INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted by:
SANARAHAMAT. A. KODAKERI (1RV15AS048)

Submitted to
R.V. College of Engineering
In partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of B.E

Internship carried out at

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
National Aerospace Laboratories
Bangalore 560 017

Under the guidance of

Shri. GIREESH YANAMASHETTI

Principal Scientist
NTAF division NAL Bangalore

R.V.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous Institution affiliated to Vishweshvarya Technical University)
DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the entire work embodied in this dissertation has been
carried out by me and no part of it has been submitted for any degree or
diploma of any institution previously.

Signature of the student

Place: Bangalore
Date: Name: Sanarahamat A Kodakeri
 CONTENTS

1 STUDY OF FLOW OVER CIRCULAR CYLINDER

1.1 Aim

1.2 Theory

1.3 Simulation & modelling

1.4 Meshing

1.5 Solution

1.6 Results

1.7 Comparison

2 METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS FOR NOZZL DESIGN

2.1 MOC in Nozzle

2.2 Results

2.3 Self solved Example

3 WINDTUNNELS

3.1 Open Circuit Wind Tunnel

3.2 Closed Circuit Wind Tunnel

3.3 Transonic Wind Tunnels

3.4 Supersonic Wind Tunnels

4 REFERENCE
1. STUDY OF FLOW OVER CIRCULAR CYLINDER
1.1 Aim: To conduct a simulation of a circular cylinder using ansys fluent and compare the results
with experimental and theoretical results for same atmospheric conditions.

1.2 Theory: A circular cylinder is a wake body and hence there are turbulations in its wake
surface. The turbulence occurs in the form of vortex which propagates further and breaks. The
cylinder in a flow field has 2 stagnation points. The pressure distribution over the surface of cylinder
determines its lift and drag generating characteristics. Bernoulli’s principal is applied to compute
these aerodynamic characteristics with pressure difference.
Cp = (p - p∞)/ (½ρU∞2)
The above equation is the deduced form of the pressure equation of the cylinder to get the Coefficient
of pressure.
Separation
Turbulent wake

Laminar boundary layer

(a) Sub-Critical Re number

Separation Turbulent wake

Turbulent boundary layer

Transition

Laminar boundary layer

(b) Sub-Critical Re number

Fig.1.flow of air past a cylinder

1.3 Simulation and modelling:
Ansys Fluent was used as the medium to simulate the cylinder in a medium of air. A. Ansys Fluent
modeller was used to sketch and generate the cylinder and domain. Domain of rectangular shape was
created. Then the area of the circular cylinder was deleted from the sketch and a surface for the
remaining sketch was generated which served as a 2-d domain of fluid flow.

1.4 Meshing:
The mesh is generated by Blocking Method where the region of priority is made more uniform and
symmetric to get better results. As shown in the figure below, the domain is meshed with triangular
elements and the region of priority around the cylinder is then made quadrilateral such that the
distribution of nodes around the body is uniform.

Fig.2.Mesh of the domain in Ansys fluent18.2

1.5 Solution:
Conditions for the flow are set according to the normal atmospheric conditions, air density of 1.225
and humid air mixture of water and air. The Cylinder is solved in turbulent model with second order
PDE with boundary conditions in the pressure model as 100m/s of airflow velocity. As the solver
requires initialization, the problem is initialized with 100 iterations in the beginning.
Unsteady calculation parameters:

 Time Step (s) 0.01

 Max. Iterations per Time Step 50.
A detailed procedure that was followed is given below.
1. Open ansys work bench
2. Select the Fluid flow icon and drag it on the blank screen. Name the file as desired.
3. Open the geometry in design modeller.
4. Go in “units” options and select meters.
5. From the options in the left window select, the xyz plane and open “settings” option. Click
check on the grid and input the major grid spacing and minor steps per major as 1.
6. Create a rectangular domain of size 15X30m and create a circle at the centre, of diameter 1m.
7. Go in the option tool bar of “concept” and select “surface from sketch option and the surface
will be generated. This is the domain of the fluid flow. Select the surface type as “fluid” in the
drop down menu.
8. From ansys main window select “mesh” from the project schematic.
9. In the new meshing window select mesh option from the left side panel. Resize the mesh to be
finer near the cylinder by selecting the appropriate element edge length. Here 0.025m
10. To further detail the mesh near the cylinder, right click on mesh option and select inflation.
Define the boundary in the details of inflation as the cylinder by selecting the circle and
choose first layer inflation in the inflation option. Give inflation thickness as 0.025 and layers
as 40 with step of 2.5 and go to sizing option and make maximum face size as 0.3m
11. Select the different parts of the domain and name them by right clicking and selecting the
naming option.
12. Go to main ansys window and update the mesh from project schematics.
13. Go to next step of set up from the main ansys window and select double precision parallel
processing option. Give a minimum number of processes of 4 and GPGUs as 1.
14. In the new window the left side panel options are need to be checked one by one.
a. Select viscous model from models
b. Got to materials and double click air, from the fluid database select air and liquid
mixture as the fluid.
c. Check for surface body condition in cell zone condition.
d. Go to boundary conditions and from various named elements select the inlet and give
in it the input velocity of 100 m/s
e. Go to solution method and select second order implicit.
f. From monitors in solution option select residuals, check the print and plot options and
select axes button. Select y axis and unselect auto range to give a desired range. i.e. 1.2
to 2.5 for label drag and -2.5 to 2.5 for label lift.
g. Go to run calculation in the solution option and open “run calculation”. Give input of
time step 0.01 and number of time steps as a 200 or 250. Give maximum iteration as
50 which will take less time and is enough for transient simulation and press the
calculate button.
15. The results are calculated and plotted in the new sub window in fluent
16. Go to results from the main ansys window and do the post processing
1.6 Results:
Minimum Absolute Pressure 1
Maximum Absolute Pressure 5e+10
Minimum Temperature 1
Maximum Temperature 5000

Fig.3. Converging Lift Coefficient

Fig.4. Pressure contour graph of a circular cylinder

 Fig.5. Velocity contour graph of a circular cylinder

Fig.6.Co-efficient of Pressure over the surface of a circular cylinder

1.7 Comparison:
[1]From the theoretical and experimental results of a flow past circular cylinder, William J.
Devenport et.al has gained these following results experimentally from which the maximum Cp is at
the first stagnation point of 1800 in the upstream direction and a minimum of -1 at the other
stagnation point in the downstream at 00 in the subcritical Reynolds number. The theoretical results
however have a minimum of -3 for the diametrically opposite points at the 900 and 2700. From the
current simulation results in Fig.7, the maximum and minimum Cp is found to be 1 and -1 at the two
consecutive stagnation points. However the results are only in the subcritical Reynolds number. This
simulation successfully shows the pressure distribution and velocity distribution around the surface of
the circular cylinder which is approximately equal to the experimental results.

1.5

0.5

0
0 100 200 300 400
-0.5
Supercritical Re

Cp -1 Theoretical results
Subcritical Re
-1.5
Simulated results
-2

-2.5

-3

-3.5
Theta

Fig.7.Experimental and theoretical results obtained by William J. Devenport et.al. compared with
simulated result in sub critical Re range.
2. METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS FOR NOZZLE DESIGN

