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CHAPTER 3

ACTIONS AND LOAD

DISTRIBUTION
By :
Ir. Mohammad Soffi Bin Md Noh

Actions / Load
• Actions / loads are a primary consideration in any building design.
• It can be define as an external forces that a building must resist to provide
reasonable performance (i.e., safety and serviceability) throughout the
structure’s design working life.
• The anticipated loads are influenced by a building’s intended use
(occupancy and function), configuration (size and shape), and location
(climate and site conditions).
• Ultimately, the type and magnitude of design loads affect critical decisions
such as material selection, construction details, and architectural
configuration.
• Thus, to optimize the value (i.e., performance versus economy) of the
finished product, it is essential to estimate the design loads realistically.

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Loading estimation
Elements Type of actions Unit
Slab ✔ Permanent action:
(i) Selfweight of slab, (ii) Finishes and services, and
(iii) Ceiling kN/m2
✔ Variable action (depend on function of floor)
Beam ✔ Permanent action:
(i) Distribution from slab / roof, (ii) Selfweight of beam, and
(iii) Brickwall kN/m
✔ Variable action:
(i) Distribution from slab / roof
Column ✔ Permanent action:
(i) Distribution from beam, (ii) Selfweight of column
✔ Variable action: kN
(i) Distribution from beam
Foundation ✔ Permanent action:
(i) Distribution from columns, (ii) Selfweight of
footing kN
✔ Variable action:
(i) Distribution from column

Loading estimation
Permanent action of slab
• Selfweight of slab = Slab thickness,h x unit weight of RC (25 kN/m3)
• In common practices, minimum slab thickness = 100 mm and maximum slab span (short /
long span) = 36h.
• Finishes – Depending on floor finishes assigned by architect – refer to manufacture catalogue.
(For Example)

• Ceramic tile => [(31.68 kg x 9.81)/1000] / 1.44 m2 = 0.22 kN/m2

• 30 mm thk. cement render => [(1900 kg/m3 x (9.81/1000) x 0.030] = 0.56 kN/m2
• Total finishing load = 0.22 + 0.56 = 0.78 kN/m2
• Ceiling weight normally range = 0.3 – 0.5 kN/m2 (Depend on ceiling type)

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Loading estimation
Variable action of slab
• Characteristic variable action, Qk acting on slab is caused by people, furniture, equipment etc,
which the variation in magnitude time dependent is considered.
• Examples of variable action as given in EC1 are shown in the table:

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Loading estimation
Selfweight of beam
Rectangular beam Flange beam
b
beff beff
hf

h
h

bw bw

Selfweight = b x h x Unit weight of concrete Selfweight = bw x [ h – hf ] x Unit weight of concrete

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Loading estimation
Selfweight of column Brickwall load
B/wall load = 2.6 kN/m2 x wall height (h)
Selfweight of foundation

b h

s/w footing = Bf x Lf x tf x u/weight of concrete

s/w column = b x h x l x u/weight of concrete

Loading distribution

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Loading distribution (Floor)

▪ Actions that applied on a beam may consist of beams self- weight,
permanent and variable actions from slabs, actions from secondary beams
and other structural or non-structural members supported by the beam.
▪ The distribution of slab actions on beams depends on the slab dimension,
supporting system and boundary condition.
▪ It is important to determine the type of slab using the following criteria:

Loading distribution (Floor)

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Loading distribution (Floor)

• There are alternatives methods which consider various support conditions
and slab continuity. The methods are (i). Slab shear coefficient from Table
3.15 BS 8110, (ii). Yield line analysis and (iii). Table 63 Reinforce
Concrete Designer’s Handbook by Reynold.

Loading distribution (Floor)

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

Case 5

Case 6

Case 7

Case 8

Case 9

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Example 3.1 (Loading distribution)

Determine the characteristic permanent and variable actions on beam FB1
as shown in the above figure. A brickwall of 4 m height is sitting on the
beam. Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3; finishes = 1.0 kN/m2; brickwall =
2.6 KN/m2; variable action = 4.0 kN/m2.

