost when a fraction of magnetic field produced by the primary coil
does not link with the secondary coil
Ways to 1-use thick copper wires to make the coils, to reduce its resistance.
improve the 2-use laminated cores to reduce eddy currents.
efficiency of a 3-Use cores made from soft-iron as soft-iron core can be easily magnetized and
demagnetized.
transformer 4-Wind the secondary coil on top of the primary coil
What is the • National Grid Network is a network system of high voltages cables which connects all the
National power stations in the country to the consumers.
• Electricity is generated at 25 kV at the power station. It is then stepped up in a
Grid
transformer to 132 kV before it is sent to the grid network.
Network • The purpose of increasing the voltage to 132 kV is to lower the current flowing through
the grid, and this reducing power loss during transmission.
• The high voltage in the grid is subsequently reduced by sub station transformers for
distribution to local users.
• Heavy industries will be supplied with power at 33 kV. Light industries will be supplied
with power at 11 kV.
Offices will be supplied with power at 415 V while domestic users will be supplied with
power at 240 V.
Describe the • Electrical energy is transmitted from power station to the consumer using long
transmission transmission cables or power lines.
• Electrical energy is transmitted at a high voltage and use alternating current.
of electricity
• A step-up transformer which increases the voltage to as high as 110,000 or 132,000 V.
• Step-down transformers are used to decrease the voltage before being delivered to the
consumers.
• The long thick cables used as transmission lines are made of copper or aluminium
Describe the • The heating effect due to the resistance of the cables causes loss of electrical energy as
energy loss in heat energy.
• When a current flows in a cable, the power loss, P through heating is
electricity
P = I2R where R is the resistance of the cable.
transmission • The power loss can be reduced by
cables deduce (a) reducing the resistance of the cables
the (b) reducing the current in the cables
advantage of • In order to reduce resistance of the cables, a thick cable is used e.g. copper or aluminium.
high voltage But thick cables are very expensive to install and will be too heavy to be supported
securely.
transmission
• The loss of power in the transmissions of electricity is reduced by reducing the current
in the cables.
• The power to be transmitted by the cables is
P = VI where I = current in the cables,

V = voltage of the cables.
• The current in the cables: I= P/V
• This means that the current in the cables is inversely proportional to the voltage of the
cables for a certain value of power transmission.
• When power is transmitted at lower voltage, the current in the cables is large.
• The greater the current in the cables, the greater the power loss.
Transmission issues
Alternating
current, a.c. • An alternating current is used in the transmission of electrical energy at a
high voltage because its voltage can be easily increased or decreased with
transformers.
• A transformer cannot function with a direct current.
High voltage Electrical power is transmitted at a high voltage so that

or low • The current in the cables is smaller
voltage? • The loss of power due to heating of the cables is minimized.
Cost of cables • Copper cables have low resistance but are of high cost
• Aluminium cables are usually used as they are light, have low resistance
and cost less.

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Physics/ Grade (10)

Topic 4/ Electricity and Magnetism

What is a A transformer is an electrical device which increases or decreases an alternating voltage

Describe the A transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

V = input (primary) voltage N = number of turns in the primary coils

• The power loss is due to

P = VI where I = current in the cables,

High voltage Electrical power is transmitted at a high voltage so that

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