CH 01
CH 01
CH 01
CH 01
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Definition
2. Global warming *
3. The sample data set consists of 855 yes’s and 645 no’s.*
Variables
Note: This PowerPoint is only a summary and your main source should be the book.
TYPES OF VARIABLES
• Quantitative Variables
• Discrete Variables
• Continuous Variables
Note: This PowerPoint is only a summary and your main source should be the book.
CLASS WORK 2
• Indicate which of the following variables are
quantitative and which are qualitative.
• a. Number of persons in a family
• b. Colors of cars
• c. Marital status of people
• d. Time to commute from home to work
• e. Number of typographical errors in newspapers
• f. Monthly TV cable bills
• g. Number of cars owned by families
CLASS WORK 3
Determine whether the statement is true or false.
1. A statistic is a measure that describes a population
characteristic.
2. A sample is a subset of a population.
3. Inferential statistics involves using a population to draw a
conclusion about a corresponding sample.
4. A population is the collection of some outcomes, responses,
measurements, or counts that are of interest.
5. A sample statistic will not change from sample to sample.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• Another characteristic of data is its level of measurement.
The level of measurement determines which statistical
calculations are meaningful.
• The four levels of measurement, in order from lowest to
highest, are:
1) Nominal
2) Ordinal
3) Interval, and
4) Ratio
Measurement levels
Qualitative Quantitative
Note: This PowerPoint is only a summary and your main source should be the book.
NOMINAL LEVEL
• Data at the nominal level of measurement are qualitative
only.
• Data at this level are categorized using names, labels, or
qualities. No mathematical computations can be made at
this level.
Example
Eye color ,Gender , Political party , blood types …etc
ORDINAL LEVEL
Data at the ordinal level of measurement are qualitative.
Data at this level can be arranged in order, or ranked, but
differences between data entries are not meaningful.
For example:
Grade of course (A,B,C) ,
Size( S,M,L)
Rating scale (Poor ,Good ,Excellent )
Ranking of tennis players …etc
INTERVAL LEVEL
• Data at the interval level of measurement can be ordered, and
meaningful differences between data entries can be
calculated. At the interval level, a zero entry simply represents
a position on a scale; the entry is not an inherent zero.
Example
Temperature ,
IQ test…etc
RATIO LEVEL
• Cross-Section Data
• Time-Series Data
CROSS-SECTION DATA
Definition
Data collected on different elements at the same
point in time or for the same period of time are
called cross-section data.
TOTAL REVENUES FOR 2010
OF SIX COMPANIES
TIME-SERIES DATA
Definition
Data collected on the same element for the same variable
at different points in time or for different periods of time
are called time-series data.
MONEY RECOVERED FROM
HEALTH CARE FRAUD
JUDGMENTS
CLASS WORK
Classify the following as cross-section or time-series data.
a) Food bill of a family for each month of 2009
b) Number of supermarkets in 40 cities on December 31, 2009
c) Gross sales of 200 ice cream parlors in July 2009
d) Average prices of houses in 100 cities
e) Number of cars sold each year by General Motors from 1980
to 2009
f) Number of employees employed by a company each year from
1985 to 2009
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