Solution of Example 3.1

Permanent action (Gk):
(i) self‐weight = 0.25 x 0.7 x 25 = 4.38 kN/m
(ii) Brickwall = 2.6 x 4 = 10.4 kN/m
(iii) Slab: Gk = (0.15 x 25) + 1.0 = 4.75 kN/m2
Slab distribution = 0.5 x 4.75 x 6 = 14.25 kN/m
Total Gk = 4.38 + 10.4 + 14.25 = 29.0 kN/m
Variable action (Qk) = 0.5 x 4.0 x 6 = 12 kN/m

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Example 3.2 (Loading distribution)

Determine the characteristic permanent and variable actions on beam B/1-3.
Given the following data: Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3; Finishes,
ceiling and services = 2.0 kN/m2; Variable action (all slabs) = 3.0 kN/m2.

Solution Example 3.2

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Loading distribution (Secondary beam)

• Secondary beam will distributed load R (kN)
acting on it to the primary or main
beam via it’s support reactions.

R1 R2

Loading distribution (Secondary beam)

#Assignment
Determine the characteristic permanent and variable actions on beam B/1-3.
Given the following data: Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3; Finishes,
ceiling and services = 2.0 kN/m2; Variable action (all slabs) = 3.0 kN/m2.
Consider the column 2/B is not exist
and beam 2/B-C (200 x 450 mm) is a
secondary beam.

Column 2/B
have been
remove

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Loading distribution (Roof)

• Typical Malaysian building roof type,

• Load transfer mechanism of flat roof is similarly as slab load distribution.

• For hip and gable roof (pitch roof), the roof load will transfer to the beam
via roof truss system.

Loading distribution (Roof)

Roof truss system
• Permanent action, Gk
• Roof tile / metal deck
• Insulation (if applicable)
• Selfweight of truss
• Batten / purlin
• Ceiling
• Services
• Variable action, Qk
• 0.75 kN/m2 – 1.25 kN/m2
(For maintenance purposes)

The weight of roofing material can be refer to manufacture catalogue depend on architectural design.

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Loading distribution (Roof)

• Type of roof truss system Lx
Cold‐formed steel truss system => Span < 13 m

Ly

Design by fabricator – roof load can be

distribute to the four side of roof beam by
using simplified approach.
Load in x‐x direction = 0.5 x n x Lx
Load in y‐y direction = 0.5 x n x Ly

Loading distribution (Roof)

Hot rolled steel truss system => Span > 13 m

Design by engineer – roof load can be

distribute to the roof beam via truss support
reaction at the respective side.

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Loading distribution (Axial load)

• The beam will distribute load into column in the form of axial load
(kN) via summation of support reaction at particular beam column
joint.
Axial load in Column A
= R1 + R3 + Column s/weight
Permanent & Variable actions

Structural Analysis
• The primary purpose of structural analysis is to establish the distribution of
internal forces and moments over the whole part of a structure and to
identify the critical design conditions at all sections.
• In practice there are many different loads will act together and this has to
be considered in the structure design.
• Various combinations of the characteristic loads such as Gk , Qk and Wk ;
and their partial factors of safety must be considered for the loading of the
structure.
• The RC beam must be designed to resist the ultimate bending moments
and shear forces. In some cases, the beam is also required to resist
torsional moments and axial forces.
• The beam is required to achieve serviceability requirements such as
deflection and cracking.

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Loading arrangement (Load combination)

Clause 5.1.3 : MS EN 1992‐1‐1

▪ In considering the combinations of actions, the relevant cases shall be

considered to enable the critical design conditions to be established at all
sections, within the structure or part of the structure considered.
▪ For simply supported beam, the analysis for bending and shear force
can be carried out using statically determinate approach. For the ultimate
limit state we need only consider the maximum load of 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk on
the span.

