SURVEYING-I

TRAVERSING

Submitted to:
Col. Dr. Sajid Mehmood

Submitted by:
Syndicate VI
Names CMS ID
Arbaz Abbasi 375544
Aqeel Ahmed 368782
Danish Mukhtar (GL) 370105
Haseeb Akram 370053
Muhammad Fayaz 376878
Muhammad Yanzar Sarim 369446
Syed Muhammad Shah 394849
Umar Farooq Abbasi 373960
Introduction
Relief on a map enhances its utility. A map without relief representation is simply
a plan on which relative positions of details are only shown in horizontal plane.
Relative heights of various points on the map can be represented by many methods
and one of them is Contouring.
Contour is an imaginary line on the ground surface joining the points of equal
elevation. It facilitates depiction of the terrain in a two -dimensional plan or map.
The method of locating contours in a plan or map is known as Contouring.
Purpose of Contouring
Contouring Survey is carried out at the starting of any engineering project road
railway, a canal, a dam, a building etc. For preparing contour maps in order to
select the most economical or suitable site.

To locate the alignment of a canal so that it should follow a ridge line.

To mark the alignment of roads and railways so that the quantity of earthwork both
in cutting and filling should be minimum.
For getting information about the ground whether it is flat, undulating or
mountainous.

Aim of the Project

Aim is to: - Perform a contour survey by Grid Spot Heights (Square Method) of
area in Training Ground. Learn the use of instruments in Contouring Surveying.
Carry out calculations related to contouring surveying using Auto Level
Instrument.

Equipment
1. 30-meter measuring tape
2. Level
3. Staff
Methodology
These are two methods of contouring by Direct Method.

a) Method of Cross Section

b) Radial Line Method
c) Method of Squares

Method of Squares
This is also called as co-ordinate method of locating contours. The entire area is
divided into squares or rectangles forming a grid. The elevations of corners are
determined and the required contours are interpolated.

This method is very suitable for a small open area where contours are required at a
loss vertical interval. This is also suitable for large-scale mapping. For the given
area, Method of Grid as recommended by the instructor was used.
Method of Cross section
In this method cross-sectional points are taken at regular interval. By levelling the
reduced level of all those points are established. The points are marked on the
drawing sheets, their reduced levels (RL) are marked and contour lines
interpolated. This method is suitable for road, railway and canal survey i.e. for
route surveys.

Radial Line Method

In this method several radial lines are taken from a point in the area. The direction
of each line is noted. On these lines at selected distances points are marked and
levels determined. This method is ideally suited for hilly areas. In this survey
theodolite with tachometry facility is commonly used.
Procedure
1. Firstly, we have proposed area where we have to perform contouring of that
area by determining the elevations and depression at the specific area. We
were given with a point A (benchmark) whose elevation was ft from datum
or sea level.
2. Then, the group marked the points on the boundary to make it easier in
dividing the area to grid lines.
3. Set the Level at Tripod stand with it water bubble at its center thus ensuring
the Level is not tilted, at Point A (Starting Point).
4. The area was divided to grid lines of equal distance between them and then
readings were taken upon these grid lines with the help level.
5. After, setting up level the readings were taken at different points of the area
along the grid lines along equal intervals.
6. For the first reading was taken from Point A, and Holding the Staff
Vertically on the Benchmark and take the reading, this will be our back-sight
reading.
7. The next reading along the point on grid lines will be our Foresight reading.
8. The successive reading will then become our Foresight reading and the
back-sight will be same where our instrument is set up.
9. The reading obtained were converted into the reduce level of that point.
10.Lastly, the calculation was done by plotting the points and drawing contour
with the help of interpolation.
Plan View of the Area Contoured

