Lm ULB

of the Aztecs
LE CODEX CHIMATPOPGEA

Translated from the Nahuatl

by JOHN BIERHORST
 972.018
C64
History and Mythology of the Aztecs +99

THE CODEX CHIMALPOPOCA

 History and Mythology
of the Aztecs
THE CODEX CHIMALPOPOCA

Translated from the Nahuatl

by JOHN BIERHORST

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS

Tucson
 Second printing 1998
The University ofArizona Press
Copyright © 1992
John Buerhorst
All Rights Reserved
This book is printed on acid-free, archival-quality paper.
Manufactured in the United States ofAmerica.
03 02 01 00; 199: 98: OMS Teese 2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Codex Chimalpopoca. English.
History and mythology ofthe Aztecs : the Codex Chimalpopoca |
translated from the Nahuatl by John Bierhorst.
. OM.
Companion volume to: Codex Chimalpopoca.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-8165-1886-6 (pbk.: ulk. paper). ISBN o-816s-1126-8 (cloth: alk. paper)
1. Codex Chimalpopoca. 2. Aztecs—History.
3. Aztecs—Religion and mythology. 4. Manuscripts, Aztec—
Facsimiles. 5. Mexico—History—To 1519.
6. Colhuacin—History. I. Bierhorst, John. EY Vitle:
Fiz19.59.C62 1992 972'.o18—dce20 91-42267 CIP

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book 1s available from the British Library.

BY 06 99
D>
7 45
4
 Contents

Preface vii
Introduction 1

Annals of Cuauhtitlan 17
Table of Contents 19
The Text in English 23
Legend of the Suns 139
Table of Contents 141
The Text in English 142

Concordance to Proper Nouns and Titles 163

Sulject Guide 219
Source Abbreviations 231
References 233
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 Preface

Using terminology found in the codex itself, a more precise title for this
volume would be Year Count [xiuhpohualli| and Wisdom Tales [tlamachiliz-
tlatolzazanillt| of the Aztecs—meaning the Annals of Cuauhtitlan and Leg-
end of the Suns, the two Nahuatl works contained in Codex Chimalpo-
poca. There is, however, a point at which so much precision becomes
unclear. I hope most readers will agree that the rough English equivalent,
History and Mythology ofthe Aztecs, does not misrepresent the work at hand.
To make the translation more widely available, its linguistic apparatus is
being published separately in a companion volume entitled Codex Chimal-
popoca: The Text in Nahuatl with a Glossary and Grammatical Notes. Readers
unacquainted with the Aztec language need not consult it. Those who do
may use the two volumes side by side as a bilingual edition.
The entire project, so far as my own labor is concerned, has been
supported by a grant from the Translations Program of the National En-
dowment for the Humanities—to whom I owe my first debt of thanks.
In particular I have benefited from the good humor and encouragement
of Susan Mango, founder of the Translations Program, and Martha
Bohachevsky-Chomiak, its present director.
I am grateful to Elsa Ziehm of the Free University of Berlin for her
expert consultation in all matters pertaining to Aztec language and history.
It was she who read over my shoulder, as it were, saving me from missteps
at crucial moments. Errors that remain, need it be said, are my own,
not hers.
In addition, I have had two silent consultants, whose works, posthu-
mously, have been constant guides. Indeed, these works have made the
present edition possible. I refer to Walter Lehmann’s German-Nahuatl
Geschichte der Kénigreiche von Colhuacan und Mexico, which broke ground
with its careful deciphering of the manuscript’s crabbed hand; and Primo
Feliciano Velézquez’s annotated Spanish version, Cédice Chimalpopoca,
with its photographic facsimile of the now-missing original.
A third silent consultant has been the late Thelma Sullivan, whose un-
published transcription and English translation of the first seven sides of
the manuscript were kindly made available to me by Elizabeth Boone,
director of precolumbian studies, Dumbarton Oaks.
To Peter Tschohl of the University of Cologne goes credit for having

Vil
 Preface

rediscovered the ending of the Codex in the Leén y Gama copy at the
Bibliothéque Nationale in Paris. As a result, the edition in hand is the first
in any language to present the Legend of the Suns in its entirety. I am
grateful to Professor Tschohl for an offprint of the 1989 paper that
announces his find; and I thank Monique Cohen of the Bibliothéque
Nationale for permission to transcribe and translate from the Leén y
Gama manuscript.
Along the way, numerous individuals and institutions have answered
calls for help. I thank them all, especially R. Joe Campbell, John Ceely,
Mary Clayton, Marc Eisinger, Willard Gingerich, and Michael E. Smith,
all of whom shared unpublished research.

Vill
History and Mythology of the Aztecs

THE CODEX CHIMALPOPOCA

 Introduction

In approximately the year 1430, as the new Aztec capital called Mexico
Tenochtitlan consolidated its power and began to make far-reaching con-
quests, its ruling elite decided to burn the old pictographic histories. Ac-
cording to the traditional explanation these accounts contained “false-
hoods” that could have undermined the realm. Presumably the books that
replaced them exaggerated the deeds of the upstart Mexica and codified
the legend that the Mexica themselves had founded Tenochtitlan, though
we may only guess what changes appeared in the new histories or what
earlier records, if any, survived to contradict them.?
A hundred years later the books were burned again, this time by Spanish
missionaries who, in the wake of the Conquest of 1521, rushed to elimi-
nate whatever might remind the native people of their pre-Christian past
and might thus inhibit the work of conversion.” Once again, new histories
rose out of the ashes. And it is this second wave of history writing, much
of it preserved, that forms the basis for our remarkably detailed, if some-
what colored, knowledge of the rise of Aztec civilization.
Revisionist elements in the new histories are not always easy to isolate.
Among them, evidently, are the numerous references to comets, eclipses,
Cassandra-like oracles, and other omens foretelling the arrival of the Span-
iards as early as a generation before the fact. More subtle novelties are to
be looked for in the treatment of Aztec religion, which became a subject
of considerable sensitivity after the Conquest. It will be noticed that the
author of the Annals of Cuauhtitlan (though not the author of Legend
of the Suns) repeatedly disparages the old gods as “sorcerers” or even
“devils”; we are given to understand that the “devils” tricked people
into making human sacrifices, in opposition to the somewhat Christlike
deity, Quetzalcoatl.* But even such mundane matters as the succession of
Mexica kings (ca. 1350—1521), including their names and the approximate
1. FC bk. 10, ch. 29, section entitled “The Mexica” (p. 191), is the source for the Aztec
book-burning tradition. For discussion see Graulich, “Las peregrinaciones,” pp. 311—12 and
347—48; Brundage, A Rain of Darts, pp. 107-8.
2. The matter is discussed at length by Garcia Icazbalceta, Don fray Juan de Zuméarvraga,
ch. 22 (vol. 2, pp. 87-162). See also notes 5 and 6, below.
3. I am indebted to Louise Burkhart for making this point. For detailed information see
Subject Guide: Sorcerers.
 Introduction

dates of their reigns, may have been manipulated by the post-Conquest

historians.*
At the very least, it is obvious that there are variations in the record.
The discrepancies can be explained, in part, by the competing claims of the
different city states, each of which had its own record keepers. Within the
city of Mexico itself there was rivalry between Tenochtitlan and the decid-
edly weaker, if older, borough, Tlatilolco. Sharing control over the far-
flung Aztec empire in a kind of triple alliance were the city of Tlacopan,
just four kilometers west of Mexico, and the important Acolhua town of
Tetzcoco, some thirty kilometers to the east. Tetzcoco, which had nearly,
some would say just, as much power as Mexico, maintained its own tra-
ditions, often at variance with those of the Mexica. Still within the Valley
of Mexico—a highland basin 120 kilometers north to south and half that
distance east to west, centering on the city of Mexico—were such towns
as Cuauhtitlan, Cuitlahuac, and Chalco Amaquemecan, all of which pre-
served records that have survived. Outside the Valley, such nations as Tlax-
callan and the city state of Cuauhtinchan also bequeathed histories during
the early colonial period.
Although each chronicler followed his own version, there was agree-
ment on a fundamental chain of events. Tollan, the old imperial capital at
the northern edge of the Valley, was thought to have collapsed in the
twelfth or thirteenth century A.D. At about the same time, tribesmen
from the deserts north of Tollan were said to have begun migrating south-
ward, gradually establishing or gaining control of Tetzcoco, Cuitlahuac,
Mexico, and other towns. By the early 1400s the Tepaneca, whose home
cities lay in the western part of the basin, were subduing their neighbors
and building a small, regional empire. Led by Mexico, or by Mexico and
Tetzcoco, an allied army beat back the Tepaneca in about 1430. It was
then that the old histories were burned and the Mexica inaugurated their
glorious era of expansion. By the time Cortés and his men arrived in 1519
the new empire had outposts on the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean
and as far south as Guatemala. The typical chronicler, in compiling his
manuscript account of these events, added up-to-the-moment annals for
the post-Conquest years and, in some cases, began the story with the myth
of the four primeval ages, or suns, thus providing his readers with what
might be called a history of the world.
A number of the new manuscripts, like the Codex Telleriano-Remensis,
ca. 1563, or the Codex Aubin of 1576, hark back to a pre-Cortésian style
in which astring of year symbols follow one another in chronological se-
4. A theory that the succession of Mexica kings (as preserved in post-Conquest chroni-
cles) was adapted to an ahistorical, ritualistic pattern is developed in Susan Gillespie’s The
Aztec Kings: The Construction ofRulership in Mexica History.
 Annals of Cuauhtitlan

quence, each accompanied by pictographs representing noteworthy events.

For the convenience of sixteenth-century readers the scribe adds a running
commentary in the alphabetic script learned from missionaries. Possibly
some of these painted chronicles were adapted from old books that had
escaped the autos-da-fé. Fray Diego Durdn states emphatically that none
did.* Fray Bernardino de Sahaguin, a usually more restrained witness,
claims that there were many and that they were available for reference.® Be
that as it may, no certifiably pre-Cortésian history book from the Valley of
Mexico has survived to the present.”
A second class of chronicle, more modern and more expansive, dis-
penses with the pictographs, giving instead the narrative the symbols were
supposed to call forth. Incorporating vivid descriptions, conversations,
speeches, and song texts, these fuller histories offer a rich sampling of the
old Aztec oral literature, for which the pictographic codices must have
served as prompt books.
Among the prime representatives of this second category are the Anales
de Cuauhtitlan (Annals of Cuauhtitlan) of 1570 and the Leyenda de los
Soles (Legend of the Suns), dated 1558%—both preserved in the manu-
script now widely known as Codex Chimalpopoca.

Annals of Cuauhtitlan

In his Monarchia indiana of 1615 Fray Juan de Torquemada could write

of Cuauhtitlan as “a large community with much jurisdiction in those days
[the 1530s] and one of the finest towns at the present time”; similarly,
Cortés on the eve of the Conquest had described the city as both “large”
and “beautiful.”® Apart from Tetzcoco, Cuauhtitlan together with its sub-
urb Tepotzotlan was the first outlying district to be missionized after the
fall of Tenochtitlan.!° The well-known Fray Toribio de Benavente, called
Motolinia, served among the Franciscans stationed in Cuauhtitlan, and it
was there that Motolinia began writing his Memoriales, or “Historia de los
indios de la Nueva Espafia,” perhaps as early as 1532;1! Cuauhtitlan, he
5. RITOS, Prologo, p. 6; DCAL, ch. 2, p. 226.
6. CF bk. 10, ch. 27; or FC Introductory Volume, p. 82.
7. See Glass, “A Survey of Native Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts,” pp. 11—12;
Dibble, “Writing in Central Mexico,” pp. 322—23. Both Glass and Dibble base their remarks
on Donald Robertson, Mexican Manuscript Painting of the Early Colonial Period.
8. On the dating of the two works, see 16:26 (side 16, line 26), 16:30, 31:42, 50:54,
75:4, and 122:6—9.
9. TORQ, bk. 19, ch. 3, p. 306; Cortes, tercera carta, p. 130.
10. Motolinia, “Historia,” tratado 2, ch. 1; Mendieta, bk. 3, ch. 33, p. 259.
11. Memoriales (ed. O'Gorman), p. 64, n. 3; p. 75, n. 2.
 Annals of Cuauhtitlan

explained, had been fourth among the cities of the Aztec empire, ranking
next after the triple cities of Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan.'? Later,
when Sahagtin was naming the four Indian linguists who had enabled him
to prepare his encyclopedic Historia general, no less'than two, Alonso
Vegerano and Pedro de San Buenaventura, were identified as natives of
Cuauhtitlan.!4
Evidently this imposing town—whose name may be vulgarly Englished
as Woodside, Tree Town, or Forestville—shared at least marginally in the
post-Conquest renaissance that fostered the brief, golden age of Nahuatl
letters. It comes as no surprise, therefore, that a major sixteenth-century
chronicle should have been written from the point of view of a Cuauhti-
tlancalqui, or native of Cuauhtitlan.
But the anonymous author tells more than the story of his own nation.
Drawing upon the records of Tetzcoco, Cuitlahuac, and Colhuacan, which
he acknowledges by name, he builds a comprehensive history of the Valley
of Mexico, with occasional sidelights from towns beyond. He uses his
sources critically, dismissing the reports of those who “talk much” at
17:46 (side 17, line 46); admitting at 2:3 that his informants had
“trouble remembering”; accepting a Tetzcoco tradition at 32:10, while
rejecting Tetzcoco data at 4:31 and 12:53. He makes an effort to distance
himself from the patently fabulous, inserting a circumspect “it is said”
wherever a disclaimer seems needed. The result, nevertheless, is a tradi-
tionary account, rich in mythopoetic as well as historical values. Today it
is best known for its colorful variant of the legend of Topiltzin Quetzal-
coatl, priest-king of Tollan, who became drunk in the company of his
sister, fled in shame, and was changed into the morning star.
Though pausing to spin a yarn like the Quetzalcoatl story, or to lay out
a genealogy or a tribute list, the work takes the basic form of a pre-
Cortésian x7uhpohualli (year count), with the entries arranged in chrono-
logical order, each bearing the number and name of its corresponding
year. Since there are only thirteen numbers by which a year may be
known—1 through 13—and only four names—Flint, House, Rabbit,
Reed—there can be no more than 13 x 4, or 52, number-and-name com-
binations. Hence the cycle that begins 1 Flint, 2 House, 3 Rabbit, 4 Reed,
5 Flint, etc., ending with 13 Reed, begins again with 1 Flint after the
passing of 52 years.
Near the close of the work, the author correlates the date of Cortés’
arrival, 1 Reed, with the date A.D. 1519, enabling the industrious reader
to count backward, assigning a Christian date to every entry that has gone

12. “Historia,” tratado: 3, ch. 7.

13. CF bk. 2, Prdlogo; or FC Introductory Volume, p. 55.
 Annals of Cuauhtitlan

before, all the way to the earliest, 1 Reed = A.D. 635. This yields a linear
chronology that may be taken at face value for events of the 1500s and
1400s, since many of the dates are more or less corroborated by other
sources. But the earlier sequences of the 52-year rounds, or “year bundles,”
become increasingly artificial, leading back to the creation of the present
sun, in 13 Reed = A.D. 741, and the initial date mentioned above,
A.D. 635, which marks the mythical emergence of tribal ancestors. It must
have been accounts such as this, though probably not the one in hand,
that prompted Sahagun to write in 1576, “they knew and had records of
the things their ancestors had done and had left in their annals more than
a thousand years ago.” 4
The ancestors who emerged in A.D. 635, or earlier, are referred to as
chichimeca (Chichimecs), a term that recurs throughout the chronicle in a
variety of contexts, obviously with more than one meaning. In its broadest
sense, “Chichimec’ refers to any Indian inhabitant of the Valley of Mexico
and of the adjacent highlands, especially to the north and east, whether
Nahuatl-speaking or not. More narrowly it refers to the rude tribesmen of
the northern deserts who migrated into the Valley at the time of the Toltec
collapse, eventually settling Tetzcoco, Cuitlahuac, Mexico, Cuauhtitlan,
and other cities. Thus the Toltecs of Tollan may be contrasted with the
chichimeca, even though both groups are Chichimecs in the broad sense.
With its double-edged connotation of rusticity and hardihood, the term
could be used either contemptuously, when referring to simple villagers, or
pridefully, when recalling the shared heritage of migration and conquest.'$
As the chronicle opens, Chichimecs (in the narrow sense) come forth
from Chicomoztoc (Seven Cave Place); their supernatural leader, Mix-
coatl, cremates the old Chichimec goddess Itzpapalotl; and the tribesmen
begin their wanderings. The account is unusual in that it has the Chichi-
mecs emerging before the start of the Toltec era. In fact, the world 1s still
dark at this time. In 751 the sun rises, and in 1 Flint (752) the Toltecs
inaugurate their first ruler.
Exactly fifty-two years later, in 804, the Chichimecs are said to be break-
ing up into separate nations. One infers that the Cuauhtitlan people were
the parent stock, since the earlier Chichimec chieftains are said to have
been Cuauhtitlancalque (the plural of Cuauhtitlancalqui). The succession
of these Cuauhtitlan rulers is carefully recorded, though the founding of
the city of Cuauhtitlan is still far in the future.
The author pauses now to consider the life of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl
(817—95), whose disgrace and exile, brought about by sorcerers, paves

14. CF bk. 10, ch. 27; or FC Introductory Volume, pp. 82 (quotation) and 84 (date).
15. For references see Concordance: Chichimecatl.
 Annals of Cuauhtitlan

the way for the Toltec collapse. Quetzalcoatl’s successor, Huemac, also
flees in disgrace, and the Toltecs dispand in 1064.
In the year 1 Rabbit (1090) the Mexica enter the story as marauding wan-
derers, eventually founding their capital, Mexico Tenochtitlan, in 1318.
Other tribes are hostile to these newcomers. But not the people of Cuauh-
titlan, whose friendship with the Mexica is one of the chonicle’s persistent
themes.
Meanwhile the Cuauhtitlancalque have become engaged ina protracted,
hundred-years’ struggle with Xaltocan (ca. 1297—1395), resulting in im-
pressive territorial gains for Cuauhtitlan. With the influx of sophisticated
emigrés from Colhuacan (ca. 1348), the old Chichimec culture of Cuauh-
titlan is modernized, and the building of the city of Cuauhtitlan begins.
The death of the Cuauhtitlan ruler Xaltemoctzin, at the hands of Tepa-
neca assassins (1408), marks a decline in Cuauhtitlan’s fortunes. Through
a policy of murder and usurpation, the Tepaneca begin to build an empire,
terrorizing the entire Valley.
Once again the narrative interrupts the xiuhpohualli format, slowing its
often breathless pace to recount the legend of the child hero Nezahualco-
yotl. We learn here that the boy’s father, King Ixtlilxochitl of Tetzcoco, has
been assassinated by the Tepaneca, who now seek to murder the child.
After a hair-raising chase through the countryside, the boy is sequestered
in Mexico, where, in a vision, he is informed by sorcerers that he has been
chosen to put an end to the Tepaneca tyranny. With the help of his men-
tor, the faithful Coyohua, the boy taunts the Tepaneca ruler, Tezozomoc-
tli, allows himself to be captured, cleverly escapes, and eventually leads the
campaign that crushes the Tepaneca in 1430.
By 1432 Nezahualcoyotl has been installed as ruler of Tetzcoco. Mean-
while, Itzcoatl is serving as king of Tenochtitlan. And these two, following
the defeat of the Tepaneca, begin to hold sway over the Valley of Mexico
(together with the city of Tlacopan, a somewhat inferior third partner, not
acknowledged in these Cuauhtitlan annals until the triple-city tribute lists
near the end of the text).
The doings of Cuauhtitlan continue to be mentioned as the annals
proceed, but now in the shadow of the mighty Mexica of Tenochtitlan,
whose kings become the chronicle’s principal figures: Itzcoatl’s successor,
Moteuczomatzin (r. 1440-68); Axayacatzin (r. 1469-80); Tizocicatzin
(r. 1481—85); Ahuitzotzin (r. 1486-1502); and Moteuczomatzin the
younger (r. 1503 until the arrival of the Spaniards).
The chronicle closes with a series of tribute rolls and a brief recapitula-
tion of Mexica history, perhaps added by a different author. In sum, a
complex and very dense work, enlivened by the myth of the five suns
(2:2—52), the Nezahualcoyotl saga (34: 33—39:53), the scandals of Mo-
 Legend of the Suns
quihuix (55: 16—48), the story of the origin of the skull rack lords of
Cuitlahuac (62: 11—63:22), and, of course, the famous legend of To-
piltzin Quetzalcoatl (3:49—8:4). As pure chronicle, the text is significant
for its rare histories of Cuauhtitlan, Cuitlahuac, and Xaltocan, as well as
for its voluminous treatment of the Tepaneca War, which (as tradition
suggests) laid the groundwork for the Mexica empire. And, finally, as eth-
nography, the work offers information on Aztec land tenure, statecraft,
the tribute system, the role of women, warfare, religion, and, especially,
human sacrifice. (These and other topics can be traced in the Subject
Guide.)

Legend of the Suns

It is more than likely that the author of the Annals of Cuauhtitlan had
access to pictographic sources in addition to oral accounts. In fact, at
51:31 he speaks of what had been “painted,” and inalist of greeting gifts
at 28: 28—34 he is apparently struggling to read picture writing without
the aid of a gloss. But in Legend of the Suns, the second of the two Na-
huatl texts preserved in the Codex Chimalpopoca, the reliance on pictures
is much more obvious. Here the author speaks to us as though we were
looking over his shoulder, while he points to the painted figures. “This
sun was 4 Jaguar,” he writes; “these people . . . were blown away”; “here’s
when . . . ”; “this is when. . . .” In places the text reads like a sequence of
captions, as though the unseen pictures could carry the burden of the tale.
Yet the narrative relaxes into an easier style wherever the story implied by
the paintings happens to be already on the author’s lips. The overall effect
is of a knowledgeable traditionalist making his way throughasingle, well-
integrated work of mytho-history. (Despite moments of awkwardness,
Legend of the Suns is one of the finest, one of the purest sources of Aztec
myth that has come down to the present time. Moreover, it is the only
creation epic to have survived in the Nahuatl language.)
Since the author uses the phrase “we today who are Mexica” (79:1), it
would appear that he identifies with Mexico City; and, certainly, his text,
with its focus on Tenochtitlan, is a Mexica document. This is not to say
that it records an official dogma. Myth fragments preserved in a wide
range of texts, mostly Spanish, make clear that variants were tolerated. Or,
to put the matter differently, the dogma was flexible within certain limits.
Although isolated myths of creation are to be found in the various other
sources, there are only two, in addition to the Legend of the Suns, that
can be called creation epics: the Spanish-language “Historia de los mexi-
canos por sus pinturas” and the “Histoyre du Mechique,” known through
 Legend of the Suns

a sixteenth-century French translation of a lost Spanish original. Of these,

the “Historia” is the more complete, and since it is remarkably similar to
the Legend of the Suns, it serves as an aid to the interpretation of the
Legend, and vice versa: !°
As the Legend opens, the author declares in a short preamble that he
will tell “how the earth was established,” a promise he does not fulfill. But
the “Historia” explains that the gods created the earth from the body of a reptil-
ian monster. Afterward, the god Tezcatlipoca became the sun.
The people who lived in the time of the first sun were eaten by jaguars,
and the sun itself was “destroyed.” The people were giants, according to the
“Historia,” and it was Tezcatlipoca in the form of a jaguar who consumed them
after he had been knocked out of the sky by Quetzalcoatl. Then Quetzalcoatl
became the sun—the second sun.
In the time of the second sun, the people were blown away by wind and
changed into monkeys. The sun also was blown away. The sun, actually
Quetzalcoatl, was kicked out of the sky by Tezcatlipoca, whereupon the rain god,
Tlalocanteuctli, became the third sun.
During the time of the third sun the people were destroyed by a rain of
fire. The fire was sent by Quetzalcoatl. The rain god’s wife, Chalchiuhtlicue,
became the next, or fourth, sun.
The fourth sun ended as the “skies came falling down,” causing a world
flood. Only one man and one woman survived, having been warned to
seek refuge in a hollow log;’” later, disobeying instructions, this couple
ate all the corn that had been given to them, roasted fish when they were
hungry, and suffered the punishment of being changed into dogs. When
the flood waters subsided, the skies were again “established.” The heavens
were lifted to their former position by Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl.
During the second year after the flood, the year 2 Reed, Tezcatlipoca
drilled fire. Hence the origin of the new-fire ceremony, celebrated every fifty-
two years.
In order to repopulate the earth, Quetzalcoatl descended to the under-
world to fetch the bones of earlier generations. With these the gods cre-
ated a new race of humans. “The gods created humans as they had been
' before.”
To provide food for the newly created people, Quetzalcoatl follows an
ant into the interior of “Food Mountain” and discovers a cache of corn

16. Another comparison of the Legend of the Suns and the “Historia de los mexicanos
por sus pinturas” may be read in Mercedes de la Garza’s “Andlisis comparativo,” Estudios de
Cultura Nahuatl, 1983.
17. The story of the man and the woman who escaped the flood is missing from the
“Historia de los mexicanos por sus pinturas,” but the couple is mentioned in “Cédice Vati-
canus 3738,” plate 1.
 Legend of the Suns

kernels; the rain gods split open the mountain, gaining control over the
corn and other crops as well. (The myth is not mentioned in the “Historia”
or in any other Aztec source, though it is well known in modern Mexican and
Central American folklore.) '*
The world has been dark since the flood. The gods now bring forth a
new sun from the flames of the “spirit oven” at Teotihuacan, also a moon
from the less-hot ashes at the flames’ edge. With their own blood the gods
nourish the sun so that it can rise into the sky. Immediately prior to the
creation of the sun, Tezcatlipoca makes four hundred men and five women; the
men are sacrificed to provide the sun with its initial nourishment, but the women
survive to play a role later in the story (see below).
After the sun has risen, four hundred Mixcoa are born, then five more
Mixcoa, who make war on the four hundred in order to give the sun a
“drink.” The god Mixcoatl creates four hundred Chichimecs plus a war party of
five to prey on them, “so that the sun will have hearts to eat.”
Of the four hundred Mixcoa only a few survive the massacre, including
Xiuhnel and Mimich. The surviving Chichimecs Xiuhnel and Mimich are
joined by the god Mixcoatl (also called Camaxtle), who himself becomes a
Chichimec.
A pair of two-headed deer descend from the sky. A two-headed deer de-
scends from the sky.
The pair of deer become women; Xiuhnel (and Mimich?) engage these
dangerous women in sexual intercourse, with the result that Xiuhnel is
killed and Mimich is reduced to tears. Mixcoatl, by contrast, acquires a
sacred bundle, which he carries with him as his charm, pacifying enemies
and making conquests. While on the warpath, he subdues the so-called
Huitznahua women, one of whom he assaults sexually; this woman, Chi-
malman, gives birth to the hero Ce Acatl. Miuxcoatl carries the two-headed
deer into battle as his charm, thus making easy conquests. His enemies, eventu-
ally, seize the deer while he 1s distracted by one of the five women who had been
created just before the fifth sun (see above); by Mixcoatl this woman gives birth
to the hero Ce Acatl, 1.e., Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl.
Mixcoatl, his luck gone, is killed by his three hateful brothers, Apane-
catl, Zolton, and Cuilton—three Mixcoa who survived the massacre after
the creation of the fifth sun. Seeking revenge, Ce Acatl confronts the three
brothers and craftily kills them. The episode finds its parallel not in the “His-
toria de los mexicanos por sus pinturas” but in the “Histoyre du Mechique”:
Mixcoatl, it seems, has three hateful sons, who kill their father when they learn

18. Two modern Nahuat versions from the Sierra Norte de Puebla are published by James
Taggart, who compares them with the story in Legend of the Suns (Taggart, Nabuat Myth
and Social Structure, pp. 87-97). Twenty variants ranging from central Mexico to El Salva-
dor are cited in Bierhorst, The Mythology ofMexico and Central America.
 The Manuscript

that he favors his fourth son, Quetzalcoatl. In revenge, Quetzalcoatl kills the
three brothers.
Ce Acatl (Quetzalcoatl) performs an operation of ritual sacrifice on the
brothers’ corpses. In the words of the “Histoyre”: “Because he introduced the
custom of sacrifice, he was held to be a god [by the people of Tollan], whom he
taught many good things, [constructing] temples for himself and other [monu-
ments], and he lived as the god of that country for 160 years.” According to the
“Historia,” this Ce Acatl lived as lord of Tollan and built a great temple; but
four years after the temple was finished the god Tezcatlipoca came to lnm and
advised lim that he would have to leave.
Proceeding eastward, Ce Acatl reaches Tlapallan, where he dies and is
cremated. “Historia”: He proceeds to Tlapallan, where he takes sick and dues.
After the departure of Ce Acatl, i.e., Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, Tollan is
plagued by omens of doom: a stinking corpse that cannot be moved, four
years of drought, a little old woman selling banners, and a prophecy deliv-
ered by the rain gods to the effect that the Mexica are to inherit the land.
The “Historia” (ch. 11) mentions only the old woman selling banners.
Meanwhile the Mexica have set out from Aztlan, their point of origin,
and are migrating southward. After passing through the neighborhood of
Tollan, they reach Chapoltepec, suffer hardships in the country of the
Colhuaque, and eventually establish the city of Tenochtitlan. The “Histo-
ria” recounts the migration more fully, telling how the Mexica are guided by
their tribal deity Huitzilopochtl.
The rulers of Tenochtitlan are named, together with the towns that each
ruler conquered. First, Acamapichtli, then Huitzilihuitl, Chimalpopoca-
tzin, Itzcoatzin, and so forth, down to Moteuczomatzin the younger, in
whose time the conqueror Cortés arrives. The “Historia” covers the same
ground, concluding with the events of the Conquest and its aftermath, down to
the year 1529.

The Manuscript
Codex Chimalpopoca, or Cédice Chimalpopoca, has been catalogued as
Colecci6n Antigua no. 159, of the Archivo Histérico, Museo Nacional de
Antropologia (under the auspices of the Instituto Nacional de Antropo-
logia e Historia), Mexico City.'? Its present whereabouts, however, are in
doubt. Apparently it has been lost since at least 1949.70
19. HMAI, vol. 15, p. 432.
20. HMAT, vol. 15, p. 333. Ojeda Diaz (Documentos sobre Mesoamérica, ps 392s 50:
quoted in Tschohl, p. 270) writes that the manuscript “fue extraviado por Salvador Toscano
en septiembre de 1946, cuando era Secretario del INAH.” But Angel M. Garibay, in a pub-

IO
 The Manuscript

Before being transferred to the Archivo Histérico, the Codex was

housed at the library of the Museo Nacional de México, where Walter
Lehmann examined it in 1909 and again in 1926.7! “In its present condi-
tion,” he wrote, “it is at most 22 cm. high and 15 cm. wide. The paper
is thin and yellowed, finely ribbed, longitudinally, at intervals of about
1 mm., and considerably flawed; thus little pieces have crumbled away at
the edges, especially below.” 72
Until the manuscript again becomes available, if it does, the photo-
graphic facsimile published by Primo F. Velazquez in 1945 must be re-
garded as the optimum source. In the 1975 reprint of Vel4zquez’s work
the plates are reduced to about three-quarters original size, with a slight
loss in legibility. The present edition has been based on the facsimile of
1945—with help from the Leén y Gama copy of the Codex Chimalpo-
poca (Bibliothéque Nationale de Paris, ms. FM 312), which preserves the
text of the manuscript’s long-lost side 85. Modern scholarship had been
unaware that side 85 was recoverable until the work of Peter Tschohl,
whose “Das Ende der Leyenda de los Soles und die Ubermittlungsprob-
leme des Cédice Chimalpopoca” appeared in 1989. The forty-two folios
of the Codex as it was known to Lehmann and Velazquez make for a
manuscript of eighty-four sides, written front and back, and these are
numbered consecutively, 1 through 84. The so-called Anales de Cuauhti-
tlan occupies sides 1—68; the Leyenda de los Soles fills 75—84. Sides 69—
74, excluded from the Velazquez facsimile, contain a work in Spanish by
the sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century Indian cleric Pedro Ponce de
Leon. Called “Breve relacion de los dioses y ritos de la gentilidad,” Ponce’s
work is thematically unrelated to the Anales and the Leyenda, which,
though by different authors, are both world histories written in Nahuatl.
The “Breve relacidn” is a collection of short notes on Aztec gods, rites
of passage, incantatory medicine, farmers’ rituals, and other, miscellane-
ous lore.”
In addition to the manuscript’s eighty-four page, or side, numbers, there
is an older foliation on the recto sides, clearly establishing that folio 1 is
missing. Thus “side 1” of the new foliation is really side 3 of the Codex in

lication of 1965 (Téogonia e historia de los mexicanos, p. 17), spoke of the Codex as though it
were still in the archive: “Este manuscrito se halla en la Biblioteca del Instituto de Antropo-
logia e Historia” (see also note 23, below). My own inquiry of 1985 failed to clear up the
question.
21. GKC, 2d ed., p. vii.
22. GKC, p. 2.
23. For editions of Ponce’s work, see Ponce, “Breve relaci6n” (1892) and Ponce, “Breve
relacién” (1953). Angel M. Garibay reprinted the text in 1965, claiming to have corrected
the errors of the earlier editions in light of the text in the Codex Chimalpopoca (Garibay,
Teogonia e historia de los mexicanos, pp. 17, 121—40).

cy
 The Manuscript

its original state. Nevertheless, the present edition abides by the new num-
bers, following the custom set by Lehmann and Velazquez.
Guard leaves, in a different hand, preserve a genealogy of the family of
the seventeenth-century historian Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl; and a
latter-day title page, dated 1849, assigns the rubric Cédice Chimalpopoca
(with a note in a contrasting hand explaining that the Abbé Brasseur de
Bourbourg had so named the Codex in honor of the early nineteenth-
century academician Faustino Galicia Chimalpopoca, who made a pio-
neering attempt to translate it).”4
Obviously the manuscript itself, all in a single hand, must be a copy of
earlier works. Old marginal glosses have even been swept into the text at
48:53, 49:13, 49:35, and possibly 59:2—3 and 59:43. Moreover, the
old, presumably Franciscan, orthography has been converted to a Jesuit
style, which did not take hold until the 1590s at the very earliest.*> The
sound /w/, as in English ‘water’, written u, v, or o in the old style, has
become 4u; and the glottal stop, formerly written 4 or indicated by a
circumflex over the preceding vowel, is now indicated by a grave accent.
Occasionally, the scribe neglects to make the conversion, and we find vactli
(rather than /uactlt) at 3:15 and tlahcolyaotzin (rather than tlagolyaotzin)
at'57:34.
If the year of Ponce’s “Breve relaci6n” could be established, the earliest
possible date for our manuscript might be pushed forward to the period
1610—28. In 1610 Ponce was commissioned by the archbishop of Mexico
to investigate idolatry in the region of Teutenango (resulting in the “Breve
relaci6n”?); and 1628 is the year of Ponce’s death.?¢
If the Alva Ixtlilxochitl genealogy preserved in the guard leaves is to be
taken as a clue, then the copyist might have been the famous historian
himself. But although Don Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl (d. 1650) has
often been mentioned as the likely scribe, the troubling fact remains that
he does not demonstrate an acquaintance with the Codex Chimalpopoca
in either his Relaciones or his Historia de la nacion chichimeca.
Working backward from the time of Brasseur de Bourbourg and Galicia
Chimalpopoca, the manuscript’s history can be sketched with only a fair
degree of certainty. The Mexican scholar Antonio de Leén y Gama, as
evidenced in his work on the Aztec calendar, dated 1792, had the manu-
script in his hands and of course made the copy already mentioned; and
24. The genealogy and the title page are included in the Velazquez facsimile; the gene-
alogy is transcribed in GKC. For the partial translation by Galicia Chimalpopoca see Anales
de Cuauhtitlan (1885).
25. On Jesuit orthography see Bierhorst, Cantares Mexicanos, pp. xi-xii, 8.
26. Information on Ponce is given in HMAI, vol. 13, p. 83; HMAI vol. 15, p. 356; and
Garibay, Teggonia, pp. 16-18. Garibay (p. 17) states that Ponce’s work was composed in
1569; HMAI, vol. 15, p. 677, says it was “probably composed in 1597.”

12
 The Manuscript

the Jesuit historian Francisco Javier Clavigero seems to have been aware
of its existence, at least, some twenty years earlier.27 Both Leén y Gama
and Clavigero evidently had access to the very same document described
by Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci in his Idea de una nueva historia general
of 1746:

Una historia de los reinos de Culhuacan y México, en lengua Nahuatl y

papel europeo, de autor anonimo, y tiene afadida una breve relacién
de los dioses y ritos de la gentilidad, en lengua castellana, que escribid
el bachiller don Pedro Ponce, indio cacique beneficiado que fue del
Partido de Tzumpahuacan. Esta todo copiada de letra de don Fer-
nando de Alba, yle falta la primera foya. (A history of the kingdoms
of Colhuacan and Mexico, in the Nahuatl language, on European
paper, by an anonymous author; and added to it is a brief relacién on
the gods and rites of heathen times, in the Spanish language, written
by the bachiller Don Pedro Ponce [de Leén], Indian cacique and cu-
rate, of the district of Tzumpahuacan. The whole is copied in the
hand of Don Fernando de Alva [Ixtlilxochitl], and the first folio is
missing.) 8

This, with its lost first folio, sounds very much like the item named by
Brasseur de Bourbourg and later catalogued as ms. 159 at the Museo
Nacional de Antropologia. An earlier inventory of Boturinr’s collection
adds the information that the manuscript contained forty-three leaves,
clinching the identification with ms. 159, which would comprise forty-
two leaves plus (as we now know) one missing leaf.
Accepting Boturini’s descriptive title, Lehmann called his edition Die
Geschichte der Kénigreiche von Colhuacan und Mexico (The History of the
Kingdoms of Colhuacan and Mexico). This, of course, refers only to the
first part of the Codex, which, aptly, had already been dubbed Anales de
Cuauhtitlan by the nineteenth-century historian José Fernando Ramirez.*°
The title Leyenda de los Soles, for the third part, was put forth by Fran-
cisco del Paso y Troncoso in his edition of 1903.
Confusingly, the entire manuscript has sometimes been referred to as
Anales de Cuauhtitlan, the name that actually designates the first of the
three texts. Since the Veldézquez edition, however, the nomenclature in

27. On Leon y Gama and Clavigero see Moreno, “La coleccién Boturini y las fuentes de
la obra de Antonio Leon y Gama”; also GKC, pp. 12—13, 17.
28. Boturini, Idea, p. 119 (Catalogo, parrafo VII, no. 13).
29. As established by Tschohl, “Das Ende der Leyenda de los Soles.” See especially
pp. 203-4.
30. Velazquez, Codice Chimalpopoca, p. xi.

13
 Guide to the Translation

general use has been Cédice Chimalpopoca for the whole compilation;
Anales de Cuauhtitlan for the first part; Leyenda de los Soles for the third.
Strictly speaking, neither the present edition nor that of Velazquez should
have been called Chimalpopoca, since the manuscript’s middle part, the
rvelacion of Ponce, is not included. But at this writing I may argue—as
Velazquez could not—that the popularity of his Cédice Chimalpopoca, com-
prising just the two Nahuatl works, has given the name a valid second
meaning.

Guide to the Translation

The English version appearing in this volume is what language scientists

call a free translation, as opposed to a lexical or morphemic analysis. But
it is not free in the sense that students of literature apply the term; rather,
it attempts to be strictly faithful to the text, unbeautiful where the text is
unbeautiful, ambiguous where the text is ambiguous. As for a close lexical
analysis, the underlying assumption is that this is unnecessary if the ver-
sion adheres to grammatical rules. My belief is that it does, unless I have
been careless, and that the Glossary and Grammatical Notes in the com-
panion volume provide whatever additional support is needed to make the
reading acceptable to specialists in the early 1990s—even if it cannot, at
this point, be called definitive. Special features of the translation are as
follows.
Paragraphing and subheads. For ease of reading, the monolithic copy
blocks of the manuscript have been broken into paragraphs, mostly short,
serving as topical units. Further, to assist readers in finding their way
through a complex of narrative strands, subheads have been inserted, en-
closed in square brackets to show that they are extraneous to the text.
Line numbers. Numbers in the left margin, at the beginning of each
paragraph, key the English version to the Nahuatl text as it appears in the
manuscript. For example, the number 51:20 means that the paragraph in
question starts in the twentieth line of side fifty-one of the physical paleo-
graph. The reason for this numbering method is that the Codex Chimal-
popoca is so compactly and messily written that it would otherwise be
nearly impossible (for those who must do so) to compare the translation
with the original. Those who are using only the English translation should
find the numbering sufficiently serviceable, even if references need to be
sought within a range of two or three lines of the cited number (since the
English often runs a little ahead or behind the Nahuatl).

14
 Guide to the Translation

Word order. Naturally, the textual word order must often be changed
in the translation. For example, at 1:12—14 the text, literally, has “And
then into her hands they fell, who ate them, Itzpapalotl, the four hundred
Mixcoa, she finished them off. Only White Mixcoatl, called Mixcoatl the
Younger, ran away, escaped from her hands.” To make this understandable
I have written, “And then they fell into the hands of Itzpapalotl, who ate
the four hundred Mixcoa, finished them off. White Mixcoatl, called Mix-
coatl the Younger, was the only one who escaped, who ran away.” The
changes should require no comment, except for the last two verbs, which
I have transposed to avoid an anticlimactic word order in English. Under
the assumption that this is a potential point of interest, all such cases have
been noted in the translation.
Christian dates. Throughout the Annals of Cuauhtitlan, native-style
dates such as 1 Flint or 8 Rabbit are accompanied by Christian-style
equivalents added in square brackets. These follow the native author’s own
correlation (see above) and are inserted here, just as Lehmann inserted
them in his German edition, to help orient the reader. From the modern
point of view these dates, especially the early ones, have literary rather than
historical value—as Willard Gingerich has recognized in his perceptive
study, “Quetzalcoatl and the Agon of Time: A Literary Reading of the
Anales de Cuauhtitlan.”
Personal names. Names of persons have been left untranslated, except
in rare cases where the writer seems to be striving for a pun or some other
special effect. The English text preserves the varying forms of a particular
name, such as Tezozomoctli, which may be apocopated (Tezozomoc) or
enhanced by the honorific suffix -tzim (Tezozomoctzin). For further com-
ments on personal names see Grammatical Notes, sections 3.4—5, in the
companion volume.
Group names. Since the names of most ethnic, tribal, or national
groups have not been Anglicized in the translation, the reader should have
some awareness of the derivation of these terms and of the differences
between singular and plural forms. A few examples will illustrate the more
common types: a Mexicatl (pl. Mexica, variant pl. Mexitin) is a native of
Mexico; a Chololtecatl (pl. Choloteca) is a native of Cholollan; a Cuauh-
titlancalqui (pl. Cuauhtitlancalque), of Cuauhtitlan; an Acolhua (pl. Acol-
huaque), of Acolhuacan. For further particulars see Grammatical Notes,
sections 3.2—3, in the companion volume.
Place names. Wherever there is a clear indication to do so, variant spell-
ings of geographical names have been regularized in the translation in
order to minimize ambiguity. The reader who came upon “Chiapan,” and

5
 Guide to the Translation

later “Chiyapan,” might wonder if the same place is meant. It is, and the
more usual spelling, “Chiapan,” has been adopted throughout the trans-
lation. For the sake of completeness, variant spellings in the paleograph
are entered in the Concordance in this volume and, of course, preserved
in the Transcription in the companion volume.
The recurring “etc.” The Latin et cetera appears frequently in the An-
nals of Cuauhtitlan, evidently with differing shades of meaning. At 2:1] it
seems equivalent to “more of the same,” while at 3:26 it implies “and so
forth, as stated previously.” Apparently at 6:27 it means “et al.” But most
often, as at 8:46 and 12:5, it suggests that the author (or the copyist?) is
cutting short his source, as if to say that the matter is not worth pursuing
or that the story is too well known to need retelling.