Loading arrangement (Load combination)

Section 5.1.3 : MS EN 1992‐1‐1
• For continuous beam, the following simplified load arrangements (based on National
Annex) are recommended:
• Load set 1: Alternate or adjacent spans loaded
• Load set 2: All or alternate spans loaded

Load set 1: Alternate or adjacent spans loaded (Continuous Beam)

▪ Alternate span carrying the design permanent and variable load (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk), other
spans carrying only the design permanent loads (1.35Gk)
▪ Any two adjacent spans carrying the design permanent and variable loads (1.35Gk +
1.5Qk), all other spans carrying only the design permanent load (1.35Gk)

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Loading arrangement (Load combination)

Alternate spans loaded

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk 1.35Gk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk 1.35Gk

Loading arrangement (Load combination)

Adjacent Span Loaded

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
1.35Gk 1.35Gk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk 1.35Gk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk 1.35Gk

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Loading arrangement (Load combination)

Load set 2: All or alternate spans loaded (Continuous Beam)
▪ All span carrying the design permanent and variable loads (1.35Gk+ 1.5Qk)
▪ Alternate span carrying the design permanent and variable load (1.35Gk+ 1.5Qk), other
spans carrying only the design permanent loads (1.35Gk)

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk 1.35Gk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk 1.35Gk

Loading arrangement (Load combination)

▪ The shear force and bending moment diagrams can be drawn for
each of the load cases required in the patterns of loading.
▪ A composite diagram comprising a profile indicating the maximum
values including all possible load cases can be drawn; this is known
as an envelope.
▪ In this subject, the load set 2 will be further considered in structural
analysis.
▪ All span carrying the design permanent and variable loads (1.35Gk+
1.5Qk)
▪ Alternate span carrying the design permanent and variable load
(1.35Gk+ 1.5Qk), other spans carrying only the design permanent
loads (1.35Gk)

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Loading arrangement (Load combination)

Load Case 1 Load Case 2 Load Case 3

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM ENVELOPE BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM ENVELOPE

Method of structural analysis

▪ Three analysis methods may be used in order to obtain shear force and
bending moment for design purposes. There are;
Elastic analysis using moment distribution method (Modified Stiffness
1 Method)
Simplified method using shear and moment coefficient from Table 3.5:
2 BS 8110: Part 1.
Using commercial analysis software such as Staad Pro, Esteem,
3 Orion, Tekla and etc.

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Moment distribution method

▪ Moment distribution method is only involving distribution moments to joint

repetitively.
▪ The accuracy of moment distribution method is dependent to the number
repeat which does and usually more than 5 repeat real enough. Right
value will be acquired when no more moments that need distributed.
▪ In general the value is dependent to several factor as :
• Fixed end moment, FEM
• Carry over factor, COF
• Member Stiffness Factor (distribution factor), K

Moment distribution method

Fixed end moment (FEM)
▪ The moment at the fixed joints of a loaded member are called fixed-end
moment.
▪ This moment can be determined from table below, depending upon the
type of loading on the member.

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Moment distribution method

Carry over factor (COF)

▪ The carry-over factor to a fixed end is
always 0.5, otherwise it is 0.0.

Moment distribution method

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Example 3.3

A series of 250 x 450 mm reinforced concrete beams spaced at 3 m centres and

spanning 7.5 m support a 175 mm thick reinforced concrete slab as shown in Figure 2.1.
If the variable floor action is 3 kN/m2 and the load induced by the weight of concrete is 25
kN/m3, calculate the maximum shear force and bending moment of beam B/1-2.

Solution of Example 3.3

Slab
Permanent action, Gk from 175 mm slab : 25 x 0.175 = 4.38 kN/m2
Variable action, Qk : 3.0 kN/m 2

Total ultimate load : 1.35 (4.38) + 1.5(3.0) = 10.41 kN/m2

Beam
Ultimate load from slab : 10.41 x 3 = 31.23 kN/m
Beam self‐weight, Gk : 25 x 0.4 x 0.25 = 2.5 kN/m
Ultimate load for beam : 1.35 x 2.5 = 3.38 kN/m
Total ultimate load, w : 31.23 + 3.38 = 34.61 kN/m

Maximum shear force = wL/2 = 34.61 x 7.5/2 = 129.79 kN

Maximum bending moment = wL2/8 = 34.61 x 7.52/8 = 243.35 kNm

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Example 3.4
Figure below shows the first floor layout plan of commercial building. If all
beams size are 300 x 500 mm, determine the following;
1. Characteristic permanent and variable action act on the beam 1/A-E if all slab
thickness are 150 mm and the brickwall heights is 3 m.
2. Shear force and bending moment envelope of beam 1/A-E.