2.1 MOC in Nozzle:

A nozzle is part of a turbine engine or a wind tunnel
that is used to accelerate the flow to sonic and
supersonic velocities. A divergent nozzle can accelerate
air to maximum sonic speed while as a convergent
divergent nozzle can accelerates the flow to supersonic
velocities. A numerical solution for the nozzle design
was presented and tested by Md. Hasan Ali et.al. [2]. A*
The above figure Fig.8 shows a c-d nozzle which M*=1 A
converges to its throat section where the velocity can
reach to Mach 1 and then diverges into a larger cross u*=a* M
section which helps further accelerate the flow to
supersonic velocities.
u
Fig.8.Convergent Divergent nozzle
The method of characteristics is a numerical computation method of solving the discontinuities. In the
nozzle design, the discontinuities or characteristic lines are the shock waves and they are at
symmetric angles with the streamline as shown in Fig.9. The characteristic lines in the expansion
section of a nozzle are reflected shocks which are called as one expansion fan. These characteristic
lines are derived from the gas equation by solving it numerically, for example, by Cramer’s rule.
There are several numbers of lines emerging from the starting point of the nozzle that is point ‘a’ and
as the number of these lines increase, the nozzle contour becomes more accurate. The characteristic
lines are derived from the Compatibility equation for the gas flow. However this equation turns out to
be the Prandtle Mayer equation as given in 3a and 3b.

Y
C+

Characteristic line

Θ V
Streamline
μ

Characteristic line
C-

Fig.9.left and right running characteristic lines from a point AX

The gas equation for the flow inside the nozzle is a quasi one dimensional equation given as

Where ф is the velocity potential function

Since,

From the above equation, after algebraic and trigonometric manipulations we get

This equation derives the equation of characteristic lines.

=constant (along left running line C-).................................................................... (3a)

=constant (along the right running line C+)............................................................ (3b)

The above equations are the compatibility equations of the characteristics from the
given gas equation.

Expansion section
Θw max

M<1
Sonic line (generally curved)

Fig.10. Schematic of supersonic nozzle design by the method of characteristics

 Expansion Straightening

Reflection
Fig.11. Schematic of supersonic nozzle design by the method of characteristics
The section right after the throat of the nozzle is called expansion section and the end point of this
section is denoted as ‘c’ called the inflection point. After this point the nozzle expansion stops and it
becomes parallel to the X axis of the nozzle. This allows the waves to get reflected such that they are
mirrored by the nozzle axis and hence only upper part of a nozzle can be considered. From these
reflected points, grids are generated by the method of characteristics in which the characteristic lines
help find the points adjacent to the initial points as shown in Fig.11

2.2 Results
This meshing results in the direct contour of the nozzle as shown in below Fig.12.

Nozzle contour with characteristic lines =10 Nozzle contour with characteristic lines =30
Height of nozzle

Nozzle contour with characteristic lines =100 Nozzle contour with characteristic lines =200

Length of Nozzle
Fig.12.nozzel contours with characteristics lines.
From this analysis it was also known that the nozzle height and length are highly unstable for low
quality mesh. As the number of characteristic lines was increased, the nozzle length increased
slightly. Hence a finer characteristic mesh is better suitable for a stable nozzle design.

2.3 Self Solved Example:

Statement: Compute the design Contour of a 2d nozzle of minimum length with exit Mach number
of 3.2M.
Solution: The Contour of a nozzle can be obtained by Method of characteristics applied on the gas
equations. This is the method to solve 2d quasi linear partial differential equations. As mentioned in
the previous section, the 2d gas equation of flow is given by eqn (1) and eqn (1b). The compatibility
equation for this flow is given by eqn (3a) and (3b).

Fig.13. A 2d nozzle of length L and exit Mach number 3.2.

As shown in the Fig.13, the points A and B are the end points of the nozzle throat and the further
expansion in the area after the throat causes expansion fans of shock waves to emerge from these
points. Since the expansion fans emerge from the points covering the circumference of the throat, the
shock waves coming from two diametrically opposite points are symmetric. Hence we can consider
only upper half of the 2 nozzle in the computation. To solve this problem we convert the design of the
nozzle from Fig.13 to Fig.14, where the shocks do not reflect and the length of the nozzle is reduced
to minimum.

Fig.14. Minimum length nozzle with exit Mach number 3.2

From the compatibility equations of the Flow, we have
=constant (along left running line C-)
=constant (along the right running line C+)
For the right running Characteristic line Ba

= ........................................................................ (a)
From the left running characteristic line Ac

......................................................... (b)
At point A, from Prandtle Mayer theory,

...........................................................(c)
From equations (b) and (c)

............................................................... (d)

The above equation is applicable for all the rest of the characteristic lines running in the same
specified direction. Becomes the of exit Mach number.