16
Annals of Cuauhtitlan

S >
ro a.
a wr
 Contents

The goddess Itzpapalotl speaks

Ca. A.D. 635: Itzpapalotl instructs the Chichimecs | Her death at the
hands ofMixcoatl | Origin of the sacred bundle
The beginning of the year count
A.D. 635-93: The Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs depart from Chicomoztoc |
They arrive in the country of Cuauhtitlan | “There was still darkness”
The five suns
AD. 694-751: Beginning of the Toltec era | The Colhuaque establish
a nation | Birth of the fifth sun | “And tt was then that light came”
Early history of Cuauhtitlan
AD. 751-816: Mixcoatl takes leave of the Chichimecs | They disperse |
TItzpapalotl speaks | Huactl rules the Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs
The life of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl
A.D. 817-95: Birth of Topiltzin | Death ofHuacth | Topitzin
becomes Tollan’s priest and ruler | Sorcerers put lim to flight | He
reappears as the morning star
The fall of Tollan
A.D. 896-1070: Huemac rules in Tollan | He 1s disgraced by female
sorcerers | Famine and the beginning of human sacrifice | The Toltecs
disperse |Huemac’s suicide
The Mexica reach Chapoltepec HT 15
A.D. 1071-1240: The Mexica set out from Aztlan | The Colhuaque
reach Colhuacan | The Chalca arrive | Origin of the Cuitlahuaca |
The Mexica ave attacked at Chapoltepec
Cuauhtitlan genealogy LS-232
A.D. 1240 and later: Quinatzin of Cuauhtitlan marries a Mexica
woman | Origin of the war against Xaltocan | Genealogy of
Quinatzin’s descendants down to the mid-sixteenth century
The Mexica in captivity 16
:32
A.D. 1240-86: The Mexica are defeated at Chapoltepec | The
Colhuagque permit them to settle at “Tizacapan” | Attacked by the
Colhuaque, the Mexica flee | The Chalca are defeated by Huexotzinco |
The Mexica defeat the Colhuaque
Cuauhtitlan’s war against Xaltocan 18:40
A.D. 1287-97 and later: Xaltocameca are attacked while quail

Lo
 Annals of Cuauhtitlan

hunting | War begins in earnest | Xaltocan’s boundaries are pushed

back | Ambush at the shrine of the serpent god | Xaltocameca are exiled
The fall of Colhuacan aoe 46
A.D. 1298-1348: Huactli of Cuauhtitlan takes a Colhua bride |
Founding of Tenochtitlan | Huactli’s son predicts the fall of Colhuacan |
Tezozomoctli ofAzcapotzalco begins the Chalca war| Colhuacan
destroyed by internal strife | Colhuaque migrate to Cuauhtitlan
The founding of the city of Cuauhtitlan 24: 37
A.D. 1348 and later: The Colhua newcomers intermarry with the
Cuauhtitlancalque | The Colhua settlement becomes the new city of
Cuauhtitlan
The massacre of the Chichimecs 25 5 53
A.D. 1349 and later: The Colhuaque establish new customs tn
Cuauhtitlan | Chichimecs are driven out
Colhuacan restored 20.3 39
A.D. 1349-77: Acamapichtli of Colhuacan begins the Mexica dynasty
in Tenochtitlan | Mexica and Chalca begin a “flower war”| Colhua
nobles return to Colhuacan
Cuauhtitlan’s glory ay: 45
A.D. 1378-1406: Chalca war begins in earnest | Pyramid temple
constructed in Cuauhtitlan | Tepaneca assassinate the ruler of
Cuitlahuac | Cuauhtitlan finally defeats Xaltocan | The quartering of
Cuauhtitlan town | Birth ofNezahualcoyotl | Birth of Cuauhtitlan’s
Ayactlacatzin | Huitzilihuitl becomes ruler of Tenochtitlan
Origins of the Tepaneca War: the rise of Toltitlan 30: 31
A.D. 1407-8 and later: Tepaneca assassinate the ruler of
Cuauhtitlan | The Toltitlancalque join the Tepaneca and rebel
against Cuauhtitlan | History of Toltitlan down to the
mia-sixteenth century
Origins of the Tepaneca War: the tyranny of Tezozomoctli els 43
A.D. 1409-28: Tezozomoctli’s Tepaneca assassinate the ruler of
Colhuacan | Mexica make a conquest in Tepaneca territory /
Chimalpopocatzin becomes ruler of Tenochtitlan | Tepaneca assassinate
Ixtlilxochitl, ruler of Tetzcoco | Tezozomoctli dies | List of his sons and
the kingdoms they usurped | Maxtla becomes ruler of the Tepaneca |
Tepaneca assassmate Chimalpopocatzin of Tenochtitlan and
Tlacateotzin of Tlatilolco / Nezahualcoyotl driven into exile | Itzcoatl
becomes ruler of Tenochtitlan with Moteuczomatzin as his “guarantor”
Origins of the Tepaneca War: the exile of Nezahualcoyotl 34:33
Ca. A.D. 1419-28: Young Nezahualcoyotl of Tetzcoco eludes the
Tepaneca assassins | Sorcerers designate him the avenger | He takes his

20
 Contents

first captive | With his mentor, Coyohua, he visits Tezozomoctli and

mocks lim | Coyohua and Nezahualcoyotl foil Tezozomoctli
The Tepaneca War: the sack of Cuauhtitlan 40: 1
A.D. 1429-30: Cuauhtitlan’s vassal towns join the Tepaneca and
burn Cuauhtitlan | Cuauhtitlan’s ruler commits suicide
The Tepaneca War: Cuauhtitlan joins with Mexico 42:18
ALD. 1430: Cuauhtitlan installs a new ruler | Alliance with Mexico
and Tetzcoco (Acolhuacan) |Recital of Tepaneca crimes
The Tepaneca War: embassies to Huexotzinco 43: 13
A.D. 1430: The Tepaneca ask Huexotzinco for military aid | Huexot-
zinco humiliates emissaries from Cuauhtitlan | Cuauhtitlan humiliates
Tepaneca emissaries | Huexotzinco joins the allies against the Tepaneca
The Tepaneca War: Nezahualcoyotl’s campaign 45: 28
A.D. 1430: Nezahualcoyotl leads allied troops against all the towns
ruled by Tepaneca |_A Cuauhtitlan princess aids the allies in Toltitlan |
Tepaneca are exiled | Cuauhtitlan regains tts vassal towns | The allies
also conquer the Cuauhnahuaca and the Xaltocameca
After the Tepaneca War 47: 39
AD. 1431: Nezahualcoyotl named ruler of Tetzcoco | The Toltitlancal-
que are punished for plotting against Cuauhtitlan | Tenochtitlan fails
to conquer the Cuitlahuaca | Flood in Cuauhtitlan
Mexico’s glory begins 48 : 27
A.D. 1432-39: Nezahualcoyotl takes up residence in Tetzcoco | Tepa-
neca return from exile | Flood-control project| Tenochtitlan again
makes war on the Cuitlahuaca | Xaltocan resettled by different
nations | Cuauhtitlan threatens Ecatepec | The Chalca war spreads
The reign of Moteuczomatzin the elder 49: 42
AD. 1440-68: Moteuczomatzin becomes ruler of Tenochtitlan | He
interferes in the civil war of the Cuitlahuaca | Famine | Nezahuatlcoyotl
builds Ins temple | Moteuczomatzin fails to seduce the queen of Coatx-
tlahuacan | Beginning of tribute from the coastlands | Chalco sues for
peace | Construction of the Chapoltepec aqueduct | War of the children
The reign of Axayacatzin 54: 46
A.D. 1469-80: Death ofMoteuczomatzin |Accession ofAxayacatzin |
Death ofNezahualcoyotl | Nezahualpilh becomes ruler of Tetzcoco /
Scandals ofMoquihuix | War between Tenochtitlan and Tlatilolco /
Axayacatzin receives two Huexotzinca women | His victory over the
Matlatzinca at Xigquipilco
The reign of Tizocicatzin asi 36
A.D. 1481-85: Death ofAxayacatzin |Accession of Tizocicatzin |
First ina series ofsolar eclipses |Pyramid ofHuitzilopochth begun

21
 Annals of Cuauhtitlan

The reign of Ahuitzotzin ae:

A.D. 1486-1502: Death of Tizocicatzin |Accession ofAhutzotzin |
He assigns a ruler to the Chalca | Rebellious Chalca are punished |
Mass sacrifice for the dedication of the pyramid in Tenochtitlan | Earth
shakes | Diverted waters cause flood | Famine begins
The reign of Moteuczomatzin the younger Dos a7
AD. 1503-17: Death ofAhuitzotzin | Moteuczomatzin the younger
becomes ruler of Tenochtitlan | The Chalca build a pyramid in Tlal-
manalco | Famine ends | Sacrifices in Cuauhtitlan | An executioners’
party | First appearance of the comet (or “cloud banner”) | Cacamatzin
becomes ruler of Tetzcoco | Moteuczomatzin and the skull rack lord
On the origin of the skull rack lords 62: si
How the skull rack lords of Cuitlahuac trace their descent from
Mixcoatl | On the quartering of Cuitlahuac | Boundaries established
by Mixcoatl
The reign of Moteuczomatzin the younger, continued 63: Ze
A.D. 1517-18: Moteuczomatzin takes a Huexotzinca woman as his
concubine
Four eras 63 :36
History divided into four periods: (1) era of Tollan etc., (2) era ofAzca-
potzalco etc., (3) era of Tenochtitlan etc., (4) arrival of the Spaniards
Realms, rulers, and tribute O32 41
Ca. A.D. 1518: Lists of rulers | Tribute rolls for Tetzcoco, Mexico,
and Tlacopan
A short history of the Mexica 053 48
AD. 1350-1518: Synopsis ofMexica history from the reign of
Acamapichtl down to the arrival of the first Spaniards

22
 [The goddess Itzpapalotl speaks: ca. A.D. 635]!
“... a yellow eagle, a yellow jaguar, a yellow snake, a yellow rabbit, a
yellow deer.
“Shoot to the south, to the southlands, the garden lands, the flower
lands. There you must shoot a red eagle, a red jaguar, a red snake, a red
rabbit, a red deer.
“And when you have done your shooting, lay them in the hands of
Xiuhteuctli, the Old Spirit, whom these three are to guard: Mixcoatl,
Tozpan, and Thuitl.* These are the names of the three hearthstones.” Thus
Itzpapalotl taught the Chichimecs.
And when the Chichimecs come, the Mixcoa, the four hundred Mix-
coa,? are in the lead. That’s how they issue forth from Chiucnauhtilihuican
[Nine Hills], from Chiucnauhixtlahuatl [Nine Fields, 1.e., the underworld].
And then they fell into the hands of Itzpapalotl, who ate the four hun-
dred Mixcoa, finished them off. White Mixcoatl, called Mixcoatl the
younger, was the only one who escaped, who ran away.* He jumped inside
a barrel cactus.
sls: And when Itzpapalotl seized the cactus, Mixcoatl rushed out and shot
her, calling to the four hundred Mixcoa,5 who had died. They appeared.
They shot her. And when she was dead, they burned her. Then they
rubbed themselves with her ashes, blackening their eye sockets.
2d? And when their bundle® was finished being made, they all decorated
themselves in a place called Mazatepec.

1. The teachings of the goddess, continued from the missing first folio, are recapitulated
in lines 3: 16—29 below.
2. The translation follows Lehmann and Velazquez. But Sullivan, plausibly, has “And
when you have shot your arrows, place in the hands of Xiuhtecuthi [the god of fire], the Old
God, the three who are to guard him—Miuxcoatl, Tozpan, and Ihuitl.”
3. For the textual mzxcoat read mixcoa or mixcod. See GN sec. 1.1.
4. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.
5. For the textual mixcoa read mixcoa.
6. A sacred bundle containing the ashes of Itzpapalotl is mentioned 1n line 50: 36 below.
See also lines 80: 10—19.

23
 The beginning of the year count: A.D. 635-93

[The beginning of the year count: A.D. 635—93]

Then the four year counters got started. The first is Reed. The second,
Flint. The third, House. The fourth, Rabbit.
1 24 1 Reed [635]. This is when the Chichimecs came out of Chicomoztoc
[Seven Caves], so it is told, so it is related in their narratives.
e20 The year count, the day sign count, and the count of each twenty-day
period were made the responsibility of those known as Oxomoco and
Cipactonal. Oxomoco means the man, Cipactonal means the woman.
Both were very old. And from then on, old men and old women were
called by those names.
Seoul 2 Flint. 3 House. 4 Rabbit. 5 Reed. 6 Flint. 7 House. 8 Rabbit. 9 Reed.
10 Flint. 11 House. 12 Rabbit. 13 Reed. 1 Flint. 2 House. 3 Rabbit.
4 Reed. 5 Flint. 6 House. 7 Rabbit. 8 Reed. 9 Flint. 10 House. 1] Rab-
bit. 12 Reed. 13 Flint. 1 House. 2 Rabbit. 3 Reed. 4 Flint. 5 House.
6 Rabbit. 7 Reed. 8 Flint. 9 House. 10 Rabbit. 11 Reed. 12 Flint.
13 House. ] Rabbit. 2 Reed. 3 Flint. 4 House. 5 Rabbit. 6 Reed. 7 Flint.
8 House. 9 Rabbit. 10 Reed. 1] Flint. 12 House. 13 Rabbit.”
o7, 13 Rabbit [686] was the beginning of Tetzcoco’s year count, [the be-
ginning of] their Chichimec period.
moe: 1 Reed [687] was when Chicontonatiuh (of Cuauhtitlan) was made
ruler. At Quetzaltepec he assumed the rule.®
: 40 2 Flint. 3 House. 4 Rabbit.
5 Reed [691]. This was the year the Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs arrived in
the region, at Macuexhuacan Huehuetocan. It has already been told, al-
ready been mentioned how they came out of Chicomoztoc and how it was
known that the year count of the Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs began in a year
isKeed?
And when these Chichimecs arrived in the year 5 Reed, they were hunt-
ers on the move. They had no houses, no lands, no clothes that were soft
goods.’ They just wore hides and long moss.!° And their children were
brought up in mesh bags and pack baskets. They ate large prickly pears,
barrel cactus, spine silk, sour prickly pears.
249 They suffered much during all the 364 years before they arrived in the
country of Cuauhtitlan, and it was then that the dynasty of the Cuauhti-
tlan Chichimecs began and got started.
oe Now, it must be said and it is to be understood: with regard to the
7. Marginal gloss: 52.
8. The translation agrees with Sullivan. See GLOS: tlatocati.
9. For yanmanqui read yamangui.
10. Tillandsta sp. (Spanish moss).

24
 The five suns: A.D. 694-751

above year-time, it was actually in that time, in that year, 1 Reed, while
they were still on the road, that they got themselves a ruler."!
During these years that the Chichimecs lived, it is told and related that
there was still darkness.
There was still darkness, so it is told, because they had no fame yet, no
renown. There was no happiness. They were still on the move, etc.
6 Flint. 7 House.

[The five suns: A.D. 694—751]

According to their stories, which they had trouble remembering,” the
old ones knew that the land, or earth, had its beginning and was estab-
lished in the first age.
Zio 8 Rabbit [694]. The fourth sun, the sun whose day sign is 4 Wind.
9 Reed. 10 Flint. 11 House. 12 Rabbit. 13 Reed. 1 Flint. 2 House.
3 Rabbit. 4 Reed. 5 Flint. 6 House. 7 Rabbit. 8 Reed. 9 Flint. 10 House.
11 Rabbit.
The second age is told and related to be the fifth sun, or age.
12 Reed. 13 Flint. 1 House. 2 Rabbit. 3 Reed. 4 Flint. 5 House.
6 Rabbit. 7 Reed. 8 Flint.
The third age, sun five of 4 Wind.
9 House [721]. At this time the Colhua Chichimecs established their
own nation.
10 Rabbit. 11 Reed. 12 Flint.
13 House [725]. Chicontonatiuh rules in Cuauhtitlan. The town is at
Macuexhuacan.
1 Rabbit [726] is when the Toltecs began. Their year count started in
1 Rabbit.
It is said that life had been created four times.
So the old ones knew that in the fifth age,'? in the time of 1 Rabbit,
earth and sky were established, and they knew that when earth and sky
were established, people had existed four times, life had been created four
times. So they knew how each of the suns had been.
And they said that the one they called their god made them, created
them, out of ashes. This they attributed to Quetzalcoatl. 7 Wind is the day
sign of the one who made them, created them.

11. See line 1:38 above.

12. The passage that follows, down through line 2:10, is indeed confusing. A more
coherent version of the myth begins with line 2 : 24 below.
13. The intrusive CCCC, written with an overline in the manuscript, appears misplaced.
At 1:13 and 1:17 the same figure means 400.

25
 Early history of Cuauhtitlan: A.D. 751-816

4 Water is the day sign of the first sun that there was in the beginning.
And its name is Water Sun. All those who were created in its time were
swept away by water. All the people turned into dragonfly nymphs and
fish.
E27 4 Jaguar is the day sign of the second sun that there was, called Jaguar
Sun. It happened that the sky collapsed then,!# and the sun did not con-
tinue. It happened at midday. Then there was darkness, and while it was
dark, the people were eaten.
inl And giants were alive in the time of this one, and the old people say
that their greeting was “Don’t fall!” because whoever fell would fall for
ood.
134 ; 4 Rain is the day sign of the third sun that there was, called Rain Sun.
In the time of this one it happened that fire rained down, so that those
who were there were burned. Also gravel rained down. They say that the
gravel we find was strewn at this time. Also the lava stone boiled. And the
various rocks that are red were deposited then.
bo 4 Wind is the day sign of the fourth sun, the Wind Sun. In its time
people were blown away by the wind, people were turned into monkeys.
Those who remained, the monkey people, were scattered in the forest.
:42 4 Movement is the day sign of the fifth sun, called Movement Sun,
because it moves along and follows its course. And from what the old
people say, there will be earthquakes in its time, and famine, and because
of this we will be destroyed.
: 46 2 Reed. 3 Flint. 4 House. 5 Rabbit. 6 Reed. 7 Flint. 8 House. 9 Rabbit.
10 Reed. 11 Flint. 12 House. 13 Rabbit. 1 Reed. 2 Flint. 3 House.
4 Rabbit. 5 Reed. 6 Flint. 7 House. 8 Rabbit. 9 Reed. 10 Flint. 11 House.
12 Rabbit. 13 Reed.
149 They say the sun that exists today was born in 13 Reed [751], and it
was then that light came, and it dawned. Movement Sun, which exists
today, has the day sign 4 Movement, and this sun is the fifth that there is.
In its time there will be earthquakes, famine.

[Early history of Cuauhtitlan: A.D. 751—816]

COL 13 Reed [751] is when Chicontonatiuh died in Macuexhuacan. He had
ruled Cuauhtitlan for sixty-five years.
: 54 In the year 1 Flint [752] the Toltecs got themselves a ruler. They took
Mixcoamazatzin as their ruler, and he initiated the Toltec rule.
Also in this year Xiuhneltzin was inaugurated as ruler of Cuauhtitlan in

14. For the tla- impersonal verb with specific third-person subject see GRAM sec. 5.9.

26
 Early history of Cuauhtitlan: A.D. 751-816

Ximilco.'5 They were there for one year and moved to Cuaxoxouhcan.
This was during the era of the devil Mixcoatl, who was still with them at
that time. And it was then that Xiuhneltzin set up his boundary markers.
Afterward [Mixcoatl] sent the Chichimecs away, and they went from town
to town. He took leave of them, giving them his gear and apparel.!¢
2 House. 3 Rabbit. 4 Reed. 5 Flint. 6 House. 7 Rabbit. 8 Reed. 9 Flint.
10 House. 11 Rabbit. 12 Reed. 13 Flint. 1 House. 2 Rabbit. 3 Reed.
4 Flint. 5 House. 6 Rabbit. 7 Reed. 8 Flint. 9 House. 10 Rabbit.
11 Reed. 12 Flint. 13 House. 1 Rabbit. 2 Reed. 3 Flint. 4 House. 5 Rabbit.
6 Reed. 7 Flint. 8 House. 9 Rabbit. 10 Reed. 11 Flint. 12 House.
13 Rabbit. 1 Reed. 2 Flint. 3 House. 4 Rabbit. 5 Reed. 6 Flint. 7 House.
8 Rabbit. 9 Reed. 10 Flint. 11 House. 12 Rabbit. 13 Reed.
In 1] Flint [804] the Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs got themselves a ruler.
Thus began a new Chichimec rule in Cuauhtitlan. They made Huactli
their new ruler in a place called Necuameyocan.
Now, this is the story that was told by the Chichimec old people:
BS When the rule of the Chichimecs began, a woman named Itzpapalotl
spoke to them and said, “You must make Huactli your ruler. Go to
Necuameyocan and build a thorn house, a maguey house. And there you
will spread the thorn mat, the maguey mat.
:20 “And then you must go to the east, and there you must shoot.
72d “Likewise to the north, to the desert lands, and there you must shoot.
es “Likewise to the south [should be west?], and there you must shoot.
Ww
Bw
SB mes “Likewise to the garden lands, the flower lands [1.e., the south?], and
there you must shoot.
:24 “And when you have done your shooting and have taken the holy ones,
the blue, the yellow, the white, and the red, the eagle, the jaguar, the
snake, and the rabbit, etc., then you must put Tozpan, Ihuitl, and Xiuhnel
to guard Xiuhteuctli, etc. That’s where your captured ones will be cooked.
When Huactli has observed his four-day!” ruler’s fast, your captured ones
will be needed.”
29 And those Chichimecs who got themselves a ruler are named here: Mix-
coatl, Xiuhnel, Mimich, Cuahuicol. And then these: Itztlacoliuhqui, Ne-
cuametl, Amimitl, Iquehuac, Nahuacan.!* And the Chichimec women were
Coatl, Miahuatl, Coacueye, Yaocihuatl, Chichimecacihuatl, Tlacochcue.

15. Follows Lehmann. Velazquez reads Temilco.

16. In later times Cuauhtitlan Chichimec warriors and ritualists would dress themselves
as Mixcoatl. See lines 25:47 and 56:25 below.
17. The reading follows Velazquez, who conjectures that the numeral 9 in the manuscript
is a copyist’s error for “4,” which would merely reinforce the nahuilhuitl (four days). Accord-
ing to Alva Ixtlilxochitl, the ruler’s four-day inaugural fast was instituted by Topiltzin. See
EXT 1: 387.
18. Lehmann reads Iquehuac Nahuacan as one person.

27
 The life of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl: A.D. 817-95

And so then they installed a Chichimec prince, who would always lead
them. And they made an egret banner for their leader to carry wherever
he might go, wherever he might settle, so that he could be seen and they
could rally around. This was not to be the place where he would stay.
eA And when that was done, in the very year | Flint, the Chichimecs dis-
persed, going everywhere, from one country to the next: Michhuacan,
Cohuixco, Yopitzinco, Totollan, Tepeyacac, Cuauhquechollan, Huexo-
tzinco, Tlaxcallan, Tliliuhquitepec, Zacatlantonco, Tototepec.
241 And some of them turned around and went to Cuextlan, and some went
to Acolhuacan. They went in all directions, traveled in all directions.
315,43: Tepolnextli, Tlancuaxoxouhqui, and Xiuhtochtli, who are said to have
taken the lead among those who went to Huexotzinco, were separated in
Cuaxoxouhcan by that devil, who took them to different towns.
:46 In order to finish the above story, it must be said that it was when
Xiuhneltzin was ruling that Cuaxoxouhcan was the seat of Cuauhtitlan.
£48 2 House. 3 Rabbit. 4 Reed. 5 Flint. 6 House. 7 Rabbit. 8 Reed. 9 Flint.
10 House. 11 Rabbit. 12 Reed. 13 Flint.

[The life of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl: A.D. 817—95]

549 1 House [817]. In that year the ruler of the Toltecs died, the one who
started the dynasty, the one whose name was Mixcoamazatzin. Then
Huetzin was inaugurated, and he ruled in Tollan.
oo 2 Rabbit. 3 Reed. 4 Flint. 5 House. 6 Rabbit. 7 Reed. 8 Flint. 9 House.
10 Rabbit. 11 Reed. 12 Flint. 13 House. 1 Rabbit. 2 Reed. 3 Flint.
4 House. 5 Rabbit.
1 54 6 Reed [835]. This is when Quetzalcoatl’s father died, whose name was
Totepeuh. And at this time [huitimal was inaugurated, and he ruled in
Tollan.
7 Flint. 8 House. 9 Rabbit. 10 Reed. 11 Flint. 12 House. 13 Rabbit.
1 Reed [843]. According to what they tell and what they say, this was
when Quetzalcoatl was born, called Topiltzin Priest Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl,
and his mother they say was named Chimalman. And from what they say
about him, Quetzalcoatl was placed in his mother’s belly when she swal-
lowed a piece of jade.
2 Flint. 3 House. 4 Rabbit. 5 Reed. 6 Flint. 7 House. 8 Rabbit.
9 Reed [851]. It was in 9 Reed that Quetzalcoatl looked for his father.
When he was nine years old and had some awareness,!? he said, “What is
my father like? May I see him? May I look at his face?”

19. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.

28
 The life of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl: A.D. 817-95

4 ex) “He’s dead, he’s buried over there,” was the answer. “Take a look.” So
Quetzalcoatl went there. And he looked for the bones. He dug them up.”°
And when he had removed the bones, he went and buried them in the
temple mound of [the spirit] known as Quilaztli.
10 Flint. 11 House. 12 Rabbit. 13 Reed. 1 Flint. 2 House. 3 Rabbit.
4 Reed. 5 Flint. 6 House. 7 Rabbit. 8 Reed. 9 Flint.
10 House [865]. In that year Huactli died, who had been ruler of
Cuauhtitlan. He had ruled for sixty-two years. This was the ruler who did
not know how to plant edible corn. Also, his subjects did not know how
to make tilmas. They still wore hides. Their food was just birds, snakes,
rabbits, and deer. As yet they were homeless. They just kept going, kept
moving from place to place.
In 11 Rabbit [866] the lady Xiuhtlacuilolxochitzin became ruler, and
she had her straw-house in Tianquiztenco. Where it was is now Tepexi-
tenco. And the reason the nation had been left to this lady, they say,
is that she was Huactli’s wife—also she knew how to invoke the devil
Itzpapalotl.
S21 12 Reed. 13 Flint. 1 House.
S22
He In 2 Rabbit [870] Quetzalcoatl arrived in Tollantzinco. He spent four
years there and built his house of fasting, his turquoise house of beams.
From there he came out toward Cuextlan, and in order to cross a certain
river he built a bridge of stone that stands to this day, so it is said.
eo: 3 Reed. 4 Flint.
5 House [873].?! This was the year the Toltecs went to get Quetzalcoatl
to make him their ruler in Tollan, and in addition he was their priest. The
story of it has been written elsewhere.
ane 6 Rabbit.
7 Reed [875]. Xiuhtlacuilolxochitzin, the Cuauhtitlan lady, died at this
time. She had ruled for twelve years.
:29 8 Flint [876]. That year Ayauhcoyotzin was inaugurated as ruler of
Cuauhtitlan at a place called Tecpancuauhtla.
: 30 9 House. 10 Rabbit. 11 Reed. 12 Flint. 13 House. 1 Rabbit.
oO] 2 Reed [883]. According to stories from Tetzcoco, Quetzalcoatl To-
pultzin of Tollan Colhuacan died at this time.
ee It was in 2 Reed that Topiltzin, or Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl, built his house
of fasting, his place of penance, his place of prayer. Four in number were
the houses that he built: his turquoise house of beams, his house of red-
shell, his house of whiteshell, his house of quetzal plumes. There he
prayed, did penance, and kept his fast.
20. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.
21. Marginal gloss: Ihuitimal died.
22. Marginal gloss: These are not valid here.

29
 The life of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl: A.D. 817-95

And just at midnight he would go down to the water, to the place called
Water Shrine, or At-the-Water-Weed.
mae And he punctured himself with thorns? on top of Xicocotl and Huitzco
and Tzincoc and Mount Nonoalco. And he made his thorns of jade and
his needles of quetzal plumes. And for incense he burned turquoise, jade,
and redshell. And the blood offerings that he sacrificed were snakes, birds,
and butterflies.
342 Now, it is told and related that it was to heaven that he prayed, that he
worshipped. And the ones he called out to were Citlalinicue, Citlalatonac,
Tonacacihuatl, Tonacateuctli, Tecolliquenqui, Eztlaquenqui, Tlallamanac,
Tlalichcatl.*4
545 Well, as they knew, he was crying out to the Place of Duality, to the
Nine Layers,?* which is how the sky is arranged. And so those dwellers
yonder knew that the one who was calling to them and praying to them
had really been keeping up his humility, keeping up his contrition.
149 What is more, in his life and in his time he introduced great riches, jade,
turquoise, gold, silver, redshell, whiteshell, quetzal plumes. And cotingas,
roseate spoonbills, troupials, trogons, and herons.
os In addition he introduced cacao of different colors and different-colored
cotton.Ӣ
oS And he was a great craftsman in all his works: his eating dishes, his drink-
ing vessels, his green-, herb-green-,?” white-, yellow-, and red-painted
pottery. And there was much more.
And during the time that he lived Quetzalcoatl started and began his
temple; he put up the serpent columns. But he did not finish it, he did not
build it to the top.
And in the time that he lived he did not show himself in public. He was
guarded in a chamber that was hard to reach. Many were the places in
which the pages who were guarding him had sealed him up. And wherever
23. For the textual onmohuitztlaliliaya read onmohuitztlaliaya. The rite of puncturing one-
self with thorns, or maguey spines, in the wilderness as a devotional offering is described in
FC bk. 3, app. ch. 8; and HG bk. 3, app. ch. 8. Cf. line 6:52 below.
24. The names may be translated Star Skirt, Star Shine, Food Woman, Food Lord,
Dressed in Charcoal, Dressed in Blood, Earth Founder(?), and Earth Cotton. Citlala-,
eztla-, and tlalla- are here taken to be modified combining forms of citlalin, eztli, and tlalli.
See GRAM sec. 7.2.
25. Twelve layers are mentioned in FC 10:169:2. According to HG bk. 10, ch. 29,
sec. 1, the lord and lady of duality (Ometeuctli and Omecihuatl) were in the topmost of
these layers.
26. FC 3:14: 13—24 mentions naturally colored cotton that did not have to be dyed and
“flower cacao” (see NED: xochicacahuatl).
27. “Green-, herb-green” is evidently a single color (see GLOS: xoxoctic 2). Since
“green” can also be blue, the writer needs to make clear that he means green like the grass,
not green like the sky (see NED: ilhuicaxox6huic 2). I am indebted to the archaeologist
Michael E. Smith for advising me that blue-glazed pottery is not found.

30
 The life of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl: A.D, 817-95

he was sealed, some of his pages were there. And that’s where the jade mat
was, the plume mat, the mat of gold.
Now, it has been told and mentioned that the houses for fasting that he
built were four in number.
Well, it is told and related that many times during the life of Quetzal-
coatl, sorcerers tried to ridicule him into making the human payment,”*
into taking human lives. But he always refused. He did not consent,”
because he greatly loved his subjects, who were Toltecs. Snakes, birds, and
butterflies that he killed were what his sacrifices always were.
And it is told and related that with this he wore out the sorcerers’ pa-
tience. So it was then that they started to ridicule him and make fun of
him, the sorcerers saying they wanted to torment Quetzalcoatl and make
him run away.
And it became true. It happened.
3 Flint. 4 House. 5 Rabbit. 6 Reed. 7 Flint. 8 House. 9 Rabbit.
10 Reed. 11 Flint. 12 House. 13 Rabbit.
S20 1 Reed [895] was the year Quetzalcoatl died. And it is said that he went
to Tlillan Tlapallan in order to die there.
Eee, Afterward, a certain Matlacxochitl was inaugurated as ruler, became
ruler of Tollan.
ues Then they tell how Quetzalcoatl departed. It was when he refused to
obey the sorcerers about making the human payment, about sacrificing
humans. Then the sorcerers deliberated among themselves, they whose
names were Tezcatlipoca, Ihuimecatl, and Toltecatl. They said, “He must
leave his city. We shall live there.”
ee “Let us brew pulque,” they said. “We'll have him drink it and make him
lose his judgment, so that he no longer performs his sacraments.”
228 Then Tezcatlipoca said, “Myself, I say we should give him a way to see
his flesh.” °°
: 30 They agreed that they would do it.
Then Tezcatlipoca went first. He took a two-sided mirror, a span wide,*!
wrapped it up. And when he had come to where Quetzalcoatl was, he said
to the pages who were guarding him, “Announce to the priest: A young
man? has come to show you, come to present you,** your flesh.”

28. “Payment” refers to human sacrifice. See also 5:24 below. Compare the “payment”
made in the Cantares Mexicanos (see NED: patiuhtl1).
29. For the textual ama giz tead amo ciz.
30. Lit., let us give him how he will see his flesh. For quitoz read quittaz. Lehmann,
followed by Sullivan, translates “Let us give him his flesh. How shall he see it?”
31. The “span” is a unit of measure equal to about 14 cm. See GLOS: cemiztitl.
32. A play on words. “Young Man” (Telpochtli) was another name for the god
Tezcatlipoca.
33. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.

31
 The life of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl: A.D. 817-95

The pages went inside and repeated it to Quetzalcoatl, who said,

“What’s that, grandfather page? What’s my ‘flesh??” Take a look at what
he’s brought, and then he may come in.”
236 But he refused to let them see it. “I must show it to the priest myself,”
he said. “Go tell him that.”
or They went and told him: “He refuses, and he very much wants to show
it to you.” 4
238 “Let him come, grandfather,” said Quetzalcoatl.
ae They went and called Tezcatlipoca. He entered, greeting him. He said,
“My child,3> Priest Ce Acatl, Quetzalcoatl, I greet you. And Pve come to
show you your flesh.”
742 “Youve wearied yourself,?° grandfather,” said Quetzalcoatl. “Where do
you come from? What is this ‘flesh’ of mine? Let me see it.”
143 “My child, O priest, I, your servant, have come from the foot of Mount
Nonoalco. May it please you to see your flesh.”
245 Then he gave him the mirror*” and said, “Know yourself, see yourself,
my child, for you will appear in the mirror.”
346 Then Quetzalcoatl looked and was terrified. “If my subjects saw me,”
he said, “they might run away.” For his eyelids were bulging,** his eye
sockets deeply sunken, his face pouchy all over—he was monstrous.
: 50 When he had looked in the mirror, he said, “My subjects are never to
see me. I must stay right here.”
oT Then Tezcatlipoca left him and came away.*? And in order to make fun
of him he consulted with Ihuimecatl.*
753 Ihuimecatl said, “Let the featherworker Coyotlinahual be the one to
go.”
They repeated it to him, that he was to go. “Very well,” said the feather-
worker Coyotlinahual, “I'll go see Quetzalcoatl.” And so he went.
He said to Quetzalcoatl, “My child, I say you must go out. Let your
subjects see you. And for them to see you, let me dress you up.”
He said, “Grandfather, do it! I'd like to see it.”
And so he did it, this featherworker, this Coyotlinahual. First he made

34. Read mitzmottitilznequi. Cf. lines 5:34 and 5:37 above, and 5:41 below.
35. The alternate translation “my prince,” seems less appropriate in light of the usages in
FC bk. 6, where the ruler is addressed by subordinates as “child” or even “grandchild” (see
FC 6:51:23). At 6:42 below, Quetzalcoatl’s sister is also addressed as “my child.”
36. A standard greeting to visitors, often translated “Welcome!”
37. Lehmann notes, “Tetzcatl is a variant of tezcatl [mirror], especially in the speech of
Tetzcoco.”
38. Lit., his eyelids were rounded greatly. “Rounded eyelids” (ixcuatolli mimiltic) de-
scribes the normal condition per FC 10: 101.
39. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.
40. A “named partner” construction allowed by Andrews (p. 201), evidently not allowed
by Carochi (see CAR 490 or CAROC 86v, GRAM sec. 10.11). Lit., And Ihuimecatl [and
he] consulted with one another as to if they [might] not be able to make fun of him.

32
 The life of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl: A.D. 817-95

Quetzalcoatl’s head fan. Then he fashioned his turquoise mask,*! taking

yellow to make the front, red to color the bill.42 Then he gave him his
serpent teeth and made him his beard, covering him below with cotinga
and roseate spoonbill feathers.
When he had prepared it—the way the attire of Quetzalcoatl used to
be—he gave him the mirror.
Seeing himself, Quetzalcoatl was well pleased. At that very moment he
went out from the place where he was being guarded.
Then Coyotlinahual, the featherworker, went to Ihuimecatl and said, “I
have brought Quetzalcoatl out. Now go!”
“Very well,” he said. Then he befriended a certain Toltecatl, and when
they were ready to go, they set off together.*
as Then they came to Xonacapacoyan*# and lodged with the man who
worked the fields there, Maxtlaton, the keeper of Toltecatepec.*® Then they
also stewed greens, tomatoes, chilis, fresh corn, and beans. And it was all
done in just a few days.
: 16 There were also magueys there, which they requested from Maxtla. In
just four days they made them into pulque, then they decanted it. They
were the ones who discovered the little hives of tree honey, and it was with
this# that they decanted the pulque.
Then they went to Tollan, to the house of Quetzalcoatl, bringing all
their greens, their chilis, and so forth. Also the pulque. When they got
there, they tried to enter, but Quetzalcoatl’s guards would not let them.*”
Twice, three times they turned them away. They were not admitted. Fi-
nally they were asked where their home was.
:24 “Over at Tlamacazcatepec, at Toltecatepec,”** they replied.
Pao Hearing them, Quetzalcoatl said, “Let them come in.”
: 26 They went in.
Well, they greeted him, and at last they gave him the greens, etc. And
when he had eaten of it, they urged him once again, giving him the
pulque.

41. The Quetzalcoatl mask that Moteuczoma sent to Cortés was a “serpent mask of tur-
quoise mosaic” (coaxaiacatl, xiuhtica tlachioalli)—FC 12:11:10 and HG. But the descrip-
tion in our text seems closer to the Quetzalcoatl masks shown in the pictographic codices,
with their long bird bills, sometimes red, set with alligatorlike teeth or merely a pair of
serpent fangs, and surrounded byafringelike beard. The area of the eyes and forehead, either
yellow or some other contrasting color, perhaps corresponds to the “front” mentioned here.
For a guide to pictorial representations of the deity see Leon-Portilla, Quetzalcoatl.
42. Word order reversed in the translation.
43. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.
44. Lit., place where onions are washed.
45. Lit., Toltec mountain.
46. Read yehuatl inic.
47. Lit., they tried, but Quetzalcoatl’s guards would not allow them to enter.
48. Lit., at priest mountain, at Toltec mountain.

$3
 The life of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl: A.D. 817-95

:28 But he said, “No, I mustn’t drink it. Pm fasting. Is it intoxicating? Or

fatal?”
:29 “Taste it with your finger,” they told him. “It’s piquant.”*
: 30 Quetzalcoatl tasted it with his finger. Finding it good, he said, “Let me
drink, grandfather.” And when he had drunk one draught, the sorcerers
said to him, “You'll drink four.” And so they gave him afifth draught,
saying, “This is your portion.”5°
Well, when he had drunk it, then they served all his pages, and they
drank five draughts apiece.
moe When the sorcerers had gotten them completely drunk, they said to
Quetzalcoatl, “My child, may it please you to sing, and here’s a song for
you to recite.” Then Ihuimecatl recited it for him:

2 38 I must leave*! my house of quetzal, of quetzal, my house of troupial,

my house of redshell.

Eso When he had gotten into a happy mood, he said, “Go get my sister‘?
Quetzalpetlatl. Let the two of us be drunk together.”
:41 His pages went to Mount Nonoalco, where she was doing penance, and
said, “My child, lady, Quetzalpetlatl, O fasting one, we’ve come to get you.
Priest Quetzalcoatl is waiting for you.5* Youre to go be with him.”
She said, “All right, let’s go, grandfather page.” And when she got there,
she sat down beside Quetzalcoatl. Then they served her the pulque. Four
draughts and one more, a fifth, were poured for her.
147 And when Yhuimecatl and Toltecatl had made everyone drunk, they
presented a song to Quetzalcoatl’s sister. They recited it for her:

eae My sister,where are you?** O Quetzalpetlatl, let’s be drunk, ayya yya

ynye an.

: 50 Having made themselves drunk, they no longer said, “Let us do pen-

ance.” No longer did they go down to the water. No longer did they go
out to puncture themselves with thorns. From then on they did nothing
at daybreak.

49. Lit., indeed it’s a sharp stone(?), indeed it’s a thorn. Perhaps a pun is intended, since
“thorn” (huitztl) is a synonym for pulque.
50. Four draughts were allowed; a fifth was considered the mark of a drunkard (HG
bk. 10, ch. 29, section entitled “De los mexicanos”).
51. The ya in ticyacahuaz is a nonsense syllable.
52. Lit., elder sister.
53. Read mitzmochialia.
54. Ci tiyanemeyan = can tinemi (where are you?; the ya and yan are nonsense syllables).
This is a standard expression in Aztec songs, used to invoke an absent spirit, especially the
supreme deity. For parallel passages, see NED: nemi 3.

o+
 The life of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl: A.D. 817-95

Well, when dawn came, they were filled with sadness, their hearts were
troubled. And Quetzalcoatl said, “Alas for me!” And then he sang a la-
ment, composing a song about how he would have to go away. Then he
sang it aloud: *

Never *¢ a portion counted5” in my house.** Let it be here, ah, let it be

here, here.’? Alas. May the realm endure. Alas. There’s only misery
and servitude. Never will I recover.®°

He sang aloud the second stanza of his song:

Ah, she used to carry me, alas, my mother, ah, Coacueye, the goddess,
the noble one. I am weeping, ah.

N n When Quetzalcoatl had sung, then all his pages were saddened. They
wept. And they, too, sang, saying: *!

They made us rich, they, our lords, and he, Quetzalcoatl, who shined
like a jade. Broken are the timbers, his house of penance.® Would
that we might see him. Let us weep.

And when Quetzalcoatl’s pages had sung, he said to them, “Grandfather

page, enough! I must leave this city. I must go away. Give the command.
Have them make a stone chest.”
Then quickly a stone chest was carved. And when they had carved it
and it was finished, they laid Quetzalcoatl in it.
= 16 But he lay only four days in the stone chest. When he felt discomfort,
55. Rewritten as I understand it, with vocables italicized, the song text is as follows: aic-
on pohual[li] ce tonal{li] nocallan ma nican aya hue-ya ma nican-o nican-an ma-ye ommani
ye hue-/ua tlall-a hue can ya cococ tlacoyotl aic-a ninozcalti¢-a.
56. It is by no means clear that the copyist has stricken “htli,” though it seems to be
smudged or blotted in the manuscript. Lehmann reads ayahtli, interpreting this as ayahtle or
ay abtle, in which case the translation might be “Ay, at my house a portion is counted as
nothing.” The catchword aya at the bottom of side 6 lends weight to Lehmann’s reading.
57. The two characters preceding the word are illegible. The reading on pohual follows
Lehmann’s guess.
58. Freely, “pulque has never been served (or esteemed) in my house” (?). In a variant
of the story, a sorcerer addresses Quetzalcoatl, calling the pulque “your portion” (motonal,
FG 4316222):
59. The diction of this and the following two sentences has echoes in the Cantares Mex-
icanos. With such phrases mortals leaving the earth express both nostalgia and anguish.
60. Alternate translation: “Never will I sober up.”
61. My reconstruction of the song text: aya techon-ya-cuiltonoca yehuan noteuchuan
yehua [i]n quetzalcoatl-an mochalchiuhpopo[ya]hu-a cuahuitl iezzocan-a tlapa[n] ma tic-ya-
itzcan yehuan ma-n tichocacan ean.
62. Marginal gloss: house of Quetzalcoatl.