Given the following data;

Variable load on slab = 4.0 kN/m2
Finishes, ceiling & services = 1.5 kN/m2
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3

Example 3.4

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Solution of Example 3.4

1) Characteristic permanent and variable action act on the beam 1/A‐E

Action on slab
Permanent action, Gk
Selfweight of slab = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m2
Finishes, ceiling and service = 1.5 kN/m2
Total permanent action on slab = 5.25 kN/m2
Variable action, Qk = 4.0 kN/m2

Action on beam
Permanent action, Gk
Load from slab = 0.5 x 5.25 x 3 = 7.88 kN/m
Beam selfweight = (0.3 x (0.5 – 0.15) x 25) = 2.63 kN/m
Brickwall = 2.6 x 3 = 7.8 kN/m
Total permanent action on beam = 18.31 kN/m
Variable action, Qk
Load from slab = 0.5 x 4.0 x 3.0 = 6.00 kN/m

Solution of Example 3.4

2)Shear force and bending moment envelope of beam 1/A‐E.

Loading

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Solution of Example 3.4

Moment of Inertia, I
I = bh3/12 = 300 x 5003/12 = 3.125 x 109 mm4
Stiffness, K
A-B KAB = KBA= 3I/L = 3 x 3.125 x 109/8000 = 1.17 x 106 mm3
B-C KBC = KCB = 4I/L = 4 x 3.125 x 109/8000 = 1.56 x 106 mm3
C-D KCD = KDC = 4I/L = 4 x 3.125 x 109/8000 = 1.56 x 106 mm3
D-E KDE = KED= 3I/L = 3 x 3.125 x 109/8000 = 1.17 x 106 mm3
Distribution Factor, DF
Joint A & E ~ DFAB & DFED = KAB / (KAB + 0) = 1.17 / (1.17 + 0) = 1.0
Joint B ~ DFBA = KBA / (KBA + KBC) = 1.17 / (1.17 + 1.56) = 0.43
DFBC = KBC / (KBA + KBC) = 1.56 / (1.17 + 1.56) = 0.57
Joint C ~ DFCB = KCB / (KCB + KCD) = 1.56 / (1.56 + 1.56) = 0.50
DFCD = KCD / (KCB + KCD) = 1.56 / (1.56 + 1.56) = 0.50
Joint D ~ DFDC = KDC / (KDC + KDE) = 1.56 / (1.17 + 1.56) = 0.57
DFDE = KDE / (KDC + KDE) = 1.17 / (1.17 + 1.56) = 0.43