Fig.15. Upper half of the nozzle

From eqn (d) calculating the θmax,

Dividing the maximum deflection angle into 5 equal parts gives,

∆θ=9.105/5=1.8210
And A0 from the nozzle throat is found to be 0.375 with respect to first characteristic line.
From these values, calculating the angle of reflection at the opposite wall
C- θ Θ value
A1 Θ1 0.375
A8 Θ2 ,Θ8 0.375+1.821 =2.171
A14 Θ3,Θ9, Θ14 0.375+1.821x2 =3.992
A16 Θ4, Θ10, Θ15, Θ19 0.375+1.821x3 =5.813

For the right running characteristics C+, we can compute the location of the point with the help of
Deflection angle provided. Hence From compatibility equation 3a and 3b
C+ between Pt 1 and 2

;
C+ between Pt 2 and 3

;
Similarly we find the deflections of the rest of the points in the right running characteristic.
 ;
Considering point 7 to be in line with point A because it lies very close to point A, we get
θ7=θmax =9.105

Average slope between points A and 7 is = = = 9.1050

From C+ characteristic between points 8 and 13, we get
 ;

And average slope between points 7 and 13 is = = = 6.82870

Similarly, the slope between point 13 and 18 is calculated. From this average slope, we can locate and
connect the further next points in the domain. These wall points provide us a contour of a nozzle in 2
dimensions.
Increasing the number of these Characteristic lines gives us a denser grid and hence the slope is more
precise from which we get a more precise contour.
3. WIND TUNNELS
‘Wind tunnels are setups used for the aerodynamic testing of the models of different airborne and
automobile vehicles.’

This equipment helps us inverse the actual paradigm of aircraft flying in stationary air to stationary
aircraft in moving air. This conversion makes it easy for us to understand the effects of flow over the
aircraft in flight, generally a scaled down model of the actual aircraft is used in the tunnel testing
rather than the actual aircraft due to expenses and technical difficulties involved. Wind Tunnels are
classified based on their Velocity are of 4 types

1. Subsonic
2. Transonic
3. Supersonic
4. Hypersonic
However, other classifications include based on the design and test section etc.

PARTS
It Consists Of 5 Different Basic Parts

 Intake
 Nozzle
 Test Section
 Diffuser
 Fan

COMPONENTS

 Inlet Flow Straighteners

 Nozzle
 Compressor Fan
 Test Section
 Model holding apparatus
 Measuring probes
 Guide vanes
 Test section doors
 Diffuser
 Exit
Bases on the atmospheric involvement in the cycle of the wind, wind tunnels are classified into two
types
1. Open circuit
2. Closed circuit
3.1. Open circuit wind tunnel
These are the tunnel that continuously intakes the air from atmosphere and exhaust it back to the
atmosphere after use
these wind tunnels mainly consist of
o Compressor fan
o Inlet flow straighteners.
o Nozzle
o Test section
o And diffuser

The air is taken in from the inlet and is made laminar with the help of honey comb structures which
helps straighten the flow. This air is passed in the nozzle where it gets accelerated and attains a
uniform desired speed. This air is then passed in the test section where it flows over the model and
reverse paradigm of actual condition is obtained. This air is then passed through the diffuser to reduce
the kinetic energy of the flow and the air is exhausted through the exit. This whole cycle is driven by
a compressor fan which is set either in the inlet or the exit of the setup. The wind tunnels with fan
mounted on the inlet are called as push type and the ones with fan on exit are called pull type open
circuit wind tunnels.
Advantages

1. Continuous air intake makes the tunnel simpler

2. low cost of manufacturing
3. Maintenance required is comparatively less
4. Uniform flow is easy to achieve

Disadvantages
1.Power requirement for a given speed is high
2.It is prone to foreign object damage
3.continuous air intake can cause dust particle to enter the tunnel and accumulate on the model
4.the model is prone to external humidity and dust or smoke environment
5.noise is comparatively high
6.requires large open space

Fig.16.open circuit wind tunnel

3.2. Closed circuit wind tunnel
These are the wind tunnels which re-circulates the existing air inside it to create a flow.
A closed circuit tunnel consists of a compressor fan (driving motor) and guide vanes additional to the
open type wind tunnel. The flow should be taken from exit and reversed to entry hence to minimize
the pressure losses at 900 bends, guide vanes are provided.

