Biodiversity Conservation Biology Project

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Biodiversity
The occurrence of different types of
genes, gene pools, species,habitats, and
ecosystem in a particular place
and various parts of earthis called
biodiversity.
The term biodiversity was given by
Edward Wilson.
Types of Biodiversity
Biodiversity further classifies into three

major types. They are:
. Genetic Diversity
. Species Diversity
. Ecological Diversity
Types of Biodiversity
@-hr:l
; ..
Genetic Diversity
It is basically the variety of species
expressed at the gc11c t ic level by ea ch
individual in a species. N o two
individuals belonging to the sa m e species
are exactly similar. Fo r example, in th e
species of l1t u11a 11 bei11gs, each hu m an
shows a lot of diversity in comparison to
another l1u111a11. People living in different
regions show a great level of variation.
Species Diversity
It is th e biodiversity observed within

a co1n m u11ity. It stands for
the nu111ber and distribution of species.
T he nu m be r of species in a region va ri es
widely depending upon th e
varied l'11vir<)11111c11(;d conditions. For
exa111ple, it is usually observed
that ci,,ili ;1,ati()t1s residing beside water
bodies sho,v 1nore species than the one
compared to the areas away from water
bodies.
Ecological diversity
It defines the diversity observed among

the ecosystems in a particular region.
Different ecosystems like mangroves,
rainforests, deserts, etc., shovv a great
variety of life forms residing in them.
BENEFITS OF BIODIVERSITY
Physical goods
Nature provides physical, consumable
go od s and services that we could no t live
wit ho ut such as - breathable air, drinkable
wa ter and food. Beyond these, healthy
ecosystems also provide us with many
oth er consumable benefits including - trees
tha t provide us with material to build and
fuel to burn, and plants that provide
medicines. These physical goods and
services are known as provisioning
ecosystem services.
Scotland's people, cultural heritage, and
economy
Beyond physical goods, our natural
environments, and the biodiversity within
them, can provide intangible benefits to
society such has helping tackle some of our
key health issues. Mor.e and more evidence
links regular outdoor exercise and contact
with nature to a range of physical and
mental health benefits. The great outdoors
helps to improve public health and one
could say that the outdoors is in
effect 0Uli Natural Health Service.
Scotlar,,d's biodiversity
and geodiversity are also imporrtant parts
of our cultural heritage and history. The
diversity of Scotland's plants and animals
are, and always have been, part of our
traditiotns, stories, symbols and songs. They
appear on Pictish stones, Gaelic place
name, and nave inspired Scotland's writers,
•
painters and musicians for centuries, from
Robert Burns to Joan Eardley.
Threats to biodiversity
"The Basics" provides essential l<nowledge
about core business sustainability topics.
Hand s up if you can name this littl e-
1
know n mem ber of the world econ omy:
• Every year, it provi des services value d at

betw een USD $120-$140 trillio n-m ore
thar 1.5 times the entir e annu al globa l
GDP .
. More than 55% of the world 's
GDP depe nds on its services .
.
. It is by far the cheapest and most
effec tive source of the services it
offer s-an d it is in dang er of goin g out
of business.
This vital comp onen t of the

econ omy is biodiversity. Biod ivers ity is the
varie ty of living thing s. It means the many
forms of life that exist in a given
area arid ot1 the planet overall, and the
ways in which that life is supported. An area
with good biodiversity will have
many different forms of life in it: animals,
plants, fungi, and others. These diverse
.
species are all linked to each other in
a network called an ecosystem.
Different types of
ecosystems support business sectors
ranging from food and clothing to
insurance and tourism. Economists
call the economically valuable goods and
services that ecosystems supply "ecosystem
services." These services include crop
pollination, flood protection, and water
purification. When there is
enough biodiversity to keep these
ecosystems working
well, they can provide trillions of dollars'
worth of services every year.
Biodiversity and ecosystem services are

threatened
But ecosystem services are shutting down

as species go extinct and the
ecosystems grow weakened or unbalanced.
The costs to businesses are massive. For
example, in every year from 1997 to 2011,
declines in biodiversity from just
two causes-changes in land use and
damage to the land from those changes-
led to ecosystem-services losses valued
at USD $10-$31 trillion.
Business and biodiversity depend on each

other. Businesses need functioning,
diverse ecosystems for their operations and
supply chains. At the same time, the
way that busin esses oper ate and obtai n
thos e supp lies affec ts whet her the
ecos ystem s will stay healt hy or not.
Conservation Biodiversity
Conservation of biodiversity is considered as
l(ey co1nponent for administration of natural
assets. Biodiversity is an all-encompassing
concept that describes the magnitude of
ecological diversity. Biodiversity is the wide
range of life associated with different types of
framework for biodiversity. The warnings to
biodiversity involve: habitat fragmentation,
stressing the already squeezed natural resources,
deforestation; annexation of invasive
species and clim~te alternation (Khan .e t al.,
2019a,b). Because environmentalists and the
public have become increasingly aware of these
threats, preventive ecosystem protection has
become an essential component of NRM.
Decision making relies on facts leading to
strong quality of evidence, the restriction of
specific activities and knowledge and control
criteria. Numerical evidence is required before
making the policy of safety measure. Such
activities should be banned if the imminent
threat of operatio11s is dee1ned a serious and
per111ane11t risl<.
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Biodh e1·sity Consen,ation

1
I
In situ Ex situ
I
P1·otected Arca Network I
,. I I I I
l,ational Pal'ks, Biosphere Sacred Botanical gal'dens, Seed banks, Sacl'ed
" 'ildlifc l'CSCl"VCS groves, Arboreta, Field gene plants,
sanctunl'ies Sncred Zoological gnl'dens, banks, Cl'yo- Home
lakes Aqumia preservation gardens
Tenestrial ~farine
BIODIVERSITY IN IN DI A
Table 3: Animal diversitI in India

Group World India (%) in India
(number of s~ecies) (number of s~ecies)
Mammals 4629 397 8.58
Birds 8,400 458 5.45
Reptiles 5817 460 7.91
Amphibians 5150 248 4.81
Fishes 23,400 5749 24.56
Insects 867391 61151 7.04
Molluscs 66535 5072 7.62
Source.· National Biodiversity Action Plan, 2011
-
CONCLUSION
The biological diversity of life on earth is the
foundation of human existence and well-
being . Biodiversity and viable ecos ystem s
protect us from natural disasters, regu late
the climate, and provide food, fertile soil',
and medicine.
But biodiversity is declining and man y of the
world 's greatest biodiversity hotsp ots are
located in countries burdened by pove rty,
food insecurity, and intensifying clima te
change.
Thes e underlying drivers of biodi versi ty loss
are a result of unsustainable huma n activ ity
and behavior. To protect biod ivers ity- and
the prosperity of communities arou nd the
world - we must adop t and spur dema nd
for mor.e responsible and susta inabl e
practices that safeguard soil, water, fores ts,
and wildlife.

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IND5X

Biodiversity further classifies into three

It is th e biodiversity observed within

It defines the diversity observed among

know n mem ber of the world econ omy:

• Every year, it provi des services value d at

This vital comp onen t of the

Biodiversity and ecosystem services are

But ecosystem services are shutting down

Business and biodiversity depend on each

Biodh e1·sity Consen,ation

Table 3: Animal diversitI in India

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