Load Case 1

Fix End Moment, FEM

- MAB = MBA = wL2/12

= 33.72 x 82/12
= 179.84 kNm

- MBC = MCB = wL2/12

= 33.72 x 82/12
= 179.84 kNm

- MCD = MDC = wL2/12

= 33.72 x 82/12
= 179.84 kNm

- MDE = MED = wL2/12

= 33.72 x 82/12
= 179.84 kNm

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SFD

BMD

Load Case 2

Fix End Moment, FEM

- MAB = MBA = wL2/12

= 33.72 x 82/12
= 179.84 kNm

- MBC = MCB = wL2/12

= 24.72 x 82/12
= 131.84 kNm

- MCD = MDC = wL2/12

= 33.72 x 82/12
= 179.84 kNm

- MDE = MED = wL2/12

= 24.72 x 82/12
= 131.84 kNm

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SFD

BMD

Load Case 3

Fix End Moment, FEM

- MAB = MBA = wL2/12

= 24.72 x 82/12
= 131.84 kNm

- MBC = MCB = wL2/12

= 33.72 x 82/12
= 179.84 kNm

- MCD = MDC = wL2/12

= 24.72 x 82/12
= 131.84 kNm

- MDE = MED = wL2/12

= 33.72 x 82/12
= 179.84 kNm

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SFD

BMD

SFD Envelope

BMD Envelope

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Simplified Method
▪ The analysis using moment distribution method is time consuming and is more
conveniently carried out using standard computer technique.
▪ Therefore, as a simplification BS 8110 cl. 3.4.3 can be use. Table 3.5 are given in BS
8110 which enable a conservative estimate of shear force and bending moment values
to be determined for the design of continuous beam.
▪ There are conditions which must be satisfied in each case before these tables can be
used. They are:
• The beams should be approximately equal span.
• The characteristic variable action Qk may not exceed the characteristic permanent action Gk.
• Load should be substantially uniformly distributed over three or more spans.
• Variation in span length should not exceed 15% of the longest span.

(1.35Gk + 1.5Qk)

Simplified Method
End Span Interior Span

Bending -0.11FL -0.08FL -0.08FL

Moments

0.09FL 0.07FL
Shearing
Forces
0.45F 0.55F

0.55F
0.60F

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Example 3.5

By using simplified method, analyze the beams shown below.

F = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
= 1.35(18.31) + 1.5(6.00) = 33.72 kN/m x 8 m = 269.75 kN

Solution of Example 3.5

Shear force and bending moment diagrams

0.45F =121.39 kN 0.55F =148.36 kN 0.55F =148.36 kN 0.60F =161.85 kN

0.60F =161.85 kN 0.55F =148.36 kN 0.55F =148.36 kN 0.45F =121.39 kN

0.11FL =237.38 kNm 0.08FL =172.64kNm 0.11FL =237.38 kNm

0.09FL =194.22 kNm 0.07FL =151.06 kNm 0.07FL =151.06 kNm 0.09FL =194.22 kNm

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Moment Redistribution
▪ Plastic behavior of RC at the ULS affects the distribution of moment in structure.
▪ To allow for this, the moment derived from an elastic analysis may be
redistributed based on the assumption that plastic hinges have formed at the
sections with the largest moment.
▪ From design point of view, some of elastic moment at support can be reduced,
but this will increasing others to maintain the static equilibrium of the structure.
▪ The purpose or moment redistribution is to reduced the bending moment at
congested zone especially at beam-column connection of continuous beam
support. Therefore, the amount of reinforcement at congested zone also can be
reduced then it will result the design and detailing process become much easier.

Moment Redistribution

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Moment Redistribution
▪ EC2: Section 5.5 permit the moment redistribution with the following
requirement;
▪ The resulting distribution remains in equilibrium with the load.
▪ The continuous beam are predominantly subject to flexural.
▪ The ratio of adjacent span should be in the range of 0.5 to 2
▪ There are other restrictions on the amount of moment redistribution in
order to ensure ductility of the beam such as grade of reinforcing steel
and area of tensile reinforcement and hence the depth of neutral axis.
▪ Class A reinforcement; redistribution should ≤ 20%
▪ Class B and C reinforcement; redistribution should ≤ 30%

Example 3.6
Based on results obtained from Example 3.5, redistribute 20% of moment at
support.

Solution:
Original moment at support B & D = 231.21 kNm
Reduced moment (20%) = 0.8 x 231.21 = 184.97 kNm