Advantages
1. Power requirement for a particular speed is comparatively less.
2.Not prone to foreign object damage when cleaned properly
3.noise is significantly less
4.Air is free of dust and smoke from the outside environment
5.can be contained in the laboratory without damage to indoors

Disadvantages

1. Lower level of design for Flow visualisation techniques

2. Maximum air speed is lesser than the open circuit wind tunnel.
3. Extra Components like straighteners and guide vanes contribute to a complex design of operation.

Fig.17.Closed circuit wind tunnel

 3.3 Transonic Wind Tunnels:
Transonic is the speed range from 0.8M to 1.2M. Transonic wind tunnels operate in this speed
regime. In transonic regime, the formation of shock waves takes place. Hence the design of this type
of wind tunnels is more complicated than the subsonic wind tunnels. The positions of the test section
walls should be such that the reflected shocks do not hit the model body. Sometimes at a subsonic
velocity of flow, the velocity of air at a particular point on the body can become sonic; hence the
shocks occur even before the flow reaches the sonic speed. This Subsonic Mach number is also called
the Critical Mach number.

Fig.18 test section of a Transonic Wind tunnel

A list of Transonic wind tunnels across the world is summarised in the below table.

Test Location/
Name regime Comments
section Size Organisation Use

L 46 ft x W
Full Scale: Automotive, Available and
14.7 ft x H
Oshawa, Motorsport, Cycling, accessible for all
ACE Climatic Wind 9.5 ft (L
Transonic Ontario, Skiing, Architectural, industries requiring
Tunnel 14.3 m x W
Canada Transit, Truck, Product wind tunnel services or
4.5 m x H
Development climatic services.
2.9 m)

Test section Full scale general

purpose ~$500/hr Full scale
W ~14 ft x Mooresville,
A2 wind tunnel Transonic Race car, Motorcycle,
H ~10 ft x NC
Bicycle, etc.
L ~20 ft

AeroDyn Wind Mooresville, Full scale NASCAR race

- Transonic cars
Tunnel NC

Ames Transonic 11 Mountain Research and other

11 Foot Transonic aspects
Foot High-Rn View, CA
 Test Location/
Name regime Comments
section Size Organisation Use

Ames 7×10 foot Wind 7 ft × 10 ft Mountain Research and other

Tunnel (operated by (2.1 m Transonic View, aspects
US Army) × 3.0 m) California

50% Scale Model Motorsports,

Automotive Rolling Production Cars,
Auto Research Indianapolis,
- Transonic Road Commercial Semi-
Centre (ARC) IN
Trucking and Cycling
testing capabilities

8 ft × 8 ft Research and other

Subsonic/ Buffalo, New
Calspan Wind Tunnel (2.4 m aspects
Transonic York
× 2.4 m)

European transonic Cologne, Research and other

- Transonic
wind tunnel Germany aspects

8 ft × 6 ft
Glenn Transonic 8×6 Cleveland,
(2.4 m Transonic Research and other
foot Propulsion OH
× 1.8 m) aspects

Langley 8 Foot High High Hampton, Research and other

8 ft (2.4 m)
Speed Tunnel Speed Virginia aspects

Langley High-Rn Transonic

16ftx16ftx8
Transonic Dynamics Hampton, VA Research and other
ft (0-1.12M)
Tunnel aspects

Transonic
Langley Transonic 16 16 ft
Atmosphe Hampton, VA Research and other
Foot Atmospheric (4.9 m)
ric aspects