35
 The life of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl: A.D. 817-95

he said to his pages, “Enough, grandfather page! Let’s go. Everywhere

conceal and hide what we once discovered, the joy, the riches, all our
property, our possessions. And his pages did so. They hid it where
Quetzalcoatl’s bathing place was, at the place called Water Shrine, At-the-
Water-Weed. ,
i)bh Then Quetzalcoatl departed. He got up, called together his pages,
and wept over them. Then they set out, heading for Tlillan, Tlapallan,
Tlatlayan.©
And he went looking everywhere, exploring. Nowhere was he satisfied.
And when he reached the place he had been heading for, again he wept
and was sad.
Now, this year, 1 Reed, is when he got to the ocean, the seashore, so it
is told and related. Then he halted and wept and gathered up his attire,
putting on his head fan, his turquoise mask, and so forth. And as soon
as he was dressed, he set himself on fire and cremated himself.°* And
so the place where Quetzalcoatl was cremated is named Tlatlayan [land of
burning].
232 And they say as he burned, his ashes arose. And what appeared and
what they saw were all the precious birds, rising into the sky. They saw
roseate spoonbills, cotingas, trogons, herons, green parrots, scarlet ma-
caws, white-fronted parrots, and all the other precious birds.
B37 And as soon as his ashes had been consumed, they saw the heart of a
quetzal rising upward. And so they knew he had gone to the sky, had
entered the sky.
a, The old people said he was changed into the star that appears at dawn.
Therefore they say it came forth when Quetzalcoatl died, and they called
him Lord of the Dawn.
43 What they said is that when he died he disappeared for four days. They
said he went to the dead land then. And he spent four more days making
darts for himself. So it was after eight days that the morning star came
out, which they said was Quetzalcoatl. It was then that he became lord,
they said.
147 And so, when he goes forth, they know on what day sign he casts light
on certain people, venting his anger against them, shooting them with
darts.° If he goes on 1 Alligator, he shoots old men and old women, all
alike.
7330 If on | Jaguar or 1 Deer or 1 Flower, he shoots little children.
N 2 52 And if on 1 Reed, he shoots nobles. The same with everybody, if on
1 Death.
And if on 1 Rain, he shoots the rain. No rain will fall.
63. Lit., red land, black land, land of burning.
64. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.
65. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.

36
 The fall of Tollan: A.D. 896-1070

7: 54 And if on 1 Movement, he shoots youths and maidens.

55: And if on 1 Water, there is drought,® etc.
7 : 56 So each of these [day signs] was venerated by the old men and the old
women of former times.
As for the one called Quetzalcoatl, his entire lifetime was such that he
was born in 1 Reed and also died in 1 Reed, so that his life was counted
altogether as fifty-two years.
So, it is finished in the year 1 Reed [895].
It was said that Matlacxochitl succeeded him and ruled in Tollan.

[The fall of Tollan: A.D. 896-1070]

2 Flint. 3 House. 4 Rabbit. 5 Reed. 6 Flint. 7 House. 8 Rabbit. 9 Reed.
10 Flint. 11 House. 12 Rabbit. 13 Reed. 1 Flint. 2 House. 3 Rabbit.
4 Reed. 5 Flint. 6 House. 7 Rabbit. 8 Reed. 9 Flint. 10 House.
11 Rabbit. 12 Reed. 13 Flint. 1 House. 2 Rabbit. 3 Reed. 4 Flint.
5 House. 6 Rabbit. 7 Reed. 8 Flint. 9 House.
10 Rabbit [930]. Ayauhcoyotzin, ruler of Cuauhtitlan, died in that year.
He had ruled for fifty-five years. Matlacxochitzin, ruler of Tollan, also died
then, and Nauhyotzin was inaugurated, succeeding him as Tollan’s ruler.
11 Reed [931]. The Cuauhtitlan ruler Necuamexochitzin was inaugu-
rated in that year. His palace was in Tepotzotlan Miccacalco. The reason
it was called Miccacalco [At the House of the Dead] is that lightning
struck there, killing noblemen and ladies, and so they changed residence.
Nothing was left standing but the Chichimec rulers’ straw-house. They
did not dare go® back to their palace.
12 Flint. 13 House. 1 Rabbit. 2 Reed. 3 Flint. 4 House. 5 Rabbit.
6 Reed. 7 Flint. 8 House. 9 Rabbit. 10 Reed. 11 Flint.
12 House [945]. It was the year the Cuauhtitlan ruler called Necua-
mexochitzin died. .He had ruled for fifteen years. Also at that time the
Tollan ruler, Nauhyotzin, died, and Matlaccoatzin was inaugurated, suc-
ceeding him.
13 Rabbit [946]. In that year Mecellotzin was inaugurated as ruler
of Cuauhtitlan. His palace was built in a place called Tianquizzolco
Cuauhtlaapan.
1 Reed. 2 Flint. 3 House. 4 Rabbit. 5 Reed. 6 Flint. 7 House. 8 Rabbit.
9 Reed. 10 Flint. 11 House. 12 Rabbit. 13 Reed. 1 Flint. 2 House.
3 Rabbit. 4 Reed. 5 Flint. 6 House. 7 Rabbit. 8 Reed. 9 Flint. 10 House.
11 Rabbit. 12 Reed. 13 Flint.
66. Read tlahuaqut.
67. Read quitenyotiaya. Cf. line 9:55 below.
68. The textual yaz should be yazque.

a7
 The fall of Tollan: A.D. 896-1070
1 House [973]. In that year the ruler of Tollan, who was called Matlac-
coatzin, died. Tlilcoatzin was inaugurated as Tollan’s ruler.
Ys, 2 Rabbit. 3 Reed. 4 Flint. 5 House. 6 Rabbit. 7 Reed. 8 Flint.
SeS, 9 House [981]. In that year the Cuauhtitlan ruler Mecellotzin died. He
had ruled for thirty-six years.
235 10 Rabbit [982]. In that year Tzihuacpapalotzin was inaugurated as
ruler of Cuauhtitlan. His palace was built in Cuauhtlaapan.
ro, 11 Reed. 12 Flint. 13 House. 1 Rabbit. 2 Reed. 3 Flint. 4 House.®
5 Rabbit. 6 Reed. 7 Flint. 8 House.
: 38 9 Rabbit [994]. At that time, in the time of 9 Rabbit, the Tollan ruler
Tlilcoatzin died. And then Huemac was inaugurated, and his official title
became atecpanecatl.”? Many more stories about this are to be heard from
a certain book: at the time he was inaugurated he got married, taking to
wife a certain Coacueye, a mocihuaquetzqui,”! who received instructions
from the Devil at a place called Coacueyecan; it was there that this woman
known as Coacue had her home; her buttocks were an arm-span wide, etc.”
146 And when that occurred, they went to Xicocotl and got a high priest,
whose name was Cuauhtli. Then they came back and set him up on the
mat and throne of Quetzalcoatl.7* Thus he was made his successor, he
became the Quetzalcoatl of Tollan: it was he who became priest, succeed-
ing Huemac. Indeed, he became Quetzalcoatl.
350 When female sorcerers set out to make fun of [Huemac] and mock him,
[Huemac] cohabited with them. The sorcerer Yaotl and the one called
Tezcatlipoca, who lived in Tzapotlan, were the ones who came there.
When they deceived Huemac by changing themselves into women, he did
cohabit with them. Then he stopped being Quetzalcoatl. It was said that
that is how Cuauhtli succeeded him, etc.
P56 10 Reed. 11 Flint. 12 House. 13 Rabbit. 1 Reed. 2 Flint. 3 House.
4 Rabbit. 5 Reed. 6 Flint. 7 House. 8 Rabbit. 9 Reed. 10 Flint. 11 House.
12 Rabbit. 13 Reed. 1 Flint. 2 House. 3 Rabbit. 4 Reed. 5 Flint. 6 House.
7 Rabbit [1018]. Here began the sacrifice of the human streamers.” At

69. Marginal gloss: In [4?] House Tollan was destroyed, according to stories from Tetz-
coco. Not valid.
70. Marginal gloss: huemac atecpanecatl.
71. Defined by Sahagiin as “valiant woman” (mujer valiente), the term was applied to
women who, having died in childbirth, rose to the sky as ghost warriors and descended at
night to haunt the earth. See HG bk. 6, ch. 29.
72. According to the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca, Huemac desired a woman with but-
tocks “four [hand-]spans” wide. This led to a conflict that caused the downfall of Tollan
(HTCH secs. 18-32).
73. Lit., Then it was he who came to be set up on the mat and throne of Quetzalcoatl.
74. “Streamers” refers to the little children sacrificed on mountaintops as offerings to the
rain gods (FFCC 1:68, FC 2:42—43). The marginal gloss simply reads: human sacrifice.
See GLOS: tetehuitl, tlacatetehuitl.

38
 The fall of Tollan: A.D. 896-1070

that time, in the time of 7 Rabbit, a great famine occurred. What is said is
that the Toltecs were seven-rabbited. It was a seven-year famine, a famine
that caused much suffering and death.”
It was then that the sorcerers requisitioned Huemac’s own children and
went and left them in the waters of Xochiquetzal and on Huitzco and on
Xicocotl, thus making payment with little children.”° This was the first
time that the sacrifice of human streamers occurred.
210 8 Reed. 9 Flint. 10 House. 11 Rabbit.
ae 12 Reed [1023]. The Cuauhtitlan ruler called Tzihuacpapalotzin died
at this time. He had been ruling for forty-two years.
a: 13 Flint [1024]. In that year a Cuauhtitlan lady named Itztacxilotzin
was inaugurated to govern the nation.”” Her mound and her straw-house
were in Izquitlan Atlan. At her side were many ladies who paid her honor.
It was in this manner that the Chichimecs attended her, etc.
ae 1 House. 2 Rabbit. 3 Reed. 4 Flint. 5 House. 6 Rabbit. 7 Reed. 8 Flint.
9 House. 10 Rabbit.
11 Reed [1035]. In that year the lady Iztacxilotzin died, having ruled
for eleven years. Then Eztlaquencatzin was inaugurated, succeeding her.
In Techichco he built himself a new straw-house, or palace house. That is
where he started it, and so that is where the rulers’ residence was, etc.
ee 12 Flint. 13 House. 1 Rabbit. 2 Reed. 3 Flint. 4 House. 5 Rabbit.
6 Reed. 7 Flint. 8 House. 9 Rabbit. 10 Reed. 11 Flint. 12 House.
13 Rabbit.
225 1 Reed [1051]. At that time the Chalca came out of Xicco:”8 the
founder Acapol, his wife Tetzcotzin, their children Chalcotzin, Chal-
capol, etc.
Pu 2 Flint. 3 House. 4 Rabbit. 5 Reed. 6 Flint. 7 House.
:28 8 Rabbit [1058]. In that year there were a great many evil omens in
Tollan. Well, it was the same year that sorcerers arrived,” the so-called
ixcuinanme, the female devils. And according to the stories of the old
people, which tell how they came, they issued forth from Cuextlan. And
at so-called Cuextecatlichocayan [Place Where the Cuexteca Weep] they
spoke to the captives they had taken in Cuextlan and made them a prom-

75. Lit., it was a seven-year famine; at that time (yc oncanin) this one (ye), the famine,
afflicts people in general, this one hides (i.¢., kills) people in general. See NED: tla- 2,
tlatia:te. The expression ye tlatlatia could also be translated “this one burns people in gen-
eral.” On the burning sensation caused by hunger during a famine see HG bk. 6, ch. 8
(FC 6:37: 15-19).
76. For yea read yea.
77. See AND 293 for examples of this purposive syntax.
78. Marginal gloss: The Chalca left Xicco.
79. Arrived in Cuextlan? According to 9:40 below, they did not reach Tollan until the
following year.

39
 The fall of Tollan: A.D. 896-1070

ise, saying, “We are going to Tollan now. You will go with us, and when
we get there, we will use you to make a celebration,*° for there has never
been an arrow shoot. And we are the ones who are going to start it*! by
shooting you.”
Soe When the captives heard this, they wept, they grieved. Then the arrow
shoot® began, and in this way a feast used to be celebrated in honor of
the ixcuinanme at the time of the so-called Izcalli.**
: 40 9 Reed [1059]. It was then that the zxcuinanme arrived in Tollan, bring-
ing their captives with them.** There were two whom they shot with ar-
rows. Well, the Cuexteca captives were the husbands of those sorcerers,
those female devils. That was when the arrow shoot was founded.
10 Flint. 11 House. 12 Rabbit.
13 Reed [1063]. At this time there were many evil omens in Tollan. At
this time, too, was the beginning of the war that the devil Yaotl started.
The Toltecs were engaged [in battle] at a place called Nextlalpan. And
when they had taken captives, human sacrifice also got started, as Toltecs
sacrificed their prisoners. Among them and in their midst the devil Yaotl
followed along. Right on the spot he kept inciting them ®> to make human
sacrifices.
: 50 And then, too, he started and began the practice of flaying humans. This
was when he sang songs at Texcalapan.*° Then, to start with, he seized an
Otomi woman, who was washing maguey fibers at the river, and flayed
her. Then he made one of the Toltecs named Xiuhcozcatl wear the skin,
and he was the first to wear®’ a totec skin.**
255 Indeed, every kind of human sacrifice that there used to be got started
then. For it is told and related that during his time®® and under his
authority,” the first Quetzalcoatl, whose name was Ce Acatl, absolutely
refused to perform human sacrifice. It was precisely when Huemac was

80. Lit., By means of you we are to arrive in the region, by means of you we are to make
a feast day. Cf. 9:41 below.
81. Read tiepehualtitihui.
82. Marginal gloss: sacrifice of the ones shot by arrows.
83. The feast of the acuinanme is mentioned in FFCC bk. 1, ch. 12. For the twenty-day
feasting period, or “month,” of Izcalli see FC bk. 2 and DCAL. Arrow sacrifice is described
in RITOS ch. 14.
84. Lit., It was then that the zecuinanme arrived in Tollan; they arrived in the region by
means of (or in company with) their captives. For yca read ca. Cf. 9:35 above.
85. Read quinitlahueltitinenca.
86. The story is fully told in FC bk. 3, ch. 21. During the last days of Tollan the sorcerer
mesmerized the people with his singing, causing them to dance near the edge of a gorge at a
place called Texcalpan (sic). Many fell and were killed. Flaying, however, is not mentioned
in the FC version.
87. Read quimagquiaya. Cf. line 7:56 above.
88. The victim of flaying was called a totec (FC bk. 2, ch. 21).
89. The expected form is ymatiyan.
90. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.

40
 The fall of Tollan: A.D. 896-1070

ruler that all those things that used to be done got started. It was the devils
who started them. But this has been put on paper and written down else-
where. And there it is to be heard.
1 Flint?! [1064] is when those who had been Toltecs disbanded. It
happened in Huemac’s time, when he was ruler. And when they were on
their way, traveling, they came to Cincoc. And there at Cincoc, Huemac
sacrificed a human streamer, thus making payment. Its name was Ce Coatl.
And on the road at Tlamacazcatzinco he tried to enter a cave but was
unable to do so.
10: 10 Then he left and came to Cuauhnenec, where Huemac’s wife, whose
name was Cuauhnene, gave birth. For this reason it is now called Cuauh-
nenec [Place of Cuauhnene].
Then he left and came to Teocompan [Place of the Pot Cactus]. There
on a pot cactus stood the sorcerer Yaotl, calling together his friends, say-
ing, “Rest here, friends. Let the Toltecs go ahead. You must not go on, O
friends.”
Well, the ones he called together were: first, Icnotlacatl; second, Tziuh-
mazatl; third, Acxocuauhtli; fourth, Tzoncuaye; fifth, Xiuhcozcatl; sixth,
Ozomateuctli; seventh, Tlachquiahuitl Teuctli; eighth, Huetl; ninth, Tecol
Teuctli; tenth, Cuauhtli; eleventh, Aztaxoch; twelfth, Aztamamal; thir-
teenth, Icnotlacatl’s mother.
And the Devil brought together many more of his poor friends there at
Huecompan [At the Great Pot Cactus].
Now, when the Toltecs had gone, the Devil sent forth his friends for
the purpose of settling them in Xaltocan,”” saying to Icnotlacatl and all the
others:
“Don’t become arrogant. Remember all the work we did in Tollan. You
are to keep on doing it.
“You are a poor man indeed, Icnotlacatl.°* Do not be proud.** If you
people become proud, I will mock you, destroy you, the way I mocked
Maxtla, who lived at Toltecatepec, who had two daughters, Quetzalquen
and Quetzalxilotl, whom he kept in a jeweled cage. I got them preg-
nant with twins,’> and they gave birth to two creatures in the form of
opossums.
“Likewise I mocked Cuauhtliztac, the keeper®® of Oztotempan, and
Cuauhtli, the keeper of Atzompan. It was I who destroyed them.”
And when the devil Yaotl had sent forth his friends in order to estab-
91. Marginal gloss: Tollan was depopulated.
92. Compare the purposive syntax in lines 9:13—14. And for confirmation see lines
10: 36—37.
93. The name Icnotlacatl literally means “poor man.”
94. I follow Lehmann, who reads ma tatlama. The expected form 1s ma tatlamat.
95. Read nigquincocohuapilhuats.
96. Read tlapiaya. Cf. 7:56 and 9:55 above.

41
 The Mexica reach Chapoltepec: A.D. 1071-1240

lish them in Xaltocan, he went and got them settled—down yonder, in

Xaltocan.
And as for the Toltecs, they went on. They went to Coatliyopan, they
went to Atepocatlalpan, they went to Tepetlayacac.
They went to old Cuauhtitlan, where they served Atonal, who lived in
Tamazolac and was the keeper of that pea And he governed them to-
gether with his other subjects.
Then the Toltecs departed and went on to Nepopohualco, Temacpalco,
Acatitlan, Tenamitliyacac, Azcapotzalco, Tetlolincan, at the time when
Tzihuactlatonac was ruler. There they left two Toltec elders, Xochiololtzin
and Coyotzin, who gave the ruler a gold medallion so that they could
settle in his territory.
Then the Toltecs went on to Chapoltepec, Huitzilopochco, Colhuacan.
They went to Tlapechhuacan Cuauhtenco.®” And when they entered a
country, some of them settled down—in Cholollan, Teohuacan, Cozca-
tlan, Nonoalco, Teotlillan, Coaixtlahuacan, Tamazolac, Copilco, Topillan,
Ayotlan, Mazatlan, so that they settled everywhere in the land of Anahuac,
where they are today.
And 1 Flint [1064] was also the time when all? the Colhuaque went
their own way.” And their ruler, whose name was Nauhyotzin, was in
the lead.
2 House. 3 Rabbit. 4 Reed. 5 Flint. 6 House.
7 Rabbit [1070] is when Huemac killed himself at Chapoltepec Cin-
calco.!° In the year 7 Rabbit the Toltecs’ years came to a close. For seven
years they went wandering everywhere, from place to place, establishing
themselves and settling down. The Toltecs existed for 339 years.!°!
Well, the year 7 Rabbit was when Huemac committed suicide by hang-
ing himself. It was then that he lost hope, there in the cave at Chapoltepec.
First he wept, grieving, when he saw no more Toltecs drawing up behind
him. Then he killed himself.

[The Mexica reach Chapoltepec: A.D. 1071-1240]

8 Reed [1071].
9 Flint [1072]. This was when the Colhuacan ruler Nauhyotzin died.
Nauhyotzin’s son, Cuauhtexpetlatzin, was inaugurated, and Nauhyotzin

ie (Ge MO)
98. For ¢e read ¢é, 1.e., cen (all).
99. Marginal gloss: The Colhuaque went by way of another country.
100. Cincalco was the name ofa cave at Chapoltepec (HG bk. 12, ch. 9).
101. This probably means from the founding of Tollan to the death of Huemac, as in
ZCHIM 1:4, where the span is reckoned as 342 years.

42
 The Mexica reach Chapoltepec: A.D. 1071-1240

died at Coatolco Ayahualolco. The Colhuaque had spent nine years! at

Tlapechhuacan Cuauhtenco.'3 And it was there that Cuauhtexpetlatzin
was inaugurated and became ruler of Colhuacan.
Bee 10 House. 11 Rabbit. 12 Reed. 13 Flint. 1 House. 2 Rabbit. 3 Reed.
4 Flint. 5 House. 6 Rabbit. 7 Reed. 8 Flint. 9 House. 10 Rabbit. 11 Reed.
12 Flint. 13 House.
eens: 1 Rabbit [1090]. The Mexitin set out from Aztlan.
:24 2 Reed [1091]. That was the year the ruler Eztlaquentzin died. He had
ruled for fifty-seven years. During the time of Cuauhtexpetlatzin of Col-
huacan, while on the road, a year-bundle feast was celebrated at a place
called Xochiquilazco.' As for the Mexitin, this was the time they arrived
at Cuahuitlicacan.
:28 3 Flint [1092] was the year that Ezcoatzin was inaugurated as ruler in
Cimapan Tehuiloyocan—the straw-house town in Techichco.!%
30 This was also the time that Aca died, ruler of Chalco when they were
still at Xicco. And so then, Tozquehua Teuctli was inaugurated. He ruled
for forty years.
232 4 House. 5 Rabbit.
6 Reed [1095]. In that year the Mexitin reached Tepetlimonamiquiyan
[Where Mountains Come Together].
sas 7 Flint. 8 House. 9 Rabbit. 10 Reed. 11 Flint.
: 34 12 House [1101]. At that time the Mexitin reached Tepetlmaxaliuhyan
[Where Mountains Divide].
13 Rabbit. 1 Reed. 2 Flint. 3 House. 4 Rabbit.
5 Reed [1107]. In that year the ruler Ezcoatzin died. He had ruled for .
sixteen years.
ae 6 Flint [1108]. In that year the ruler Teiztlacoatzin was inaugurated,
and his straw-house was in Xoloc.
: 38 7 House.
8 Rabbit [1110] was when the Mexitin arrived in Coatlyayauhcan.
TT: 9 Reed. 10 Flint. 11 House.
qf: 12 Rabbit [1114] is when the Mexitin arrived at Zacatepec.
aT 13 Reed. 1 Flint. 2 House.
3 Rabbit [1118] is when the Mexitin arrived at Tematlahuacalco.
4 Reed. 5 Flint. 6 House.
7 Rabbit [1122] is when the Mexitin arrived at Coatepec.
8 Reed. 9 Flint. 10 House. 11 Rabbit.

102. Read chiconnauhxiuhtique, for which the textual 9-xiuhtique is an abbreviation.

103. Cf. 10:51 above.
104. The year-bundle feast, or toximmolpilia (“our years are tied”), marked the end of a
fifty-two year cycle. See FC 4: 143, 7:25.
105. The translation follows Velazquez. Evidently the Cuauhtitlan people are still in
Techichco, as in 9:21 above.

43
 The Mexica reach Chapoltepec: A.D. 1071-1240

ae 44 12 Reed [1127] is when Cuauhtexpetlatzin arrived in Colhuacan. And

then he sent subjects of his to live in Ocuillan and Malinalco.
sclaes 46 13 Flint.
1 House [1129]. That was the year the Colhuacan ruler Cuauhtex-
petlatzin died, and Huetzin was inaugurated. And when he was inaugu-
rated there in Colhuacan, the prince Acxocuauhtli, who was the younger
brother of Nauhyotzin, set forth, etc.
TT 50 2 Rabbit [1130]. The Xochimilca and the Colhuaque had provoked
each other, and [the Colhuaque] chased the Xochimilca and left them at
Teyahualco. That was how they drove them away.
woe 3 Reed [1131]. In 3 Reed, while they were still at Xicco, the Chalco
ruler Tozquihua died. Then Acatl was inaugurated. All those who are now
known as Chalca arrived during his time, etc.
4 Flint [1132]. In 4 Flint the Mexitin came to Chimalcotitlan. It was
also in 4 Flint that the Chalca Tenanca arrived and obtained land. Island
town. Cima. He conquers, etc.!°°
5 House. 6 Rabbit.
7 Reed [1135]. In 7 Reed the Chalca Mihuaque, who were Huitznahua
Chichimecs, arrived, etc.
8 Flint [1136]. In 8 Flint the Mexitin arrived.
9 House.
10 Rabbit [1138]. In 10 Rabbit, the Tlahuacan Chaleca arrived, travel-
ing with the magician’s staff,!°” Mixcoatl. Now, in that same year Chalca
and other nations arrived together.
12 19 Ti Reedal2 Flint:
IZ 10 13 House [1141]. In 13 House the Xochimilca got rid of the ones who
ferried across, who reached Colhuacan.!%
ERS Il 1 Rabbit [1142]. In 1 Rabbit the Xochimilca chased those Colhuaque
whom they had conquered and scattered them where they live today.
12a 13 2 Reed. 3 Flint. 4 House.
5 Rabbit [1146]. The Mexica reach Tollan.
IZ: 14 6 Reed. 7 Flint. 8 House.
9 Rabbit [1150]. That was the year the Colhuacan ruler Huetzin died.
106. This seems to mean that the Chalca Tenanca arrived in the region of Lake Chalco
and obtained land when their leader, Cima, conquered an island town. The name Cimatzin,
though not in connection with the Tenanca, is attested in ZCHIM 1:54 and HTCH
sec. 223.
107. Lit., they and the magician-staff Mixcoatl went. In which case the text should read
yaque [i]n nahualcuauhth mixcoatl. The expected form, nahualcuahuitl, seems to mean “sor-
cerer’s staff” at FC 2:77:9; and HMPP (ch. 8) speaks of “una vara de Mixcoatl, al cual
tenfan por dios, y por su memoria tenian aquella vara.” On the interchangeability of cuaubtli
and cuahuitl see NED: cuahuitl.
108. Lit., the Xochimilca left him who ferried people hither, who reached Colhuacan.
Cf. 12:11—13 below.

44
 The Mexica reach Chapoltepec: A.D. 1071-1240

And at that time the Mexitin arrived at Atlitlalaquiyan. And when Huetzin
was dead, Nonoalcatzin was inaugurated as ruler of Colhuacan.
10 Reed. 11 Flint. 12 House.
13 Rabbit [1154]. Some say Huetzin died at this time.
1 Reed [1155]. That was when the Mexitin came here to Cuauhtitlan.
In 1 Reed the Chalco ruler Acatl died, and Tlalli Teuctli!° was inaugu-
rated. Here in this vicinity, in 1 Reed, the Mexitin got to Citlaltepec and
Tzompanco, where they spent ten years.
2 Flint. 3 House. 4 Rabbit. 5 Reed. 6 Flint. 7 House. 8 Rabbit. 9 Reed.
10 Flint.
11 House [1165]. At that time the Mexica were in Ecatepec.
12 Rabbit [1166] is when the Mexitin got to Coatitlan.
13 Reed.
1 Flint [1168]. The Chalca Tlacochcalea arrived at that time. Yaotl ob-
tained [lands]. Then, too, was the beginning of rulership in Tepeyacac and
in Cholollan.
2 House. 3 Rabbit.
4 Reed [1171]. In that year the Colhuacan ruler Nonoalcatzin died.
Then Achitometl was inaugurated as ruler of Colhuacan.
5 Flint [1172]. The Mexitin were in Tolpetlac.
6 House.
7 Rabbit [1174]. In that year the Cuauhtitlan ruler Teiztlacoatzin died.
He had ruled for fifty-seven years.
8 Reed [1175]. It was then that the elder Quinatzin was inaugurated
at Techichco, and his palace house was in Tepetlapan Tequixquinahuac
Huixtompan.
£33 9 Flint [1176] was when the Mexitin got to Chiquiuhtepetlapan
Tecpayocan.
10 House. 11 Rabbit. 12 Reed. 13 Flint. 1 House. 2 Rabbit. 3 Reed.
4 Flint.
5 House [1185]. In that year the Colhuacan ruler Achitometl died.
Then Cuahuitonal was inaugurated as ruler of Colhuacan.
12: 6 Rabbit [1186]. In that year the Mexitin reached Tepeyacac.
7 Reed. 8 Flint
9 House [1189]. In that year the Mexitin reached Pantitlan. Then they
withdrew to Popotlan Acolnahuac.
10 Rabbit. 11 Reed. 12 Flint.
13 House [1193]. Since the Toltecs had disbanded, the Colhuaque had
been on their own for 125 years.
242 1 Rabbit [1194] was the year the Mexitin arrived in Chapoltepec.

109. Cf. 18:9 below.

45
 The Mexica reach Chapoltepec: A.D. 1071-1240

Mazatzin, a ruler of Chichimecs, was ruling at Chapoltepec at that time.

And the priest of the Mexitin was a certain Tzippantzin.
245 Well, Mazatzin had a daughter named Xochipapalotl. And while the
!!° of this ruler, this Mazatzin, they started to
Mexitin were in the territory
make fun of his daughter. Many times!!! they carried her off while she
was asleep.!!? And with this they made much fun of the Chichimecs.
Annoyed, Mazatzin left them there and went away, taking his subjects
with him, and they came and settled in Otlazpan, etc.
Now, when the Mexitin arrived at Chapoltepec, the ruler of Colhuacan
was Cuahuitonal. The Tetzcoca say that Huemac, the one who fled Tollan,
died at this time. That story is not valid, according to what was said—the
narrative about it, the truth about it.1!9
2 Reed. 3 Flint. 4 House. 5 Rabbit.
: 56 6 Reed [1199]. In that year the Colhuacan ruler Cuahuitonal died.
Then Mazatzin was inaugurated in Colhuacan.
7 7 Flint. 8 House. 9 Rabbit. 10 Reed. 11 Flint. 12 House. 13 Rabbit.
1 Reed. 2 Flint. 3 House. 4 Rabbit. 5 Reed. 6 Flint. 7 House. 8 Rabbit.
9 Reed. 10 Flint. 11 House. 12 Rabbit. 13 Reed. 1 Flint. 2 House.
3 Rabbit [1222]. In that year the Colhuacan ruler Mazatzin died. Then
Cuetzaltzin !!* was inaugurated in Colhuacan.
The Tlahuaca landowners, or founders, were: Cuauhtlotlinteuctli and
Thuitzin and Tlilcoatzin and Chalchiuhtzin and Chahuaquetzin. These
people were indeed Chichimecs. They were driven out of Xicco, these
Chalca of Tlahuacan, and so they are known as Cuitlahuaca, the nobles of
hizice
4 Reed. 5 Flint. 6 House. 7 Rabbit. 8 Reed.
‘oO 9 Flint [1228]. In 9 Flint the Tlaxcalteca were besieged, and those who
did it were the Huexotzinca when Miccacalcatl was ruler and the Acol-
huaque when Acolmuiztli was ruler.1}°
11 Rabbit [1230]. In 11 Rabbit Coatomatzin was inaugurated in Cui-
tlahuac Tizic.
12 Reed. 13 Flint.
1 House [1233]. That was when the Chalca who had been driven out

110. For ynitlan read ytlan.

111. Read miecpa.
112. If the verb were concochmanaya, as Lehmann observes, the translation would be
“they laid her while she was asleep.”
113. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.
114. The spelling should probably be Quetzaltzin (per Velazquez) or Cuezaltzin (per
Lehmann). Sources vary on the name of Mazatzin’s successor (see Garcia Granados, Diccio-
nario: Quetzaltzin).
115. Marginal gloss: origin of the Cuitlahuaca.
116. Marginal gloss: war between Tlaxcallan and Huexotzinco and the Acolhuaque.

46
 Cuauhtitlan genealogy: A.D. 1240 and later

came to Cuitlahuac Tizic. Those who came were the Tlaltecayohuaque,

the Mihuaque, the Acxoteca.!!7
2 Rabbit.
3 Reed [1235]. At that time the Colhuacan ruler Cuetzaltzin died. Then
Chalchiuhtlatonac was inaugurated in Colhuacan. At that time the Cholol-
teca were destroyed. Their pyramid was wrecked.!!8 Huexotzinco’s Mic-
cacalcatl was the one who did it, etc.1!9
4 Flint [1236]. This was when Coatomatzin, the ruler of Cuitlahuac
Tizic, died.
:20 5 House.
6 Rabbit [1238] was when the Chalca prince Miahuatonaltzin Teuctli
went to be inaugurated at Cuitlahuac.
7 Reed.
8 Flint [1240]. In that year the Mexitin, when they had already caused
much annoyance,!”° were surrounded in battle at Chapoltepec.
And those who made war on them were the Colhuaque, Azcapotzalco,
the Xochimilca, and the Coyohuaque. This was when Chalchiuhtlatonac
ruled in Colhuacan, and Iztac Teuctli ruled in Xaltocan. And at this time
they came and notified Quinatzin, the ruler of Cuauhtitlan, that his sub-
jects were to make war.
But he would not consent. He refused. Immediately he sent messengers
to assure the Mexitin that the Cuauhtitlancalque would not be hostile.
Cimatecatzintli went in the lead, bringing them quail, turkey eggs, and
little snakes. These were the greeting gifts of the Cuauhtitlancalque.

[Cuauhtitlan genealogy: A.D. 1240 and later]

73: Well, the Mexitin had long been friends of the Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs.
They had been friends since they had been in Tollan, Atlitlalaquiyan,
Tequixquiac, Apazco, Citlaltepec, and Tzompanco, and from the time the
Mexitin had spent a year in Cuauhtitlan, and from the time they had been
in Coatitlan, etc. They were always friends.
i Now, as soon as the ruler Quinatzin knew that the Mexitin had been
defeated and carried off as prisoners,!*! he gave the command that if the
Xaltocameca could be found, they were to rescue their captives, who were
to be forcibly relinquished. And so it was done.
117. Marginal gloss: destruction of Chalco.
118. Lit., they wrecked their temple, i.e., one wrecked their temple. See GN sec. 4.2.
119. Marginal gloss: the Chololteca conquered by Miccacalcatl.
120. Read tlaama. Cf. line 16:36.
121. Anticlimatic word order reversed in the translation.

47
 Cuauhtitlan genealogy: A.D. 1240 and later

iSas 40 When the ruler Quinatzin had rescued them by force, a daughter of
the Mexitin named Chimalaxochtzin was [found to be] a captive of the
Xaltocameca. She was a daughter of the one called Huitzilihuitzin, who
had been made ruler and was governing at Chapoltepec.
13): Now, Huitzilihuitl had become a prisoner in Colhuacan. And this Hui-
tzilihuitzin, so they say, was the son of Tlahuizpotoncatzin, one of the
Xaltocameca princes, though some say he was the son of the Tzompanco
prince Nezahualtemocatzin, etc.
Now, when the Mexitin were carried off as prisoners, the seat [of
Cuauhtitlan] was in Techichco.
:48 Well, the ruler Quinatzin gave the order to save them and to go after
the Xaltocameca, who had gone to fight at Chapoltepec, and to take back
their captives by force,!?? and so it was done, [and] there at IItitlan, in a
canal, they were bathing that young woman, the prisoner, whose name
was Chimalaxoch.!”3
20 Then, when the Cuauhtitlancalque were about to fire on the Xaltoca-
meca, they gave up their captive. And when she had been given up, she
was brought before the ruler Quinatzin in Tepetlapan.!*4
13: 54 When the ruler saw her, he fell in love with her. Then he wanted to go
to her and cohabit with her.
But she refused, telling him, “Not yet, my lord, for I am fasting. That
which you desire may be done later, for I am a sweeper, a woman in
service.!?5 The vow I make is for just two years, finished in two more years,
my lord. Please give the word to have them prepare for me alittle altar of
beaten earth, so that I can make offerings to my god,!Ӣ offer up my sacred
cup, and do my fasting.”
So the ruler Quinatzin gave the order for an earth altar to be made,
there at Tequixquinahuac Huitznahuac Huixtompan.
When the earth altar was finished, they left the young woman there, and
she fasted. And when she had done her fasting, the ruler Quinatzin took
her as his wife.
14:12 And then the young woman gave birth, and she said, “Let the ruler hear
that a child has been born. Let him give it a name.”
14; 14 And the ruler was informed. Then he gave his child a name, saying, “His
name will be Tlatzanatztoc [He Rattles the Reeds].”
14:16 Hearing this, his mother said, “It is because the ruler sired him in the
woods and fields, in his hunting grounds, his shooting lands,” etc.

122. Lit., gave the order for them [the Mexitin] to be saved, and also for the Xaltocameca
to be chased . . . and for their captives to be relinquished by force.
123. Prisoners who were to be sacrificed were first bathed. See FC 2: 130, 155.
124. Tepetlapan is in Techichco. See lines 12: 32—33.
125. For sweeping asa religious obligation see FC 2: 186, 3: 1—2.
126. Read noteouh.

48
 Cuauhtitlan genealogy: A.D. 1240 and later
palo: And as soon as his child had been born, the ruler Quinatzin gave the
command, laid down his judgment, notifying all the Chichimec nobles,
saying that the Xaltocameca were no longer to be their friends. They must
never offer their friendship again, must never come to their aid.
222 And it became true. That is what happened. One day when the Xalto-
cameca were traveling through the woods, they shot at them and brought
them to a halt. And this was the beginning of the Xaltocameca war, in
which the Cuauhtitlancalque fought against them. And they called the
Xaltocameca “black shirts,” the same as the Nonoalca and the Cozcateca.
14: Now, that woman, that daughter of the Mexitin, gave birth to a second
child. But this time she did not send word to the ruler Quinatzin, [asking,]
“What shall its name be?” She simply gave it a name on her own.!27 She
called the child Tezcatl Teuctli [Mirror Lord]—the name of her god,
Tezcatlipoca [Smoking Mirror].
When she had been taken prisoner, this young woman had been carry-
ing a mirror bundled up in a precious cloth.!28 And this was the reason
for the name Tezcatl Teuctli. She did not care for the name of her first-
born, Tlatzanatztoc [He Rattles the Reeds]. And so she herself named
her second child Tezcatl Teuctli, and it was he who became ruler of
Cuauhtitlan, etc.
And when the ruler Quinatzin’s firstborn, the one named Tlatzanatztoc,
was grown, his father—who was ruler of Cuauhtitlan—set him up as
keeper of the fields at Tepotzotlan. And that’s where Tlatzanatztoc had his
children:
The first was Xaltemoctzin, who was taken to Matlatzinco. He died in
battle.
The second was Quinatzin, whose children will be listed below.
143 The third was a female, who came and settled in a spot called Chimal-
pan, which is now a marketplace. It was alongside the palace house, where
a pond was.
i4 46 Already these three are the grandchildren of Quinatzin. But that young
woman who was the sister of the Mexitin conceived again, and she gave
birth to Teozatzin, her third child. Her fourth child was Tochtzin. The
fifth was a female. And these were the children of Quinatzin.
Now, the above-mentioned grandson Quinatzin, the son of Tlatzanatz-
toc, became a father, and the children he sired were: first, [huitltemoctzin;
second, Chahuacuetzin; third, Cuauhizomoca; fourth, Cuecuenotl.
453 And Ihuitltemoctzin became a father. He had a son whom he named
Quinatzin, who founded the dynasty of Tepotzotlan. His father, the above-
mentioned [huitltemoctzin, petitioned on his behalf when he [the father]
127. Read yneyxcahui.
128. Lit., green cloth or turquoiselike cloth. Recall Tezcatlipoca’s wrapped mirror, men-
tioned in line 5:31.

49
 Cuauhtitlan genealogy: A.D. 1240 and later

was taken to Chalco to be killed in battle. On behalf of his son he peti-

tioned that he might be worthy of a little land, that Moteuczomatzin
might grant it to him.
He was notified accordingly. And it was just for this purpose that he
went to war and was killed—so that the descendants of the elder Quina-
tzin might rejoice, that they might obtain nobility, lordship, sovereignty,
along with the lands they occupied thanks to their ancestor, for their father
was keeper of fields,!”° etc.
15°38 A high priest of Tenayocan, who came to make a report, having escaped
captivity in Chalco, gave the elder Moteuczomatzin the news, etc.
15.510 And so the elder Moteuczomatzin, who was ruler, looked with favor on
Thuitltemoctzin.!° And then Quinatzin was inaugurated, thus founding
the dynasty of Tepotzotlan.
Shoe} Now, Quinatzin became a father, and the children he had were:
15: 14 First, a daughter, Tzicuiltzin.
HlSiew: Second, Cuauhquece.
Third, Nanahuatzin, whom Quinatzin put to death for cuckolding him.
13: 16 Fourth, Petlauhtocatzin.
Fifth, Acatentehuatzin.
LS CRILZ. Sixth, Aztatzontzin.
Seventh, Totec Yatetzin.
Tocuiltzin, eighth.
15218 [And] numerous ladies.
The daughter Tzicuiltzin, who is named above, was the mother of Don
Francisco Carlos Xoconochtzin.
Then Aztatzontzin was placed in office, and the one who put him in
office was the ruler of Tenochtitlan, Moteuczomatzin by name.'*! It was
he who gave the order, who made the decision that [Aztatzontzin] was to
be ruler of the Cuauhtitlan nation. Well, his father, Quinatzin, on his own
initiative, had already explored the matter with [Moteuczomatzin].1%?
At the time, Achicatzin Tlilpotoncatzin, son!** of Ayactlacatzin, was
prince in Cuauhtitlan. And in Cuauhtitlan there was a military chief: at
that time the tlacateccatl Tehuitzin of Tepetlapan governed the nation.!*4
When Aztatzontzin was inaugurated, there had been a military chief for
eight years.

129. Cf. 14:40.

130. An Ihuitl Temoc is named among the honored war dead in FC bk. 6, ch. 3.
131. This refers to the younger Moteuczomatzin. See lines 59:38 and 59:52—54.
132. Lit., had already investigated it in the presence of [Moteuczomatzin]. The transla-
tion follows Velazquez.
133. For ypil” read ypiltzin.
134. “Para este negocio de ejecutar la justicia habia dos personas principales, uno que era
noble y persona del palacio, y otro capitan y valiente” (HG bk. 6, ch. 14, parag. 54). See
Concordance: tlacochcalcatl.

50
 Cuauhtitlan genealogy: A.D. 1240 and later

And while Aztatzontzin was ruler of Cuauhtitlan, he became a father

and sired children. He had:
: 30 First, Quecehuacatzin, whose mother was the daughter of Ticoctzin,
tlacochcalcatl of Cuauhyacac.
S32 Second, Catlacatzin, whose mother was a freed woman.
wae Third, Pablo Tlillotlinahual, whom he had with a woman from Te-
quixquinahuac. He [Pablo] is [now] a joint parent-in-law with Alonso
Cimatzin.
pao Fourth. He had this one with a woman from someone else’s house, a
sister of Don Luis de la Vega.
Fifth. Another one with the sister of Don Luis. Tzipalle was the name.
aaaO Sixth. He had one called Don Pedro Macuilxochitzin with Dofia Maria,
a lady of Huitzilopochco.
237 Seventh. He sired Ayactlacatzin, born to the lady Moceltzin, who was a
daughter of Moteuczomatzin.
See Eighth. Another born to Moteuczomatzin’s daughter. Don Juan Xalte-
moctzin is the name.
: 40 Ninth. Another born to Moteuczomatzin’s daughter. The name is Don
Diego Quinatzin.
:41 Tenth, a female named Tiacapantzin, whose mother was a young slave
living in the bird house.!%° This lady went off with strangers when the
rulers’ daughters were requisitioned. The Marqués!° was the one who
requisitioned them when he first arrived in Tenochtitlan. And this lady,
they say, lives in Cuetlaxcoac and has had children.
: 46 Eleventh. With a native of Tollantzinco he had!%” [a daughter], who is
reported to be a lady of Momoztitlan.
:47 Twelfth and thirteenth. He had these, reportedly, with a girl from
Apazco. Two females sired by him.
:49 Fourteenth. With a lady from Azcapotzalco he had another female.
: 50 Fifteenth. With a slave from Tetlanman he had another female.
2 Si Sixteenth. He had this one with a slave who was a maker of fermented
atole. Now, this child was mistreated
!*8 in Tetzcoco by the mother of
Xaltemoctzin. And when he learned of it, Aztatzontzin gave the com-
mand_!%° for the boy to be kept at Iztacalco, and he was kept by stewards.
135. Or, following Lehmann, “whose mother was Tlacotzintli of Totocalco.” Velazquez
would seem justified in rendering tlacotzintli as “young slave,” since the nonapocopated form
of the word implies a common noun. For Tenochtitlan the bird house (totocalli or totocalco)
has been variously described as an aviary, a metalworkers’ shop, a zoo, or the ruler’s wardrobe
(FC 8:45, 12:47). The paragraphing in CF bk. 8, ch. 14, implies that it was one of two
places where slaves were kept.
136. Cortés.
137. Lehmann reads quichthuilico.
138. Lit., she injured him concubine-wise. The exact meaning is not clear.
139. Following Velazquez I read itencopat, the preterite form of a hypothetical verb iten-
copati, from itencopa (by his command). Such verbs are treated by Carochi (CAR 462 or

51
 Cuauhtitlan genealogy: A.D. 1240 and later

15
:54 Seventeenth. He had this one with a native of Tlaltecayohuacan.
1657 Eighteenth, Xonetzin. He had this Xonetzin with a freed woman who
was a beverage maker.
Now, Quinatzin, the above-mentioned father of Aztatzontzin, was ruler
in Tepotzotlan. Indeed, it was he who had founded the Tepotzotlan
dynasty.!#° And this Quinatzin died just when the Spaniards, the Cas-
tillians, arrived. He was just eighty when he died, during Tecuilhuitl [June
or July] when the Spaniards came out, when the Castillians came out
to Tepotzotlan.!#! At that time the ruler Quinatzin had lived for eighty
years.}42
And upon the death of the Tepotzotlan ruler, Quinatzin, father of
Aztatzontzin, the above-mentioned Don Pedro Macuilxochitzin, son of
Aztatzontzin, was inaugurated as ruler of Tepotzotlan. He went and ruled
in Tepotzotlan, but his palace house was in Tollantzinco.
16: 14 And when Don Pedro Macuilxochitzin died, the son of Don Pedro
Macuilxochitzin, named Don Diego Necuametzin, was inaugurated as
ruler.
16: 16 And when Don Diego Necuametzin, the son, died, the Huitzilopochco
lady, Dofia Maria, who had been the mistress of Aztatzontzin and the
mother of Macuilxochitzin, married Don Luis de Manuel Malomitl, son
of Xayocuitlahua. And when they got married, it was eighteen years after
the Spaniards arrived, in the year 5 Flint, which was A.D. 1536. And
when that occurred, Don Luis de Manuel became ruler, all because of the
lady Donia Maria.
16: 24 And just now it was 103 years since the Tepotzotlan dynasty was
founded—now, [when this] was written, in A.D. 1563, at the end of the
month of February.
16: 27 Well, Don Luis de Manuel ruled for twenty-six [years].!4° Then Don
Francisco Carlos Xoconochtzin was inaugurated as ruler of Tepotzotlan,
and the year he was inaugurated was A.D. 1561. The summation of the
years has already been given above. He was succeeded by Don Pedro de
San Augustin, 1570.!#

CAROC 59—-59v) and Andrews (AND 360—62). Compare line 17:32, where the copyist
wrote ytencopat, then struck the final letter, making ytencopa.
140. Marginal gloss: gobernador of Tepotzotlan.
141. Lehmann’s note: “According to Nicolas Leén, Compendio de la historia general de
México (Mexico 1902), p. 249, the Spaniards arrived in Tepotzotlan on July 3 [A.D. 1520],
which agrees very well'with the time given here.”
142. Lit., At that time Quinatzin, who was ruler, was provided with eighty.
143. Follows Lehmann. Velazquez reads the figure as 25.
144. This paragraph must be an insertion, added no earlier than 1570. Although line
16: 26 gives the time of writing as 1563, line 50:54 implies the date 1544 or 1545. See line
31:42 for the year 1570 given as the time of writing.