Original moment at support C = 154.14 kNm

Reduced moment (20%) = 0.8 x 154.14 = 123.31 kNm

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Solution of example 3.6

Load Case 1
Span A - B Span C - D
184.97 kNm
ΣMB = 0
VA(8) – 33.72(8)2/2 + 184.97 = 0 33.72 kN/m ΣMD = 0
VA = 894.07 / 8 = 111.76 kN VC2(8) – 33.72(8)2/2 - 123.21 +184.97 = 0
VC2 = 1017.28 / 8 = 127.16 kN
123.21 kNm 184.97 kNm
ΣFy = 0 8m
ΣFy = 0 33.72 kN/m
111.76 + VB1 – 33.72(8) = 0
VB1 = 158.0 kN VA VB1 127.16 + VD1 – 33.72(8) = 0
VD1 = 142.60 kN
8m
Span B - C Span D - E
ΣMC = 0 VC2 VD1
ΣME = 0
VB2(8) – 33.72(8)2/2 + 123.21 - 184.97 = 0 VD2(8) – 33.72(8)2/2 - 184.97 = 0
VB2 = 1140.8 / 8 = 142.60 kN VD2 = 1264.01 / 8 = 158.0 kN
184.97 kNm 123.21 kNm 184.97 kNm
ΣFy = 0 33.72 kN/m ΣFy = 0 33.72 kN/m
142.60 + VC1 – 33.72(8) = 0 158.0 + VE – 33.72(8) = 0
VC1 = 127.16 kN VE = 111.76 kN
8m 8m

VB2 VC1 VD2 VE

Solution of example 3.6

Load Case 2
Span A - B Span C - D
ΣMB = 0
184.97 kNm
ΣMD = 0
VA(8) – 33.72(8)2/2 + 184.97 = 0
VC2(8) – 33.72(8)2/2 - 123.21 +184.97 = 0
VA = 894.07 / 8 = 111.76 kN 33.72 kN/m VC2 = 1017.28 / 8 = 127.16 kN 184.97 kNm
123.21 kNm
ΣFy = 0 33.72 kN/m
ΣFy = 0
111.76 + VB1 – 33.72(8) = 0 8m 127.16 + VD1 – 33.72(8) = 0
VB1 = 158.0 kN
VD1 = 142.60 kN
VA VB1 8m
Span B - C Span D - E
VC2 VD1
ΣMC = 0 ΣME = 0
VB2(8) – 24.72(8)2/2 + 123.21 - 184.97 = 0 VD2(8) – 24.72(8)2/2 - 184.97 = 0
VB2 = 852.8 / 8 = 106.60 kN
184.97 kNm V
123.21 kNm D2 = 976.01 / 8 = 122.0 kN 184.97 kNm
24.72 kN/m 24.72 kN/m
ΣFy = 0 ΣFy = 0
106.60 + VC1 – 24.72(8) = 0 122.0 + VE – 24.72(8) = 0
VC1 = 91.16 kN 8m VE = 75.76 kN 8m

VB2 VC1 VD2 VE

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Solution of example 3.6

Load Case 3
Span A - B Span C - D
ΣMB = 0
ΣMD = 0
VA(8) – 24.72(8)2/2 + 184.97 = 0 184.97 kNm
VC2(8) – 24.72(8)2/2 - 123.21 + 184.97 = 0
VA = 606.07 / 8 = 75.76 kN 24.72 kN/m VC2 = 729.28 / 8 = 91.16 kN 184.97 kNm
123.21 kNm
ΣFy = 0 24.72 kN/m
ΣFy = 0
75.76 + VB1 – 24.72(8) = 0 8m 91.16 + VD1 – 24.72(8) = 0
VB1 = 122.0 kN
VD1 = 106.60 kN 8m
VA VB1
Span B - C Span D - E
VC2 VD1
ΣMC = 0 ΣME = 0
VB2(8) – 33.72(8)2/2 + 123.21 - 184.97 = 0 VD2(8) – 33.72(8)2/2 - 184.97 = 0
VB2 = 1140.8 / 8 = 142.60 kN VD2 = 1264.01 / 8 = 158.0 kN 184.97 kNm
184.97 kNm 123.21 kNm 33.72 kN/m
ΣFy = 0 33.72 kN/m ΣFy = 0
142.60 + VC1 – 33.72(8) = 0 158.0 + VE – 33.72(8) = 0
VC1 = 127.16 kN VE = 111.76 kN 8m
8m
VD2 VE
VB2 VC1

Solution of example 3.6

SFD Envelope
After 20%
Redistribution

BMD Envelope
After 20%
Redistribution

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END OF CHAPTER 3…..

10 Q

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