GED102: Mathematics in The Modern World: Clarissa N. Miranda, Maed, LPT Lecturer II

GED102:
Mathematics in the
modern world
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT
Lecturer II
LESSON 5.1
INTRODUCTION TO
ROAD TO RESEARCH
Learning Outcomes
Define the different terms pertaining to Statistics.
TOPICS COVERED
Definition of Statistics
Branches of Statistics
Types of Variables
Classification of Variables
Scales/Levels of Measurements
Population VS Sample
Parameter VS Statistics
Sampling Error
Opinions are baseless when it is
not backup with data and
statistics.
Definition of statistics
•What is Statistics?
•Why use Statistics?
DEFINITION OF STATISTICS DEFINITION
Statistics is the science of

collecting, organizing,
presenting, analyzing,
and interpreting
numerical data.
DEFINITION OF STATISTICS DEFINITION
Why use statistics?

Characterize persons, objects, situations, and phenomena.
Explain relationships among variables.
Formulate objective assessments and comparisons.
Make evidence-based decisions and predictions.
Fundamental terminologies
and concepts
Branches of statistics
•Descriptive Statistics
•Inferential Statistics
BRANCHES OF STATISTICS DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Descriptive Statistics
• aims to provide the basic characteristics of data
• common tools: Measure of Central Tendency, Measure
of Variability, percentage, graphs, charts, etc.
• key words: describe, summarize, organize
Examples:
• Only 10% of Grade 12 – Apollo students got the perfect
score on the Mathematics quiz.
• The average life expectancy at birth in the Philippines
for 2022 is 71.53 years.
BRANCHES OF STATISTICS DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Inferential Statistics
• aims to infer or to make interpretations
• common tools: hypothesis testing, regression, etc.
• key words: infer, drawing conclusion, predicts, projects
Examples:
• According to TIMSS 2019, Filipino Grade 4 students are
only in low-level proficiency in Mathematics.
• The study shows that gender is not related to
excellence in Mathematics.
Types of variables
•Qualitative Variables
•Quantitative Variables
TYPES OF VARIABLES DEFINITION EXAMPLE ACTIVITY
Variable is used to define a

certain observable value or
characteristics. It can be
measured, observed, or
counted. It is mostly different
for anyone or anything.
TYPES OF VARIABLES DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Quantitative Variable
• numerical information
• variable whose values result from counting or
measuring something
• variables that are number/quantifiable in nature
• root word: quantity
Examples:
• weight, height, temperature, number of covid patients,
speed of car, etc.
TYPES OF VARIABLES DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Qualitative Variable
• descriptive information
• variables that are not measurable
• values do not result from measuring or counting
• variables that are not number/quantifiable in nature
• root word: quality
Examples:
• Hair color, religion, political party, profession, gender,
etc.
Classification of
variables
According to the continuity of variables:
• Discrete variable
• Continuous variable
According to the functional relationship:
• Independent variable
• Dependent variable
CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Discrete Variables
• obtained by counting
• whole numbers only
Examples:
Number of cars, number of cats, etc.
continuous Variables
• obtained by measuring (uses tools)
• can be represented in decimals/fractions
Examples:
weight, height, amount of water drank in a day,
etc.
According to functional relationships:
independent Variable
• predictor; cause; stands alone
• the value does not change due to the impact of any other
variable
dependent Variable
• value to be predicted; effect
• the value depends on changes in the independent variable
• the variable that is being tested in the experiment
Scales/levels of
measurement
1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio
SCALES/LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT DEFINITION
Measurement is the process

of assigning a value to a
variable.
Four Levels:
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
SCALES/LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT DEFINITION EXAMPLE
1. nominal
• Observation can be named without
particular order or ranking imposed on the
data. Words, letters, or even numbers are
used to classify data
Examples:
Civil status, type of electric consumption
2. ordinal
• Describes ranking or order. The difference or
ratio between two rankings may not always
be the same.
Examples:
contest placement, level of satisfaction
3. interval
• indicates an actual amount (numerical)
• the order and difference between variables can be
known
• has no "true zero"
• can accommodate negative values, but not every
time
Examples:
temperature
4. ratio
• same properties as the interval level. It has order and
difference.
• has “true zero” – a value of zero indicates cases where
no quality of variable is present
• it never falls below zero; there is always the presence of
unit measure.
Examples:
weight, height
4. RATIO Numerical
3. INTERVAL (QUANTITATIVE)
2. ORDINAL Categorical
1. NOMINAL (QUALITATIVE)
NOMINAL ORDINAL INTERVAL RATIO
Name
Order
Difference
“True Zero”
Yes RATIO
Does it have
Quanti
“true zero”?
No INTERVAL
Quali or
Quanti
Yes ORDINAL
Can we rank
Quali
it?
No NOMINAL
Population vs sample
POPULATION VS SAMPLE DEFINITION
Population (N) Sample (n) refers to

refers to the totality one or more
of observations or elements taken from
elements from a set the population for a
of data. specific purpose.
POPULATION
SAMPLE
POPULATION VS SAMPLE DEFINITION EXAMPLE
VS
POPULATION VS SAMPLE DEFINITION EXAMPLE
The relationship between a population and a sample.

Parameter vs statistic
PARAMETER VS STATISTIC DEFINITION
Parameter
• a numerical measure that describes the
characteristics of a POPULATION.
Statistic
• a numerical measure that describes the
characteristics of a SAMPLE.
With inferential statistics, we can use sample

statistics to make educated guesses about
population parameters.
PARAMETER VS STATISTIC DEFINITION EXAMPLE
The Food and Nutrition Research Institute of the

Department of Science and Technology (FNRI-DOST)
surveyed 14 million Filipino adults aged 20 and above
and determined that 80% of Filipino adults are at risk of
hypertension.
Parameter: The percentage of adults at risk of hypertension

out of all Filipino adults aged 20 and above.
Statistic: The percentage of 80% obtained from the sample of
14 million adults.
A researcher wants to estimate the average death age of

Filipino women in the last decade and from a sample of
100 deaths, he obtained a sample mean age of 73.
Parameter: The mean death age taken from the data

including all Filipino women who died in the last 10 years.
Statistic: The mean age 73 identified from the 100 samples.
Sampling error
• the naturally occurring discrepancy, or
error, that exists between a sample
statistic and the corresponding
population parameter.
END OF LESSON 5.1
INTRODUCTION TO
ROAD TO RESEARCH

GED102: Mathematics in The Modern World: Clarissa N. Miranda, Maed, LPT Lecturer II

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GED102:

Statistics is the science of

Why use statistics?

Variable is used to define a

According to the continuity of variables:

According to the continuity of variables:

According to functional relationships:

Measurement is the process

NOMINAL ORDINAL INTERVAL RATIO

Population (N) Sample (n) refers to

The relationship between a population and a sample.

With inferential statistics, we can use sample

The Food and Nutrition Research Institute of the

Parameter: The percentage of adults at risk of hypertension

A researcher wants to estimate the average death age of

Parameter: The mean death age taken from the data

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