§2
 The Mexica in captivity: A.D. 1240-86

[The Mexica in captivity: A.D. 1240-86]

Here 1s related the Cuauhtitlancalque elders’ narrative, along with their
telling of how the Mexitin, having been surrounded in battle, were de-
feated at Chapoltepec.
134 It is told and related that when these Mexitin had been at Chapoltepec
for forty-seven years, causing a great many upsets and disturbances by
playing tricks on people, stealing things, snatching wives and daughters,
and playing many other tricks, the Tepaneca of Tlacopan, Azcapotzalco,
[and] Coyohuacan, [as well as the people of] Colhuacan, became angry.
Then they got together and decided that the Mexitin were to be taken by
siege.
*4
241 “Let the Mexitin be defeated,” said the Tepaneca. “What are they doing,
they who have come to settle in our midst? Let’s carry them off as prison-
ers. So that it may be accomplished, first we'll have to draw out their men
and send them on their way. To make it work, we'll have a sham battle 1
in Colhuacan. We'll send them ahead, and when they’ve left, we'll steal the
women.”
yay The Colhuaque agreed to it. So that’s what happened.
248 Then they went and called the Mexica to war, to go on ahead and fight
in Colhuacan. They said to them, “You're to make the first attack in a raid
for captives on Colhuacan.'*” We're off to war!”
ey Then the Mexica went to battle. The Colhuaque, well prepared, came
out to meet them.
stoe And as for the Tepaneca, they went and attacked the women at Chapol-
tepec, demolished them, carried them off. And when they had defeated
them,'#* then they raped them, gratuitously, for already the Mexitin were
being destroyed—already [the Mexitin and] the Colhuaque were engaged
in battle. Here are the words of a stanza, heard in a song: '*°

t7 : With [our] shields turned backward,'*° that’s how we Mexica, aho! were
destroyed at Chapoltepec, beside the rock.'S! Princes were carried off

145. Lit., the Mexitin were to be destroyed right in the middle.

146. Read ¢annen tiyaotizque.
147. Lit., You are to go attack first in order that you will capture people in Colhuacan.
Read anhuetzitihut.
148. Lit., And when they had routed them. Read oguinmomoyauhque.
149. Lit., Here are stanza-words that are a song’s means of being heard.
150. In other words, we fled with our shields on our backs (see NED: chimalli 1). Note
that the song does not quite accord with the author’s story.
151. The translation follows Lehmann, who reads tetla[n] = beside the rock, not tetla
= place of rocks, assuming that the reference is to the rock of Chapoltepec. Cf. NED:
Chapoltepetitlan, Tepantonco.

x3
 The Mexica in captivity: A.D. 1240-86

to the four directions. In misery went the ruler Huitzilihuitl, oh! a

banner in his hand: he was stretched out in Colhuacan. !*?

IWR 9 And at that time the Xaltocameca went and fought there.
And it was said that because the Cuauhtitlancalque were old friends of
the Mexitin they went as a group and consoled the Mexitin when they
were conquered. This was in the year 8 Flint.
ia 11 And it is said that they were in Contitlan for four years—in 9 House
and in 10 Rabbit.
WAS 13 In 11 Reed [1243] the Colhuacan ruler Chalchiuhtlatonac sought them
out at a time when the Xochimilca were threatening him. And so the Me-
xica were called together and assembled,'5* even those who were just
women, if they passed for men. All were sought out.
Then they went and made conquests in Xochimilco. It was to get clip-
pings that they gave chase.'5* When they were hunting for prisoners, it
was only ears that they were stacking up in their bag so that it would be
known how many they were capturing. And they were only clipping an
ear from one side.
220 After that, the Mexitin were allowed to settle in Tizacapan. And this
was in 12 Flint.
ea 13 House.
1 Rabbit [1246]. This was when the Mexitin once again started to an-
noy people.'5> Was it not Necoc,!5* the Devil, who did it? Little children
were requested, Colhuaque and Mexitin were the contestants, blowing
sand at each other. And when they [the children] had been won [by the
Mexitin], they were sacrificed; their breasts were cut open.
ee And there was more of this.
Therefore the Colhuaque declared war a second time against the Me-
xica.15”7 And then the Mexitin ran away.
728 9 House [1241]. The Mexitin are at Contitlan.
10 Rabbit [1242]. The Mexitin at Contitlan. It is told and related that
this is when the war with Xaltocan got started, again at Chapoltepec, after
152. The sacrificial victim carried a banner and was stretched over a stone so that his
heart could be excised. (The verb tecoc, “he was stretched out,” could also be translated “he
was cut,” as in lines 81:35 and 81:36.)
153. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.
154. Lit., For cut things they chased people (?). Read ipampa instead of ipan.
155. For peuhque yyo read peuhque yn. In the manuscript the ‘o’ of yyo is actually a solid
blob, which might have been meant as an ‘n’. The extra ‘y’ is perhaps a copyist’s slip.
156. In many of the old manuscripts, as perhaps here, the ‘c’ and the ambiguously curled
‘P are easily confused. Hence the copyist may have seen mecoc and written necol. In fact Velaz-
quez here reads necoc, though his translation of the passage does not agree with mine.
157. Lit., declared war a second time for the purpose of fighting the Mexica. Read yc
oppa yaotlatogue.

54
 The Mexica in captivity: A.D. 1240-86

the defeat of the Mexitin. And it was by command !** of Quinatzin, who
was then ruler of Cuauhtitlan, that the Xaltocan war began.
siete, It was he who decided on it, because the Mexitin and the Colhuaque
did not yet have any power at that time. Although they were angry,'*° they
had no power. They never made decisions about killing people. And it was
the same with the Azcapotzalca. They did not yet have any power at the
time the Xaltocan war began. As yet the nations were unallied.!°
: 38 11 Reed [1243] was when the Mexica were sought out.
12 Flint.
13 House [1245] was the year the Mexitin were settled at Atizapan!*!
by command of the Colhuacan ruler Chalchiuhtlatonac, after they had
succeeded in battle, after they had made conquests in Xochimilco. For the
Xochimilca were enemies of the Colhuaque.
K7: 43 1 Rabbit [1246] was when the Colhuaque and the Mexitin fought each
other.
2 Reed [1247]. This was when Tezcatl Teuctli was inaugurated as ruler
at the place called Tequixquinahuac Huixtompan. He succeeded his father,
the elder Quinatzin.
7: And as for those who talk much, one of them has said that Tlatzanatztoc
and the elder Xaltemoctzin were sons of Tezcatl Teuctli. And according to
what he says about him, Xaltemoctzin ruled for nineteen years and was
killed by the Tepaneca. This genealogical information cannot be accurate,
for the truth about how they are arranged [genealogically] has already
been told [above].
U7: In the time of 3 Flint [1248] the ruler Miahuatamaltzin died, and Aca-
yoltzin came to be inaugurated as ruler of Cuitlahuac Tizic.
a7: 4 House. 5 Rabbit. 6 Reed.
7 Flint [1252]. This was when the Colhuacan ruler Chalchiuhtlatonac-
tzin died. Then Cuauhtlix succeeded him and was inaugurated as ruler in
Colhuacan.
a7: 8 House. 9 Rabbit. 10 Reed.
1] Flint [1256]. This was when Acayoltzin died, and Atzatzamoltzin
came to be inaugurated as ruler of Cuitlahuac Tizic.
18: 12 House [1257] was when the Chalca were destroyed. Those who
destroyed them were the Huexotzinca, [whose] ruler was Xayacamachan,
the Tlaxcalteca, the Totomihuaque, Tepeyacac, [and] Cuauhtinchan. Que-
huatl was ruler in Cholollan.

158. The copyist wrote ytencopat, then corrected it to ytencopa. Cf. line 15:53.
159. The text is unclear. Read cocoleque?
160. Lit., As yet the nations [or peoples] were all alone.
161. Atizapan is another name for Tizacapan. The passage at hand merely retells the story
given above in lines 17: 13—27.

5S
 The Mexica in captivity: A.D. 1240-86

13 Rabbit.
1 Reed [1259] was when the Colhuacan ruler Cuauhtlixtli died. Then
Yohuallatonac was inaugurated, succeeding him as ruler.
It was in 1 Reed that the Cuauhquecholteca were destroyed. The Hue-
xotzinca, the Tlaxcalteca, the Totomihuaque, the Tepeyacahuaque, the
Cuauhteca, Cuauhtinchan, and the Chololteca surrounded them.
It was also in 1 Reed that the Chalco ruler Tlalli Teuctli died. Then
Toquihua Teuctli!*? was inaugurated and ruled in Chalco.
2 Flint [1260]. In that year the Cuahuaque Otomi arrived. They came
and settled in Chichimecacuicoyan at the time when Tochtzin Teuctli, son
of Tezcatl Teuctli, was prince and governor there. He allowed them to
settle in his territory. But they were with him for only fifteen years. Then
he sent them to live in a place called Tlacopantonco Xolothiatlauhyoc, in
Tepotzotlan.
18: 16 3 House. 4 Rabbit. 5 Reed. 6 Flint. 7 House. [8 Rabbit.] 9 Reed.
10 Flint [1268] is when the warehouse in Cuauhtitlan was established.
PUL? 11 House [1269]. In that year the Colhuacan ruler called Yohuallatonac
died. Then Tziuhtecatzin was inaugurated and ruled in Colhuacan.
12 Rabbit. 13 Reed.
18: 1 Flint [1272] is when the Cuitlahuac ruler Atzatzamoltzin died and
Totepeuh Teuctli was inaugurated. The Chalca dynasty in Cuitlahuac Tizic
began at this time.
2 House [1273]. In that year the Mexitin were driven out. And so they
came and settled in Tlalcocomocco. It was by command of the Colhuaque,
when Tziuhtecatzin was ruling in Colhuacan.
225) Afterward, Colhuaque went to conquer the Mexica. But these Col-
huaque only fell into the hands of their enemy, who went and adorned
them [as sacrificial victims], and then those Mexitin extracted the hearts of
the Colhuaque, sparing none.
3 Rabbit [1274]. In that year Tezcatzin Teuctli drove out the Otomi,
sending them to Tepotzotlan, to the place called Tlacopantonco Xolotlia-
tlauhyoc. And from there the Otomi dispersed. Some went to Cincoc.
Some went to Huitziltepec and Xoloc, and some withdrew—back this
way—to Cuauhtlaapan Tianquizzolco.
4 Reed. 5 Flint. 6 House. 7 Rabbit. 8 Reed. 9 Flint. 10 House.
11 Rabbit [1282]. In that year Tziuhtecatzin of Colhuacan died. Then
Xihuitltemoctzin was inaugurated and ruled in Colhuacan.
12 Reed. ;
13 Flint [1286]. The Colhuaque say that Tezozomoctli of Azcapotzalco
was born at this time.
ered 1 House.

162. Marginal gloss: tochquihua teuctli.

56
 Cuauhtitlan’s war against Xaltocan: A.D. 1287-97 and later

2 Rabbit. In that year the Cuauhtitlan ruler Tezcatl Teuctli died. He had
ruled for thirty-nine years.

[Cuauhtitlan’s war against Xaltocan:

- A.D. 1287-97 and later]
a8 : 3 Reed [1287]. In that year the Cuauhtitlan ruler Huactzin was inau-
gurated. His residence was in Techichco, and that’s where he ruled.
18: The time of 3 Reed was when the Huehueteca were destroyed. They
were conquered by the Huexotzinca, the Tlaxcalteca, the Totomihuaque,
Cholollan, the people of Cuauhtinchan, and Tepeyacac.
18: 45 4 Flint. 5 House. 6 Rabbit.
7 Reed [1291] was when Totepeuh, ruler of Cuitlahuac Tizic, died.
Then Epcoatzin was inaugurated.
8 Flint [1292], say the Colhuaque, is when Ixtlilxochitzin the elder was
born in Tetzcoco.
9 House.
10 Rabbit [1294]. The Cuitlahuaca say that Tezozomoctli of Azcapo-
tzalco was born at this time.
11 Reed. 12 Flint.
13 House [1297]. This was the year—when the capital was at Techichco,
in the time of the ruler Huactli—that his Chichimec captains were driven
out and came away. The first was Maxtla; second, Xochipan; third,
Mecellotl; fourth, Acatzin; fifth, Tlacuatzin; sixth, Tzohuitzin; seventh,
Cuauhticatzin. These were the ones who came, and they settled in Te-
coactonco.
Now, when these Chichimecs came and settled in that place, a man had
already died there, a Chichimec named Tecoatl, who had been there first.
Encountered were the Chichimecs Huauhquil and Telpoch, who were at
Zacatlatiltitlan, which is now called Tlatilco. They were there already
when the Chichimecs who had parted company came and settled in Te-
coactonco.
And then they withdrew. Soon they settled at a second place, called
Xallan. They made Xallan their home and stayed there awhile.
And then they withdrew to a third place, Tlalcozpan, where the house
of Don Juan Yollocamachaltzin stands today. Those who had [previously]
come to settle there were simply driven out. Well, the one who was there,
at Izquitlan, was a Chichimec named Ixahuatzin, [along with] Yaocotzi-
tzitli [and] Xiyatl. And those who had withdrawn to Tlalcozpan were
Tzonhuitzin and Cuauhticatzin.!

163. Two of the Chichimec captains named in lines 18:52—53 above.

Soh
 The massacre of the Chichimecs: A.D. 1349 and later

LOOKS Now, when they had been in that place for a while, they noticed the
Xaltocameca, who were always courting danger to go quail hunting at
Quail Hill. Indeed the quail-hunting area belonged to the Xaltocameca. It
was their quail hill.
1D 17 Then they conferred with each other, saying, “Who are these so-called
Xaltocameca? Let’s chase them away. They’re going to bother us. They’re
bad people, they’re vicious, they’re the ones who made war against the
Mexitin. And in fact our ruler gave the command that the Xaltocameca
were never to be our friends.” !
LOE: 21 So then, right at that spot,!°> they provoked them, intending to make
war on them, until finally they exerted their full force against them.
19: Now, they had been coming [there] during the reign of Quinatzin, and
in the reign of Tezcatl Teuctli they were just snatching whatever they saw
that belonged to them. They were just making fun of them.
Well, they kept remembering how those late rulers had commanded
them, that these were to be their enemies. And it was during the time of
the ruler Huactzin that the Xaltocan war began in such a way that it really
did begin in earnest.!°
19: 28 For it is told and related that the territory, the boundaries, of the Xal-
tocameca came straight out to:
=30 Acaltecoyan
Ocozacayocan
~ Coyomilpan
Cueppopan
Ixayoctonco
Tlilhuatonicac
Ixayoc
Citlaliniteopan
Cotzxipetzco
Zoltepec [Quail Hill]
Tepemaxalco
Cuitlachtepetl
Temacpalco
Cuauhxomolco
Huilacapichtepec
Otlayo
Cuauhtepetl
Tezonyocan

164. The command had been issued by Quinatzin. See 14: 18—22.
165. Read ye niman ye ocan yyn.
166. The earlier beginnings of this war were described in lines 14:22—28.

58
 Cuauhtitlan’s war against Xaltocan: A.D. 1287-97 and later

Tlacochcalco
Tehuepanco
Ecatepec
Chiucnauhtlan
Tecanman
Malinallocan
Tonanitlan
Papahuacan
Ichpochco
Tzompanco

ID: 36 Their boundaries came together with those of Xaltenco at Acalte-

coyan.'©7 And then the war started.'°* At that time the Chichimecs got
together there in Tlalcozpan in order to fight them on all fronts.
I: 39 There was a Chichimec of Xochicaltitlan named Pitzallotl. He was a very
big man, and he brought the Xaltocameca to a halt. At the same time, they
were halted by Chichimecs who were in Tehuiloyocan—Totoomitl, Tla-
huitol, and other Chichimecs. And after a long while, they forced the Xal-
tocameca to give up their boundary, and so the war was pushed back to
Tlaltepan.
Then the boundary was pushed back to Tlamacazcatepec, which is now
Tenexotli [Lime Road], and straight on back to Iztaccoac [and] Tamazo-
lac. There it lasted a good while.
19 : 47 They kept a frontier with them at Iyehuacan, Teloloiyacac, [and] Tepan-
ahuilloyan. There the war lasted fifteen years, so it is said.
19: 49 Well, it was fifteen years that went by. And then again the Chichimecs
forced the Xaltocameca to give up their boundary.
19
:SI So then the war reached the place called Tezcacoac. It was to that place
that the war was carried.
Then the Xaltocameca boundaries were set up at Tezcacoac, which has
[just] been mentioned, [also at] Tlatlacualloyan, Tepanahuilloyan, Teno-
paltitlan, Acocotlan, Teziuhtecatitlan, Nextlalpan, Atizapan, Teopanzolco,
Iltitlan, Coacalco, Cuauhtepec.
And the boundaries stood there for nine years. And all that while the
war went on, the war of the Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs. And then again they
chased the Xaltocameca, until finally the war—the war of the Chichimecs—
was carried to the place called Acpaxapocan. At last the war cooled off a
little. At this time the Chichimec Huactzin was ruler of Cuauhtitlan.
20 : 11 Then, when the fighting had been carried to Acpaxapocan, the Chichi-

167. Lit., They [the Xaltocameca] come together with Xaltenco at Acaltecoyan.
168. Alternate translation: And there the war started.

oo
 Cuauhtitlan’s war against Xaltocan: A.D. 1287-97 and later

mecs made war only from time to time. And also, the Xaltocameca no
longer dared to attack them, because they were afraid of these Cuauhtitlan
Chichimecs.
Now, when the war was in Acpaxapocan, many times the god of the
Xaltocameca spoke to them in person, the so-called Acpaxapo [Water-
weed Mirror], that came forth and appeared in the water there. It was a
large serpent, and it had the face of a woman. And its hair was long like
women’s hair.
And it would let them know, would tell them, what was going to hap-
pen to them: whether they were to take prisoners, whether they were to
die, whether they were to become prisoners [themselves]. And it would
tell them whenever the Chichimecs were going to sally forth, so that the
Xaltocameca could come out to meet them.
324 Well, the Chichimecs realized this, [and] whenever the Xaltocameca
came to make payment, came to make offerings to Acpaxapo, the Chi-
chimecs were waiting for them. There they were, and that’s where the
boundary was.
20: And finally, when the Colhuaque had arrived [in the region] and had
come forth, they too made war at Acpaxapocan, by command of princes
who were Chichimecs. Totomatlatzin and Cuauhtzoncaltzin were the ones
who had authority over them.!°
20: And so the Colhuaque took captives in that place. And with these they
held their first dedication ceremony, offering three Xaltocameca. It was
when the Colhuaque had newly prepared an earth altar for their gods—as
will be told below, under the year 11 Reed,” two years before the death
of the ruler Huactli. There will be heard the story of the arrival of the
devils, or sorcerers, when the idolatry of the Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs got
started.
20: And finally, when the elder Xaltemoctzin was ruler of Cuauhtitlan, in
the year 7 Reed, the Xaltocameca were destroyed. The whole time that the
war lasted, while the Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs were fighting against them,
adds up to a hundred years altogether. It began when the Mexitin were
defeated at Chapoltepec, for it is said that this was when the ire of the
Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs was instilled.
20: And when the Xaltocameca were destroyed, it was in Tecanman that
they went to their destruction.
20: When they were already terrified, they sent to Metztitlan to say they
would go be servants there.
20 :48 And they sent to Tlaxallan to say they would be servants there.

169. Lit., Totomatlatzin and Cuauhtzoncaltzin were their fathers.

170. See 24: 25ff., especially 24:53.

60
 Cuauhtitlan’s war against Xaltocan: A.D. 1287-97 and later

20
:49 Well, eventually they were asked why and for what reason they wanted
to be servants.
20
:50 They answered, saying, “It’s because our enemies the Cuauhtitlan Chi-
chimecs are tormenting us, and we’re about to perish in their hands. It
was a long time ago that they provoked us and made war against us. The
war began in the time of our fathers.”
eT 4 “We'll have to take a look at them,” they said. “Fetch them. What are
these people like who’ve been bothering you?”
Bl 5) Then, with their captives, the Xaltocameca entered Metztitlan and Tlax-
callan. Of which more is to be heard under the year 7 Reed, during the
reign of the elder Xaltemoctzin, the tecpanecatl.\7!
21:8 Also at this time, when the Xaltocameca nation had been destroyed, the
ruler Xaltemoctzin the elder stationed boundary keepers. He stationed
them at Tzompanco, Citlaltepec, Huehuetocan, and Otlazpan.
By now the boundaries had been pushed back, enlarging the Cuauhti-
tlan nation. And so these boundaries, these frontiers of the Cuauhtitlan
nation are named herewith.
First, where we begin the Mexica road, at a place called Nepopohualco.
Then:

Otontepec
Cuauhtepec
Tlacoc
Tehuepanco
Ecatepec
Tezoyocan
Acalhuacan !72
Epcoac
Tenanitlan
Axochtli
Toltecatzacualli
Chiconcuauhtliiteocal
Tlamamatlatl
Cihuatlicpac
Atehuilacachco
Ocelotlixtacan
Cuauhquemecan
Cuauhtlalpan

171. Xaltemoctzin’s special title is given as ateqpanecatl teuctli at 30: 32. Huemac of Tollan
was styled atecpanecatl (8:40). For further usages see NED: atecpanecatl, tecpanecatl.
172. Velazquez reads Acolhuacan. MEX 80 treats the two forms as synonymous (Acal-
huacan, anozo Aculhuacan = Acalhuacan, or Acolhuacan).

6!
 Cuauhtitlan’s war against Xaltocan: A.D. 1287-97 and later

Papahuacan
Tlatlachpanaloyan
Miccaapan
Xilotzinco
Huitzocuitlapillan
Atlacomolco
Cuezcomahuacan
Tenexcalco
Huixachcuauhyo- !78
Macuexhuacan
Temamatlac
Tlatzallan
Acatzintitlan
Pachyocan
Nochtonco
Tatapaco
Hueitepec
Mazamican
Nopaltepec
Ozomatepec
Cuahuacatzinco
Cuicuitzcacalco
Chalchiuhtechcatitlan
Atecomoyan
Nacazhueyocan
Xoxomalpan
Chapolmalloyan
Ichpochtetitlan
Oztotlaquetzallocan
Ahuazhuatlan
Tecaxic
Tecoac
Zoltepec
Tepetlmaxalco
Tepetitlan

ad ae Which joins the above-mentioned Nepopohualco.

21
:28 These are the boundaries of the Cuauhtitlan nation; and in order to
grow larger in all directions, the Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs, by means of
war, did indeed set them up in Xaltocan, as has been told.
173. Suffix missing?

62
 The fall of Colhuacan: A.D. 1298-1348

o3l And it was the same in Hueipochtlan and Xilotzinco. The same in Tla-
tzallan and Acatzintlan.
Oe There was a battle there at Huecatlan Atlauhco, when Tollan people
confronted the nation.
: 34 It was the same in Chiapan. By means of war it was possible to set up a
boundary.
Aso. And it was the same in Cuahuacan. By means of war it [the boundary]
was pushed back during the time that Cozauhquixochitl was ruling in
Cuahuacan.
: 36 And even more famous than the Xaltocameca war was the war with the
Tepaneca. The Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs faced them with great courage.
noo And likewise, Xochilhuitl captives from Ecatepec were required in
Cuauhtitlan.14
Through the courage of the Cuauhtitlancalque, their boundaries, as
named above, were made good in all directions.
And upon the arrival of the Castillians, when the Marqués del Valle
came, the Cuauhtitlan nation was destroyed, broken up, so that Tepotzo-
tlan, Otlazpan, Citlaltepec, and Tzompanco were detached. And Toltitlan
was also detached from the territory, etc.

[The fall of Colhuacan: A.D. 1298-1348]

1 Rabbit [1298].
2 Reed [1299]. This was when the Cuauhquecholteca were defeated for
the second time. They were surrounded again, just as was told above.!”5
: 48 3 Flint [1300] was when the Colhuacan ruler Xihuitltemoctzin died.
Then Coxcox Teuctli was inaugurated and ruled in Colhuacan.
: 50 4 House.
5 Rabbit [1302] was when Epcoatzin, ruler of Tizic Cuitlahuac, died.
Quetzalmichin Teuctli was inaugurated.
nol 6 Reed [1303]. In that year it happened one day that the ruler of
Cuauhtitlan, who was Huactzin, went hunting, and he met a young
woman at the place called Tepolco. But he did not know whether this
young woman was alady.
Finally he asked her. He said, “Who are you? Whose daughter are you?
Where do you come from?”
174. Lit., And also thus, with regard to Ecatepec, for [the feast of] Xochilhuitl, they
wanted to conquer people with regard to Cuauhtitlan. (For “tribute captives” brought from
enemy borders as part of Xochilhuitl celebrations, see FFCC bk. 1, ch. 14. See also lines
49 :34—38 below.)
175.. See line 18:6.

63
 The fall of Colhuacan: A.D. 1298-1348

She answered him, saying, “My lord, I live in Colhuacan, and my father
is the king, Coxcox Teuctli.”
“And what does he call you?” he asked. “What is your name?”
“My name is Itztolpanxochi,” she replied.
Well, when Huactli heard this, he took her home with him and made
her his wife. And Huactli had children with her. The first was called
Cuauhtliipantemoc. The second was Iztactototl. They were born the
grandchildren of the Colhuacan ruler, Coxcoxtzin Teucthi.
2a 7 Flint. 8 House. 9 Rabbit. 10 Reed. 11 Flint. 12 House. 13 Rabbit.
1 Reed. 2 Flint.
Su 3 House [1313]. This was when Quetzalmichin Teuctli died. Then
Cuauhtlotli Teuctli was inaugurated and ruled in Cuitlahuac Tizic.
22% 12 4 Rabbit. 5 Reed. 6 Flint.
22: 13 7 House [1317]. This was when Cuauhtlotli Teuctli died. Then Ma-
matzin Teuctli was inaugurated and ruled in Cuitlahuac Tizic.
22: 14 8 Rabbit [1318]. This was the year that Mexico Tenochtitlan got
started. As yet the Mexitin built only a few straw huts. There was only a
wilderness of sedges all around when they made their settlement.
22: O Reed:
10 Flint [1320]. In that year the Cuauhtitlan ruler Huactli gave the
order for his son Iztactototl to lead a war party!”° at Xaltocan Acpaxapo-
can. He summoned his messengers and said to them, “Go tell my captains
Acatzin, Tlacuatzin, Xochipan, and Mecellotl, who are in charge there at
Acahuacan Tepeyacac. Give them this message: ‘You are no longer in
power here at Cuahuacan. Let that boy Iztactototzin be surrounded some-
place or other. But he mustn’t be thrown to the enemy, he mustn’t be
captured. Let them give heed to this. I beseech all my captains.’ ”!77
223 Then the message was brought to the Chichimecs who were in charge
at Tepeyacac. And when they had heard it, they said, “Our ruler has fa-
vored us. Let us do what we can.”
22'% 30 And right away these Chichimecs sent to Coacalco, taking a message to
the Tepaneca. They had just!”8 come to settle there, in Coacalco, where a
certain Xochmitl was governing,!”? and when Xochmitl heard the Chichi-
mecs’ command that they were to [go] with them [and] accompany the
ruler’s son Iztactototl into battle, then he authorized his Tepanec charges
to go to war with this son of the ruler Huactzin.

176. Lit., gave the order for them to accompany his son Iztactototl into battle. See
GLOS: yaoquixtia:te.
177. Lit., ‘You are very much no longer in power here at Cuahuacan. Let them cause
people to surround the very young man Iztactototzin somewhere there. Let it not be: let
them not throw him in alien hands, let them not cause him to arrive in alien hands. They do
very much know something. Indeed I beseech all my captains.’
178. Read quin huel.
179. Word order reversed in the translation.

64
 The fall of Colhuacan: A.D. 1298-1348

22 : 36 And it was done. They followed the ruler’s son Iztactototl to Acpaxa-
pocan, where the Xaltocameca were in the habit of making payment.
Now, when they had appeared, they came forth and made the payment,
though indeed it was as they usually came, always dressed for war. Im-
mediately Iztactototl made a take, and as soon as he had gotten his pris-
oner, there was a battle. And on account of it the Chichimecs Acatzin and
Tlacuatzin died, along with eight of the Tepaneca that Xochmitl had sent
from Coacalco.
And it was all by himself that Iztactototl had taken the prisoner.!®°
When he had gotten his prisoner, the news was brought to the ruler
Huactli, and they told him how ten had died because of it.
This upset him, and he gave orders for the war to be intensified, for the
Chichimecs to fight hard and not let the Xaltocameca go free.
Now, when Iztactototl had gotten his prisoner, he sent word to his
mother. And then she said to him, “Go see your grandfather, Coxcox
Teuctli, the ruler of Colhuacan. Give him greetings and show him that you
have taken a prisoner in Xaltocan.”
m2: 51 And Iztactototl heeded his mother, for she was a princess of Colhuacan.
we : 52 Then he went with his prisoner to inspire his grandfather, and his Chi-
chimec captains went along as his guards. When he got there, he presented
himself, offered greetings,'*! and explained that he was his grandson.
“O lord, O ruler,” he said, “I have come from Cuauhtitlan to bring you
greetings, for I have heard what perhaps is true, that you may have lost a
daughter, the departed Itztolpanxochi.” He continued: “She is my mother,
and she has told me that it was you who sired her. And so today I have
come before you to bring you inspiration. My father, Huactzin, had a war
in Xaltocan. And I went there and took a prisoner.” /
He said to him, “Welcome, my child. It is true that I lost a daughter,
from whom you have sprung. Sit down, for you are my grandson. Such as
I am, I am old and must die. Here in Colhuacan it is you who will be ruler.
You will be ruler of the Colhuaque.”
23): 13 And to Iztactototl he was alittle like an oracle the way he spoke. And
after hearing this speech, he said nothing.
23: 15 Finally the ruler Coxcox Teuctli withdrew. From within his chamber
he sent back a messenger to inform him that he was never to come again,
and he was told that he would definitely become ruler, succeeding his
grandfather.
23
:18 Well, after he had heard these words, he laughed and said, “Whose ruler
would I be? For the Colhuacan nation is not to endure. It is to be de-
stroyed and broken up. But I say give this message to the king, my grand-
180. Novice warriors usually took prisoners with the help of others. See note to line 37:5
below.
181. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.

65
 The fall of Colhuacan: A.D. 1298-1348

father: Probably it will not happen in his lifetime, and when it does, some
could go to our capital and become our followers there. For our land is so
big that from there to Cuauhtepetl here, takes a whole day, so wide is the
expanse. And the ruler is my father, Huactzin.” :
ae eo) Then they took the message to the ruler Coxcox Teuctli. When he heard
it, he was angry and insulted. He said, “That little boy, that baby, what is
he saying? Ask him what it is that would happen to our nation and who
would destroy us. Is this a death that is not native?) How would it rise
against us? Pox, bloody diarrhea, coughing sickness, fever, and consump-
tion are here, of course. And of course we know that the sun might be
eaten or the earth might shake or we might have to perform sacrifices.'*?
How is our nation to be destroyed and broken up? What is the boy saying?
Let him tell it plainly.”
23 34 And then the messengers came back. In anger and amazement they
questioned him.
23 a6 And he answered them. “What is the king worried about?” he said.
“Give him this message: It is not by war that the nation will be destroyed,
no one will bother him, no one will make fun of him anymore.!*? The way
it will happen is that lords and nobles will simply become agitated and
rebel, and their vassals will be scattered in foreign lands. The nation will
become deserted. And that is why I say, when you are destroyed, go to
our capital, which lies beyond Cuauhtepetl here. The ruler, I say, is my
father. He will be waiting for you, and he will give you land.”
230F, 45 They took the message to the ruler, and with that he fell silent, etc.
23 46 11 House. 12 Rabbit. 13 Reed.
1 Flint [1324]. This was when the Colhuacan ruler Coxcoxtli died.
Then Acamapichtli was inaugurated and ruled in Colhuacan.
23'S 48 2 House [1325]. According to what the Cuitlahuaca know, this was
when the elder Ixtlilxochitl of Tetzcoco was born.
23 49 3 Rabbit. 4 Reed. 5 Flint. 6 House. 7 Rabbit.
23: 50 8 Reed [1331]. Cuitlahuaca say that at this time Tezozomoctli was in-
augurated as ruler in Tlalhuacpan.!*4
Zoi 51 9 Flint. 10 House. 11 Rabbit. 12 Reed.
23 ey, 13 Flint [1336]. This was the year that Achitometl killed Acamapichtli,
who was ruler of Colhuacan. And having killed him, Achitometl was in-
augurated as ruler. This was also when the ruler Achitometl spoke craftily
182. During solar eclipses prisoners were sacrificed (FC 7:37—38). But although the
text means eclipses and earthquakes inaliteral sense, according to Sahagtin the expression
teotl qualo tlallolini has the figurative meaning “Something terrifying comes to pass, perhaps
war, perhaps the death of the ruler” (FFCC 1:82).
183. Word order reversed in the translation.
184. Tlalhuacpan [the Dry Lands] refers to the realm of the Tepaneca, whose seat was
Azcapotzalco. See NED: Tlalhuacpan.

66
 The fall of Colhuacan: A.D. 1298-1348

to the Mexitin.!*5 Also it was when the elder Tezozomoctli was inaugu-
rated as ruler in Azcapotzalco.
24: 1 House [1337] was when the ruler of Cuitlahuac Tizic, Mamatzin
Teuctli, died. Then Pichatzin Teuctli was inaugurated.
24; 2 Rabbit.
3 Reed [1339] was when the Cuauhquecholteca were again defeated,
and it was the Huexotzinca who defeated them, campaigning against them
unaided.'8° This was when Xayacamachan was ruling in Huexotzinco.
24: The year 3 Reed is when the Chalco ruler Tozquihua died. Then a lord
named Xipemetztli was inaugurated as ruler.
24: Il And it was in 3 Reed that Tezozomoctli of Tlalhuacpan!*” started his
war in Techichco, which was filled with Chalca!**—the people of Te-
chichco were counted as Chalco. That’s where the Chalca boundary, or
frontier, was, there in Colhuacan. And this war of Tezozomoctli’s lasted
thirty-seven years. As yet the Tepanecatl was acting on his own when he
set out for Techichco Colhuacan. As yet the Mexitin were not included.
219 4 Flint. 5 House. 6 Rabbit.
: 20 7 Reed [1343] was when the Totomihuaque were defeated. The Hue-
xotzinca campaigned against them unaided, in the time that Xayacama-
chan was ruler.
222 8 Flint. 9 House.
10 Rabbit [1346]. This 10 Rabbit is when Iancueitl and the ladies who
accompanied her went to Coatlichan to get Acamapichtli,!*° who had been
sent there to be brought up.
24: 25 11 Reed [1347]. That was the year it came to pass that the Colhuaque
were destroyed, were scattered and dispersed in foreign lands, when the
people went off in all directions.
: 28 When the Colhuaque had been destroyed, their temple and their city
sprouted grass.
: 30 In the year 12 [Flint: 1348] Achitometl, who had been ruler of Colhua-
can, met his death. As soon as he died, the Colhuaque were destroyed.
S92 These Colhuaque were not conquered: the way they were destroyed is
that they just agitated each other. That’s how they were destroyed.
185. After their defeat at Chapoltepec, when the Mexica begged Achitometl for a place
to settle, he craftily sent them to Tizaapan, which was known to be infested with snakes. The
story is told in DHIST ch. 4. Notice, however, that this account does not fit in with the
information concerning the Mexica and Tizaapan (also called Tizacapan or Atizapan) given
above in lines 17:20 and 17: 39.
186. Read guinmixcahuique, as in line 24:21.
187. The same as Tezozomoctli of Azcapotzalco (see 24:4—5; see also 23:51 and accom-
panying note).
188. For chalcayaoyotl read chalcayotl, as in line 27:30.
189. Son of the Acamapichtli who is assassinated in line 24:1 above. He is to become
the first ruler of Tenochtitlan (lines 26: 39—42).

67
 The founding of the city of Cuauhtitlan: A.D. 1348 and later

24: 33 And that’s when the Colhuaque, accompanied by the Mexicatzinca,

came here to Cuauhtitlan. It was said that the Colhuacan nation was dis-
persed when Achitometl died.

[The founding of the city of Cuauhtitlan:

A.D. 1348 and later]

24 : 37 Now, when the Colhuaque were newly arrived here in Cuauhtitlan, it

was during [the fifteen “months”] called:

24: 38 1. Huei Tecuilhuitl

2. Tlaxochimaco
3. Xocotl Huetzi
4. Ochpaniztli
5. Teotl Eco
6. Tepeilhuitl
uF. Quecholli
8. Panquetzaliztli
9. Atemoztli
eebititt
sal Zealht
. Cuahuitl Ehua
. Tlacaxipehualizthi
. Tozoztontli
. Huei Tozoztli

24:41 Thus the Colhuaque stayed for 300 days [for fifteen twenty-day
“months,” mid-July through mid-May].
24: 42 And also at this time, when the Colhuaque had started making them-
selves an earth altar, the incoming elders Cuauhnochtli, Atempanecatl, Xi-
loxochcatl, Mexicatl, and Tetec Tlamacazqui!”° set up their gods, known
as Toci and Chiucnauhozomatli and Xochiquetzal.
24:47 Now, when these Colhuaque had built their earth altar, they petitioned
the Chichimec princes called Totomatlatzin and Cuauhtzoncaltzin, who
governed in Chichimecacuicoyan, sending them a message, telling them,
“We have made our settlement at the waterside where you allowed us to
settle, there in your territory. But what can we take? !°! For we are asking,
190. At least some of these names may be titles. See Concordance: cuauhnochtli, atem-
panecatl, tlamacazqui.
191. Lit., But how many portions are there? (reading quezquican for quexcan).

68
 The founding of the city of Cuauhtitlan: A.D. 1348 and later

please won’t you help us out with something like one little rabbit, a little
snake, with which we might have just a bit of a dedication ceremony for
the little earth altar we have made for our gods?”
o> And when the Chichimecs heard this, they got together and said, “Ah,
that’s where they’re supposed to be. We believe that where they’ve come
to settle they'll eventually be swept away by the water. Indeed, when we
allowed them to settle there, we said, “Here’s your rampart,’ for these are
the people who made war on the Mexitin and chased them away.!”2 Now,
what are we going to tell them? Should we give them this rabbit, this snake |
that they’re asking for? They would get used to hunting in our gardens.!9
That’s impossible. But there’s this: we have a war going on nearby in Xal-
tocan. Let’s tell them to go get captives there, so that they can become
worthy of receiving our daughters and our lands.” !%
=i? And then the Chichimecs told this to the Colhuaque. Indeed, the Chi-
chimecs said, “What would a snake or a rabbit be? Indeed, we have a war
nearby. Go there, to Xaltocan. Is it far? Whoever takes captives wins our
daughters. We'll present them to you along with our lands. Give heed to
this. It’s how you'll have your dedication ceremony.”
218 And then the Colhuaque went off and made war in Xaltocan. And when
the Colhuaque had gotten three captives, the Chichimecs took a great
liking to the Colhuaque, and they all became friends. So the Chichimecs
gave them their daughters. Also they were given land.
When it was Toxcatl,!°> the Colhuaque came and celebrated the feast in
Cuauhtitlan for the first time. They came and made human sacrifices.
- 25 As yet the Chichimecs were not doing this, not making human sacrifices
before their gods. Although they were taking captives and would eat them,
they just killed them. It wasn’t before their gods. They did not use them
for dedication ceremonies, and as yet they had no temples.
£29 It was at this time that the Colhuaque and the Chichimecs began to
build themselves temples. It was then that the town that there 1s today got
started and had its beginning.
aoe And that’s why the town lies in an out-of-the-way spot, because the
Chichimecs had been driving the Colhuaque to desperation, thinking,
when they settled the Colhuaque there, that eventually they would be
flooded and would become weary and would perhaps go off somewhere.
[But] it was not possible. In that very spot the town of Cuauhtitlan grew
up where it is today.
a7 Well, when the Colhuaque were finally settled, the river was still there,

192. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.

193. Lit., There is this [that] establishes itself: in our gardens they would shoot things.
194. Lit., so that eventually they obtain that we give them our daughters and our lands.
195. Toxcatl follows Huei Tozoztli (see line 24:41 above).

69
 The massacre of the Chichimecs: A.D. 1349 and later

and when the water would come, it would spread out. Later, however, the
river was relocated, because a hundred households were swept away.
Those who perished were Toltitlancalque. And so the waterway was relo-
cated when Ayactlacatzin came in as ruler. It was he who relocated the
waterway. °°
25
>43 And finally, as for those Chichimecs who had no temples, what they had
were just arrows that they set up in beds of hay. They would make an
earth altar and set up white plume-banners there, and each one would
dress himself as Mixcoatl. Thus they remembered what the devil Itzpapa-
lot! taught them. They always remembered it during [the feast] called
Quecholli.
2549 And as for the above-mentioned Colhuaque who went off in all direc-
tions, this was when they were scattered and dispersed in alien lands, some
going to Azcapotzalco, Coatlichan, Huexotla, and Cuauhtitlan.

[The massacre of the Chichimecs:

A.D. 1349 and later]
BII5S. 13 [House: 1349]. This was the year that Huactli, who had been ruler
of Cuauhtitlan, died. Then a stand-in, or substitute, came to be inaugu-
rated in his place. Soon the Colhuaque got themselves a ruler: they wanted
to install [Iztactototl,] son of the ruler Huactli, since they knew he was the
grandson of the above-mentioned Coxcox Teuctli, who had been ruler of
Colhuacan. At this time they sheltered him!” where the house of the devil
Mixcoatl was. As yet Mixcoatl had the ruler Iztactototl with him in his
calpulli temple.!°8
26 25 But eventually the Colhuaque supported him with great honor, hon-
ored the ruler Iztactototl. And they made many arrangements.
26:8 And furthermore, they introduced all the different manufactures, ce-
ramic ware, matting, pots, bowls, and all the rest.
26:11 And it was they who built the town of Cuauhtitlan. And they provided
it with lands, for the Chichimecs just kept being pushed back.
26 : 13 And it was they who brought all the idolatry. They brought their many
gods.