Observations and Calculations

Point BS IS FS HI RL
BM 4.20 3705.20 3701.00
1 4.68 3700.52
2 5.08 3700.12
3 8.79 3696.21
4 9.44 3695.56
5 4.35 3700.85
6 2.82 3702.38
7 4.53 3700.67
8 4.82 3700.38
9 4.74 3700.46
10 4.78 3700.42
11 4.81 3700.39
12 4.77 3700.43
13 4.60 3700.60
14 3.06 3702.14
15 4.71 3700.49
16 4.89 3700.31
17 4.87 3700.33
18 4.83 3700.37
19 4.79 3700.41
20 3.58 3701.62
21 4.72 3700.48
22 5.13 3700.07
23 4.66 3700.54
24 4.68 3700.52
25 4.68 3700.52
26 4.83 3700.37
27 4.81 3700.39
28 4.85 3700.35
29 4.92 3700.28
30 5.04 3700.16
31 5.09 3700.11
32 5.15 3700.05
33 4.02 3701.18
34 4.82 3700.38
35 4.79 3700.41
36 4.82 3700.38
37 4.84 3700.36
38 4.83 3700.37
39 4.95 3700.25
40 4.99 3700.21
41 5.01 3700.19
42 4.83 3700.37
43 3.87 3701.33
44 4.81 3700.39
45 4.56 3700.64
46 4.96 3700.24
47 5.55 3699.65
48 4.86 3700.34
49 4.81 3700.39
50 4.83 3700.37
51 4.85 3700.35
52 4.86 3700.34
53 4.88 3700.32
54 4.93 3700.23
55 5.06 3700.14
56 4.79 3700.41
57 4.40 3700.80
58 3.97 3701.23
59 4.91 3700.29
60 4.88 3700.32
61 4.86 3700.34
62 4.94 3700.26
63 5.00 3700.20
64 5.04 3700.16
65 5.02 3700.18
66 5.08 3700.12
67 5.24 3699.96
68 4.57 3700.63
69 4.67 3700.53
70 4.18 3701.02
71 4.97 3700.23
72 5.89 3699.31
73 5.07 3700.13
74 4.97 3700.23
75 4.99 3700.21
76 5.06 3700.14
77 5.16 3700.04
78 5.22 3699.94
79 5.37 3699.83
80 5.84 3699.72
81 5.68 3699.52
82 5.58 3699.62
83 5.63 3699.57
84 5.69 3699.54
85 5.23 3699.97
86 6.24 3698.96
87 5.69 3699.51
88 5.52 3699.68
89 5.47 3699.73
90 5.45 3699.75
91 5.51 3699.69
92 5.66 3699.54
93 5.80 3699.40
94 5.66 3699.54
95 5.74 3699.46
96 5.84 3699.36
97 5.47 3699.73
98 5.54 3699.66
99 5.63 3699.57
100 5.55 3699.65
101 7.40 3697.80
102 9.07 3696.13
BM 5.09 3706.09 3701.00
103 7.56 3698.53
104 8.33 3697.76
105 11.09 3695.00
106 12.47 3693.62
107 13.09 3693.00
108 12.77 3693.32
109 11.97 3694.12
110 11.99 3694.10
111 11.79 3694.30
112 10.9 3695.19
113 5.72 3700.37
114 4.67 3701.42
115 7.47 3698.62
116 11.72 3694.37
117 12.4 3693.69
118 13.61 3692.48
119 13.81 3695.28
120 5.24 3700.85
121 4.01 3702.08
122 7.76 3698.33
123 11.39 3694.70
124 12.45 3693.64
125 13.87 3692.22
126 11.08 3695.01
127 4.08 3702.01
128 7.42 3698.67
129 11.24 3694.85
130 10.46 3695.63
131 3.5 3702.59
132 7.38 3698.71
133 10.42 3695.67
134 5.66 3700.43
135 3.76 3702.33
136 7.57 3698.52
137 10.27 3695.82
138 5.25 3700.84
139 3.98 3702.11
140 8.66 3697.43
141 12.6 3693.49
142 13.59 3692.50
143 13.94 3692.15
144 11.01 3695.08
145 12.97 3693.12
146 14.08 3692.01
147 12.9 3693.19
148 11.98 3694.11
149 12.69 3693.40
150 12.45 3693.64
151 8.41 3697.68
152 8.28 3697.81
153 8.42 3697.67
154 5.11 3700.98
155 11.2 3694.89
156 11.26 3694.83
157 11.2 3694.97
158 11.98 3694.11
Conclusion
 The area given to us was relatively flat at one side and had a sudden fall
before the stream and then showed gradual rise and fall in elevation after
stream.
 This part of our survey made us able to determine rise and fall in different
parts of areas depending upon their elevation from the given benchmark.
 Enriched with group work and harmony this procedure developed sense of
group work and leadership among group members.

Recommendations
 Taking the stations at closer intervals will make the readings more accurate
and decrease the error in the distance between the stations and the angle
between them.
 Stations should be selected such that they are accessible from all sides and
there should be intervisibility between two successive stations.
 Distances should be measured with the help of ranging rods ensuring the
proper method and much lesser error in the final readings.