Langley National Transonic Research and other

4ftx4ft Hampton, VA aspects
Transonic Facility

TitanX Jamestown 9.4 ft x 11.4 Climatic testing of

Jamestown, Open for external
Vehicle Climatic ft (3.0 m x Transonic vehicle systems and
NY clients.
Wind Tunnel 3.5 m) entire trucks.

equipped to test linear

Transonic Cascade Aerodynamic cascade models of
Transonic performance studies on compressor and turbine
High Speed Wind CSIR- NAL
M=1.5 gas turbine and airfoils for
Tunnel Test
compressor aerofoils. aerodynamic
performance.
Transonic Aerospace/Non-
100 mm X
M= 100 Aerospace
250 mm X
Shock Tunnel No.2 mm X 250 IIT madras Industrial/Fundamental
500
mm X 500 Research
mm
mm Type of tests performed
3.4 Supersonic Wind Tunnels:
Supersonic wind tunnels are the tunnels which operate in the supersonic regime and can accelerate
the flow to supersonic Mach number. Supersonic Flow is generated to test the vehicles which travel
faster than speed of sound in actual paradigm. Supersonic nozzles are used to get high velocities of
air from which pressurized air from a large reservoir is passed into a vacuum chamber where it gets
sunk. This type of testing generates a lot of primary, reverse and reflected shocks from test section on
the surface of the testing body. Similar design with different parameters is used for generating a
hypersonic flow.

Fig.19. Intermittent Blow down Wind tunnel.

A list of Supersonic Wind tunnel facilities is summarized in the table below.

Test Location/
Name regime Comments
section Size Organisation Use

Indian Institute Research and other

5" X 7" supersonic Supersonic
5" X 7" of Science aspects
wind tunnel M=1.2 to 4
(IISc) India

Hypersonic Research and other

0.3m dia Indian Institute
0.3m Hypersonic M= aspects
length=2.5 of Science
Wind Tunnel 5.4,6.5,7.0,
m (IISc) India
8.35, 10.2

Indian Institute Research and other

8" X 12" supersonic Supersonic
8" X 12" of Science aspects
wind tunnel M=2
(IISc) India

Indian Institute Research and other

0.5m Hypersonic Hypersonic
0.5m of Science aspects
Wind Tunnel M=8
(IISc) India

0.25 m Hypersonic ISRO Vikram Research and other

Wind Hypersonic aspects
0.25m dia Sarabhai Space
M= 4 to 8
Tunnel Centre - VSSC
 Test Location/
Name regime Comments
section Size Organisation Use

0.3 m Hypersonic 0.3 m Hypersonic ISRO Vikram Research and other

Shock Tunnel diameter M= 6 to 10 Sarabhai Space aspects
Centre - VSSC
Hypersonic ISRO Vikram Research and other
1 m Hypersonic Wind 1 m dia free
M= 6, 8, 10 Sarabhai Space aspects
Tunnel jet
& 12 Centre - VSSC

Ames Hypersonic Research and other

16 in Hypersonic Mountain
Propulsion Integration aspects
(41 cm) Propulsion View, CA
16 Inch Shock

Ames Hypersonic Research and other

Hypersonic Mountain
Propulsion Integration - aspects
Propulsion View, CA
Direct-Connect

9 ft × 7 ft Research and other

Ames Supersonic 9×7 Mountain
(2.7 m Supersonic aspects
foot High-Rn View, CA
× 2.1 m)

Free Piston Driven 300mm dia, Indian Institute Research and other
Hypersonic
Hypersonic shock length=2.5 of Science aspects
M=6-12
Tunnel HST3 m (IISc) India

Research and other

Glenn 1x1 supersonic Supersonic Cleveland, aspects
1ft x1ft
wind tunnel (1.3 to 6) OH

Supersonic
38-ft long
(0-4M and
Glenn Propulsion and 24-ft Cleveland, Research and other
6M with
Simulation Lab Cell 4 wide in OH aspects
auxiliary
diameter
heater)