196. This account of the flood and its aftermath is contradicted by lines 48:15—26
below.
197. Lit., they straw-housed him. In other words, they put him up in rude quarters in
the manner of the Chichimecs. Rulers’ straw-houses are mentioned in lines 4: 19, 8: 17, etc.
198. Or: As yet the ruler Iztactototl had [the idol] Mixcoatl with him in his calpulli
temple. Calpolco, lit., calpulli place, is glossed by Sahagtin as “una de las casas de oraci6n que
tenian en los barrios que ellos llamaban calpulli, que quiere decir iglesia del barrio o parro-
quia” (HG bk. 1, ch. 19, parag. 17 and FFCC 1: 43:4: calpulco; see also FC 9:63:10)

70
 Colhuacan restored: A.D. 1349-77

ZO: And when they had become quite mingled with the Chichimecs, then
they began to make milpa. And at last, peacefully, they began to mark off
the boundaries of fields, laying out their calpulli lands.
26: 17 And in later times, when all the people had become god worshippers,
when Itzcoatzin was ruling in Tenochtitlan, still there were many Chichi-
mecs. And then the Colhuaque went to Mexico to lodge charges against
them, because they refused to worship the gods, refused to observe the so-
called arrow fast.'°° In those days the arrow fast was customary.
20: 24 On account of it, they were captured.?” Indeed, they went as prisoners
to Mexico. And those Chichimecs were these: a certain Xiuhcac from Tol-
tepec, which is now called Xiuhcacco; then Pitzallotl’s?"! grandchildren in
Tlalcozpan Hueitoctitlan; then Cocotl from Cocotitlan, and Pipilo, who
was also from there, toward Tzictla; 2° and others besides.
26 aoe Those people went to their death in Mexico. So then they were stripped
of their lands, which therefore are known today as Acxoteca lands,?°? Me-
xica lands. And it was the same with their other servant communities.
26: 33 Indeed, Maxtlaton of Xallan was likewise killed, and his lands too are
now known as Acxotlan lands, Mexica lands.
26: It was the same with all of Zoltepec and Cuauhtepec, and others as well
that were Mexica lands.
26: 36 And during this time the Chichimecs, who were being killed off, who
were gradually disappearing and going to their destruction,?™ slipped
away little by little and settled in Motozahuican and Tlachco.

{Colhuacan restored: A.D. 1349—77]

26: 39 13 House [1349]. At this time Acamapichtli was brought to Tenochti-
tlan, when the woman Ilancueitl went and got him in Tetzcoco.?%
26 41 1 Rabbit [1350]. It was in 1 Rabbit that the Tenochca got themselves
a ruler, when Acamapichtli was inaugurated in Tenochtitlan. Now, it is
199. “Arrow fast” possibly refers to a ceremony performed in Mexico in connection with
the worship of Huitzilopochtli. Men who fasted for the occasion cut special reeds and fash-
ioned them into arrows, which were then bundled and offered to the god (FC bk. 2, ch. 33,
and HG).
200. Read anoque.
201. Pitzallotl was the big Chichimec who stopped the Xaltocameca (line 19:39).
202. On the suffix -copahuic, see NED: -huic.
203. Acxotlan was one of the calpulli districts, or wards, of Mexico (FC 9:12:26,
9263711).
204. iene word order reversed in the translation.
205. According to line 24:24 he was brought from Coatlichan. Varying sources make
Ilancueitl the mother, stepmother, or wife of Acamapichtli. See Garcia Granados, Diccionario,
vol. 1, pp. 4-11.

71
 Colhuacan restored: A.D. 1349-77

told and related that his wife, Ilancueitl, was the one who put him in
office. Here began the Mexica dynasty.
26
:45 The time of 1 Rabbit was when the Totomihuaque were finally de-
feated. It was the Huexotzinca who defeated them.
26 : 46 The time of 1 Rabbit was when Tlahuacan Chalca were driven out.?%
Departing from Xicco, they withdrew to what is now Chalco. And they
were in Xicco for 212 years, during which time the rulers were Petlacalli
Teuctli, Tezozomoctli, Mamatzin Teuctli,°” and other princes. Also Chal-
chiuhtzin, also Ecatzin.
26:51 2 Reed [1351] was when the Mixteca were defeated. The people of
Teohuacan defeated them in Mixtlan when Ozomateuctli was ruler.
26 : 53 3 Flint. 4 House. 5 Rabbit. 6 Reed.
26 : 54 7 Flint [1356]. At this time Tepaneca who are known today as Tolti-
tlancalque came to settle.?°* Right there at the roadside, where they live
today, they used to give people lodging and a hot supper. And they had
just been provided with a ruler. Later it will be told and reported how
their dynasty got started.
27:4 8 House. 9 Rabbit. 10 Reed. 11 Flint. 12 House.
27 25) 13 Rabbit [1362]. In that year the Totomihuaque were dispersed. They
left their country forever. It was the Huexotzinca who conquered them,
during the reign of Tenocelotzin, son of Xayacamachan.
ee) 1 Reed [1363]. This was when the elder Ixtlilxochitl was inaugurated
as ruler of Tetzcoco.
27 210 2 Flint [1364] was the year the Chalco ruler Xipemetztli died. Yecatl
Teuctli was then inaugurated. And then he went to Tenochtitlan, where
he sired a son named Cuapochtli.
DiS IS' 3 House. 4 Rabbit.
27 : 14 5 Reed [1367] was the year the Cuauhtitlan ruler Iztactototzin died. He
had ruled for nineteen years.?”
27 : 16 6 Flint [1368]. At this time the Cuauhtitlan nation was inherited by
the lady Ehuatlicuetzin, who had been Iztactototzin’s wife. And she, too,
lived at the temple of Mixcoatl, which had been the royal residence of
Iztactototzin.
BL GID 7 House. 8 Rabbit. 9 Reed.

206. Both Lehmann and Velazquez have it that these Tlahuacan Chalca merely separated
or split off (from a larger group?).
207. A small superscript numeral precedes each of these first three names. Difficult to
read, the numerals seem to be 1, 3, and 2, respectively.
208. Marginal gloss: The Tepaneca settled Toltitlan.
209. Marginal gloss: Not valid Colhuacan Acamapich Nauhyotzin. [This could mean that
the glossator does not recognize Acamapichtli and Nauhyotzin as belonging to Colhuacan.
Better-known are the Acamapichtli of Tenochtitlan and the Nauhyotzin of Tollan. See Con-
cordance for locations in this codex.|

e2,
 Cuauhtitlan’s glory: A.D. 1378-1406

:20 10 Flint [1372]. In that year the Chichimecs killed the lady Ehuatli-
cuetzin. They went and shot her at a place called Callacoayan. The Chi-
chimecs were angry because the Colhuaque had made her a whore.
+23 11 House [1373] was when the Cuauhtitlan ruler Temetzacocuitzin was
inaugurated, and he resided there at the temple of the devil Mixcoatl.
225 12 Rabbit. 13 Reed.
1 Flint [1376] is when the Mexitin and the Chalca began skirmishing.?!°
As yet they were not taking prisoners or killing each other. It was as if
they were just having fun. This is what is called a flower war.!! It was in
Techichco Colhuacan, this game of the Mexitin and the Chalca. And it
went on for nine years, at the time when Colhuacan?!? was full?!* of
Chalea.
war 2 House [1377]. This year Ilancueitl has become sad, for Colhuacan lies
deserted. The city is sprouting grass. It lies in darkness. For thirty-one
years it has had no ruler, only a military chief.
From the time that Achitometl killed Acamapichtli it began to be as if
there were just a military ruler. Even though Achitometl had been inau-
gurated as king, there was nothing left to provide consolation. And when
Achitometl died, the nation broke apart. The Colhuaque separated, as has
been reported.
238 And this Ilancueitl, who had come to Mexico, was now saddened. She
was troubled and felt pity for the nation of Colhuacan. Then she sum-
moned the princes there in Mexico and sent them to Colhuacan.?!*
:42 They went off, setting out from Mexico. The first was named Nauh-
yotzin, the second was named Mimichtzin, the third was named Xochi-
tonal, the fourth was named Tlaltolcaltzin.
And then the above-mentioned Nauhyotzin was installed as ruler in
Colhuacan.

[Cuauhtitlan’s glory: A.D. 1378-1406]

7:45 3 Rabbit [1378]. In that year the Cuauhtitlan ruler Temetzacocuitzin
died. He had ruled for only six years.
:47 4 Reed [1379]. In that year Tlacateotzin was inaugurated as ruler. His

210. Read moyayaotlaya.

211. According to Chimalpain, only commoners (macehualtin) were killed in the Chalca-
Mexica flower war; princes (pipiltin) were not killed (ZCHIM 1:79). Variant descriptions
of flower war are given in TEZ ch. 96 and Pomar, pp. 41—42.
212. Colhuacan country? As we will be told in the next paragraph, Colhuacan city lies
deserted or at least has suffered a decline.
213. Read tentimanca. Cf. 24:13.
214. Marginal gloss: Ilancueitl again rallies Colhuacan and installs lord.

73
 Cuauhtitlan’s glory: A.D. 1378-1406

straw-house was in the same place, where the temple of Mixcoatl was.
There he lived as ruler, taking care of the Cuauhtitlan nation.
5 Flint. 6 House. 7 Rabbit.
Be cits 8 Reed [1383]. In that year Ilancueitl died in Mexico.
Dias 9 Flint [1384]. Cuitlahuaca say that the Mexica dynasty began at this
time, when Acamapichtli was inaugurated.
Mike 10 House [1385]. In that year the Mexitin and the Chalca finally pro-
voked each other in earnest. It was said that the war began in Techichco,
the war of the Mexica [and the] Tepaneca. At that time the flower war was
broken off. And this Chalca War lasted seventy-two years altogether. It
was in Amaquemecan that it cooled, at the time the war with Huexotzinco
began, at the time the Chalca came and joined ranks [with Mexico],?!s
during the reign of the elder Moteuczomatzin of Tenochtitlan.
Pheh hee In the year 10 House the Chalco ruler Yecatl Teuctli died. Then Xapaztli
Teuctli was inaugurated, and he ruled for twenty-eight years. In his time
it happened that the war spread to Chalco Atenco, the war of the Mexitin
and the Tepaneca [and the] Cuauhtitlancalque.
285 Now, at this time, when there was war in Chalco, when the Chalca War
was just eighty days old, the Cuauhtitlan princes Xaltemoctzin and Ique-
huacatzin took captives. And Iquehuacatzin’s captive was named Xaxama.
And at the same time the princes were taking captives the Cuauhtitlan
Chichimecs were planning where their temple would be, the one that has
stood there to this day. And then the captives, the princes’ captives, were
used as heart offerings.
28's Now, the way this house of the devil was built it had five levels,?!° and
as it was only slowly that it grew larger and was provided with afacing, it
took ten years all in all. Later, when the elder Xaltemoctzin was ruler, he
made his temple [still] larger. What year that was will be told [below].
28.5 11 Rabbit. 12 Reed. 13 Flint.
1 House [1389]. In this year the Cuauhtitlan ruler Tlacateotzin died.
He had ruled for eleven years.
28> 2 Rabbit [1390] was when the elder Xaltemoctzin came to be inaugu-
rated as Cuauhtitlan’s ruler. His straw-house was at the Zacacalco [Straw
House Place], which is now the monastery. But when he went hunting for
captives in Chalco, before he was ruler, he lived at Cimapan Teopan.
In that same year Xiuhtepeca, Iyauhtepeca, and Tetelpan people came as
immigrants from Cuauhnahuac. The names of these incoming Cuauhna-
huaca were Quiauhtzin, Coatzin, Xiuhtlatonactzin, and Moteizcocopi-
pina. And they came to live in Mexico. Their greeting gift was a turquoise
215 See 521333 below:
216. “Five levels” evidently refers to the wedding-cake style of Mexican pyramid archi-
tecture.

L4
 Cuauhtitlan’s glory: A.D. 1378-1406

crown. [Well,] it was like a turquoise crown. It isn’t known what was on
it, perhaps jade, or else turquoise. Also there were necklaces, ten neck-
pieces. Also a jade weaver’s reed. Also a kind of snake-arm, with some-
thing like a hand where the head is. Also a jade spindle. Also a turquoise
hand. Also two jadestones.
28: 3 Reed.
4 Flint [1392]. At this time the ruler of Cuitlahuac Tizic, called Picha-
tzin Teuctli, [and others as well] were assassinated by command of the
ruler who handed down the judgment—Tezozomoctzin, ruler of Azca-
potzalco. Those who went to perform the assassinations were Tepaneca.
28: 38 And those of Pichatzin’s nobles who died were: first, Coyotliyacamiuh;
second, Tzopallotzin; third, Hueiacatzin; fourth, Cuamamaztzin; fifth,
Tlahuahuanqui; sixth, Xiuhtlapoca.
28 : 41 Anahuacatl, ruler of Tecpan, also met his death in Cuitlahuac at this
time.?!” He had just fled to a chinampa when the Tecpaneca Cuitlahuaca
went in and killed him—not the Tepaneca sent by?!® Azcapotzalco’s
Tezozomoctli.
5 House [1393] was when Tepolitzmaitl was inaugurated as ruler in Cui-
tlahuac Tizic. It was Tezozomoctli of Azcapotzalco who put him in office.
147 6 Rabbit.
7 Reed [1395]. In that year the Xaltocameca were destroyed at Tecan-
man, and so they entered Metztitlan and Tlaxcallan.?!° This was when they
immigrated with their captives. It has already been told. It was reported
along with the defeat of the Mexitin at Chapoltepec.??° And those who
had been made their captives were the Cuauhtitlancalque asked about in
Metztitlan and Tlaxcallan when they were to be spoken of as to what these
enemies of theirs were like and how they had been captured.??!
28 : 53 Now, the defeat and exodus”? of the Xaltocameca occurred during
the rule of the elder Xaltemoctzin of Cuauhtitlan. And at this time Pan-
tictzin Teuctli, Tlaltochtli, Teuctlacozauhqui, and Cincuani were ruling in
Xaltocan.

217. Marginal gloss: Tezozomoc of Azcapotzalco ordered the killing of Pichatzin of Cui-
tlahuac Tizic. And the one from Tecpan, Anahuacatl. And others.
218. Read yn tepaneca yn ytitlanhuan.
219. Marginal gloss: Here they all evacuated Xaltocan and went to Tlaxcallan and to
Metztitlan.
220. See lines 20:43 and 21:5-8.
221. A difficult sentence, which is clarified by the information given above in lines
20:49—21:5. In other words: the captives whom the Xaltocameca brought with them to
Metztitlan and Tlaxcallan were the Cuauhtitlan natives of whom we have already heard; it
will be recalled that the citizens of Metztitlan and Tlaxcallan asked the arriving Xaltocameca
to describe, or speak about, the people of Cuauhtitlan, who had been enemies to the Xalto-
cameca, and to explain how these particular captives had been taken.
222. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.

a5
 Cuauhtitlan’s glory: A.D. 1378-1406

295 4 Well, the war began when the Mexitin were surrounded at Chapoltepec.
The Cuauhtitlancalque were angry that the Xaltocameca went to war with
the others there at Chapoltepec, because the Cuauhtitlancalque were
friends of the Mexitin.
29% And it was also at this time that the Xaltocameca were destroyed at
Tecanman.??
29: 10 Now, the so-called Huitznahua Xaltocarheca, along with the Ixayoc-
tonca, as well as Totollan, Tlapallan, Tlilhuacan, and Ixayoc, came looking
for lands where they could settle. Chalchiuh came as their leader from
Ixayoctonco. And the ruler Xaltemoctzin received them gladly.
ees And in that very same year, 7 Reed, the ruler Xaltemoctzin gave orders
for his boundary keepers to be sent off and stationed in Tzompanco, Ci-
tlaltepec, Huehuetocan, and Otlazpan.
29: 18 To Tzompanco, the tlacateuctli Coyozacatzin went as leader, went to be
governor.
LO 19 To Citlaltepec, Itzcuintzin went as leader, went as governor.
29 o20 To Huehuetocan, Cuauhchichitzin Tlacateuctzin went as governor,
newly installed, having previously gone as governor to Otlazpan.
At this time Chalchiuhtzin was governing in Hueipochtlan. Pantli was
ruling in Xilotzinco.
29 : 24 And when it had finally been accomplished that the boundaries were
extended, then the ruler Xaltemoctzin began to increase the size of his
temple, which stood in Cuauhtitlan.
S27. At the same time that the elder Xaltemoctzin started on his temple, he
used it to lay out the city of Cuauhtitlan in four quarters.??* It was from
this that he patterned it, building it to the four directions from the corners
of his temple. Thus the city of Cuauhtitlan has four parts.
29 aad He built Tequixquinahuac at one corner by having Tepoxacco and
Tzompanco bring workers there.
ao) He built Chalmecapan at one corner, having [workers] brought by
Cuauhtlaapan and Citlaltepec.
oO He built Nepantla at one corner, having them brought by Tepotzotlan
and Huehuetocan.
29: 37 He built Atempan at one corner, having them brought by Coyotepec
and Otlazpan.
138 And in five years”’* the elder Xaltemoctzin’s temple reached the top and
was finished.
29 moo) 8 Flint. 9 House.

223. The author seems to forget that he has already reported this in lines 28 :47—48.
224. Lit., When the elder Xaltemoctzin started his temple, at the same time it is from this
that he established the city of Cuauhtitlan as four places.
225. Read macuilxiuhtica.

76
 Cuauhtitlan’s glory: A.D. 1378-1406

10 Rabbit [1398].7° In that year the people of Cuauhtinchan were

defeated while Teuctlacozauhqui was ruling.??7 Those who conquered
them were the Mexitin, when Acamapichtli was ruler in Tenochtitlan and
Cuauhtlatoatzin was ruler in Tlatilolco. With that the kingdom of Cuauh-
tinchan was permanently destroyed.
At this time the dynasty of Oztoticpac got started. Cuetzpalin Teuctli
was the one who started it.
11 Reed [1399] is when the elder Xaltemoctzin’s temple was finished.
Its dedication ceremony was celebrated with people from Cuauhtin-
chan.??8 The Cuauhtitlancalque had gone there to get captives.
12 Flint. 13 House.
1 Rabbit [1402]. In that year Nezahualcoyotzin of Tetzcoco was born.
His day sign was | Deer, so say the Cuitlahuaca.
29 : 50 2 Reed [1403]. A year-bundle feast was celebrated.
2: 51 The stories of the Cuitlahuaca say that at this time Acamapichtli died
and Huitzilihuitl was inaugurated.
3 Flint [1404]. In this year the one called Ayactlacatzin was born, who
was to be made ruler in Cuauhtitlan. He was born in the place called
Cuauhtlaapan Tianquizzolco. His mother’s name was Xochicozcatl. His
father’s name was Xaltetl. And his grandfather, the father of his mother,
was Cuauhixthi.””? His great-grandfather was the steward Tozantzin, stew-
ard to the elder Xaltemoctzin.
BO 5 The reason he was named Ayactlacatl [Nobody] is that he was born in
the sweating room when no one was present.?*° His second princely name
was Xaquin Teuctli, which means ‘ant’. His actual ruler’s name was Ayac-
tlacatl. He was a very rich man. Four times a year he would entertain and
provide regalement.?*! And he was a true soldier and warrior. The Cuauh-
titlancalque simply asked him to become their ruler.
MOS TI When he was inaugurated, he was already a warrior, already a captor,
having gone to get prisoners in Cuahuacan. And when he had gotten his
prisoner etc., he returned to Cuahuacan to live there. [But] those of
Cuauhtlaapan went and fetched him, for he was a son of their people, etc.

226. Marginal gloss: The Turk proceeded and stopped in this year, on the day of the
Holy Trinity. Great victory. [Cf. gloss at 51: 15.]
227. Marginal gloss: Teuctlacozauhqui, lord of Cuauhtinchan. War that the Mexica
waged against them.
228. As sacrificial victims. Cf. 20:32, 25:18, 25:29.
229. Probably the text should read either imantzin yta quaulixth or mantzin yta ytoca
quaubixtlt.
230. Prenatal care and obstetrics were attended to by midwives, who practiced in the
sweat bath, or sweating room (FC 6: 151—52, 6: 155—56, 6:167, 11:191).
231. For concuia read cuicuicaia or cuicuicac, as in line 30:15. In Tenochtitlan the custom
of entertaining with music and regaling people with food was observed by rich merchants
(FC bk. 9, ch. 7) and others of high status (see FC 2:68:2—11, 2:137:18—28).

ae
 The vise of Toltitlan: AD. 1407-8 and later

They went and established him at Cinpallanalco, and they built him a
residence there. In that place, too, he often entertained and provided re-
galement. It was from there that the Cuauhtitlancalque fetched him in
order to make him their ruler. And all his years were, ninety, during the
time that he was growing up and when he was ruler, during the time that
he lived and ruled.
30's This was also the year that the Tenochtitlan ruler Aaa died.
Then Huitzilihuitl was inaugurated and ruled in Tenochtitlan. He was the
second to be made ruler of the Tenochca.
SOs At the same time, Chimalpopocatzin was installed as tlacateccatl. |With]
a daughter of the Cuauhnahuac people, before he was ruler, Chimalpopo-
catzin, who was the younger brother of Huitzilihuitl, had a son, Itzcoa-
tzin. And the grandfather of Itzcoatzin was Acamapichtli. And Chimalpo-
pocatzin sired the elder Moteuczomatzin, whose female forebears were
requisitioned in Colhuacan by Ilancueitl. The female forebears of the Mex-
ica rulers were women from that place.
30: 29 4 House.
5 Rabbit [1406]. In this year Tezozomoctli of Cuitlahuac Tizic was born.

[Origins of the Tepaneca War: the rise of

Toltitlan: A.D. 1407—8 and later]
30: 31 6 Reed [1407].
7 Flint [1408]. In this year the Tepaneca put to death the elder Xalte-
moctzin atecpanecatl teuctl, who was ruler of Cuauhtitlan. He was hanged
by judgment of Tezozomoctli, ruler of Azcapotzalco. They summoned
him craftily, came and invited him to a feast in Tepanohuayan, and they
took along many of his nobles and lords. And when all was ready, Tezo-
zomoctli of Azcapotzalco killed the ruler of Cuauhtitlan.
30: After that, none of the Chichimec princes in Cuauhtitlan dared to be
ruler. For nine years Cuauhtitlan lay in darkness. No one was ruler. There
was only a military chief.
30: At this time the Toltitlancalque became enormously proud, making war
on the Cuauhtitlan nation. The Azcapotzalca, who were Tepaneca, incited
them all the more. This was by command of Tezozomoctli, ruler of Azca-
potzalco. Thus they joined forces against the Cuauhtitlan nation, because
Toltitlancalque are Tepaneca. And so it was all the more that the Tepaneca
took it upon themselves to come make war in Cuauhtitlan.
30: And this was when a dynasty got started in Toltitlan, the dynasty of the
Toltitlancalque.
The first to rule, the one who started the dynasty, was called Cuauhtzin
Teuctli.

78
 The rise of Toltitlan: A.D. 1407-8 and later

30
:50 The second to rule in Toltitlan was called Xopantzin.
30: 51 The third to rule in Toltitlan was called Tepanonoc. As for this Tepa-
nonoc, it was he above all who took it upon himself to incite them against
the Cuauhtitlan nation. It was he who widened the war, as will be heard
under the year in which the Tepaneca War was waged.
Sl: The fourth to rule in Toltitlan was called Epcoatl. He was the son of
Azcapotzalco’s Tezozomoctli, who came to Toltitlan to install him as ruler,
who indeed is the one, moreover, who came and widened the conflict with
the Cuauhtitlan nation, the war. Here is the one who intensified, who
heightened the fury. For this Tezozomoctli, this ruler of Azcapotzalco,
desired in his heart to make one of his children the ruler of Cuauhtitlan.
But the Chichimec princes would not consent. They disregarded the
very jealous Tezozomoctli, whose son was not received as ruler of Cuauh-
titlan, for indeed he had killed the late ruler, the elder Xaltemoctzin.
And so, during the time of this Epcoatl, who was ruler of Toltitlan, it
befell him that after his father, Tezozomoctli, had died, then indeed in his
time the Tepaneca of Toltitlan were destroyed. The story of that battle will
be told presently. It will be heard under the year in which the Tepaneca
nation was destroyed,?* when the Toltitlan ruler Epcoatl died. During his
time the people moved away. He died in battle.
ra Now, when war and destruction had passed, when the Toltitlancalque
and the Tepaneca had disbanded, there was no ruler in Toltitlan for twenty
years, and only gradually did the Toltitlancalque, returning, come back to
settle in their country.
oe And subsequently, after the passage of the twenty years, a certain Ocelo-
tlapan was inaugurated as ruler. And when he died, Acolmizthi, succeeding
him, was inaugurated. Only forty days did he rule. He was assassinated.
e29 When he was dead, Citlalcoatl succeeded him and was inaugurated as
ruler. It was in his time that the Spaniards arrived. He was shorn like an
otomitl?33 on account of the war in Mexico.
rol Then Yohualtonatiuh was inaugurated. It was in his time that the Span-
iards arrived.?*+ Both Citlalcoatl and Yohualtonatiuh died of the smallpox.
Then Don Hernando Matlalihuitzin was inaugurated as ruler. Then
they got rid of him, and Don Antonio Acolmizton was installed as his
successor.
: 36 And at the death of Don Antonio Acolmizton, the son,?*° then Don
Pedro Tlacateuctzin was installed as his successor.

232. See line 45: 28 et seq.

233. Refers to the hair style of a high-ranking warrior. See Concordance: tlaotonxintli.
234. For angico read ahgico. This probably refers to the Spaniards? arrival in Cuauhtitlan
territory (see line 16:6), whereas the preceding paragraph must refer to their arrival in Mex-
ico in 1519.
235. Presumably the son of his predecessor. Compare the similar usage in line 16:17.

uo
 The tyranny of Tezozomocth: A.D. 1409-28

Slats? Upon his death Don Gerénimo de los Angeles was installed as his
successor.
31: 40 Upon his death Don Gabriel de Tapia Mazacihuatl was installed as his
successor.
31 .: 42 Now is the year 1570. This was written in August.

[Origins of the Tepaneca War: the tyranny

of Tezozomoctli: A.D. 1409—28]

31
:43 8 House. 9 Rabbit. 10 Reed. 11 Flint.
31
:44 12 House [1413]. This was the year the Colhuacan ruler Nauhyotzin
died. He was killed by Tezozomoctli, ruler of Azcapotzalco. Then a certain
Acoltzin was inaugurated as ruler and ruled in Colhuacan.
31 347 13 Rabbit [1414]. In that year the Chalco ruler whose name was Ixa-
paztli Teuctli died. Then Cuauhnextli Teuctli was inaugurated as Chalco’s
ruler.
31 250 1 [Reed: 1415]. In that year, for the first time, the Mexitin made war
in Tepanohuayan. At that time they appropriated what was still only a
small amount of eagle land.?*° As yet this was their only possession.
2s: In that same year the Cuitlahuac ruler Tepolitzmaitl died. He had ruled
for twenty-three years. Then Tezozomoctli was inaugurated as ruler of
Cuitlahuac Tizic.
3210 2 Flint.
3 House [1417]. In that year the Tenochtitlan ruler Huitzilihuitl died.
And at that time Chimalpopocatzin was inaugurated as ruler of Tenochti-
tlan. Tetzcoca say it truthfully.??” Colhuaque say it in their year count.
SZ LE The year 3 House was the ninth year that there was no ruler in
Cuauhtitlan.
Sate, And it was also in that year that the Amaquemecan ruler called Caca-
matzin met his death, when there was war in Chalco. They came and
treacherously abandoned him to the Cuitlahuaca,?** who by this time were
confronting them,*° for they too were fighting there at Chalco Atenco,
since the war had been pushed back.#°
32
: 18 4 Rabbit [1418]. In that year Tezozomoctli was inaugurated as ruler of
236. Land taken in battle? See GLOS: *cuauhtlalli.
237. For a change. Tetzcoca traditions are rejected by the author in lines 4:31 and
12:53, and by a glossator at line 8: 38.
238. Lit., abandoned him in the presence of and with the knowledge of the Cuitlahuaca.
See GLOS: -ixpan/-matian.
239. Lit., the Cuitlahuaca were confronting it (ie., Chalco, the Chalca nation).
Cia22275
240. Pushed back from Techichco to Chalco Atenco. See line 28:6. For more on the
Cuitlahuaca see 32 :26—29.

80
 The tyranny of Tezozomoctli: A.D. 1409-28

Cuauhtitlan. He came from Tlatilolco and was the son of Cuauhtlatoatzin.

He came and founded a dynasty at Huexocalco, came there to build his
palace house.
32 : 23 And at this time the name of the ruler of Tlatilolco was Tlacateotzin.
These people were more boastful than Tenochtitlan.
32 : 26 In that same year, 4 Rabbit, the Chalca were driven out when the
Tlahuaca**! encountered them, indeed confronted them.?4? For incoming
Tlecuilque, Tlilhuaque, and Pochteca had joined their ranks,”4* had joined
Cuitlahuac.
32 : 30 5 Reed [1419]. In that year the elder Ixtlilxochitzin, ruler of Tetzcoco,
died. He did not take sick. The Tepaneca executed him, and it was Tezo-
zomoctli, ruler of Azcapotzalco, who handed down the sentence. Ixtlilxo-
chitzin’s nephew, the t/acateccatl Cihuacuecuenotzin, also died at this time.
m2 235 Cihuacuecuenotl died because he would have mounted a war party in
‘Otompan. By dint of arrows and shields he would have freed his uncle,
Ixtlilxochitzin. But when the people of Otompan heard that Cihuacue-
cuenotl was rallying them to war, they immediately became angry and
said, “What is Cihuacuecuenotl saying? What a scoundrel! Would any-
one? want to make war on his own father?”
32 : 41 With that they stoned Cihuacuecuenotl there in Otompan, for he was
the son”45 of Azcapotzalco’s Tezozomoctli.
And Ixtlilxochitzin of Tetzcoco died, too.
6 Flint. 7 House. 8 Rabbit. 9 [Reed]. 10 Flint.
32:45 11 House [1425]. In the year 11 House the Azcapotzalco ruler Tezo-
zomoctli apportioned tribute labor, apportioned vassals. As for the Tetz-
cocatl, as well as Coatlichan, he accordingly took both towns to serve as
vassals for himself, counting them as his own.
32
:48 And he apportioned the Cuitlahuaca Tizica to Tlatilolco.
aa fd And as for the Cuitlahuaca Teopancalca, Atenchicalcan, and Tecpan, he
apportioned all three to Tenochtitlan, to whom he allotted them as vassals.
And when Azcapotzalco’s Tezozomoctli had handed down his judgment
and made the arrangement, then Tenochtitlan, Tlatilolco, and Azcapo-
tzalco were served by those places for seven years.
12 Rabbit.
13 Reed [1427]. In that year the Azcapotzalco ruler Tezozomoctli died.
Cuitlahuaca say that he ruled for 131 years. When he finally died, many a
sigh was heaved, now that he was gone.?# For while he was still alive, still
241. L.e., the Cuitlahuaca. See 13:4—8.
242. Lit., encountered it . . . confronted it (i.e., Chalco, the Chalca nation). Cf. 32:16.
243. Lit., had entered among them (yntlan hualcallacque). GLOS: calaqui 3.
244. Following Lehmann, read acgim as a contraction of ac ce in. GLOS: ac ce.
245. Grandson per 36: 12.
246. Lit., When he died, finally, many [were] their sighs here [1.e., now] in his absence,
[which] were made. GLOS: ihiyotl, nican, -tepotzco, tlamanthi.

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 The tyranny of Tezozomoctli: A.D. 1409 —28

ruling, while it was still in his time, he kept setting up his children as rulers
of cities, sending them off to rule in distant parts:
He installed the first, named Quetzalmaquiztli, as ruler of Coatlichan.
He installed the second, named Cuauhpiyo, as ruler of Huexotla.
He installed the third, named Teyollocoa, as ruler of ‘Acolman.
He installed the fourth, named Epcoatl, as ruler of Toltitlan.
He installed the fifth, named Quetzalcuixin, as ruler of Mexicatzinco.
As his successor he installed the sixth, Quetzalayatzin, as ruler of Azca-
potzalco. Thus he commanded him, saying, “If I should die, you would
be my successor. You would be ruler here in Azcapotzalco.”
He installed the seventh, named Maxtla, as ruler of Coyohuacan.”*7
He installed the eighth, named Tepanquizqui, as ruler of Xochimilco.
Now, when Tezozomoctli, ruler of Azcapotzalco, was dead, then his son
named Maxtlaton, who was supposed to have ruled in Coyohuacan, came
and made himself ruler of Azcapotzalco, usurping the rulership of his
younger brother, Quetzalayatzin.
1 Flint. This was when the Tenochtitlan ruler Chimalpopocatzin was
assassinated by the Tepaneca. The Azcapotzalco ruler Maxtlaton handed
down the sentence.
33e BZ The way Chimalpopocatzin met his death is that he was dragged. They
brought him through the streets.
Soe And as to [why] he was punished with death, it is said that he gave
advice to Quetzalayatzin, whose older brother was Maxtlaton. He said to
him, “Friend, why has your older brother Maxtla taken your kingdom
away from you? Really, you are the ruler. Your father put all of you in
office before he died.*4* So kill this older brother of yours, this Maxtla. He
is ruling your kingdom. The way to kill him is to set up a pavilion and
invite him to a feast. That’s where you will kill him.”
33 Well, these words were repeated to Maxtlaton, who then sentenced Chi-
malpopocatzin to be killed. It was in Tenochtitlan that he met his death.
oe 42 Now, when the Tepaneca assassins came, people were in the process of
carving stone. As they arrived, the Tenochca were about to enlarge the
temple of Huitzilopochtli.
Bos And at this time Teuctlahuacatzin, tlacochcalcatl of Tenochtitlan, com-
mitted suicide. It was because he was filled with fear when the ruler Chi-
malpopocatzin was killed, thinking that perhaps they were going to make
war on the Tenochca, who would perhaps be defeated. And so he sacri-
ficed himself by swallowing poison.?4? And when this became known,

247. The copyist’s colhuacan is evidently a slip. Cf. 33:26. See also Garcia Granados,
Diccionario 1 :429—37.
248. Lit., Your father went away having put you (plural) in office. See NED: yauh 4;
cf. line 46:45 below.
249. Cf. 42:1—2 (“committed suicide by swallowing poison”).

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 The exile ofNezahualcoyotl: ca. 1419-28

when it was found out, then the Tenochca princes and nobles were angry.
And because of it, the Mexica called a meeting. They came together and
held council and pronounced and decreed that none of his sons, his
nephews, or his grandsons would gain honor and nobility. Rather they
would belong to them as vassals forever. And that is what happened. For
even though his descendants were able warriors and fighters, none gained
nobility and honor.?5°
And at this time the Tlatilolco ruler Tlacateotzin made up a story?>! that
the Mexica Tenochca were going to be attacked. And for this he was put
to death. It was the Azcapotzalco ruler, the above-mentioned Maxtlaton,
who handed down the sentence.
:10 And it also happened at this time that Maxtlaton, ruler of Azcapotzalco,
caused Nezahualcoyotzin of Tetzcoco, son of the elder Ixtlilxochitzin, to
go into exile, and he went to live in Atlancatepec, Tliltuhquitepec, Tlax-
callan, and Huexotzinco. And that is where Nezahualcoyotzin sired his
children: the first, called Tlecoyotl; also Tliliuhquitepetl; also Tlahuexolotl.
Elz As for Tenochtitlan, well, at this tume in Tenochtitlan, challenged by
enemies, Itzcoatzin was inaugurated as ruler. And at the time he was in-
augurated, it was the elder Moteuczomatzin who was supposed to have
been made ruler. [But] it is told and related that he did not want it.
pak He refused, saying, “I will be ruler later. Let it be my dear beloved uncle
Itzcoatl. I wish to serve as his guarantor, putting the Mexica Tenochca in
a state of readiness for the sake of their livelihood, and I will establish their
authority. I do not wish to be ruler. Therefore install me as tlacateccatl.
For now, let my dear uncle?*? Itzcoatl be ruler. I will be going to war,
and I will provide him with lands at the expense of those nations that sur-
round us.5?
+29 Also in that year, 1 Flint [1428], the Chalco ruler Cuauhnextli died.
Then Caltzin Teuctli, also called Temiztzin—which was one of his names—
came to be inaugurated as ruler, and he ruled in Chalco.

[Origins of the Tepaneca War: the exile

of Nezahualcoyotl]
roo: Here is told the story of Tezozomoctli of Azcapotzalco and how he
ruled.
250. Cf. the parallel passage, 66: 19—23.
251. Lit., imagined, invented, and declared. The statement is reiterated in lines 66:4—6
below and rephrased in lines 66: 32—33. Note that the oracle of Cuitlahuac is put to death
for making a similar prophecy in lines 61:52—62: 11.
252. Father per 36:22—24.
253. For similar phraseology regarding the nations that surrounded Mexico see
E@857 223:

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 The exile ofNezahualcoyotl: ca. 1419-28

What it tells is how rulers hated each other and made war, how the
Tepaneca were destroyed, how assassinations got started. It was thesle:
paneca who were warred against when the hatred set in.
SAS 38 Here it will be told, and now you will hear, how it all came about, long
ago, when Tepaneca were destroyed in the war that was made against
them.
34: 41 This Tezozomoctli, who got to be ruler of Azcapotzalco, had children.
[The first] born was named Tepanquizqui. And the second one that he
had was Quetzalmazatl, and the third was named Cuauhpiyotzin. The
fourth born?5+ was Epcoatzin. The fifth born, Chalchiuhtlatonactzin. The
sixth, Teyollocoatzin. The seventh, Quetzalcuixin. The eighth was named
Quetzalayatzin. The ninth, Maxtlatzin.
34: 48 And then the aforementioned Chalchiuhtlatonactzin got married, tak-
ing a daughter of Coxcoxtzin from Tetzcoco. It was Techotlalatzin’s sister,
Cuauhcihuatzin, that Chalchiuhtlatonac took as his wife. Then Cihuacue-
cuenotzin was born.
35 At Cihuacuecuenotzin’s birth, his elder kinsmen?*> grew angry, hating
their newborn nephew. Enraged, they took him off and abandoned him
in Mazahuacan, secretly leaving him to die. And when Cihuacuecueno-
tzin’s mother found out about it, she fled to Tetzcoco, and there she
stayed. And while she was living there, she got married, taking a man
named Zacancatlyaomitl as her husband.
35) Now, when Tezozomoctli found out that his daughter-in-law was mar-
ried in Tetzcoco and that Zacancatlyaotl was the one who had taken her,
he was furious. He summoned?* his captain Tecolotzin and a few others,
who came along too, and he said to them:
35: 14 “Tecolotzin, Chachatzin, Teuctzin, Cihuaxochitzin! From what I know
and hear—and this is what I have found out—Zacancatlyaomitl of Hue-
xotla has laid the former wife of your comrade Chalchiuhtlatonactzin. He
has slept with her. My princes, hear me! As I stand before you,**” my anger
is aroused, I am insulted.
35-719 “And would [I let] one of my own princes, my own lords lie with her?
What good will it do?5* that [ruler] who gives all the commands??*? Is

254. For tlacatl read tlacat (was born).

255. Lit., his elder brothers. Perhaps the text means Chalchiuhtlatonactzin’s elder
brothers.
256. Read connotz.
257. For can iz ancate read ca in iz ancate, lit., indeed here you are.
258. What good will it do . . . ?, lit., Why has he done this?
259. Centlatolhua (complete command owner, 1.e., the king—a term I have not found
elsewhere). Lehmann, followed by Velazquez, reads centlacolhua (half owner—whatever that
may mean). In my view Lehmann’s reading is untextual. The somewhat odd formation
of the second ‘t is repeated in line 35:34, where it appears as the third character in
yxtlilxochitzin.

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 The exile ofNezahualcoyotl: ca. 1419-28

he not [to be] our shield slave, our arrow slave? Let Ixtlilxochitl com-
mand no more! Those Tepaneca whom I authorize are to go kill him in
Chicocuauhyocan.”
a5 26 So it became true. It happened. He met his death in a pavilion.
Well now, when they saw? the Tepaneca assassins coming, they put
Ixthilxochitzin’s sons in a cave in the woods, and therefore they did not
die. These were Nezahualcoyotzin and his older brother Tzontecochatzin.
And the ones who hid them were, first of all, Huahuantzin, also Xicono-
catzin and Cuicuitzcatzin. And so?*! there were three.
os That night, when Ixtlilxochitzin was dead, the rescuers, the ones who
had hidden them—Huahuantzin, Xiconotcatzin, and Cuicuitzcatzin—
brought them out from the cave and took them to Chiauhtzinco by way
of Tetzihuactla. Then they led them to Cuamincan and hid them among
the crags. And there they slepta little.
: 40 Then they hurried them on, bringing them to Teponazco, and in a
gorge they hid those princes, Nezahualcoyotl and Tzontecochatzin. And
then, in the white light of dawn, they brought them to Otonquilpan.
Then Coyohua comes along to supervise, and he takes the princes to
Acalhuacan,?” leaving them in the care of Huahuantzin and Xiconocatzin.
Then in Acalhuacan,”°’ at midnight, they bring them out and are looking
around, and Coyohua finds some people in a boat. It seems they’ve been
sent by Itzcoatzin.
Then Coyohua called out to them. He said, “Hey, brother.” 7%
They don’t hear him. So he shouts. He says, “Hey, brothers! Is it you?”
Then they called back, they said, “Yes, brother. And are you Co-
yohua?” 265
He said, “Yes, brothers, it is I.”
Then they asked, “Brothers, did the children die?”
36: 10 One of them told what had happened: “My prince Ixtlilxochitzin has
become aslave.7 And, in Otompan, it is the same with Cihuacuecueno-
tzin, the grandson of Tezozomoctli.” And when he was able to see them
in the midnight darkness, he said to them, “The children are over there.
Let me go get them.”
260. Ogquinhualytonque, corrected by Velazquez to oquinhualytaque (they saw them
hither).
261. For ipa read pa. GLOS: ipan.
262. Lit., came and left them in Acalhuacan.
263. Notice that the text seems to have acolhuacan, but acalhuacan in line 35:45 above.
Lehmann and Velézquez read both names as acolhuacan, 1.¢., the region governed by Tetz-
coco. But acalhuacan (boat town), perhaps designating a particular place where boats were
docked, seems more in keeping here. See note to the translation at 21:16.
264. Coyohua uses the term iccauhtli (younger brother) in addressing the envoys, who in
turn address him as tiachacauh (elder brother).
265. Lit., “Yes, it is we, brother. Are you Coyohua?”
266. He has become aslave in the other world, i.e., he has died. See NED: tlacohti 2.

