1.

Read the following quote:

“Society in every state is a blessing, but government even in its best state is but a necessary
evil; in its worst state an intolerable one; for when we suffer, or are exposed to the same
miseries by a government, which we might expect in a country without government, our
calamity is heightened by reflecting that we furnish the means by which we suffer.”

Based on the quote, which of the following makes a government most intolerable?
Society and Government in Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

Society in every state is a blessing, but government even in its best state is but a necessary evil;
in its worst state an intolerable one; for when we suffer, or are exposed to the same miseries by
a government, which we might expect in a country without government, our calamity is
heightened by reflecting that we furnish the means by which we suffer. Government, like dress,
is the badge of lost innocence; the palaces of kings are built on the ruins of the bowers of
paradise. For were the impulses of conscience clear, uniform, and irresistibly obeyed, man
would need no other lawgiver; but that not being the case, he finds it necessary to surrender up
a part of his property to furnish means for the protection of the rest; and this he is induced to do
by the same prudence which in every other case advises him out of two evils to choose the least.
Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it unanswerably follows that
whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expence [sic] and
greatest benefit, is preferable to all others.

In order to gain a clear and just idea of the design and end of government, let us suppose a small
number of persons settled in some sequestered part of the earth, unconnected with the rest, they
will then represent the first peopling of any country, or of the world. In this state of natural
liberty, society will be their first thought. A thousand motives will excite them thereto, the
strength of one man is so unequal to his wants, and his mind so unfitted for perpetual solitude,
that he is soon obliged to seek assistance and relief of another, who in his turn requires the
same.

A. society
B. the fact that a harmful government was chosen by the people it harms.
C. the fact that some countries do not have governments
D. government is always intolerable
 2. Based on the graph, which of the following statements would be considered a statement
of opinion rather than a statement of fact?
US Unemployment 1910–1960

Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/US_Unemployment_1910-
1960.gif

A. Unemployment in the United States would have remained high if not for the start of
World War II.
B. Unemployment more than quadrupled from the stock market crash in 1929 to the mid-
1930’s
C. In the time period between 1910 and 1960, the unemployment rate reached its lowest
point around 1944
D. Between 1910 and 1960 the unemployment rate hovered around 5% with the exception
the time of the Great Depression between 1930 and 1940
 3. Based on the passage, what was the relationship between labor and economic conditions
for the working classes in Russia and the formation of political parties?

The Russian Revolution of 1905

The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread
through vast areas of the Russian Empire, some of which was directed at the government. It
included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies and led to constitutional reform,
including the establishment of the State Duma, the multi-party system, and the Russian
Constitution of 1906.
According to Sidney Harcave, author of The Russian Revolution of 1905, four problems in
Russian society contributed to the revolution. First, newly emancipated peasants earned too
little and were not allowed to sell or mortgage their allotted land. Second, ethnic minorities
resented the government because of its ” Russification,” discrimination, and repression, both
social and formal, such as banning them from voting and serving in the Guard or Navy and
limiting attendance in schools. Third, a nascent industrial working class resented the
government for doing too little to protect them, by banning strikes and labor unions. Finally, the
educated class fomented and spread radical ideas after a relaxing of discipline in universities
allowed a new consciousness to grow among students.
Taken individually, these issues might not have affected the course of Russian history, but
together they created the conditions for a potential revolution. Historian James Defronzo writes,
“At the turn of the century, discontent with the Tsar’s dictatorship was manifested not only
through the growth of political parties dedicated to the overthrow of the monarchy but also
through industrial strikes for better wages and working conditions, protests and riots among
peasants, university demonstrations, and the assassination of government officials, often done
by Socialist Revolutionaries.”

A. There was no correlation between the economic conditions of the working class and the
rise of anti-Tsarist political parties in Russia prior to the revolution
B. Poor labor conditions and the economic plight of the working class correlated with the
rise of anti-Tsarist political parties that resulted in revolution.
C. The Russian Revolution of 1905 was the direct result of assassinations of government
officials carried out by Socialist-Revolutionaries
D. A crackdown by military forces loyal to the Tsar led to poor working conditions and the
economic plight of the working class in Russia prior to the Revolution of 1905
 4. Select the correct ordering of the events to illustrate the concept of sustainability.

History of Sustainability

The concept of sustainability was originally coined in forestry, where it means never harvesting
more than what the forest yields in new growth. The word Nachhaltigkeit (the German term for
sustainability) was first used with this meaning in 1713. The concern with preserving natural
resources for the future is perennial, of course: undoubtedly our Palaeolithic ancestors worried
about their prey becoming extinct, and early farmers must have been apprehensive about
maintaining soil fertility. Traditional beliefs enjoined thinking in terms of stewardship and
concern for future generations, as expressed in the oft-quoted words of a Nigerian tribal chief
who saw the community as consisting of “many dead, few living and countless others unborn.”
Perhaps there have always been two opposing views of the relation between humankind and
nature: one which stresses adaptation and harmony, and another which sees nature as something
to be conquered. While this latter view may have been rather dominant in Western civilization
at least in recent centuries, its counterpoint has never been absent.

Source: http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/11/3436/htm

A. I, III, II
B. II, III, I
C. III, I, II.
D. III, II, I

5. Which of the following is the correct order of events?

Bill of Rights: 1789-91

When the Constitution was ratified in 1788, people were concerned that it did not protect some
basic rights. They thought that the Constitution should be changed to protect these rights. On
December 15, 1791, 10 amendments were officially added to the Constitution. These first 10
amendments guarantee certain freedoms and rights; together they are referred to as the Bill of
Rights.
Some of the most basic freedoms and rights that we think of today in the United States were
included. Debates about freedom of speech, gun rights, privacy rights, states’ rights, and many
others are directly related to these original rights. Knowing about the Bill of Rights helps in
understanding present-day issues.
These are some of the key ideas in those amendments; compare those ideas with the actual text
of each amendment:
First Amendment (Amendment I): freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press,
and freedom of assembly.
"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances."
Second Amendment (Amendment II): the right of the people to keep and bear arms.
"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people
to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."
Third Amendment (Amendment III): restriction of housing soldiers in private homes.
"No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner,
nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law."
Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV): protects against unreasonable search and seizure.
"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon
probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be
searched, and the persons or things to be seized."
Fifth Amendment (Amendment V): protects against self-testimony, being tried twice for the
same crime, and the seizure of property under eminent domain.
"No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a
presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or
in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be
subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled
in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just
compensation."
Sixth Amendment (Amendment VI): the rights to a speedy trial, trial by jury, and to the services
of a lawyer.
"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an
impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which
district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and
cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his
defence."
Seventh Amendment (Amendment VII): guarantees trial by jury in cases involving a certain
dollar amount.
"In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right
of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in
any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law."
Eighth Amendment (Amendment VIII): prohibits excessive bail or fines, and cruel and unusual
punishment for crimes.
"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual
punishments inflicted."
Ninth Amendment (Amendment IX): the listing of rights (in the Bill of Rights) does not mean
that other rights are not in effect.
"The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or
disparage others retained by the people."
Tenth Amendment (Amendment X): power not granted to the Federal Government is reserved
for states or individual people.
"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the
States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.“

A. The Constitution was ratified, then 10 amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, were
added to the Constitution.
B. The Bill of Rights was signed into law, and then was used as a model for the US
Constitution
C. Both the Bill of Rights and the Constitution were signed into law at the same time
D. None of the above