10 ft × 10 ft Research and other

Glenn Supersonic
(3.0 m Supersonic Cleveland, OH aspects
10×10 foot Propulsion
× 3.0 m)

Glenn Non-Vitiated Research and other

Hypersonic Tunnel aspects
- Hypersonic Cleveland, OH
Facility for Propulsion
Integration

300mm x Research and other

Indian Institute
Hypersonic shock 300mm x Hypersonic aspects
of Science
Tunnels HST2 450mm M6-12
(IISc) India
(square)

Supersonic DRDO Research and other

300mm x
High Speed Tunnel M=1.4 to Hyderabad aspects
300mm
4.0 India
 Test Location/
Name regime Comments
section Size Organisation Use

Hypersonic DRDO Research and other

Hypersonic Shock 1m dia, free
M= 6, 6.5, Hyderabad aspects
Tunnel jet
7, 8, 9 & 10 India

10ft length Hypersonic Cleveland, Research and other

Glenn Hypersonic
expandable aspects
Wind Tunnel (5-7M) Ohio
to 14ft

Hypersonic
Langley NASA/GASL (nominal
19ft long, Hampton, Research and other
HYPULSE Propulsion 6.5M, 5-10
7ft diameter VA aspects
Integration and 12-
25M!)

Hypersonic Research and other

40mm x M=5.5, aspects
Shock Tunnel No.2 IIT madras
80mm 13(reflected
mode)

Research and other

100 mm X
Supersonic Wind Supersonic aspects
100 mm X IIT Madras
Tunnel Facility 1 M< 3.0
100 mm

Supersonic Research and other

Supersonic Wind aspects
50 mm X M=1.5 – BIT Ranchi
Tunnel – No. 1 100 mm 3.0

Research and other

Supersonic Wind 100 mm X Supersonic
BIT Ranchi aspects
Tunnel – No. 2 150 mm M= 2 – 3.5

Scale Aircraft, UAV,

Rocket, Missile,
Texas A&M Academic Research,
Texas A&M Oran W. L 12 ft X W
University, Automotive, Motorsport, 7ft x 7ft capable
Nicks Low Speed 10 ft X H 7 Supersonic
College Station Cycling, Skiing, of mach 0.4
Wind Tunnel ft
TX Architectural, Transit,
Truck, Product
Development 0-200MPH

Supersonic El Segundo, Research and other

Trisonic Wind Tunnel 7x7ft
(0.1-3.5M) California aspects

Mountain Research and other

Unitary Plan Wind Supersonic
9x7 ft2 View, aspects
Tunnel (1.55-2.55)
California

5 cm x 10 Supersonic IIT Kharagpur Research and other

Wind Tunnel No.1
cm M =1.5 - 3 India aspects
REFERENCES
1. Flow past a circular cylinder, William J. Devenport and Aurelien Borgoltz, AOE 3054
Experimental Methods Course Manual.

2. Numerical Solution For The Design Of Minimum Length Supersonic Nozzle, Md. Hasan Ali,
Mohammad Mashud, Abdullah Al Bari and Muhammad Misbah-Ul Islam, ARPN, p 605-612.

3. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, text only site, Open Return Wind Tunnels
and their types.

4. Glenn Research centre, Facilities, Capabilities, NASA

5. About the Glenn L. Martin Wind Tunnel, University of Maryland

6. The NASA Langley Scramjet Test Complex R. Wayne Guy, R. Clayton Rogers, *Richard L.
Puster, Kenneth E. Rock, and Glenn S. Diskin NASA Langley Research Center Hampton,
Virginia 23681-0001

7. KEEP TRISONIC WIND TUNNEL Apr 16,2007 A. Leroy Clarke| Aviation Week and Space
Technology

8. Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel. California's Historic Silicon Valley. National Park Services
Retrieved 2007-03-12

9. Space History : 1942 Wind Tunnel Test by NASA Archives | May 1,2012