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 The exile ofNezahualcoyotl: ca. 1419-28

20:5 “Good. Bring them along,” they said. “Itzcoatzin sent us here to look
for them.” °7
36: 17 Then they went and got them and put them in the boat.
36 £18 And then they took them away.’ The reason they had made such an
effort to search for them is that these were the grandchildren of Itzcoatzin.
All the searchers were sons of Itzcoatzin, therefore uncles of Nezahual-
coyotzin.
30: 22 And here are the sons of Itzcoatzin: first, Cahualtzin, and Moteuczo-
matzin the elder, Tecallapohuatzin, Citlalcoatzin, Cuitlahuatzin, Tzom-
pantzin, Cuauhtlatoatzin, Tzacatzin the elder, Tepolomitzin, Tochihui-
tzin. These were the ten sons of Itzcoatzin.
36: 28 Then all the children’s uncles came back to Itzcoatzin.
36%: 30 Then Tzontecochatzin is being taken care of by Xiconocatzin, Cuicuitz-
catzin, and Coyohua. And so Nezahualcoyotzin is fooling around. And so
he falls into the water there.
36% 33 Well, tradition has it that sorcerers?’ came and seized him and carried
him to the summit of Poyauhtecatl, there to perform a sacrament. And it
used to be told that in that place they anointed him with flood and
blaze,?”° charging him: “You shall be the one. We ordain your fate, and by
your hand a nation shall be destroyed.”
36 : 40 After that, the sorcerers carried him off, bringing him back to exactly
where they had gotten him. And then Nezahualcoyotzin emerged.
Sits And when Itzcoatzin saw him, he marveled greatly and was astonished
that Nezahualcoyotzin had reappeared.
a73 Now, the way Nezahualcoyotl grew, he was already getting bigger and
stronger. And so, at Zacatlan, then, he took a captive with the help of
others and became a man. He was the second.?”! Then he wanted to come
into Tenochtitlan, and he did.
37. Then he also went to Azcapotzalco in order to present his partial captive
to Tezozomoctli. Coyohua led the way for Nezahualcoyotzin. Well, this
Coyohua was not from Tetzcoco. He was from another place, called Teo-
piazco, and he went along to lead the way for Nezahualcoyotzin. And
when they’ve arrived in Azcapotzalco, and they’ve entered and announced
themselves,?” then he addresses Tezozomoctli, he says to him:
267. Marginal gloss: prophesies about Nezahualcoyotl [evidently refers to lines 36:
33-39].
268. Lit., Then they [the envoys of Itzcoatzin] came conducting them.
269. Lit., those who are sorcerers.
270. The figurative expression “flood and blaze” means the spirit of battle or war itself.
NED: teoatl/tlachinolli.
271. A creditable performance. When novice warriors helped take a captive, as many as
six might participate. The principal captor would receive the victim’s torso and right leg. The
second received the left leg, while the others had to divide up the arms. FC bk. 8, ch. 21.
272. Entered and announced themselves, lit., entered and said something.

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 The exile ofNezahualcoyotl: ca. 1419-28

14 “O child, my son!?7* O Tezozomoctzin! A poor orphan comes before

you to make a gift. He goes about here at your doorstep, here in Mex-
ico.?”* That’s where he is sustained.”
LS. Then Tezozomoctli answers. He says to Coyohua, “Well now, Coyohua,
what is this? Nezahualcoyotl lives, Coyohua?”
:20 “The poor orphan lives right here in Tenochtitlan, O child.”
£22 “And what is this, Coyohua?” said Tezozomoctli. “He has brought me
a gift?”
~23 But they gave him nothing.
Just so did Nezahualcoyotzin come, and then he went.
725 Then he volunteered for the war in Chalco. And there Nezahualcoyotl
took a prisoner. He captured a woman named Cilimiyauhtzin. Then, with
his prisoner, he went and sat before Tezozomoctli. Coyohua came along,
too, and when he got there, he addressed Tezozomoctli, uttering all the
things by which sorcerers?”> are addressed.
231 Then Tezozomoctli answered him, saying, “Coyohua! What is this? Is
Nezahualcoyotl alive?”
133 Then he called for his captain, [who came accompanied by others, ]?7°
and he said to them, “Tecolotzin! Teuctzin! Cihuaxochitzin! Who put the
arrow and the shield in the hands of this Nezahualcoyotl? Is this his due,
his lot, his charge? Rather deer and rabbit are the proper game for this
Nezahualcoyotl, this little Chichimec. And who is at fault? Is it not Itzcoatl
who is at fault? He marries his daughters off in Acolhuacan. Would we go
and set up a daughter of ours in Acolhuacan? Isn’t the Acolhua our arrow
slave, our shield slave?” Such were the words of Tezozomoctli, with which
they were being briefed.
44 And as for Nezahualcoyotl, who had come to give Tezozomoctli his
captive, he was there, but he did not hear what was being said about
him.?77

3/: 46 Meanwhile, Cougar Arm, Fuzzy Face, Big Dart, Man-eater, and Mud-
head came?’ to deposit tribute, and Nezahualcoyotl was rewarded with
what they brought. All he got was a tilma.
38: Then Nezahualcoyotzin went back to Mexico. He was not there long
before Itzcoatzin gave him a command, saying, “Nezahualcoyotzin! The

273. The ruler Topiltzin is similarly addressed in the passage beginning with line 5:39
above.
274. Now part of Mexico City, Azcapotzalco is only 8 km from the former center of
Tenochtitlan.
275. Read tlacatecollo.
27/6. See 357 12-14:
277. Lit., he did not hear what about him they were being briefed.
278. Lit., went. (The names of the tribute payers, here translated, are Acolmizthi, Ixtomi,
Hueiimiuh, Tecuani, and Cuatlalatl.)

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 The exile ofNezahualcoyotl: ca. 1419-28

Sun and Tlalteuctli have taken pity on you. So proceed to Acolhuacan.

Govern your nation.”
Boe. And it was then that Nezahualcoyotzin went to Tetzcoco and was in-
augurated. And he lived there.?”
Soe Now, afterward—after a long time—Tezozomoctli remembered Coyo-
hua, and he issued an order, saying, “Have Coyohua fetched. Have him
come.”
385 Il Then Coyohua was fetched, and he came before Tezozomoctli, and
when he had arrived in his presence, he said to him, “Come here, Coyo-
hua.” Then he said, “Listen, Coyohua. Here is why you have been called.
Who is this truly bad one that I have dreamed about? An eagle is standing
on top of me. A jaguar is standing on top of me. A wolf is standing on
top of me. A rattlesnake is lying on top of me. My dream terrifies me.
Om “And I say, Coyohua! don’t let Nezahualcoyotl destroy me. Don’t let
him look for his father, Ixtlilxochitl, and his uncle, Cihuacuecuenotl.
Don’t let him turn the flood and blaze?®° against my sons who are lords
and rulers.
382 24 “And this I say: Listen! here is the command that I give. For my sons
who are lords and nobles are to be found all around, and they will support
you. Now, this Nezahualcoyotl is quite a little landowner, owns quite a
few cultivated fields. His lands are quite something. Be his successor.
385 29 “T am well aware that you are very close to him, you who are bringing
him up and educating him. But there’s this: go to my sons who are lords
and nobles, who will give you support. And hear this: you will have lands,
you will plant by the mecatl.?*! You will have two or three storekeepers.
And here’s this—a dart. Let it pierce his neck. At daybreak give him a
scrubbing at the waterside.?8? Perhaps he has accidentally choked in his
sleep.78° And I want to hear about it from you. Now go!”
oohA 36 And when Coyohua left, he went and spoke to Nezahualcoyotzin. He
said, “Tezozomoctli summoned me to Azcapotzalco. O my child! O Ne-
zahualcoyotzin! ’'m supposed to kill you. Here is the dart that he gave
me, that ’m supposed to stick in your neck. ’'m to strangle you, and Pm

279. This report—indeed, the entire passage at hand—seems to contradict the tradition
that Nezahualcoyotl spent his exile years in the Huexotzinco region and was not installed as
ruler of Tetzcoco until 1433. On the exile in Huexotzinco, see 44:29 below; on Nezahual-
coyotl’s inauguration, see 47:39 and 48:31.
280. I.e., make war on my sons. Cf. 36:36.
281. A certain measure of land (GLOS: mecatl 2). Or a cord for measuring land (GLOS:
mecatl 1).
282. Sahagtin mentions corpses disposed of at daybreak (i oallatvi) and corpses solici-
tously bathed (not scrubbed), sometimes at the waterside (atenco). See FC 2:121:22,
4:45 :9, 6:161:15, 7:17:28. Following Lehmann, the translation here depends upon read-
ing the element -ate- as -aten-. Velazquez reads -ate- (testicles), translating wicatexaxaquallo
“estrégale los compafiones.”
283. For ca nen read ¢a nen. GLOS: zannen.

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 The exile ofNezahualcoyotl: ca. 1419-28

to give you a scrubbing at the waterside. These are the words of Tezo-
zomoctli, his command to me. You are not the only one who feels it,
soldier!”
Then Coyohua said to him, “Have no fear, Nezahualcoyotzin, for I am
Coyohua!?** Be glad. Rejoice. Am I not going to turn it back on this
Tezozomoctli? For I am Coyohua!”
38 : 46 And at this time Coyohua made his first return trip to Azcapotzalco.
And for this purpose, once again, Tezozomoctli sent?85 to have him
fetched.
Se Even a second time were Tezozomoctli’s messengers sent forth. And
when they arrived, they said, “Well, now, Coyohua. We’ve been sent by
Tezozomoctzin. How are you doing? About that command he gave you,
how are things going? Did it get done?”
39:4 And then he said, “Well, fellow! I haven’t been able to get near him.?86
He’s always with those little captains of his.”
ae: 7 Then they also said this: “Coyohua, let the ones who are with him take
him out for some recreation, and when he crosses a bridge, let them give
him a kick. He'll have fallen into the water by accident. Let them take him
up to a rooftop for some recreation, and let them knock him over. He’ll
have accidentally fallen from the roof.”
Then Coyohua answers. He says, “All right, fellow. Let’s try it. Perhaps
we'll be able to do it. I'll tell them to give it a try. You won’t be informed
about it until they've been able to do it.”
39: 15 Then Coyohua went away. He went to speak with Nezahualcoyotzin.
“Nezahualcoyotzin!” he said. “Listen to the words of Tezozomoctli. He
has given me another command. You're supposed to be kicked into the
water. And thrown from a roof. You will have been broken to pieces by
accident. Alas, these are the words of Tezozomoctli.”
39 : 20 But once again Tezozomoctli’s orders were defeated.
39 : 22 And for a third time this Tezozomoctli of Azcapotzalco summoned Co-
yohua. When he had summoned him, he said to him, “Come, Coyohua.
Pay close attention. I told you you would plant your gardens by the mecatl
and you would have storekeepers. And my sons who are lords and rulers
would give you support. I told you this many times.”
39°27 And then Coyohua says to Tezozomoctli, “Well then, my child, well
then, my dear. Let me bring him in, because I just haven’t been able to do
it. Kill him here yourself. That way you will have no doubt about it. I tried
everything for you,?*” but I just haven’t been able to do it.”

284. Evidently a play on words. The name Coyohua literally means “coyote owner”; and
Nezahualcoyotl is “fasting coyote” (see NED: nezahualli).
285. Read huallaihua as in line 54: 3 below.
286. Lit., Indeed he just does not arrive beside me anywhere yet.
287. GLOS: nolhuilia:te.

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 The Tepaneca War: the sack of Cuauhtitlan: A.D. 1429-30

39: 32 “What’s this?”28* said Tezozomoctli. “Tecolotzin! Chachatzin! Teuctzin!

Cihuaxochitzin! Let’s have him here! Let it be done, let it be carried out
as Coyohua has said.”
39: 35 And then Tezozomoctli said, “When Chichimecs are coming in to de-
liver their tribute—after Tepaneca have killed him—they must fetch him
and carry him off.?8° Perhaps he will have been [killed by being] knocked
down somewhere.?”
39: 38 Then Coyohua said, “Very well, O child. But the way to do it is for
Nezahualcoyotl to be missing from his prison cage,??! and meanwhile
perhaps your Chichimec friends? will address you: ‘Hey! Yonder your
Tepaneca friends are killing him!’ But your Chichimecs won’t be coming
to fetch him after he has been killed.”
39: 43 Well then, Coyohua went off to speak craftily to Nezahualcoyotl in
order to fetch him, having previously inspected a cage with a hole in it,
where he would come be imprisoned. And when he had been fetched—
after he had come to speak with him—then, accompanying him, he took
him in. Then he went to greet Tezozomoctli. Arriving with him, he went
to greet Tezozomoctli.
39's 48 And he went and put Nezahualcoyotzin where he was supposed to die.
39: 49 Well, then the Chichimecs who were to come in where he was, did come
in. And at nightfall, when they had gone, Coyohua took leave of Neza-
hualcoyotl, saying, “My son! Nezahualcoyotzin! When the time comes, I
know how to set you free.”?%

[The Tepaneca War: the sack of Cuauhtitlan:

A.D. 1429-30]
40: 2 House [1429]. In that year, in a time of enemy confrontation,
Xiuhcozcatzin came, sent here by Itzcoatzin.
40: 3 Rabbit [1430]. In that year the war grew much wider with declara-
288. Read tego tel. Cf. 37:9, 37:22, 37:32.
289. The proper understanding of this passage, down through line 39:53, depends upon
knowing that felons were customarily jailed in the warehouse, where items of tribute were
deposited. See FC 8:44: 1-10.
290. From a rooftop, for example. Cf. 39:9—11 above.
i 291. Lit., But the way it is to be done is that Nezahualcoyotl will no longer be settled in
€ cage.
292. Lit., uncles, here and in lines 39:41 and 39:42. The term is evidently figurative,
perhaps ironic. I take it to be equivalent to such English expressions as “friends,” “gents,”
“guys,” “people.” For comparable “uncles” in the Cantares Mexicanos see NED: tlahtli.
293. Lit., Still I know how, in time, to come conduct you (see MOL: iua:nite = dar de
mano al preso). Notice that the story seems incomplete. Perhaps the copyist overlooked the
continuation, or never received it. There is no rupture in the manuscript as it has come down
to us. In fact the blank space following the last word indicates a_finis.

90
 The Tepaneca War: the sack of Cuauhtitlan: A.D. 1429-30

tions of war against the Tepaneca. At first there were victories in Cuauh-
titlan. This at the time when Maxtlaton was ruling Tepanohuayan?* and
Epcoatl was ruling in Toltitlan. And Cuauhtitlan was being ruled by
Tezozomoctli of Tlatilolco, the son of Tlacateotl. And at that time, chal-
lenged by enemies, Itzcoatzin was ruling Tenochtitlan. And Telitl was
ruling Tenayocan.
aL Now, in Cuauhtitlan, especially, they were going out to meet the
Tepaneca, to make war against them, because they had been greatly pro-
voked. Indeed, Tezozomoctli had assassinated Xaltemoctzin, who had been
Cuauhtitlan’s ruler. And furthermore, Tezozomoctli had wanted one of
his sons to be ruler of Cuauhtitlan, and the Cuauhtitlancalque would not
agree to it. This intensified the hatred and the fury.
Thus the war began. For twenty-two years they kept attacking each
other. And they hurt each other badly.
220 Then at a later time the Cuauhtitlancalque were severely attacked, and
the market was planted with magueys, and it was moved to Azcapotzalco.
And so there was no more slave market in Cuauhtitlan,?%* since it had been
moved to Azcapotzalco—and slaves were still being sold there when the
Castillians arrived.
: 26 And from time to time during the war, Cuauhtitlancalque were being
scattered afar. Retreating, they were escaping to Cocotitlan and Xonaca-
pacoyan, and it often happened that people escaped to Tehuiloyocan.
There Cuauhtitlancalque were being mistreated and abused. Furthermore,
some of them were being laughed at, women were being violated, etc.
233 And furthermore, it often happened that Cuauhtitlancalque who wanted
to take refuge in Tzompanco, in Citlaltepec, and in Otlazpan were mis-
treated there. Then because of it the Cuauhtitlan rulers were completely
insulted.
a And really the only place where Cuauhtitlancalque were treated kindly
was Huehuetocan, and on many occasions they took refuge there.
£39 Indeed, during this Tepaneca War all who surrounded the city of
Cuauhtitlan began to change sides, namely the Toltitlancalque, the Tepoz-
teca, the Cuauhtlaapan people, the Cuahuaque, the Tepotzoteca, the Co-
yotepeca, the Otlazpaneca, the Citlaltepeca, and the Tzompanca. And then
Tollan and Apazco, the whole Great Land.?*° Also Xilotepec and Chiapan.
And then, those who as a group are known as the Tepaneca. They all
attacked the city of Cuauhtitlan.

294. Tepanohuayan is Tepaneca country, of which the capital is Azcapotzalco. Concor-

dance: Tepanohuayan.
295. Lit., Thus there (oncanon) in Cuauhtitlan one was no longer selling humans.
296. Lit., thus the whole Great Land. Alternate translation: the first [original?] Great
Land. The reference is to the northern plains, original home of the Chichimecs who settled
in the Valley of Mexico.

QI
 The Tepaneca War: the sack of Cuauhtitlan: A.D. 1429-30

: 48 Well, the ruler Maxtlaton presented gifts to the tlacateccatl and the tla-
cochcalcatl of each of the cities that have been mentioned. He gave them
shields and emblems, rallying them to battle, so that they would make war
on the city of Cuauhtitlan.?*”
413) And it became true. It happened.
41:4 Now, at this time Cuauhtitlan’s ruler was the Tezozomoc who had come
from Tlatilolco. And it was during his reign that the Tepaneca succeeded
in capturing the city of Cuauhtitlan. This was when they finally came and
broke up the soil in the marketplace of the Cuauhtitlancalque and planted
it with magueys and set fire to their temple.
41's And when the Tepaneca had captured the city of Cuauhtitlan and a
great many prisoners had been taken, they were brought to Azcapotzalco.
And indeed there were many Cuauhtitlancalque who were sacrificed. And
ultimately many who did not die became captive servants.
41: When the city of Cuauhtitlan had been captured, the Cuauhtitlancalque
performed eighty days of tribute labor in Tepanohuayan.
41: 17 And as for the tribute goods, the manufactured goods,” they only went
twice to deposit them. The first time was when the city was captured. The
second time was after the eighty days had passed. What they delivered
in tribute were little widths of cloth a forearm in length, counted as
streamers.?9 Etc.
41: 22 Well now, this was when the city of Cuauhtitlan was captured and when
the ruler Tezozomoctli* took refuge at Cincoc Huehuetocan. And when
the city was destroyed, the Cuauhtitlancalque went and informed him,
went and brought him the news. And when he heard that the city of
Cuauhtitlan had been destroyed—had been captured—he did not quite
believe it.
41 :28 At this time he had a servant with him named Coatequitl, also a Tehui-
lacatzin. Then he sent them back here to find out for certain how it had
happened.
41 a They set out from Cincoc.
Then they saw that people had indeed died, and many prisoners had
been carried off, and Tepaneca and Toltitlancalque were living in the pal-
ace at Huexocalco.3°

297. Before a campaign rulers would give valuable shields and emblems to military
leaders in exchange for their loyalty. See FC 2:115:14—-19, 8:52:15, 8:64:31, 8:65:
10-11], 12:45:27 et seq.
298. According to Sahagiin (FC 8:53:36-—38), “when a city had been captured and
destroyed, then the tribute was established according to what was manufactured there” (auh
in jcoac oaxioac altepetl in ovmpoliuh, njman icoac motlalia, in tequjtl, in tlacalaqujlli itech
mana [see GLOS: ana:tla 1] in tlein vmpa muchioa).
299. Small banners used as sacrificial offerings. GLOS: tetehuitl.
300. Tezozomoctli of Cuauhtitlan. See 41:4—5 above.
301. Tezozomoctli’s palace. See 32:22 above.

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 The Tepaneca War: Cuauhtitlan joins with Mexico: A.D. 1430

aT: And the ruler Tezozomoctli’s messengers went immediately to give him
the news, that the city of Cuauhtitlan had in fact been captured.
41 ey And when the ruler Tezozomoctli heard this, he wept, he grieved, and
he dismissed the Cuauhtitlancalque who had been keeping him company.
41: 39 This was in the time of 3 Rabbit. Then the Cuauhtitlan ruler Tezozo-
moctli took to the road. Then he traveled, and his servants Coatequitl and
Tehuilacatzin went with him. Along the way he dispatched Coatequitl,
saying, “It would somewhat behoove me to reach people in Mexico. Tell
it to our granduncles, our elder brothers.”3°? In this way he sent him off,
deceitfully.
41 245 And when he got to Atzompan, he took leave of Tehuilacatzin, telling
him, “Please, come back and meet our grandfather?°* Coatequitl here in
Atzompan, [and the two of] you are to come to me.”
41 48 Tehuilacatzin took to the road, leaving the ruler Tezozomoctli all alone.
And in that year and in that place—in Atzompan—the ruler Tezozomoc-
tli, Cuauhtitlan’s ruler, committed suicide by swallowing poison.
He killed himself because the Cuauhtitlan nation had bodily traveled off
during his reign. And the reason he was filled with such great fear, the
reason he committed suicide, is that absolutely everything was burned.
Their temple, with its thatched roof, had been set on fire.
Never before had this happened. For the first time they had all been
quite successfully brought under a single command in order to lay siege to
the city of Cuauhtitlan.*°* Indeed, the Tepaneca and the men of Cuauh-
tlaapan came courting danger at Chiancuac, and they lighted a fire at the
straw house.*°> And the Tepotzoteca lighted afire at Tlacocouhcan. Indeed
they destroyed the city, and Tezozomoctli imagined that Cuauhtitlan would
never rise again,*°° for his enemies had surrounded the whole town. This
is why Tezozomoctli committed suicide, as told above.

[The Tepaneca War: Cuauhtitlan joins

with Mexico: A.D. 1430]

42:18 Afterward, when the Cuauhtitlancalque had somewhat regained their

composure, they got themselves a [new] ruler. Very prudently they in-

302. Our superiors (GLOS: achcauhtli, colli). But “our grandfather” in line 41:47 be-
low, is a subordinate.
303. A term meaning “grandfather” is used by Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl in addressing sub-
ordinates (lines 5:35, 5:38, etc.).
304. Lit., For the first time very ably did they command them all so that in battle they
surrounded the city of Cuauhtitlan.
305. The ruler’s residence? See GLOS: zacacalli, zacacaltitlan.
306. Lit., never be again.

23
 The Tepaneca War: Cuaubtitlan joins with Mexico: A.D. 1430

stalled a Chichimec prince named Tecocoatzin. In the palace at Huexo-

calco they accommodated him in a manner befitting a ruler, and there he
observed his ruler’s fast. And furthermore, they did not notify Maxtlaton,
the ruler of Azcapotzalco. The only ones who knew of it were the Mexica
Tenochca, and it was they who gave the approval.
42 220 . And while he was observing his ruler’s fast, he was adorned as a Huexo-
tzincatl.?°” That’s how he fasted. And he would put on his eagle tail feath-
ers, along with the leather braid3°8 that he would tie on his head; also his
amapatlachtli earplugs; also his eagle labret; his curved lip pin, carried on
his back; his fine, white cuappayahualolli necklace; also the white loin-
cloth that they put on him; and his braided leather [foot] bands with the
jingles; *!° also his sapodilla staff.
42 : 34 And as for his nobles and captains, each one was adorned the same way.
They all carried harpoon staffs,3!! macana staffs. They looked like Hue-
xotzinca, and they went around in the palace talking to each other as
Huexotzinca.
42 739 Now, the reason it was done this way is that there had been an official
pronouncement, an official decision, as to how the Tepanecatl was to be
warred against. It was not without cause that the Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs
appeared this way, adorning themselves as Huexotzinca. The Mexica were
privy to it, and some of the Acolhuaque knew about it too.
42: And furthermore, the Tepaneca had caused much suffering, for they had
assassinated people’s rulers on a great many occasions. Tezozomoctli was
the one—as well as his son Maxtlaton—who had condemned many rulers
to death.
42: 48 It was Tezozomoctli who, by his command, had killed the Colhuacan
ruler Nauhyotzin.
42: 50 And he had also killed the Tetzcoco ruler Ixtlilxochitzin the elder.
43: And he had killed Pichacatzin Teuctli, ruler of Cuitlahuac Tizic.
43: And he had killed the ruler of Tlatilolco, Tlacateotzin.
43: And he had killed the Cuauhtitlan ruler Xaltemoctzin the elder.
43: &
nA
® And he had killed the former ruler of Tenochtitlan, Chimalpopocatzin.
Maxtlaton had handed down the sentence.

307. Identification with Huexotzinco, Mexico’s traditional enemy, is repeatedly implied

in the Cantares Mexicanos. See Bierhorst, Cantares Mexicanos, pp. 29-30, 40, 452, 466,
490, 511. For a guide to text references see NED: Huex6tzincatl, Huexétzinco.
308. Leather braid is associated with Huexotzinco in CM fol. 73, |. 28.
309. Describing the rulers’ dance attire, Sahagtin (HG bk. 8, ch. 9, parags. 2—3) refers
to various lip ornaments that were carried (traian) but not worn (que ya no las usan).
310. Bands of leather braid (tecuecuextl) hung with little golden bells were worn on the
arm or on the instep (TEZ ch. 99, p. 407; NED: técuecuextli).
311. Unusual harpoon arrows (chichiqujlli) were carried by the Huexotzinca warriors
who entered Tenochtitlan with Cortés (FC bk. 12, ch. 16).

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 The Tepaneca War: embassies to Huexotzinco: A.D. 1430

43 ae And he had killed the Tlatilolco ruler Cuauhtlatoatzin. Maxtlaton had

handed down the sentence.
43: And he had put to flight the Tetzcoco ruler Nezahualcoyotzin, along
with many of his nobles.
43: Il Their lords had suffered with them, as has been told in the year-count
entries.

[The Tepaneca War: embassies to

Huexotzinco: A.D. 1430]
43: 13 Now, while this ruler Tecocoatzin is holding office challenged by ene-
mies, Itzcoatzin of Tenochtitlan is also a ruler challenged by enemies. And
when these rulers had decided to make war against the Tepaneca, then
emissaries, messengers, were sent to Huexotzinco for the Tepanecatl to
tell of their scorn, etc., and he told how they were to come treat their
neighbors the Mexica, the Cuauhtitlancalque, and the Acolhuaque as a
mere reed, a mere pebble.*” Etc.
43 : 23 Now, at this time the ruler of Huexotzinco was Tenocelotzin. And the
council house was at Chiauhtzinco, for it is said that this was the way
things were in Huexotzinco: they kept moving the seat of government,
rotating it among three places.?!
43: 28 Well, it was first to Huexotzinco that the ruler of Azcapotzalco, Maxtla-
ton, sent emissaries asking for aid in battle. They carried many jade neck-
laces, along with shields, emblems, etc.?!* Also they went to ask Chalco,
also Chiapan. Everywhere they went they left jade necklaces, etc.
43: And it is told and related that the ruler of Huexotzinco received their
request gladly. And they were stationed there to await Huexotzinca who
were to come lead them. And these messengers, Maxtlaton’s messengers,
were under the leadership of a certain Chalchiuh.
43. 40 And then the Cuauhtitlan ruler Tecocoatzin also sent emissaries to
Huexotzinco, beseeching the ruler Tenocelotzin. And he used his high
officials as his emissaries.*1°

312. Ambiguous pronouns make this a difficult passage to read. Evidently the ones who
sent emissaries were the Tepaneca, who spoke for their ruler, the Tepanecatl. For other ref-
erences to the “Tepanecatl” see 24: 18 and 42:40 above. For more on the embassy to Hue-
xotzinco see 43:28 et seq. below.
313. Lit., the rulership kept being moved, it appeared in three places the way it was
moved.
314. On the shield and the emblem as a military covenant see note to the translation at
41:3 above.
315. Lit., And his elder brothers became his emissaries. The four officials named in the
list that follows represent the four quarters of Cuauhtitlan town (cf. 29:27—38 above).

OF
 The Tepaneca War: embassies to Huexotzinco: A.D. 1430

43: 43 These Cuauhtitlancalque that he sent to Huexotzinco were: first, Chica-

nitzin, the lord priest of Tequixquinahuac; second, Tziuhcoatzin of Ne-
pantla; third, Coatzin of Chalmecapan; fourth, the tlacochcalcatl Callaxo-
chitl of Atempan Huauhtlan.
43 : 48 Well, these were the emissaries who arrived in Huexotzinco, the
Cuauhtitlan ruler’s emissaries as named and mentioned above.*!° And at
last, tearfully they submitted their petition. But their greeting gift was not
very precious. So they were treated as nothing. And ultimately they were
put in jail to be sacrificed.3?” Etc.
Now, while this was going on#!8 and calls to arms were being issued,
the ruler Tecocoatzin ordered all the relatives [of] the captive servants in
Azcapotzalco to go tell them that they should gently slip away.*!? They
were to merrily tell the slaveowners they would be going to their homes
for a little while. And so it happened. It became true. All the captives were
fetched. And finally, as for those who were not given permission, they all
got together*° and fled as a group.*?!
Then Maxtlaton sent for the captive slaves to be returned. But in the
palace at Huexocalco they beat each and every one of the envoys on the
rump as a punishment.*”? In the courtroom they bent them over a pole—
they were upon it, curled around. As many messengers as there were, all
were mistreated in this manner, by being beaten on the rump.
On account of it, the Tepaneca, at last, were greatly annoyed, etc.
Next, the Tlatilolca sent emissaries to Huexotzinco to beseech the ruler
Tenocelotzin, and these Mexica Tlatilolca told and revealed how the Te-
paneca had made fun of everybody and had become overproud and assas-
sinated many rulers. Furthermore, the jades and bracelets that they carried
were extremely precious. Also the shield and the emblem were their greet-
ing gifts, etc.
And when they realized that Nezahualcoyotzin was living there, having
been put to flight by Maxtlaton’s father, Tezozomoctli, they summoned
him to speak in company with them before the Huexotzinca. And Neza-
hualcoyotzin spoke even more plainly. He told it from the beginning: how
Tezozomoctli had always deceived people, and how his son Maxtlaton was

316. Read omoteneuhque.

317. Lit., they were jailed in order that they would die.
318. Lit., while already there is this. GLOS: nemi.
319. These were Cuauhtitlancalque who had been enslaved by the Tepaneca. See line
41:11 above.
320. Read gazcen. GLOS: zan cen.
321. Lit., And finally, when they very much were together, all as a group fled, with regard
to those who were not given permission.
322. Follows Lehmann. Following Velazquez: they drove a stake into the anus of each
and every one of the envoys. See GLOS: tzincuauhtetzotzona:te.

96
 The Tepaneca War: embassies to Huexotzinco: A.D. 1430

ready to do*” just the same, etc. Then at last, the crimes of the Tepaneca
could be clearly seen.
138 Then the Cuauhtitlancalque were summoned—the ones who have been
mentioned by name.**4 They, too, provided verification, swearing on their
ancestry, for which the Cuauhtitlancalque were famed,?° and on their
[sacred] arrows and on their god Mixcoatl.#?6
243 They told everything. They even told how the Tepaneca were not re-
lated to them, because they carried the stone sling.??” And furthermore,
they said they did not recognize them because their one god was Cue-
cuex.*?8 They were different.
:47 It was finally decided that some Tepaneca should be sacrificed there 3?°—
in public and at the foot of the Huexotzinca god, who was Camaxtle.3*°
On the eagle bowl*! before him, knives were laid. And with these, [the
Tepaneca] were cut open.
45: Now, these Tlatilolca emissaries who had gone to Huexotzinco were all
Amaxaccalque. The first was Cuachayatzin; also there were Atepocatzin,
Tecatlatoatzin, and Callatlaxcaltzin; and Nezahualcoyotzin called them
together to tell them they should go spread the word in Tliliuhquitepec,
Atlancatepec, and Tlaxcallan; and it was done: they went and exposed the
effrontery of the Tepaneca. Thus it became true. Thus it happened. Neza-
hualcoyotzin went along as their leader.
45: And so an agreement was reached for the Huexotzinca, the Tlaxcalteca,
and the Tliliuhquitepeca to come to battle, for Nezahualcoyotzin was well
acquainted with the Tliliuhquitepeca, the people of Atlancatepec, the
Tlaxcalteca, and the Huexotzinca. And so his avowal that the Tepaneca
were to be warred against was given much credence. It was because of this
that a pact was made.

323. Lat, to be:

324. See lines 43 :40—44:5
325. Lit., They, too, verified things, and they addressed people by means of the Cuauh-
titlancalque being known for ancestry.
326. For the arrows and the god, see lines 25 :43—49, 26:4—5.
327. Sahagtin mentions that the non-Nahuatl-speaking Matlatzinca used the tematlatl
(stone sling, or sling for hurling stones), unlike the Chichimecs, whose weapon was the bow
(FC bk. 10, ch. 29, sec. entitled “The Quaquata, the Matlatzinca, the Toloque”).
328. Cuecuex is associated with the Tepaneca in the eleventh of the twenty songs
preserved in the appendix to bk. 2 of Sahagun’s Historia. By contrast, “the Chichimecs .. .
had just one god, Mixcoatl” (in chichimeca . . . gan ce in jnteouh catca, itoca Mixcoatl)
(FC 6:34: 31-32).
329. For oppa mictilloque read ompa mictilloque, as in line 45 : 24 below.
330. Mufioz Camargo relates that as a relic of early Chichimec days, ashes of “Camaxtli
Mixcohuat!” were kept in Huexotzinco (Historia bk. 1, ch. 7). See also line 50:50 (camaxtle
mixcohuatl); and note that the god of the Huexotzinca is named as Mixcoatl in line 57:20.
331. Presumably the same as cuaubwicalli (eagle receptacle), described by Duran as a kind
of operating table, where the hearts of live victims were excised (DHIST chs. 32—33).

oi
 The Tepaneca War: Nezahualcoyotl’s campaign: A.D. 1430

45: I5 It was said that the Cuauhtitlancalque, the Acolhuaque, and the Mexica
had to be marked, so that none of them would be misidentified and killed.
It was said that they had to muddy their faces and tie a grass string around
the head, so that they could be found and their friends who had come to
help them could recognize them.
45: Well, when it had been decided that the Huexotzinca, the Tlaxcalteca,
etc. would be coming along, the Tlatilolca and the Cuauhtitlancalque were
sent back first.
45: As said previously, Tepaneca were sacrificed there [in Huexotzinco]—
they were cut open.
45: After that, Itzcoatzin’s emissaries set out. His call to arms was made in
haste,#*? for it had already been decided and announced that the Tepaneca
were to be defeated.

[The Tepaneca War: Nezahualcoyotl’s

campaign: A.D. 1430]
45: It was in the time of 3 Rabbit that Nezahualcoyotzin came forth, ac-
companied by Huexotzinca, Tlaxcalteca, and also Chalca. It was then that
Nezahualcoyotzin sought out the sons of Tezozomoctli in all the places
where they were ruling; and conquests were made in all those places.
45: The way Nezahualcoyotzin came, the way he approached, is that he
took to the road in Chalco. Then, to begin with, he came leading the way
toward Tetzcoco, and the very first conquest was in Coatlichan. At that
time Quetzalmaquiztli was ruling there, and he met his death.
45: The second place was Huexotla. At that time Cuauhpiyo was ruling
there, and he was killed.
45: Then there were conquests in a third place, Acolman. At that time Te-
yolcocoatzin was ruling there.
45: And Toltitlan was the fourth place where conquests were made. At that
time Epcoatl was the ruler. When Nezahualcoyotzin arrived there, on a
day 1 Flint, with the Huexotzinca, the Tlaxcalteca, and the Chalca, it was
the Toltitlancalque who took to the road. And at this time a daughter of
[Cuauhtitlan’s] ruler Tecocoatzin was seized and taken into captivity. She
had become a lady of Toltitlan. She had become the wife of the ruler
Epcoatl.
45 47 Now, this lady, before the war began, was privy to the joint resolution
that Tepaneca were to be destroyed. Moreover, she was accurately report-

332. The call to arms was made only [by] his act of hurrying [lit., running]. The analysis
follows Velazquez. See GLOS: -totocaca.

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 The Tepaneca War: Nezahualcoyotl’s campaign: A.D. 1430

ing what the Toltitlancalque were saying. Whenever they talked war, she
sent word to the ruler Tecocoatzin. And for this reason, when the battle
had begun, she was very definitely on the watch. Indeed, she climbed to
the top of Toltitlan’s house of the Devil. And then this lady all by herself
set fire to the thatched roof of the Devil house and burned it up, etc.3#
And the way she was captured is that when prisoners were taken, she,
too, was made a prisoner and taken into captivity along with others. It
was the Chalca who seized her.
Well, they were carrying her off, and she said to the captors, “Who
is the gentleman standing here?”—he was wearing a quetzal-feather
warbonnet.
eat “That’s the ruler Tenocelotzin,” she was told.
“Let me greet him,” she asked. Then she greeted him and said, “O lord,
I am your sister,*** for my father is the king and ruler Tecocoatzin of
Cuauhtitlan. He came and left me here, having suffered torment, having
agonized in heart and flesh, etc.”
The ruler Tenocelotl of Huexotzinco gave the command for her to be
set free. And it was done.
:19 Well, then the Toltitlan nation goes away. They’re banished #*5 to Cui-
tlachtepec and Temacpalco, at the time when Telitl is ruling in Tenayocan.
They're herded. They’re driven onward.
eat And then they were taken to Azcapotzalco, at the time when Maxtlaton
was ruling there.
nS. And a sixth place, Coyohuacan, was laid waste.
: 24 A seventh place was laid waste—Xochimilco. Tepanquizqui was ruling
there at the time.
S29 And all the places that were laid waste were ruled by sons of 'Tezozo-
moctli, the former ruler of Azcapotzalco. And well did the ruler Nezahual-
coyotzin contrive it,?*° taking his revenge against them, for Tezozomoctli
had killed his father, the elder Ixtlilxochitl.
231 And so, the war was waged. Those rulers who declared it and waged it
were Itzcoatzin, Tecocoatzin of Cuauhtitlan, Nezahualcoyotzin of Tetz-
coco, and Tenocelotzin of Huexotzinco.
233 Along the way,??” the Colhuacan ruler Acoltzin died in battle. The
Tepaneca killed him.
335 And it was in Xochimilco that the war cooled off. The Tepaneca re-
mained there for only a day until they were taken to Tonanixillan, also to

333. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.

334. Le., ally. GLOS: hueltiuhtli.
335. Lit., they [impersonal] go and banish them. See GN sec. 4.2.
336. GLOS: imati:tla
337. Lit., At this time therein, i.e., at this time during [the war]. GLOS: oncan.

2
 The Tepaneca War: Nezahualcoyotl’s campaign: A.D. 1430

Atltepachiuhcan and Cuauhximalpan, where they spent four years. These

were the Tepaneca of Toltitlan, Tenayocan, Azcapotzalco, Tlacopan, and
Coyohuacan, along with some of the Xochimilca, etc.
46: And, also, from the time that the war began, there were a few who died
among the Tetzcoca [and those of] Coatlichan, Huexotla, and Acolman.
46: . And by this time Cuauhtitlan’s system of fourfold servant communities
had broken down.338 Now destroyed was the arrangement made by the
elder Xaltemoctzin before he died: 3°?
46: 46 [1.] Tequixquinahuac. Its servant community had been Tepoxacco and
Tzompanco.
[2.] Chalmecapan. Its servant community had been Cuauhtlaapan and
Citlaltepec.
46: [3.] Nepantla. Its servant community had been Tepotzotlan and Hue-
huetocan.
46: [4.] Atempan. Its servant community had been Coyotepec and Otlazpan.
46: When the war had finally passed, Cuauhtitlan’s ruler thought back on
it. This was the time when Ayactlacatzin ruled, after the death of Teco-
coatzin. He thought back. And he did so in anger, seeking revenge for the
siege of Cuauhtitlan. Then he apportioned lands, handing them out, giv-
ing them as grants. Then the Cuauhtitlan nation was provided with lands.
It was on account of the war that the grants came to be made, etc.
Now, Tzompanco and Citlaltepec were lands that he apportioned, allot-
ting them to himself alone. At the temple of the Citlaltepeca the ruler
Ayactlacatzin personally assigned these lands to himself. And the emissar-
ies who came to mark the boundaries were Tenochca and Tlatilolca.
47: Then Otlazpan was marked off. And after that, Tepoxacco and Tehui-
loyocan were marked off.
47: Finally, communal lands were created,*#° and boundaries were marked
off in all the places that had been conquered.
47: But no boundaries were marked off in Huehuetocan, because the Hue-
huetocameca had been kind to the Cuauhtitlancalque when they had fled
there during the war. They had helped them very much. Indeed, they had
treated the Cuauhtitlancalque as members of their household.
47: Here is what is understood from a song on the defeat of the Tepaneca:
3 Rabbit was the second time the Mexicatl confronted the Tepanecatl.
Twelve years earlier the Tepaneca had performed tribute labor in Tenoch-
titlan, having been conquered in | Reed, at which time the Mexitin put

338. Lit., And by this time Cuauhtitlan was broken [as to] the way the towns had been
in four places that had been being made its servant communities. Cf. 56:11 below.
339. The quartering of Cuauhtitlan is described in lines 29:27—38 above, and men-
tioned again in line 56: 11 below.
340. Lit., began to be created.

1OO
 After the Tepaneca War: A.D. 1431 —
together what was still just a small piece of eagle land. But in 3 Rabbit the
Mexitin increased their eagle land in Tepanohuayan.*#!
47 : 30 The Colhuaque provide verification of this report.
47: 31 But Colhuaque also say that the Xochimilca were defeated in 4 Rab-
bit,*#? defeated by Nezahualcoyotzin at the time he was inaugurated as
ruler.
47 =O) Well, it was told and recounted that 3 Rabbit [1430] was the year the
Tepaneca were conquered. This was also when the Cuauhnahuaca and the
Xaltocameca were conquered—conquered by Nezahualcoyotzin, Itzcoa-
tzin, and Cuauhtitlan’s Tecocoatzin.

[After the Tepaneca War: A.D. 1431]

47 ao 4 Reed [1431]. This was the year Nezahualcoyotzin was inaugurated as
ruler in Mexico.*
47: 41 And in that same year, during Izcalli, while the Cuauhtitlancalque were
celebrating the feast and people were coming in from towns everywhere,
Toltitlancalque*** went to Cuahuacan to speak with the Cuahuacan ruler
Xochitlcozauhqui. They told him the Cuauhtitlancalque might be con-
quered, because they were off guard, celebrating their feast.
BE And the Cuahuacan ruler received their petition favorably and declared
war against the Cuauhtitlancalque. Then they took to the road and came
to fight in Cuauhtitlan.
47: 49 Well, none other then the Toltitlancalque of Ahuacatitlan came and re-
ported this to Cuauhtitlan’s ruler, Tecocoatzin—came and warned him.
Immediately he put these Toltitlancalque under guard. They were not to
leave. If what they said were to be found false, they were to be killed.
48: And in no time at all it did prove true: the Cuahuaque Tepaneca came
to make war. Very cleverly a trap was laid for them, so that all who came
here to do battle were made prisoners. Then, during the feast, they were
shot with arrows. It was thanks to them that the feast was celebrated.
48: After that, the ruler of Cuauhtitlan established lands for the Ahuacati-
tlan people. He gave them a homeland that would provide for their sus-
tenance,##° etc. Also, an order was handed down that no future attempt

341. On “eagle land” and the conquest of the Tepaneca see 31 :50—32:3 above. See also
66:1 (Azcapotzalco) and 66: 12—13 below.
342. Should be 4 Reed, per 47: 39.
343. The ceremony took place in Mexico, but Nezahualcoyotl was being inaugurated as
ruler of Tetzcoco (IXT 1:543—44). Cf. 48:31 below.
344. This refers to the exiled Toltitlancalque. They are not repatriated until line 48:42
below.
345. Lit., a homeland by means of which they would live there.

IOI
 Mexico’s glory begins: A.D. 1432-39

must ever be made to incite these people against the Cuauhtitlan nation.**
48
:10 The year 4 Reed. At this time the ruler Itzcoatzin of Tenochtitlan de-
clared war. As yet he could not proceed openly, for he had been inaugu-
rated as a ruler challenged by enemies.
48
:12 Well, the ones he called to battle were the Cuitlahuaca, whom he wished
to conquer. Campaigning against them all by himself, the Tenochcatl
waged war for three years. But he did not succeed. He simply gave up.
48:15 And in that same year, 4 Reed, in the town of Cuauhtitlan the river
turned and changed course, so that it flowed into the temulco next to Hue-
xocalco,*4” passing through the heart of the city.
48:17 And after this change, it often happened that things were swept away,
and often houses were destroyed as the stream overflowed. And, finally,
when the river changed course, a hundred empty houses were destroyed
in Toltitlan. When all these houses were swept away, there was no one
there—in accordance with the wishes of the Cuauhtitlancalque. For the
Tepaneca of Toltitlan now lived in Cuauhximalpan.*#8
48 : 23 And then, after the ruler Tecocoatzin had expressed his grief, he ordered
that the stream be dug up where the river—which is there today—had
turned. The digging went on for two years. After that, the stream was
diverted.

[Mexico’s glory begins: A.D. 1432—39]

48
:27 5 Flint [1432]. In that year the Tenochtitlan ruler Itzcoatzin was able to
come out into the open,*4? for he ruled everywhere, over rulers from town
to town. Here, finally, began the glory of the Mexicatl Tenochcatl, etc.
48
:31 6 House [1433]. In that year the ruler Nezahualcoyotzin went and es-
tablished himself in Tetzcoco, leaving Tenochtitlan. Itzcoatzin had in-
stalled him as ruler, though his inauguration in Tenochtitlan had been
under enemy challenge. Only in that year did he go off to govern the city
of Tetzcoco.
48 : 36 The year 6 House was when the Tepaneca were sent back from Tonani-
tlan and Cuauhximalpan and Atltepachiuhcan, where they had spent four
years. First they came and humbled themselves, beseeching the ruler Te-
346. Lit., And they [impersonal] were ordered that never again were they [impersonal]
to want to incite them against the Cuauhtitlan nation. For yea read yca.
347. Temilco (lit., people’s gardens?) was the name of a body of water in Citlaltepec
where Mexican priests came to gather special reeds (FC 2:11 and 74). The significance of
the Cuauhtitlan temzlco.is not apparent; its location, however, is “next to Huexocalco,” site
of the ruler’s palace (see 32 : 22, 41:34, etc.).
348. They had been relocated after the Tepaneca war. See lines 46: 35—40 above. For a
differing account of the flood, see lines 25: 37—43.
349. He was no longer challenged by enemies. See 48: 10—12.

102
 Mexico's glory begins: A.D. 1432-39

cocoatzin and the Cuauhtitlan nobles and princes: then they were given
permission to come settle in their home town, Toltitlan. And they were all
admonished that if they ever rose up against the Cuauhtitlan nation again,
they would not be pitied, etc. And with that, they went off to be settled
in Toltitlan.
48:45 And then the ruler Tecocoatzin apportioned laborers to the Toltitlancal-
que so that they could divert the river at a place called Tepolnexco. They
went and diverted it with logs. The timbers filled the streambed standing
upright, not crosswise, following the course of the stream, filling it up.
And so finally the stream that had turned was closed off and relocated.
Thus the river today passes into Citlaltepec.
48:51 In the year 6 House the Cuauhtitlan ruler Tecocoatzin died, having
ruled for only four years. Cuauhtla-Huexocalco is where he ruled.#°°
7 Rabbit [1434]. In that year the people were seven-rabbited: there was
famine.*5!
49:1 And in that same year the Cuauhtitlan ruler called Ayactlacatzin, or
Xaquin Teuctli, was inaugurated, and he ruled in Cuauhtla-Huexocalco.
How he was born and why he was named Ayactlacatl has been told
above.#52
49:4 The year 7 Rabbit was when Itzcoatzin of Tenochtitlan again declared
war on the Cuitlahuaca. He called out the Tetzcoca, and for two years he
just waited for these Tetzcoca, who were not turning up.*** And when
many a Mexicatl had already died, the Tetzcoca set out and came along to
Mexico, at which time Tezozomoctzin was ruler of Cuitlahuac—which
had the same ear-stream insignia. The ear streams of the Cuitlahuaca and
the Tetzcoca were exactly alike.*%+
49:12 8 Reed [1435]. In that year there was an influx of Cuitlahuaca who
wished to be counted as Mexica.%°5
49: 14 In the year 8 Reed, moreover, the river was finally diverted, so that it
passed into Citlaltepec.**° The water course, or waterway, was completely
reclaimed.*°7 It was seven years before the waterway was all good again
and the settlements were dried out. Today where the waterway had been #58
is called Aitictli [In Waters’ Midst]. Now it is milpa.

350. The name Ayactlacatzin, evidently an old marginal gloss, has been copied into the
text at this juncture. It belongs with line 49:2.
351. Cf. 9:3 above.
352. 30:5.
353. GLOS: tlatzto:te, NED: quetza:mo 3-5.
354. GLOS: ananacaztli (flowing plumagelike ear decorations), namiqui:mo.
355. Lit., In that year Cuitlahuaca came entering in order to be regarded as those who
are counted as Mexica. GLOS: toca:mo.
356. In the text this statement is preceded by the disconnected word atl (water), no
doubt an old gloss. Cf. 48:53.
357. For omocenyectillin read ommocenyectili or ommocenyectilia.
358. For ycaca read ycacan.

103
 The reign ofMoteuczomatzin the elder: A.D. 1440-68

49:19 The year 8 Reed was when those who are today called Xaltocameca were
formed into a settlement: Acolman people, Colhuaque, Tenochca, and
Otomi. Just a mixture of people. But a dynasty was not established until
the Spaniards got there.%°?
49
:22 By this time [8 Reed] the [old] dynasty was completely lost, because
the Xaltocameca had been destroyed. It was the Cuauhtitlancalque who
had conquered them, and as a result they had emigrated to Metztitlan and
Tlaxcallan. And when the Xaltocameca had been destroyed, Xaltocan was
deserted and no one lived there for thirty-one years. Well, they had finally
been pushed back to just Tecanman, for it was there that the Xaltocameca
had been destroyed, etc.*°°
49 : 29 The year 8 Reed was also when the Tenochca and the Tlatilolca came to
survey the Mexica lands in Toltepec and Tepeyacac.**! Also they surveyed
what were called the Tlatilolca waters in Cuachilco, which had a boundary
in common with Tlachcuicalco and Tozquenitlal.
49 : 34 In that year, on Xochilhuitl, on [a day] 7 Flower, a place for dancing
was set up; *? and the Ecatepeca went to Itzcoatzin to ask for protection,
explaining that the Cuauhtitlancalque, having taken up arms, wanted them
[as sacrificial victims ].*°?
49 : 36 Itzcoatzin granted their request and sent eighty recruits to come stand
guard, etc., and it was along the Lime Road that they came to watch for
Cuauhtitlancalque.
49
:39 9 Flint.
10 House [1437]. This was the year the war spread, the war of the
Mexica: it reached Chalco Atenco [and] Tlacochcalco. It took forty-three
years for the Chalca War to reach those parts.
49 : 42 1] Rabbit. 12 Reed.

[The reign of Moteuczomatzin the elder:

A.D. 1440-68]
13 Flint [1440]. This was the year the Tenochtitlan ruler Itzcoatzin
died. Then the elder Moteuczomatzin, Ilhuicaminatzin, was inaugurated
as ruler of Tenochtitlan.
49 : 46 And in this same year, eleven years after the death of the Colhuacan
ruler called Acoltzin, Xilomantzin was inaugurated as ruler of Colhuacan.

359. Lit., until the Spaniards got to it [the settlement] when they came [to America].
360. The events are set forth in lines 20:45—21:8 and 28:47—53 above.
361. These are evidently the confiscated Chichimec lands (see 26: 24—36 above).
362. The extraneous “7 dias” (7 days) appearing in the text at this point is probably
another old gloss (cf. 48:53 and 49: 13 above).
363. Cuauhtitlan’s plans for a Xochilhuitl celebration are mentioned above in lines
21:39—40.

104
 The reign ofMoteuczomatzin the elder: A.D. 1440-68

It was at the end of the year 13 Flint that he was inaugurated.

49
:50 1 House [1441]. In that year Cuitlahuaca were engaged in combat,
making war on one another: the Atenchicalque were just feuding among
themselves, attacking one another. At this time Acolmiztli was ruler there.
On a day 4 Dog, while the war in Chalco was going on, it happened that
Tizica Cuitlahuaca went off to join the battle. This was when Tezozomoc-
tli was ruler. So%*# the Atenchicalcatl observed him and said, “Ah, the
Tizicatl has gone off to join the battle in Chalco. When he comes back, I
will have conquered his women and children.” Then Acolmiztli began his
siege. He made war, attacking the Tizica, who were only children and old
people.
50:3 Well, when the Tizica, who had gone to battle in Chalco, came back,
Atenchicalque had moved into their territory and settled down.
50:4 Then Tezozomoctli sent messengers to Atenchicalcan, saying, “Ask
Acolmizth why he would treacherously ruin me like this. Consequently we
can offer ourselves in five days. Let him put on his regalia, for I, the Tizi-
catl, adorn myself.”
50:8 So the message was brought to the Atenchicalque. But then, two days
later, the Atenchicalque were attacked during the night, and on the morn-
ing of 6 Grass they withdrew to Itztapalapan—old women, old men, chil-
dren, and young men. There they spent the next day, 7 Reed.
50
:13 Then they went to inform Moteuczomatzin the elder, telling him that
they had left their country. It was a certain Cuauhtlatoa who gave the
information, saying, “Esteemed child, O ruler, our neighbor the Tizicatl
has conquered us. Today is the second day that your subjects have stayed
in Itztapalapan. My esteemed child, today they have run out of their ac-
customed food,?* for in their haste they left behind all their corn. And are
you going to abandon them now? Here we are, the Atenchicalque, and we
give our nation to you.”
50
:22 Then Moteuczomatzin called for his sons: to begin with, Citlalcoatzin,
the tlacochcalcatl, also Iquehuacatzin, the tlacateccatl. And he said to them,
“Come, you lords, you princes. Here is an Atenchicalcatl giving us his
nation. Now, if we were to tell Acolhuacan about this, we would get little
of it indeed. So let it be just for us Mexica, together with the Tlatilolca,
as well as our Four Lords: Mexicatzinco, Colhuacan, Itztapalapan, [and
Huitzilopochco].*°° Let us go by ourselves to lead the Atenchicalque back
to their homeland.”

364. For i¢a read ica.

365. Lit., Today is the second day that your subject has stayed in Itztapalapan; my es-
teemed child, today what he usually eats is indeed no longer anything. For caoctley read ca
aoctley.
366. The Four Lords are thus listed in FC bk. 12, ch. 14 (nauhtecutli). See also lines
63 :51—52 below.

Teys
 The reign ofMoteuczomatzin the elder: AD. 1440-68

BO": The day of this conference was 8 Jaguar, and it was on the day 9 Eagle
that the Atenchicalque reentered their homeland, at which time they went
and burned the temple of the Cuitlahuaca, which was a house of the devil
Mixcoatl. And on this occasion Yaocuixtli of Mexicatzinco was the first to
rush to the top of the Mixcoatl, seizing the ashes of Itzpapalotl—what was
called the bundle, etc. [The ashes] were contained in two [lengths of]
quetzal bamboo.**”
Bars 37 Then Tenochtitlan’s Citlalcoatzin and Iquehuatzin and Axicyotzin and
Tenamaztzin spoke to Tezozomoctli: “O Tezozomoctzin,” they said, “Mix-
coatl the younger ** was burned, for you failed to pick up your shield and
arrows. Now, there’s this: Where did you put Mixcoatl?#°° We must take
him away. Give him to us.”
D0) 43 But Tezozomoctli, ruler of Tizic, said, “If I gave up Mixcoatl, what
would befall my children in times yet to come?”
S08 45 Therefore they arranged for an image of the devil Teuhcatl to be
brought forth. This was a god of Tizic, kept there ina place called Tepix-
tloco. And this is what the Mexica brought back with them. It was this
that stayed in Tenochtitlan, at the place known as Mixcoatepec. It was not
really the image of the so-called Camaxtle Mixcoatl. It was just the one
named Teohcatl [sic]. It had the same costume as Mixcoatl, and this is
what the Mexica took it for, thinking it was he. Thus the Mexica were
deceived. This happened 104 years ago.
EVER 1 House [1441] is when the people of Oztoticpac were defeated, at
which time Cuetzpalli was ruler there. Those who defeated them were
the Huexotzinca, when Tenocelotl was ruler in Huexotzinco, and also the
Tepeyacahuaque, when Chiauhcoatl was ruler in Tepeyacac.
pile 2 Rabbit.
3 Reed [1443]. The Chalco ruler Caltzin Teuctli, or Temiztzin, died at
this time. Then Tlaltzin Teuctli was inaugurated, and he ruled for twenty-
four years.
Ss And this was when the Xaltocameca came and sat before Ayactlacatzin
so that laborers could be apportioned to the Mexica—they were to per-
form labor, etc.

367. Lit., Two were the quetzal bamboos by means of which they were contained. Within
the sacred bundle of Huexotzinco, by contrast, the ashes of the god Camaxtle were contained
in a single length of bamboo (“dentro de un cofrecillo de palo hallaron . . . las cenizas”
[Munoz Camargo, Historia bk. 2, ch. 8]). On the origin of the Itzpapalotl bundle, with its
ashes, see lines 1: 15—21 above; in lines 80: 10—19 below, the bundle is said to have con-
tained a flint. Compare the ash-bundle phantom mentioned in line 81:51 below (described
in FC bk. 5, ch. 12).
368. The White Mixcoatl. See 1: 14 above.
369. The statue is meant. In the preceding lines “Mixcoatl,” or “Mixcoatl the younger,”
evidently refers to the temple.
 The reign ofMoteuczomatzin the elder: A.D. 1440-68

4 Flint. 5 House.
6 Rabbit [1446]. This was when Xilomantzin3” of Colhuacan made
land arrangements.*7!
wd2 7 Reed.3” 8 Flint. 9 House. 10 Rabbit.
ous 11 Reed [1451]. In this year snow fell knee deep. It fell for five days.
as 12 Flint.” 13 House.
1 Rabbit [1454]. At this time the people were one-rabbited,?”* while
the Chalca War was being fought at Cuauhtenampan; and so it came to an
end, because no one was being attacked anymore. And for three years
there was hunger. The corn had stopped growing.
:20 And the year 1 Rabbit was also when Nezahualcoyotzin planned where
his temple would be in Tetzcotzinco. He came and took up residence in
order to consider it, and when he had looked upon it carefully, he began
the temple. It was finished in thirteen years, built to the top in the year
1 Reed—where a report of it will be set forth.?”6
£26 2 Reed [1455]. At this time?”* Nezahualcoyotzin laid the foundation
for his temple. Also, a year-bundle feast was celebrated. And in this second
year of hunger, the famine became much worse.
51 peo 3 Flint [1456]. At this time it happened that amaranth was just all that
was being eaten. People were dying. This was the third year of the famine.
Painted [in the picture writing] are [what look] like people being eaten by
vultures and coyotes.
nae 4 House.
5 Rabbit [1458]. In this year the elder Moteuczomatzin declared war,
and consequently all went to Coaixtlahuacan to fight the battles and make
the conquests. At this time the great ruler Atonal was ruling there, occu-
pying himself with tribute collection from everywhere in the coastlands.
eas Now, it is said that this Atonal was a remaining descendant of the Tol-
tecs who had lived in Toltitlan Tamazolac,?”” from which place they had
set out at the time of the Toltec migration, when they had been disbanded.
370. Lehmann convincingly argues that the original manuscript must have had Xilo-
Matzjn, which appeared to the copyist as XVMotzjn (the lost ‘o’ masquerading as a calli-
graphic flourish), leading him to write xomotzin. We know from lines 49:47 and 57:2 that
Xilomantzin was ruler of Colhuacan at this time.
371. An obscure statement. Word for word the reading is “This was when X of Colhuacan
arranged [or established] things for their land.” GLOS: tlalia:tla 3.
372. Marginal gloss: In 7 Reed on the 2d of January, Granada was won, and the Jews
left Castile by way of Sagunto. [The retaking of Granada from the Moors and the expulsion
of the Jews occurred in 1492, not 1447 as implied here.]
373. Marginal gloss: In 12 Flint the great Turk, Mohammed, took Constantinople, and
the Emperor Frederick died. [In fact Constantinople fell in 1453; Frederick died in 1493.]
374. L.e., there was famine in a year 1 Rabbit. Cf. 9:3 and 48:54 above.
375. See 53:44 below.
376. For the untranslated yancuican see GLOS.
377. See 10:40—43 above.

107
 The reign ofMoteuczomatzin the elder: A.D. 1440-68

51 : 40 And it is said that when Atonal met his death,378 his wife was fetched.
She was very large. They took her back to Mexico Tenochtitlan. And the
ruler Moteuczoma wanted to go to her and cohabit with her. She simply
fainted. Well, he did not cohabit with her.
SL's And it is said that between this?” woman’s legs there was polished jade
on her private parts, etc.
51 : 46 Then the ruler, the elder Moteuczoma, sent her back to gather in the
tribute goods from all over. She became a kind of female tribute collector.
By this time the city of Coaixtlahuacan had been captured. Then for the
first time gold, quetzal plumes, rubber, cacao, and other wealth began
coming in; then the Mexica began to feel cheered, thanks to the tribute
oods.
52 ‘ The year 5 Rabbit is when those who were defeated by the Tepeyacac
people emigrated to Matlatzinco. It was when Chiauhcoatl was ruler of
Tepeyacac, and the Cuauhtinchan rulers were Xochicozcatl, Tlazolteotl,
Tecanmecatl, and Yaopan.%®°
52 6 Reed.
7 Flint [1460]. In that year?*! the elder Moteuczomatzin, ruler of
Mexico, installed Quinatzin in Tepotzotlan; and so began the Tepotzotlan
dynasty. Here there was no official determination on the part of the
Cuauhtitlan ruler, Ayactlacatzin.*®
52 aL0 8 House [1461]. All went to battle, all went to make conquests in Atez-
cahuacan. And Huitzilteuhcatzin of Colhuacan died at this time.
525 9 Rabbit [1462]. At the end of the year, as yet only secretly, Chalca
were coming to offer themselves, that they might join ranks with Mexico.
5255 10 Reed [1463]. In that year Chalca came before the elder Moteuczo-
matzin, ruler of Mexico, to notify him and let him hear that they would
be going in with Mexico. Those who came were: first, Necuametl, and
second, Tepoztli the elder. And, secondly, they went before Nezahualcoyo-
tzin, ruler of Tetzcoco. Thus they went to give their report in both places,
as if to test [the intentions of] those who had surrounded their country,
Chalco.
52 BIR They came to the rulers Moteuczomatzin and Nezahualcoyotzin, saying,
“Esteemed child, O lord,*? ruler, now Chalco and the war are through.

378. Because he refused to serve Moteuczoma. See lines 66:45—50 below.

379. For inic cibuatl read ini ¢ihuatl.
380. The parallel passage in HTCH (fol. 44v [Ms. 54—58, side 45]) makes it clear that
the emigrants to Matlatzinco were the Cuauhtinchan people, following their defeat by Chi-
auhcoatl of Tepeyacac.
381. For the untranslated yancuican see GLOS.
382. This matter regarding Tepotzotlan, which was within Cuauhtitlan’s purview, had
already been arranged by Quinatzin’s father. See lines 14:53—15:13 above.
383. Read totecue. GLOS: teuctli.

108
 The reign ofMoteuczomatzin the elder: A.D. 1440-68

Assign us a kingdom. What does your heart require? *** The war is
through, and with it the realm.” 385
Moteuczomatzin replied, “The boundaries should be just at Cocotitlan
and Nepopohualco and Oztoticpac. So at last you have come to your
senses? Indeed the realm is through. Now all you have to do is fetch the
people.” 386
And Nezahualcoyotzin told them, “What you have said is good. Now,
go. Go round up the people. Let the vassals be gathered in. Don’t let them
go with Huexotzinco.”
b2 : 36 Then he asked a question, saying, “Is the elder Tepoz pili?”3°”
p2 : 37 “No,” replied the elder Tepoz, “I am not pili. Necuametl is pili.” Then
in accordance with a command of Moteuczomatzin, he said, “Let Necua-
metl be dispatched as the emissary.”
Well, it was when Moteuczomatzin had already given them their orders
that Nezahualcoyotzin said, “Already the king has told you, ‘You’ve come
to your senses? Indeed it is through.’ Now round up the vassals.”
And when Moteuczomatzin presented them with gifts,3*° what he gave
were:

plume tassels **°

a neckpiece, a jade necklace, for each one
eagle tail feathers for each one
gold armbands for each one
52 : 47 a gold-skin collar**° for each one
52 : 48 gold legbands for each one
a load of twenty tilmas

And Nezahualcoyotzin, ruler of Tetzcoco, gave them:

gold earplugs for each one

gold armbands for each one
a gold-skin collar for each one
two loads of twenty tilmas each
384. NED: qu-en 6.
385. Read ca ye onnalquiga as in line 52: 26.
386. GLOS: ana:tla, zan oc.
387. Pilli means prince, or member of the noble class.
388. Gifts of obligation? See note to line 41:3 above.
389. The quetzallalpiloni consisted of “dos borlas hechas de plumas ricas, guarnecidas con
oro muy curiosas . . . atadas a los cabellos, de la coronjlla de la cabeca q colgauan hasta el
pescueco, por la parte de las sienes” (CF bk. 8, ch. 9). Cf. NED: tlalpil-oni.
390. I.e., a broad, thin ornament of beaten gold, worn around the neck (CF bk. 9,
chen S):

109
 The reign ofMoteuczomatzin the elder: A.D. 1440-68

DO. Then Necuametl and Tepoztli the elder went back to Chalco.
Dose 11 Flint [1464]. The son of Tetzcoco’s Nezahualcoyotzin, called Neza-
hualpiltzintli, was born at this time. And this was also when the young
corn plants were blown away by the wind, and trees were uprooted.
Sole 12 House [1465]. It was in this year that the Chalca actually joined
ranks [with Mexico]. At this time it came about that the Chalco ruler
Tlaltzin Teuctli died. Upon his death no one was made ruler. And it was
after he had died that the war cooled off, and shields and arrows were
laid aside. It was in Amaquemecan that the war [finally] cooled. This
was when military rule began in Chalco. For twenty-one years there was
military rule.
535 And as for their tribute goods, they delivered them**! to the place called
Tlaltecahuacan. Xocuetzin, who went to [assume] his seat at Tlailotlacan,
and Cuauhtzipitl were assigned the vassals, etc.
O35 The war now shifted: it was carried to Huexotzinco.
53): Some say that Tetzcoco’s Nezahualpilli was born at this time.
53): And the year 12 House was when conquests were made at Huehuetlan.
535 And in this same year, in Tenochtitlan Mexico, a communal task force
was put together in order to begin building the Chapoltepec aqueduct
leading into Tenochtitlan.
535 Now, the ruler of Tenochtitlan at this time was the elder Moteuczoma-
tzin. But it was the ruler of Tetzcoco, Nezahualcoyotzin, who spoke in
favor of the aqueduct.
53 i£4 13 Rabbit [1467]. In that year Nezahualcoyotzin went and guided the
water, so that it flowed for the first time into Tenochtitlan. And they came
and quickened it with Tepeyacahuaque, sacrificing them to the water.39?
[Up until] then, people were still going to Chapoltepec to draw water.
Soe Well, this was the time—this was the year—that the Tepeyacahuaque
were conquered. It was when Chiauhcoatl was ruler of Tepeyacac. And
the one who conquered them was Axayacatzin, before he was ruler [of
Mexico].
535 In Coatepec, Quetzaltototl was military chief; in Tecalco the ruler was
Mozauhqui; and in Cuauhtinchan, Xochicozcatl was ruling when they
were defeated at Tepeyacac and at all the [other] places just named.
535 1 Reed. It was in the year 1 Reed that Nezahualcoyotzin’s temple was
built to the top.*?? And when it was topped, he went to implore the elder
Moteuczomatzin to grant some Tzompanca, some Xilotzinca, and some
Citlaltepeca. These he requested [as sacrificial victims] for his dedication
391. For concaquia read concalaquia. Cf. 37:47, 39:36, 41:20.
392. Lit., And they came and increased it by means of Tepeyacahuaque, who: came and
died before the water.
393. Construction of the temple is briefly discussed in lines 51:20—27 above.

LLO
 The reign ofMoteuczomatzin the elder: A.D. 1440-68

ceremony.** And the Tenochtitlan ruler was obliging. He granted them, etc.
Then word was brought to the Cuauhtitlan ruler—Moteuczomatzin
sent the messenger—and in this way he was informed that Tzompanca
were to be placed under guard. Cuauhtitlancalque were to perform the
task in Toltitlan, in Cuitlachtepec, etc.3* This was being done as a favor
by the ruler of Tenochtitlan.
And it became true. The Tzompanca were placed under guard. At the
time, Teyahualoatzin was governing there.
54:9 And in Xilotzinco, it was when Pantli was ruling.
54:10 And when Nezahualcoyotzin had issued the call to arms, and the Tetz-
coca Acolhuaque had come forth to make war, children and young women
appeared who had climbed to the top of Citlaltepet! [Hill of the Star] and
had taken it upon themselves to be eagles and jaguars ** in order to fight
the war.
This is how it was done: they had everybody backpack all the prickly
pears and magueys in that place, and they put them on their shields as
emblems, cleverly tying them onto the wood.*”” They were formidable.
And during the night they liberated *** the Tzompanca and the Xilotzinca.
When morning came, the Acolhuaque had been turned back??? and
were in the water at Citlaltepec.*°° They were attacked, then routed. And
the Tzompanca and the Xilotzinca went out to engage them, chased after
them, and caught them ina rabbit ravine. Seeing this, many of the Acol-
huaque were terrified, for the ravine was on fire, and the flames were rising
toward them.
At last the Acolhuaque were destroyed. Corpses filled the rabbit ravine,
and in fact the brave warriors*! of the Acolhuaque were finished off.
By this time all the Totonaque and Cuexteca had come along, wearing
no breechcloths, exposing their crotches.*? They had come to make war
in Tzompanco, where at first they displayed the egret banner that guided
them and served as their sign. [But] finally they were chased away.

394. Lit., Tzompanca, Xilotzinca, Citlaltepeca, whom he went to request, by means of

whom [as sacrificial victims] he would ceremonially dedicate something. For ica read inca.
395. GLOS: chihua:mo, tequipan.
396. Warriors.
397. Lit., the wood of them, i.e., the wood of the shields.
398. Lit., took them from people [who were guarding them]. Cf. 54:4—9 above.
399. In place of “had been turned back,” Lehmann and Velazquez give “had strayed off
course.” See GLOS: ixcuepa:mo.
400. Forcing the enemy into water was a favorite tactic (see MEX 58; FC 12:83:25,
12:87:30, 12:117—18; CM fols. 6v:29 and 54v:7). For another “morning after” battle
scene, see lines 50:9—13 above.
401. Cf. vei tiacauh cenca oquichtli (a great warrior, a very brave one) (FC 12:87:25).
402. Nothing unusual for Cuexteca, whose nudity was proverbial (see FC bk. 3,
chs. 5—6; bk. 10, ch. 29, sec. entitled “Cuexteca”).

III
 The reign ofAxayacatzin: A.D. 1469-80

The war cooled off in Otompan and Papahuacan.

54: By that time eagle lands*? had been created, and the lands’ boundaries
had been marked off at Tizayocan. Indeed, Tizayocan is where the eagle
lands were. Today they are Acolhuacan lands. The place used to be an
established battleground. Indeed, it is still there, covered with vegeta-
tion.4* Cuauhtitlan, Toltitlan, and Cuitlachtepec were the ones who got
the eagle lands, etc.
: 40 This was the year the Chalca dedicated their temple. They came to
notify Moteuczomatzin, saying, “O esteemed child, let the Tlacochcalca
come back and dedicate the pyramid they left so hurriedly.”
243 And the elder Moteuczomatzin said, “So be it. It is well. Let it be done.”

[The reign of Axayacatzin: A.D. 1469-80]

146 2 Flint.
3 House [1469]. In that year the elder Moteuczomatzin died. It was
when the above-mentioned year 2 Flint had drawn to a close. He had ruled
for twenty-nine years.
Then, during that [year], Axayacatzin was inaugurated as ruler. And it
was he who conquered the Tlatlauhquitepeca.
Also in that year Cuappotonqui, who became ruler of Teopancalcan,
was born in Cuitlahuac.
4 Rabbit [1470]. All went to war in Cuaxoxocan.
5 Reed [1471]. In that year eagle lands*#° were marked off in Matla-
tzinco. Those who governed, who went to take charge, were Cuauhtitlan-
calque [from] Tequixquinahuac [and] Chalmecapan, [as well as] Nepantla’s
Tziuhcoatl [and] Atempan’s Tepecomecatl.*°
55311 6 Flint [1472]. This was the second year that lands were marked off in
Matlatzinco. Also, Nezahualcoyotzin of Tetzcoco died at this time. Then
Nezahualpiltzintli was inaugurated as Tetzcoco’s ruler. And in this same
year Cuappotonqui was inaugurated as ruler of Cuitlahuac Teopancalcan.*°”
Dae. 7 House [1473]. In this year the Tenochca and the Tlatilolca fought
each other. It was when Axayacatzin was ruler. And at this time Moqui-
huixtli was ruling in Tlatilolco. The story of it is here set forth:
403. Lands reserved for battle? GLOS: ?cuauhtlalli.
404. Cf. 24:29 (“their temple and their city sprouted grass”). GLOS: xoxotitimani.
405. GLOS: ?cuauhtlalli.
406. Representing the four boroughs of Cuauhtitlan. See lines 29: 31—38 and 43:43—
48 above.
407. According to lines 55: 3—5, Cuappotonqui had been born three years earlier.
 The reign of Axayacatzin: A.D. 1469-80

When there was no war [as yet], Moquihuixtli was doing many bad
things with women.
wer At this time the daughter of the Tenochtitlan ruler Axayacatzin was
Moquihuixtli’s wife. And this lady was telling Tenochtitlan everything. All
Moquihuix’s secret war talk she was passing on to Axayacatzin.
226 Well, at this time Moquihuixtli was scandalizing the people in many
ways. He was fattening all his women until they were huge.*°* And as for
the lady who was Axayacatzin’s daughter, he would thrust his forearm into
her crotch and feel inside her body.
che Now, it is told that this lady’s vulva spoke out and said to him, “Why
are you grieving, Moquihuix? Why have you left the city?4? There can be
no future, there can be no dawn.”*!°
poe And then, it had come about that he had settled his concubines*!! inside
the palace.
go) And, to give himself pleasure, he would bathe the concubines with a
slippery [pad of] nopal.*”
: 36 Well, he would undress his women, so that they could be rubbed with
oil,*!3 and he cohabited with each one. Etc.
£38 When many scandalous things had occurred, Moquihuixtli sent a mes-
senger*! to Cuauhtitlan to solicit aid. He petitioned the ruler Ayactlaca-
tzin, who refused the request.
Now then, the Tenochtitlan ruler, Axayacatzin, also sent a messenger
petitioning*!® the ruler Ayactlacatzin for aid, and he granted the request,
saying, “The king must not worry. It will come true. It will be done as the
king asks, for he prays*!° to our gods as well as his own gods.”
:48 Then the Tlatilolco ruler Moquihuix issued an order, saying, “If I, the
Tlatilolcatl, am not conquered, then you will pillage the Cuauhtitlan-

408. Compare the sensuality of Huemac and the temptation of Moteuczomatzin (see
lines 8:45—55 and 51:40—44 above). In a variant of the story at hand, Moquihuixtli
slighted his wife who was Axayacatzin’s daughter because “she was just a thin little thing, she
was not fleshy” (zan pitzactzintlh catca amo nacayo) (MEX 117).
409. Not an observation but a prophecy, foretelling the downfall of Tlatilolco. Compare
the variant passages in TEZ ch. 63 and DHIST ch. 43.
410. Durdn’s variant has the lady’s privates saying, “What will have become of me by this
time tomorrow?” (Qué sera de mi manana aestas horas?) (DHIST ch. 63, parag. 20).
411. Lit., his mounds, or mounds of Venus, i.e., women as sex objects. GLOS: tepetl.
412. In the more decorous Cronica mexicana version the queen’s servants bathe her in a
tub, and it is while she is in the bath that the prophecy issues from her natura (private parts)
(TEZ ch. 63).
413. Lit., Well, he would undress his women, so that the women would come be rubbed
with oil (-ox-) on their torsos (-tlac-).
414. For huallayhuan read huallayhua, as in line 55:42.
415. Read quthuallatlauhti.
416. Read quinhuallatlauhtia.

113
 The reign ofAxayacatzin: A.D. 1469-80

calque.” He made his promise to Tollan, Apazco, Xilotepec, Chiapan, and

Cuahuacan, saying, “When we have defeated our enemy, the Tenochcatl,
I will give you the city of Cuauhtitlan. All you have to do is surround it.
And as soon as I have destroyed the Tenochcatl, you will pillage the
Cuauhtitlancalque.”
5G: _ And so it was done. The Otomi got together and assembled on the
heights of Macuexhuacan in order to pillage the city of Cuauhtitlan. All
the nations mentioned above came to settle in, placing the city under ob-
servation, etc.
BOE And then the king, the ruler Axayacatzin, charged and commissioned
those who were to aid the city of Tenochtitlan.
SON ll Then people were mustered from the four quarters of Cuauhtitlan
town,*”” the fighters, the great marksmen, the strong warriors who were
to go off in squadrons of forty each to aid the city of Tenochtitlan.
56: 15 So it became true. It happened. It was for this that the people were
mustered, and they jointly resolved to take to the road.*#!8
56: They entered by night, going in by way of Chapoltepec Atlixyocan.
Unsheathed#!? were the arrows, the bows of these Chichimecs. Etc.
567 When they arrived, the campaign was already in progress: the Tenochca
had gone to capture Tezoncaltitlan.
56 : 20 Since the battle was begun, they set out to join in.*#?° [But] when
the Cuauhtitlancalque were noticed, Axayacatzin was skeptical. He did
not think they were real warriors. As he looked them over, he grew
discontent, etc.
56 eZO) After that, the Cuauhtitlancalque were adorned: they were given insig-
nia, and in this way they were arrayed as Mixcoatl.#! Also, they were given
food and drink at the apetlatl,? in the courtyard of the Devil.
56: 27 Well, then the war got started. It took place during Tecuilhuitontli
[June or July], and it was on a day 5 Rain that the Tlatilolca were
destroyed.
417. Lit., Then people were mustered [as to] the way that Cuauhtitlan town is in four
places. Cf. 46:43 above.
418. For atatacoz, Lehmann sees otatacoz, which, in my view, is not translatable. It seems
preferable to read this as an error for otlatocoz (people would take to the road). If the text is
allowed to stand, the translation would be “The reason the people were mustered is that a
joint decision was made to excavate the stream.” See GLOS: atataca, and cf. 48:24—25
above.
419. For petlaticayaya read petlauhticaya.
420. Lit., They went for the purpose of coming along, since begun was the battle.
421. Cf. 25:47 above.
422. Also known as ilaquaian vitzilobuchtli (Huitzilopochtli’s dining place), the apetlatl
was a low platform at the base of the great pyramid, where victims were assembled for
sacrifice (CF bk. 9, ch. 14; see also FC 2:107:29, FC 2: 128: 22). The custom of feeding
warriors a soup made from the victims’ dried blood, to give courage, is described in TORQ
bki2, ch..58> p. 177.

I14
 The reign ofAxayacatzin: A.D. 1469-80

At length, after the war had begun, the Cuauhtitlancalque, two by two,
were put into canoes, and they were being rowed. And along the way
some of them were fighting and skirmishing as they traveled. They just
kept on without stopping. Nothing hindered them. The way they started
out is that they shot first into the air, then toward the ground. It was all
finished in the east. Etc.
When the war was through, some of the Cuauhtitlancalque just came
straight home. As they were setting out, what they snatched was perhaps
a tilma or astick of kindling.#
But it also happened that many of the men became crazed. After the
war they acted as though they did not know their own kinsmen, etc.
And it is said that while the war between Mexico Tenochtitlan and Tla-
tilolco was in progress, the Devil played a trick on the Otomi who had
surrounded the city of Cuauhtitlan. An arrow fell in their midst, and they
heard the rattle of shields and people ululating. And with that, the Otomi
scattered, etc.
The year 7 House is also the time when Colhuacan’s ruler Xilomantzin
met his death. Axayacatzin indicted him.4?4
When he was dead, Maxihuitzin, or Malihuitzin,*?° the son of Chimal-
popocatzin, was inaugurated, and he went off to rule in Colhuacan.
Now, at the time of Xilomantzin’s death there were forty tribute collec-
tors. Then Axayacatzin fetched them home.
And as for this Malihuitzin, he ruled for only sixty-four days. Then
Tlatolcaltzin was inaugurated as Colhuacan’s ruler.
57 : 10 8 Rabbit [1474]. At this time there was supposed to have been a war in
Huexotla. This was also the time when the Matlatzinca dispersed.
af
:12 9 Reed.
10 Flint [1476]. Here there were conquests in Ocuillan. The Cuauh-
nahuaca were defeated.*”° Also, there was an eclipse of the sun.
57
:14 11 House [1477]. Here the Poctepeca were defeated.
This was also when Huexotzinca came to stay. Toltecatzin was Chiauh-
tzinco’s ruler at this time, and he came before the ruler of Tenochtitlan,
Axayacatzin. And what Toltecatzin brought with him were two of his
wives. *?7

423. Lit., The manner in which they departed hitherward is that what they snatched was
perhaps a tilma ora stick.
424. Xilomantzin was executed for conspiring with Moquihuix of Tlatilolco (TORQ bk.
2, ch. 58, p. 177: Cacique de Culhuacan ... and p. 180: mataron a Xiloman . . . ; see also
IXT and MEX).
425. An alternate name is given in the same manner in line 49:2 (cf. 30:6).
426. Lit., They [impersonal] defeated the Cuauhnahuaca. See GN sec. 4.2.
427. Evidently the wives are a “greeting gift.” For other such gifts see 13:31, 21:5(?),
28:28, 44:2.

1s
 The reign of Tizocicatzin: A.D. 1481-85

57am Well, the reason they had emigrated to Mexico is that a war had been
stirred up in Huexotzinco. It was all because of an effort to move the
image of Mixcoatl to Chiauhtzinco, and there was no [pyramid] temple
there; all they had was a calpulli temple. So this is why they had come to
Mexico.*8
o7*s 22 Now, when they were living in Mexico, the wives were ensconced in the
kitchen quarters. And after a while, on command of the ruler Axayacatzin,
the wives just*?? cooked for him and fed him,** etc.
oF 26 12 Rabbit [1478]. This is when Matlatzinco, by a joint decision, was
decimated: the ruler Axayacatzin conquered them at Xiquipilco. At this
time Axayacatzin took captives there.
7%: 29 13 Reed [1479]. In that year Cuitlahuaca went to Tliliuhquitepec and
met their death. And also, when Ixtotomahuatzin of Teopancalcan died, a
son of Camaxtle named Calixto was inaugurated; he ruled for only eighty
days, then Don Mateo Ixtliltzin was inaugurated.
D7 1 Flint [1480]. This was when Tlazolyaotzin of Huexotla died. Then
Cuitlahuatzin was inaugurated as ruler.

[The reign of Tizocicatzin: A.D. 1481-85]

S7 +36 2 House [1481] was when the ruler Axayacatzin died. Then Tizocica-
tzin was inaugurated as ruler of Tenochtitlan. Also, there was an eclipse of
the sun.
57 noo 3 Rabbit [1482]. At this time the Colhuacan ruler called Tlatolcaltzin
died. Then his son, called Tezozomoctli, was inaugurated as ruler of
Colhuacan.
o7 © 42 4 Reed [1483]. At this time, in Tenochtitlan, the foundation was laid
for the house of the devil Huitzilopochtli, started by the ruler Tizocicatzin.
of This was also when Cuauhnahuaca met their death. They had been try-
428. According to Torquemada, Toltecatl and his followers were driven out by a band of
dissolute priests, who scandalized the town and made war on the people with the aid of the
god Camaxtle (TORQ bk. 2, ch. 66, p. 191). As stated in the Annals of Tlatilolco, “In the
year 7 Reed [1498] the Huexotzinca began to be dissolute; the ruler Toltecatzin set out from
Chiauhtzinco; this Toltecatzin came to live here in Mexico” (chicomaca[tl] xuutl yquac peuh
motlacgolteuuia uexotzinca chiauhtzinco peuh Toltecatzin tlatoant y toltecatzi mexico nica nemico)
(UAH sec. 282; cf. HICH sec. 403).
429. The “just” is significant. We have seen what happens to rulers who succumb to
sensuality (lines 8: 39—56, 55: 19—30) and how Moteuczomatzin the elder was spared by a
lady’s fainting spell (lines 51:40—44). Compare Axayacatzin’s restraint with the rash behay-
ior of Moteuczomatzin the younger, who, on the eve of the Spanish Conquest, takes a Hue-
xotzinca woman by force (line 63 :28 below).
430. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.

116
 The reign ofAhuitzotzin: A.D. 1486-1502

ing to conquer the Huexotzinca, who went and adorned them [as sacrifi-
cial victims] in Atlixco.
57 : 46 And also at this time the Cuitlahuac ruler Tezozomoctli died. Then
Xochiololtzin was inaugurated as ruler of Cuitlahuac Tizic.
0/7 : 49 5 Flint [1484]. Chiapan was captured.
57 : 50 6 House [1485]. This is when Cuappopocatzin of Coatlichan died.
Then Xaquintzin was inaugurated.

[The reign of Ahuitzotzin: A.D. 1486—1502]

B/ 252 7 Rabbit [1486]. It was during this year that Tizocicatzin died. Then
Ahuitzotzin was inaugurated, and he ruled in Tenochtitlan.
It was the year the Cozcacuauhtenanca were defeated. This was also
when the Tlappaneca, the Tziuhcoaca, and the people of Mictlancuauhtla
were defeated.
It was also the year a dynasty began in Chalco Tlacochcalco, starting
with Itzcahuatzin, who was made lord at this time. Those who tolerated
him there, since they had no ambition of being princes themselves, were
the landholding Tlaltecayohuaque Chalca.
Now, the only ones who boasted of being princes were in San Juan, in
Contlan, and in Tlailotlacan. And at this time, when already they were
styling themselves princes, these Conteca, Mihuaque, and Tlailotlaque
were chattering about Itzcahuatzin’s rule. Then they came before Ahui-
tzotzin, ruler of Mexico. Those who came were the prince Tlacochtzin
from the Mihuaque. And the prince Chichicuepotl from Tlilhuacan.
But from Tlaltecahuacan #*! no one came.
Already they had been abused again and again. And when they had
beseeched Ahuitzotzin and had said to him, “Oh, how painful it is to beg
for charity, etc.” #9? and “Oh, that Itzcahua is taking away our farm lands.
How painful it is to do the sweeping and lay the fire,” ##* then Ahuitzotzin
sent them off, saying, “Take back your lands.”
58 : 19 And when Itzcahua heard this, he was quick to anger. “I must see the
ruler,” he said.
58 : 20 Then he came before Ahuitzotzin, saying to him, “Sire, you sent home
the Mihuaque, the Tlilhuaque, and the Tlailotlaque, giving them back
their lands. But you had made me lord. Where is my estate? It is as though

431. Presumably the home borough of the tolerant Tlaltecayohuaque mentioned in line
58:6 above. See Concordance.
432. GLOS: chinamitl.
433. Women’s work. GLOS: tlachpanaliztli/tletlaliliztli.

P17
 The reign ofAhuitzotzin: A.D. 1486-1502

they themselves were the lord. Well, take a look at them. Really, it would
seem that these Mihuaque, Tlilhuaque, and Tlailotlaque are claiming to be
princes, making themselves great,” etc. Now, when Itzcahuatzin made this
trip to Mexico he had already been ruling for fourteen years.
58: Then the ruler Ahuitzotzin sent him on his way, telling him, “I have
heard your plea, and I give you permission. I leave them in your hands. It
is up to you. Give them a thrashing and hang them by the neck—these
people who are setting themselves up as princes.”
58: So Itzcahua did just that. He executed the boastful princes.
Those self-styled princes were the only princes who died at this time,
etc. Many are the stories about it.*%#
58: 8 Reed [1487]. This is when the house of Huitzilopochtli was dedicated
in Tenochtitlan. In four years it had been built to the top.**° And it was
dedicated with prisoners who met their death. Here, all told, are the
nations:
58: 38 The Tzapoteca dead were 16,000.
The Tlappaneca dead were 24,000.
58: The Huexotzinca dead were 16,000.
58 : The Tziuhcoaca dead were 24,400.
And this includes Cozcacuauhtenanca and people from Mictlancuauhtla.
58° Thus all the prisoners add up to 80,400.
58: 9 Flint [1488]. At this time Chiapaneca were defeated. And the dedi-
cation of the Tenochtitlan temple went into a second year. Also, Cozca-
cuauhtenanca were defeated. Also Tziuhcoac.
58 a7 10 House [1489] was when Tzintemazatl made a quick foray to
Cuauhnahuac and fell into the hands of Xochimilca, who killed him there.
58: 11 Rabbit [1490]. In that year Nezahualpilli took captives in Huexo-
tzinco. Also, the Totolapaneca took captives.
58: And at that time the ruler Ahuitzotzin gave away forty prisoners in
Cuauhnahuac. The Cuauhnahuaca used them to dedicate their temple.
Ors Also, there was an eclipse of the sun. Stars appeared.
58: 12 Reed.
13 Flint [1492]. At this time the Xicochimalca were defeated. And there
was also an eclipse of the sun.
59: 1 House [1493]. At this time Ayotochcuitlatlan and Xaltepec were
defeated.
59: And also there was an eclipse of the sun. Stars appeared.
And in the same year, Santo Domingo was routed, also Granada. And
the Jews fled.4%°
434. The only variant known to me is in Chimalpain (CHIM 230-31; ZCHIM 1: 137).
435. See lines 57:42—43 above.
436. Compare the marginal gloss at line 51: 12 above.

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59:4 2 Rabbit.
3 Reed [1495]. In that year the Cuauhtitlan ruler Ayactlacatzin died.
After?” his death, no one was inaugurated as ruler in Cuauhtitlan. There
was only a military chief. The tlacateccatl Tehuitzin of Tepetlapan was the
one who governed.*38
59:8 In the same year, there was war in Tliltepec. Many Tetzcoca went to
their death in that place.
59:9 And in that year Tlacahuepantzin went to his death in Huexotzinco.
oo
:11 4 Flint [1496]. This was the year Xochtlan was decimated. Also, there
was an eclipse of the sun.
5 House [1497] is when Tecuantepec was decimated. And Amaxtlan
was decimated.
6 Rabbit [1498]. In that year the Huexotzinca came to Coatepec and
were destroyed. It snowed there. Meanwhile the Cuitlahuaca were sup-
posed to be holding Huexotzinco under guard, and they met death. It
snowed in that place, too.
In the same year, Chiauhcoatl, Huitzilihuitl, and Maxtla met their
death. They had cuckolded Nezahualpilli of Tetzcoco.
7 Reed [1499]. The [stream called] Acuecuexatl flowing from Coyo-
huacan appeared in that year. It was on a day 4 Jaguar that it came forth,
so as to enter Tenochtitlan.*#? And on that very day the earth shook four
times.
And it is said that this was when the Huexotzinco ruler Toltecatzin of
Chiauhtzinco emigrated [to Mexico]—which was told above, which was
mentioned twenty-three years back.**°
8 Flint [1500]. At this time the Xaltepeca were soundly defeated at
last.4#1
And at this time, too, the [waters of] Acuecuexatl finally came spreading
out everywhere, reaching Cuitlahuac, Mizquic, Ayotzinco, and Xochi-
milco, at the same time flooding Tepetzinco [at] Tetzcoco Atenco. And
they reached to Xalmimilolco, to Mazatzintamalco.
Very much did the waters overflow in Mexico.
9 House.
10 Rabbit [1502]. In that year the Cuitlahuaca dispersed on account of
flood and famine, when the Acuecuexatl had completely overflowed their
neighborhoods. Also at that time Mayehuatzin was inaugurated as ruler
437. For iqua read iquac.
438. At this time Cuauhtitlan also had a “prince,” according to lines 15: 24—28 above.
439. Though warned that it would cause flooding, Ahuitzotzin had the stream diverted
in order to raise the level of the Lake of Mexico (DHIST chs. 48—49).
440. See lines 57: 14—22. Torquemada places the event in the twelfth year of the reign
of Ahuitzotzin (TORQ bk. 2, ch. 66, p. 191).
441. See line 59: 1 above.

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 The reign ofMoteuczomatzin the younger: A.D. 1503-17

of Cuitlahuac Atenchicalcan. And at the same time it stopped raining al-

together, so that we came up against 1 Rabbit,” and people suffered
famine.

[The reign of Moteuczomatzin the younger:

A.D. 1503-17]
59: 7 11 Reed [1503].44? Ahuitzotzin, ruler of Tenochtitlan, died at this time.
Then the ruler Moteuczomatzin was inaugurated.
59’: 38 And at the same time, the Cuauhtitlan ruler Aztatzontzin was inaugu-
rated. How this son of Quinatzin came to be inaugurated as ruler is that
he scattered turquoises, which came down in Tepotzotlan.*# Etc.
59 :41 Also at this time, the house of the Devil in Tlalmanalco was built to
the top.
5D: 43 12 Flint [1504]. In that year Spaniards were routed in Cuba.*#*
And in that same year, Tehuehueltzin of Cuauhnahuac died. Then
Itzcoatzin, the father of Don Hernando, was inaugurated as ruler in
Cuauhnahuac.
59: 46 Also in that year, the Cuitlahuaca enlarged their temple of Mixcoatl.
59 147 On a day 13 Death there was an eclipse of the sun.
59: 48 And also in that year, the ruler called Cuappotonqui died in Cuitlahuac
Teopancalcan. Then Ixtotomahuatzin, father of Don Mateo Ixtliltzin, was
inaugurated as ruler of Teopancalcan, on the day 13 Death.
59 2 13 House [1505]. In that year the Cuauhtitlan ruler Aztatzontzin
searched out and tracked down** lands. So that Tlaxoxiuhco and Hue-
xocalco steward lands and calpulli lands would provide him with tribute,
he dispatched Tlacateuctzin Tzincopintzin, who was a native of Tollan-
tzinco, impressing his words upon him, saying, “Don’t let your gods be
angry with you. Take the lands away from them,” etc.

442. The calendrical sign 1 Rabbit was associated with hunger. See GLOS: aci ce tochtli
itech, cetochhuia:mo.
443. Marginal gloss: At this time the Turk, Selim, began his rule [?]; he was crowned the
day of the battle of Ravenna. [The battle of Ravenna, between French and Spanish forces,
was fought in 1512, the same year Selim I became sultan of the Turks.]
444. The plainspoken author seems out of character. His fancy phrase might mean that
Aztatzontzin had made an eloquent speech in Tepotzotlan (for eloquence compared to the
scattering of jewels see FC 6:248—49). As we know from lines 15:20—24, it was the
Tepotzotlan ruler Quinatzin who caused his son, Aztatzontzin, to be placed on the throne
of Cuauhtitlan. Coincidentally (?), Tepotzotlan was the site of a famous turquoise mine
(CE bk. 10, ch. 28, see, 1).
445. GLOS: tepehui. Or, if the verb pehua:te (to conquer someone) is meant, the trans-
lation would be “Spaniards made conquests [or took prisoners] in Cuba.” Possibly the state-
ment is an old gloss, mistakenly incorporated by the copyist.
446. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.

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 The reign ofMoteuczomatzin the younger: A.D. 1503-17

59
:58 Also in that year, people went to the Totonaque. On account of the
famine, they carried shelled corn from Totonacapan.
59
:60 1 Rabbit [1506]. In that year Zozollan was decimated on a day 13 Reed.
60:1 At this time the aforementioned Ixtotomahuatzin of Cuitlahuac Teo-
pancalcan was all aglow” that he had been made ruler. This was precisely
the year people recovered from the famine, a famine that had caused tor-
ment for just three years.
60:5 2 Reed [1507] is when the year-bundle feast was celebrated: #* it was
on a day 8 Reed that the fire drill ignited at Huixachtlan.“?
60:6 Also at this time, Cuitlahuatzin of Huexotla died.
60:7 And in the city of Cuauhtitlan a round-stone was set up, where striping
could occur.*5° Well, when it had been set up, it was dedicated with just
two prisoners from Cuauhtitlan, and also seven Atotonilca, who were pri-
soners of the Metztitlancalque.
As for the prisoners, reportedly when the Cuauhtitlancalque performed
their dedication ceremony at the round-stone, there was first the ticoc ya-
huacatl Maxtlatzin, who had gotten a prisoner at Ecatepec. Second, there
was the valiant warrior Itztoltzin, a native of Tollantzinco, who had gotten
a prisoner in the coastlands: it was a child that he had captured. And
someone was brought forth for this purpose by command of the ruler of
Tepexic. It was a young man, whom they had gone to get by bartering: to
fetch the prisoner they had gone and laid out a shield and a load of twenty
blankets. Reportedly, when that ticoctzin, that valiant, took his captive at
Ecatepec, the only one who died in battle was Yohualpaintzin.
60
:19 At this time in Ecatepec a party of executioners had been impounded
for eighty days in an executioners’ barracks.**! The taking of captives oc-
curred when they were off on their official errand.*°?
60': 21 The impoundment was during the time that Tolnahuacatzintli of Te-
nochtitlan was governing in Ecatepec, and in Cuauhtitlan the governing
tlacateccatl was Macuextzin.*5?

447. For omixtonac read onixtonac.

448. Marginal gloss: year-bundle feast.
449. The new fire ceremony at Huixachtlan is described in FC bk. 7, chs. 9-10.
450. The round-stone was a kind of table, where prisoners were sacrificed; in a prelimi-
nary ritual the victims were “striped,” or thrashed, by a fully armed warrior (FC 2:44:n17,
2:176:9—26, 2:190—91).
451. According to Sahagun, the executioners themselves were condemned to death if
they failed in their mission: “Auja tambien otra sala del palacio, que llamaua achcauhcalli: en
este lugar se juntauan, y residian los achcacauhti, que tenjan cargo de matar, a los que con-
denaua el sefor . . . y si no cumplian lo que les mandaua el senor, luego les condenaua a
muerte” (CF bk. 8, ch. 14, para. 4).
452. Lit., when they [impersonal] take captives is at the time they had gone along having
been made official sent ones.
453. Since we know that Aztatzontzin was ruler of Cuauhtitlan (see lines 59:38 and
64:7), it would appear that the Cuauhtitlancalque were still under the dual leadership of a
“prince,” i.e., Aztatzontzin, and a tlacateccatl. See 15:24—28 and cf. 59:7-8.

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 The reign ofMoteuczomatzin the younger: A.D. 1503-17

60 124 When the aforementioned ticoc yahuacatl Maxtlatzin got his captive at
Ecatepec, it was following this impoundment in the executioners’ bar-
racks, which were located at a place called Nahuicallocan, or Macuilocotlan.
60: 27 And finally one day [the men in] the executioners’ barracks went off to
Xiuhtlan to perform the assassination.
60: 28 Both [he, Maxtlatzin, and] Tzonmolcatl of Tequixquinahuac were cap-
tive takers. It was just the two of them who assassinated the ruler, for they
caught him in the woods at night, [where] the ruler was fleeing, sur-
rounded by his nobles and ladies. It was after a full day and night of travel
that they caught up with him. And by this time all the Mexica, the Tepa-
neca, the Acolhuaque, etc., had fallen behind.*%*
60: Well, when they arrived in Mexico and reported to the ruler Moteuc-
zomatzin, they were granted the haircut, the ear plugs, and the body
paint—everything pertaining to the Mexica, as worn by the warrior braves
of the Mexica.*°°
60: 37 But the ruler of Cuauhtitlan did not wish this. “Leave well enough
alone,” he said. “Let’s not be hated, etc.” All he gave them were their
carmine-colored [hair] ribbons,** etc.
60: In this year of 2 Reed, Teuctepec was decimated. Also Iztitlan was
decimated.
60 : 4] And there was an eclipse of the sun.
Also in this year they say that Aztatzontzin went to take prisoners in
Huexotzinco. The prisoners were taken in Atlixco, at Atzomiatenanco. Az-
tatzontzin captured
**” one called Macuilxochitl. And his younger brother,
named Totec Iyauhteuh,** captured the very sibling of Macuilxochitl,
his very brother, who was called Tepetl. These were sons of the Chichimec
lord of Atlixco, and they were princes, etc.
60: 48 3 Flint [1508]. In that year the cloud banner*®? appeared for the first
time. It was seen in the east, where the sun comes up, at dawn.
60 : 50 Also in that year Tzontemoctzin was inaugurated as ruler of Huexotla.
60: ol Also in that year people went to take captives at Amilpan in Huexo-
tzinco. All the women were captured on a day 13 Jaguar.
60: 53 Also at that time, during that year, the Mexica princes of Tenochtitlan
454. Lit., No longer was there one of the Mexica, the Tepaneca, the Acolhuaque, etc.
455. Lit., the way the warrior braves of the Mexica looked.
456. Warriors with carmine ribbons tied around their topknots are shown in Codex Men-
doza. GLOS: cuia:tla, -tlacuiaya.
457. Read cagic, as in the following line.
458. The name of Aztatzontzin’s younger brother is written Totec Yatetzin in line 15:17
above. (The names may be regarded as identical, if it is kept in mind that y is often written
_ for wy, the uh at the end ofa syllable is occasionally dropped, and the terminal -tzin in
personal names is optional.)
459. The cloud banner, much described in the old histories, was evidently the tail of a
comet, said to have been “like a cloud.” See GLOS: mixpamitl. See also lines 61:11 and
61:19.

I22
 The reign ofMoteuczomatzin the younger: A.D. 1503-17

and Tlatilolco were given lands in Tehuiloyocan, so that today these are
communal lands.
60: 55 The lands were apportioned when Moteuczomatzin was ruler of Te-
nochtitlan, and Aztatzontzin was ruler of Cuauhtitlan.
60: 57 The way the land was given out is that it was in the hands of the stew-
ards *°° of Acxotlan. The princes, the nobles, of Cuauhtitlan were not put
in charge of it.
61: As for those who were given lands:
There was Tzihuacpopocatzin of Tlatilolco, whose grant was the Tehui-
loyocan hill[s?], known today as Tlatilolca lands.
6l: Secondly, there was Techotlalatzin, whose grant was in the irrigated
fields called Atzacualpan [Place of Impounded Water]; [he was] the lord
of Itztapalapan, etc.
61: Thirdly, there was Tochihuitzin of Mexicatzinco,**! whose grant was of
irrigated fields, also located in the Atzacualpan,*? where the Coatzinca
dwelled.
61: And then, reserved for the palace in Tezoncaltitlan, were the Macuil-
tzinco lands, where the sons of the tlacochteuctli of Tehuiloyocan dwelled,
in Atzacualpan, there at Cuauhacaltitlan [Place of the Wooden Flume].
61 =o Thus were the aforementioned princes given lands.
61: 1l 4 House [1509].*? In that year the cloud banner began to appear in
the east:**
61 512 And in that same year, lands were again marked off in Chalco. For nine
years the people worked the soil there and had food. In the tenth year it
Just came to an end.
61: 5 Rabbit [1510]. At this time a son was born to Aztatzontzin. Dona
Maria, a lady of Xochimilco, was the one who gave birth to him, and
the child she bore was Don Pedro Macuilxochitl, who later ruled in
Tepotzotlan.
6l: 18 Also at this time, at long last, people were terrified by the cloud banner
appearing in the east. It seemed like fire. The people were extremely
terrified.
61: Zh And in this year all went to war at Icpatepec and Izquixochitepec. The
destruction occurred on a day 2 Deer. Ixtotomahuatzin of Cuitlahuac took
a captive there.*°>
pl: 25 6 Reed [1511] was the year the Tlachquiauhca were destroyed. This
460. For calpixqui read calpixque.
461. Like Itztapalapan (mentioned in the preceding sentence), Mexicatzinco was a mem-
ber of the nauhteuctli (see GLOS), thus virtually a part of Mexico.
462. For on¢d mani read onca mani, as in lines 19:10, 25:9, 25:31.
463. Marginal gloss: the war of Oran [city in Algeria, held by the Spanish from 1509 to
1708}.
we But apparently not for the first time. See line 60:48 above.
465. Marginal gloss: Also Granada was won.

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 The reign ofMoteuczomatzin the younger: A.D. 1503-17

was also when a daughter of Moteuczomatzin’s went to be married in

Colhuacan.
61: 28 7 Flint [1512]. At this time all went to war at Quimichtlan. Also in
this year a daughter of the Tenochtitlan ruler Moteuczomatzin came to
Cuauhtitlan to be married: he gave her to the ruler Aztatzontzin.
61 Hae . And at this time the Cuauhnahuac ruler Itzcoatzin died. When for three
years no one had ruled,. Yaocuixtli succeeded him and became ruler.
OL 34 8 House [1513]. At this time Tezontlaltzin was inaugurated as ruler of
Cuitlahuac Tecpan. Also at this time Cuitlahuaca went to their death in
Huexotzinco. Those who died were Miztliima and Mexayacatl, brothers
of the Teopancalcan ruler Ixtotomahuatzin.
Oly: 37 Also, the daughter of Moteuczomatzin in Colhuacan gave birth at this
time.
61: 39 9 Rabbit [1514].*° In this year all went off to [make war against] Iztac-
tlalocan. And all went off to [make war against] Macuiloctlan. Cuitlahuac’s
Ixtotomahuatzin took a captive at Iztactlalocan.
61 :42 10 Reed [1515]. Nezahualpiltzintli of Tetzcoco died at this time. Also,
Yaocuixtli was inaugurated as ruler in Cuauhnahuac.
ol: 43 And, in the same year, the Centzontepeca were defeated on a day 7
Vulture. This was where Ixtotomahuatzin got his haircut.*7
Ol 45 And, in the same year, some Huexotzinca emigrated to Mexico Tenoch-
titlan. These were Xayacamachan, Ixtehueyo, Miztlima, Tezcatlpopoca,
Iyauhpotonqui, and a woman compatriot of theirs, etc.
ol: 48 And, in the same year, Don Diego Tizaatzin of Colhuacan was born.
ol: 50 11 Flint [1516]. In this year Cacamatzin was inaugurated as ruler of
Tetzcoco.
61: 32 12 House [1517]. In this year Moteuczoma put to death the skull rack
lord of Cuitlahuac,** killing all his sons as well. Those who performed the
executions were Cuitlahuaca under orders from Moteuczoma, ruler of
Mexico.
6l 556i The reason the skull rack lord met his death is that he had answered
Moteuczoma—who had asked him how things ought to be done, saying,
“As I see it, the house of Huitzilopochth ought to be all gold, and the
inside should be jade, with quetzal plumes, etc. Indeed,*? it would require

466. Marginal gloss: On August 24th the Turk, Selim, conquered Sop[ ]. [Sophi?, i-e.,
Sofia? |
467. We have been told in lines 61:23 and 61:40 of at least two captives taken by
Ixtotomahuatzin. According to Sahagtin (bk. 8, ch. 21), the warrior who had taken four
became a valiant (tequihua) and was granted the special haircut of that rank. See also 60:35
above.
468. An oracle, who predicted the arrival of the Spaniards (DHIST, TEZ, Concordance:
tzompanteuctli). As we learn in lines 63: 3—7 below, his name was Quetzalmazatzin.
469. GLOS: ca nozo.

Ice
 On the origin of the skull rack lords

tribute from all over Anahuac. It would be used for our god. Well, what
do you think?”
62.5 At that, the skull rack lord answered him, saying, “O lord, O ruler, no!
Understand that by so doing you would invite the destruction of your
people. And you would offend our home, the heavens, for we are being
watched here. You must realize, you must understand: that one is not to
be our god, for there’s the lord and master, the owner of creation. Indeed
he is coming. He will arrive, etc.”
62: Hearing this, Moteuczoma was enraged. He said to the skull rack lord,
“Begone, and await my command.” And that’s how the skull rack lord and
all his sons met their death.

[On the origin of the skull rack lords]

62: Il Reportedly, tzompanteuctin [lords of the skull rack] is another way of
saying nahualteuctin [magician lords]. Here is their story—of how these
skull rack lords originated, came to be, came into existence.*”? They have
many accounts of how sorcerers, or devils, came to deceive people; and in
these [accounts] they trace their ancestry to the one called Mixcoatl, also
known as White Mixcoatl or Mixcoatl the younger.*”! In the story about
him,*”? so it goes, they [the sorcerers] descended on Colhuacan, etc. Well,
[Mixcoatl] circled nine times around Anahuac, and no place was pleasing
to him. Then he came back; +7”? and once there, he came traveling along,
and at the wayside he went in.*”4
:20 Then he:
came to Tecoac,
SAL came to Zacatzontitlan,
came to Cuauhyacac,
e222 came to Tetzcoco,
came to Coatlichan,
came to Chicualoapan,
223 came to Aticpac, on the far side of [Mount] Cuexomatl,
came to Tepotoniloyan,
224 came to Teyayahualco,

470. GLOS: yauh/nemi.

471. Lit., Many are their accounts of how sorcerers, devils, came to deceive people;
therein they are derived [or they derive themselves] from the one called Mixcoatl, the one
named White Mixcoatl, Mixcoatl the younger. GLOS: -itolloca, oncan, ana:mo.
472. Read onca ytolloca (cf. line 62: 15: oncan).
473. Came back to the Valley of Mexico? Cf. 62:27 below.
474. Lit., when he went to the wayside, he went in. For onallac read oncallac. Cf. ocalla-
quico in line 62:27.

125
 On the origin of the skull rack lords

came to Omeacac,
came to Itzcalpan.
62: 25: And then he reached Atempan.
He came upon the place where the Comalteca were,*” [and] the Ma-
quizteca, at the time that Tecoma was ruling, and also Maquiztli. The
Comalteca were in Chilpan.
62: 27 Now, when he had made his entry here,#”* he came out into the lake,
into the Cuitlahuac marshes. And when he got there, he bled himself. He
was on rafts made of reed. And there a person, a vassal, was born. And
thereafter, wherever [this person] went, the one who had become his fa-
ther, whose name was Terror,*”” led the way for him; they were always
together.478
O25 32 And to this living person who had been created from his blood-leavings
Mixcoatl at first gave the name Driblet. And when [Driblet] grew up, he
took a wife.
62: And then, one named Raccoon was born. And when he grew up, he
took a wife.
02° 36 Then Spirit Guide was born.
These, the three sons of the devil Mixcoatl, sprang to life and were born
from his own blood. As yet they were not very human. Daybreak had not
yet come.*”?
62 239 And then, those who were born later were already human:
62 : 40 Then Zonelteuctli*#®° was born.
Then Calli Teuctli [House Lord] was born.
(2h 41 Then Pilli Teuctli [Prince Lord] was born.
Then Malintzin, a female, was born, and she too was a skull rack lord.
62: 42 And then Atzin Teuctli was born.
62: 43 And then Quetzal Teuctli was born. And this Quetzal Teuctli was the
very one who divided the magician lords into four groups, establishing
Tizic, Teopancalcan, Tecpan, and Atenchicalcan. Then he, Quetzal Teuctli,
ruled them as their lord.
62: 47 And when he died, Malpantzin Teuctli was inaugurated.
475. Mixcoatl’s visit to the Comalteca is briefly described in lines 80: 17—21 below.
476. We are picking up the story left offin line 62:20.
477. Evidently the Cuitlahuaca god Mixcoatl was named Terror (tetzawh), just as the
Mexica god Huitzilopochtli: “auh in Vitzilobuchtli: no mjtoaia tetzauitl” (And Huitzilo-
pochtli was also called Terror) (FC 3:5:3).
478. Lit., And thereafter everywhere that he came in order to come forth, he came lead-
ing him, he who came along having become his father, whose name was Terror, who kept
accompanying him.
479. Cf. lines 1:54—55: “During these years that the [early] Chichimecs lived . . . there
was still darkness.”
480. Should ¢onelteuctli be read as conelteuctli, i.e., conetl teuctli [Baby Lord]? On the
replacement of #/ by /, see GRAM sec. 3.7.

126
 On the origin of the skull rack lords

62: 48 Upon his death, Quetzalmazatzin was inaugurated. This was the one
who faced the Tenochca when Itcoatzin ruled.**!
a2): 50 When Quetzalmazatzin died, Tlazolteotzin was inaugurated. Then he
went and fetched the daughter of Moteuczomatzin the elder, called Yo-
huatzin.
63: And when Tlazolteotzin died, Maquizpantzin, the grandson of Moteuc-
zomatzin, was inaugurated.
63: And upon his death, Quetzalmazatzin [the second] was inaugurated. It
was with him that the lineage of the magician lords came to an end. This
one, this Quetzalmazatzin, was [one of] two sons of Yohuatzin. Maquiz-
pantzin was the older [of the two]. And the one who was put to death
was the one called Quetzalmazatzin.**?
Those whose names have been listed here are all the former Cuitlahuac
residents, now passed away, who became skull rack lords.4*? The first of
these to arrive, Mixcoatl, who was called White Mixcoatl or Mixcoatl the
younger, made a circuit of the lands he claimed, in order to establish his
boundaries.*** He began with:
63 : 12 Techichco,
then the home of Chalchiuhtamazolin [Jade Toad],
then Pantitlan,
03": 13 then Aticpac,
then at[{?] Xochiquilazyo,
63: 14 then at[?] Ocoyo,
then at[?] the xiuhteteuctin [fire lords],
then Techimalco,
3°: 15 then Tzitzintepec,
then Texcalyacac,
then Ayauhcontitlan,
63: 16 then Amoxpan,
then Nahualliiapan,
ae then the abode of Iztaccoatl,
then Mizquic,
then Xictlan,
63: 18 then Acuacualachco,
then Cuatizatepec,
then Texopeco,
481. On the war between Cuitlahuac and Tenochtitlan see lines 48 : 1O—15 and 49: 4—14
above.
482. Put to death by Moteuczomatzin the younger. See 61:52.
483. Lit., all who pass away having become skull rack lords who were Cuitlahuac resi-
dents. On the -hui of mochiuhtihui see NED: yauh 4.
484. Lit., in order to set up boundaries for himself he made a circuit of that which he
appropriated to serve as land for himself.

17
 Four Eras

63: 19 then Cuacuicuilco,

then Tetlpozteccan,
63 : 20 then Tlaltetelpan,
then Moyotepec,
then Techcuauhtitlan,
63: 21 then Tennecuilco,
then Teoztoc.
There it comes [back] to join Techichco. |

[The reign of Moteuczomatzin the younger,

continued: A.D. 1517-18]
63: The year 12 House [1517] was also when they went and got Texo-
cuauhtli Totec, who represented the Devil, and brought him to Mexico.
63: 25 13 Rabbit [1518]. In that year the above-mentioned Huexotzinca who
had emigrated to Mexico—Xayacamachan, Miztliima, Ixtehueyo, Yauhque-
mepotonqui, and Tezcatlpopoca—turned toward home.
63%: 28 Well, Moteuczomatzin had taken their countrywoman and had made
her his concubine.
OS: 29 Now, when it had been three years since they had come to Mexico and
they were ready to go, they counseled together, and when they had de-
cided on it, the one called Ixtehueyo said, “Indeed, we comrades #*> must
flee. We must go tomorrow night.”
63: oe Then the ruler [Moteuczomatzin] heard about it, etc., and he gave or-
ders for them to be placed under surveillance when the time came for them
to leave. Then they went off to be ambushed in Amaquemecan. Well, it
was for this purpose, then, that they were being trailed, and they were
assassinated there at Cuauhtechcac,*** etc.

[Four eras|
63 : 36 At first the seats of rule were Tollan, Cuauhchinanco, Cuauhnahuac,
Huaxtepec, Cuahuacan.
63: 37 When it came to an end, there was still rulership in Azcapotzalco, Col-
huacan, Coatlichan.
63 238 Then, when it came to an end, the rule was in Tenochtitlan Mexico,
Tetzcoco Acolhuacan, Tlacopan Tepanohuayan.
63: 40 Then the Spaniards arrived.

485. See GLOS: icniuhtli.

486. The pass between Iztactepetl and Popocatepetl (FC bk. 12, ch. 12), on the road
from Amaquemecan to Huexotzinco.

128
 Realms, rulers, and tribute: ca. A.D. 1518

[Realms, rulers, and tribute: ca. A.D. 1518]

63: 1 Reed [1519]. In the year 1 Reed, at the time the Spaniards arrived,
when they first came, in the year one thousand five hundred nineteen,
A.D. 1519, the rulers of the nations were [as follows]:
63: In Tecamachalco, Acuechetzin was ruler.
In Tepeyacac, Ixcozauhqui was ruler.
63 145 In Cuauhquechollan, Calcozametl.
In Itzyocan, Nahuiacatl.
63: 46 In Tenanco, Tlacayaotzin.
In Amaquemecan, Cacamatzin.
63 147 In Chalco, Itzcahuatzin.
In Huaxtepec, Tizapapalotzin.
63: 48 In Cuauhnahuac, Yaomahuitzin.
In Mizquic, Chalcayaotzin.
63 149 In Xochimilco, Tlatolcaltzin.
Cuitlahuac: #8” in Aten[chicalcan], Mayehuatzin; in Tizic, Atlpopoca-
tzin; in Teopancalcan, Ixtotomahuatzin; in Tecpan, Cempohualxochitzin.
:51 [Mexico’s Four Lords:]#** in Itztapalapan, Cuitlahuatzin; in Mexica-
tzinco, Tochihuitzin; in Colhuacan, Tezozomoctzin; in Huitzilopochco,
Huitzilatzin.
63: 52 In Coyohuacan, Cuappopocatzin.
63: 53 In Tlacopan, Totoquihuatzin.
In Azcapotzalco, Teuhtlehuacatzin.
a3: In Tenayocan, Moteuczomatzin.
In Ecatepec, Panitzin.
63 : 55 In Matlatzinco, Mazacoyotzin.
In Cempohuallan, Don Juan Tlacochcalcatl.
63: 56 In Nauhtlan, Coatlpopoca.
In Tlaxcallan, Xicotencatl.
63: 57 In Cholollan, Temetzin.
In Huexotzinco, Quecehuatl.
In Calpan, Teohua.
In Chiucnauhtlan, Tlaltecatl.
In Acolman, Coyoctzin.
In Teotihuacan, Mamalitzin.
In Otompan, Cuechimaltzin.
In Huexotla, Tzontemoctzin.
In Coatlichan, Xaquin Teuctli.
In Toltitlan, Citlalcoatl.

487. On the fourfold division of Cuitlahuac see lines 62 :43—47 above.

488. On the Four Lords allied with Mexico see 50:29.

129
 Realms, rulers, and tribute: ca. A.D. 1518

In Tepexic, Ayocuan.
In Tepotzotlan, Quinatzin.
In Apazco, Matlalihuitzin.
In Xippacoyan Tollan, Xochitzetzeltzin.
In Xilotepec, Imexayac.
- In Chiapan, Acxoyatl.
In Xocotitlan, Ocelotzin.
In Cuauhtitlan, Aztatzontzin; its Four, Lords‘? were Tzompanco,
Citlaltepec, Huehuetocan, Otlazpan; its dependencies were Toltitlan,
Tepexic, Tepotzotlan—these were its great land, its dominion, its estate.
Apazco controlled twenty towns, [also?] Tollan controlled [the?] twenty
towns.**° Apazco started the dynasty—there was Atlapopocatzin.49! As
for Don Juan Matlalihuitzin,*? he had a sister in Tezcacoac who mar-
ried Aztatzontzin [and] a daughter who was the wife of Pablo Yaotlamin.
Those who ruled in Tollan were Iztauhyatli, Ixtlilcuechahuac, Don Pedro
Tlacahuepantzin.
Ti The rulers of Tetzcoco had this many years: Nezahualcoyotzin, forty-
two years; Nezahualpiltzintli, forty-six years. Here are [towns] that were
reserved for Tetzcoco: 1. Cuauhnahuac, 2. Atlpoyecan, 3. Miacatlan,
4. Mazatepec, 5. Tlaquiltenanco, 6. Zacatepec, 7. Olintepec, 8. Ocopetla-
pan, 9. Huehuetlitzalan.
RW), Names of “months” [in which tribute was deposited?]:

Gees, Tlacaxipehualiztli [the second “month”]:

400 arrowhead-serpent tilmas.49?
400 black wide ones.
24 400 embroidered-serpent tilmas.
400 fine ones, bordered ones.
p20: Etzalcualizth [the sixth “month”]:
200 eye-spotted cacamoliuhqui skirts.*%*
220) Tecuilhuitl [the seventh “month”]:
100 flood-painted tilmas.4%
100 breechcloths.

489. GLOS: nauhteuctli.

490. Twenty tribes associated with Tollan are listed in Kirchhoff et al., pp. 131-32. For
discussion see Davies, pp. 302—12.
491. Ruler of Apazco (see Garcia Granados, Diccionario).
492. Ruler of Apazco when the Spaniards arrived (?, see line 64:5 above).
493. Not included among the many decorated tilmas mentioned in FC bk. 8 (especially
ch. 8). That source, however, does name the itzmjxicalcoliuhquj (arrowhead .. . ?) tilma and
the itzcoaio (blade-serpént) tilma. See FC 8: 74:9 and 8:47:11 (cf. TEZ ch. 87: mantas.. .
de culebras Ytzcoayo).
494. GLOS: ixtecuicuiliuhqui, cacamoliuhqui.
495. Sahagun (FC bk. 8, ch. 8) names the tevatl tlachinoltilmatli (flood-and-blaze tilma).
On “flood and blaze” see note to line 36: 36 above.

13.6
 Realms, rulers, and tribute: ca. AD. 1518

27: Ochpaniztli [the eleventh “month” }:

400 arrowhead-serpent tilmas.
400 black wide ones.
400 arrowhead-serpent tilmas.
400 pitch-black-roundel flood [tilmas].*%
229 Quecholli [the fourteenth “month”]:
100 flood-painted tilmas.
100 breechcloths.
: 30 Panquetzalizth [the fifteenth “month”]:
200 cacamoliuhqui skirts and huipils [and?] their overdresses|?].
231 200 cacamoliuhqui tilmas.

Tetzcoco [and] all the realm [of] Nezahualcoyotzin and Nezahual-

piltzintli: Huexotla, Coatlichan, Chimalhuacan, Otompan, Teotihuacan,
Tepetlaoztoc, Acolman, Tepechpan, Tezonyocan Tetzcoco, Chiauhtla Te-
tzcoco, Chiucnauhtlan, Tollantzinco, Cuauhchinanco, Xicotepec, Pantlan.
Sar Those who paid tribute here [i.e., to Tetzcoco?]: Coatepec, Itztapallo-
can, Papalotlan Tetzcoco, Xaltocan, Ahuatepec, Oztoticpac, Axapochco,
Aztaquemecan, Tizayocan, Tlallanapan,*?” Tepepolco, Coyoac, Oztotl,
Tlatlauhyan,*® Achichilacachocan, Tetliztacan, Tliltzapoapan, Tecpan,
Mollanco,*” Tanchol, Xococapan, Tamazollan, Teocuauhtla, Chamollan,
Chicontepec, Teonochtlan, Teccizapan, Zozotetlan, Xochimilco, Ahu-
atlan, Cozcatecotlan, Ayacachtepec, Tecatlan, Xicallanco, Palzoquitlan,
Cuachicol, Tonallan, Tamaoc, Cozoquentlan, Tlapalichcatlan, Cihuatlan,
Tlacotepec, Tziuhcoac, Macuextlan, Tlapacoyan, Tlatlauhquitepec.
48 Tribute from towns everywhere was divided into three parts, for Mex-
ico, for Tetzcoco, for Tlacopan. The tribute:

: 50 3200 [1.e., 8 X 400] Tochpaneca-style5 tilmas, each eight fathoms

long.
400 [tilmas, as follows:] multicolored tilmas called centzontilmath,>™

496. Or, “pitch-black-swirl [tilmas] of the flood variety” (cf. the flood-painted tilmas of
line 64:26). Among the decorated tilmas made by the Cuexteca, Sahagun mentions “las que
dize ixnextlacujlolli, pintadas de remolinas, de agua enxeridos vnas, con otros” (CF bk. 10,
ch. 29, fol. 135v).
497. Several of these names are run together in the manuscript. My reading follows simi-
lar tribute rolls given in IXT 1: 334, 1:436, 2:114; cf. IXT 1:382—84.
498. But the punctuation in the text implies that Oztotl Tlatlauhyan (cavern adoratory)
is a single place. Cf. Concordance: Oztotl.
499. The punctuation in the text implies Tecpan Mollanco, a single place. Elsa Ziehm
(personal communication) points out that Tecpan Molonco could mean “ruined palace.” See
Concordance: Mollanco, Tecpan.
500. Tochpan is described as a “gran provincia” (IXT 2: 107) on the “costa del mar del
morte, (EXT 2L5),
501. The varicolored centzontilmatli (myriad tilmas) were made by the Cuexteca
(CF bk. 10, ch. 29, sec. entitled “Cuexteca”).

131
 Realms, rulers, and tribute: ca. AD. 1518

also cotton tilmas, also bordered [tilmas], also black wide ones—a
hundred of each. [Thus] the first four hundred.
400 of the same, known as the second tribute, the second four
hundred.
1600 [i.e., 4 X 400] skirts and huipils [and?] their overdresses|?],
embroidered ones.
1200 [i.e., 3 X 400] [tilmas, as follows:] knot [tilmas],°° multicol-
ored ones, fine ones—four hundred of each of these.
OSir1 1200 [i.e., 3 X 400] painted ones, ones with the jaguar head, ones
with the olintecciztli.5
052 5 bales of feathers.5°*
5 bales of axin.5°
65 553 20 Cuexteca slaves.

65 34 Those who worked for the Mexica:

65715) {| Atecpan, Ixicayan, Tlapallitlan, Tozpantlan, Yeiitzcuintlan, Atlxoxouh-
can, Itzmatla,5°° Cemacac, Ometlan, Tecolotlan, Mazaapan, Cuaxipetzte-
nantlan, Tepetlapan, Coaapan, Cihuateotitlan,
65:8 4 Teteltitlan, Cuauhtzapotitlan, Chinamecan, Citlalpollan, Pantzontlan,
Tlacoxochitla, Itzmatla, Teotitlan, Chiucnahuac, Ollan, Tizapan,
65:10 {| Tlatoloyan, Amatzcalapan, Ichcapetlacotla, Cuauhtlaacapan, Chicon-
coac, Xochiquentlan, Iyactecuizotlan, Mazatlan, Tlazohuallan, Tochmilco,
Cozcacuauhtlan, Tochpan,
63: 213; 4 Ahuitzilco, Moyotlan, Cuaxipetztecomatlan, Tetlpozteccan, Micquetlan,
65
: 14 {| Apachicuauhtla, Tecomaapan, Tetlmopaccan, Miahuaapan,
65: 215; {| Totollocan, Miztontlan, Patoltetitlan, Ayotepec, Cuauhcalapan, Ocelo-
tepec,
65 : 16 q aaa Pollotlan, Coyochimalco, Xochimilco, Cuauhtzapotla, Tola-
pan, Quetzalcoatonco, Coatlachco, Cuauhcalco, Huiloc, Omacatlan,
Tozpotonco, Pohuazanco, Papatlan,
65
:19 4 Tlamacaztlan, Xochititlan, Mollanco, Xollan, Teuctonallan.
65 : 20 Here is how tribute from towns everywhere was divided:

502. A tlalpilli (knot) tilma, with its broad border enclosing a design of five large loops,
or knots, is shown on fol. 5 of the Codex Magliabechiano (where it is evidently mislabeled—
see Boone 173: tlalpilli).
503. Lit., movement conch, or movement snail. (Several tilmas with conch designs are
illustrated in the Codex Mendoza tribute lists.)
504. Or, “5 X 8000 [= 40,000] feathers.”
505. Possibly the author is thinking of the Spanish term awi (chilis), rather than the
Nahuatl axin (a kind of unguent handled in lumps or balls). The Codex Mendoza tribute
lists show bales of dried chilis (“cargas de axi seco”) and, on fol. 52, bales of chilis placed
next to bales of feathers—as here. GLOS: axin.
506. Note that the name is repeated in line 65:9.

132
 Realms, rulers, and tribute: ca. AD. 1518

‘/. As for Tenochtitlan Mexico, here was its share:

100 eight-fathom [tilmas].
eee 100 four-fathom [tilmas].
200 serpent tilmas.
200 cotton tilmas.
400 skirts and huipils are deposited [and] their overdresses[?].
23. 400 twist-woven bands of fabric are deposited.5°”
400 bordered ones, [tilmas with] colored borders, are deposited.
wt 400 breechcloths, fine ones, are deposited.
£25) 400 red-[painted palm-fiber] mats.
Coyote skins are deposited.5°
100 ducks.5%
100 loads of mosquito chilis.5!°
: 26 100 loads of cotton.
100 turkeys.
40 loads of rabbit [and] deer are deposited.
22F 20 loads of sea salt—20.
10 female slaves.
228 ‘/. As for Nezahualpilli of Tetzcoco, his share was:
E2o 5 twenties of eight-fathom [tilmas] = 100.
5 twenties of four-fathom [tilmas] = 100.
10 twenties of serpent tilmas = 200.
=30 10 twenties of fine [tilmas] = 200
400 skirts and huipils are deposited [and?] their overdresses[?].
Oe 400 twist-woven bands of fabric are deposited.
400 bordered ones, [tilmas with] colored borders, are deposited.
232 400 breechcloths, fine ones, are deposited.
400 red-[painted palm-fiber] mats.
[Coyote?] skins are deposited.5!!
233 100 ducks.
100 loads of mosquito chilis.
100 loads of cotton.
100 turkeys.
507. Lit., They deposit twist-[weave] border fabric-lengths. GLOS: cahuia:tla, ilacatz-
tuhqui, tlatenzotl.
508. Do the skins go with the mats? Here the copyist has separated the two items with a
bullet, but not in the parallel passage in line 65 : 33 below.
509. Possibly duck feathers are meant, or the ducks are to be used for their feathers. In a
list of tribute items from the Cuexteca, Alvarado Tezozomoc includes “plumajes que llaman
Xomome y chiltecpin” (plumages which they call ducks, and mosquito chilis) (TEZ ch. 65,
p. 483). See following note.
510. This tiny chili, writes Hernandez, “se llama chiltecpin del nombre de los mosquitos,
a los que parece imitar en la pequefez y en el color” (HERN 1: 138).
511. Cf. line 65:25 above.
 A short history of the Mexica: A.D. 1350-1518

40 loads of rabbit [and] deer are deposited.

65.2 35 20 loads of sea salt—20.
10 female slaves.
O55 ‘/. As for Totoquihuatzin of Tlacopan, his share was:
65 ee 50 eight-fathom [tilmas].
50 four-fathom |[tilmas].
200 serpent tilmas, fine ones.
200 skirts and huipils.
65 38. 200 coyote-colored cotton [tilmas], fine ones.
200 multicolored cotton tilmas.
[io 39 10 fine breechcloths.*!?
5 skins—5 twenties [= 100].
5 red-[painted palm-fiber] mats—100 [1.e., 5 twenties].
60 cranes.
65 : 60 loads of mosquito chilis.
60 loads of cotton.
60 turkeys.
20 loads of sea salt.
20 [loads of?] rabbit [and] deer.5!%
10 female slaves.

65: [For?] Moteuczomatzin of Tenochtitlan, Nezahualpilli of Tetzcoco, and

Totoquihuaztli of Tlacopan:
05: [From?] Quechollan, Tlacoapan, Chiltepec, Poctlan, Oxitlan, Ichcatlan,
Tlecuauhtla, Zoyatepec, Tzinacaoztoc, Xalapan, Otlatitlan, Tochtepec:
65: 46 cacao, 31 loads.
achiote, 400 [seeds?].
rubber, 5 loads.5!*

[A short history of the Mexica:

A.D. 1350-1518]
65): Their ruler and governor was called Acamapich. And this Acamapich
ruled for fifty-four years. And at the expense of others he appropriated—
512. Should be 10 twenties?
513. Cf. lines 65:26 and 65 : 34 above.
514. For cs, read cargas (loads), as in line 65:40. Following the five loads of rubber, the
manuscript has a short string of symbols evidently representing items of tribute: a stack (of
wood?) or bin (of grain?) accompanied by the numeral 10, another stack (or bin?) labeled
CCCC (= 400), three vessels of produce (?), and a single round pot (or twenty-day sign?).
The more carefully drawn tribute items in Codex Mendoza may be compared.

134
 A short history of the Mexica: A.D. 1350-1518

he conquered—four towns. The first was Mizquic, [then] Xochimilco,

Cuauhnahuac, and Cuitlahuac.
65
:52 Now, in those days good tilmas were not made, were not known.5!5
People had to wear what are today called ayates.516
65:55 When Acamapichtzin died, Huitzilihuitzin was installed as ruler. And
he ruled for ten years. And he pacified, appropriated, and reserved for
himself eight towns. The first was Tollan, [then] Cuauhtitlan, Azcapo-
tzalco, Chalco, Otompan, Acolhuacan, Tollantzinco, and Acolman.
66: And when Huitzilihuitzin died, Chimalpopocatzin succeeded him and
ruled for thirteen years.
66: And during that time the Tlatilolco ruler, whose name was Tlacateotzin,
made up a story that the Mexica Tenochca were going to be attacked.*!”
And because of it, this Tlacateotzin was put to death. Maxtlaton, ruler of
Azcapotzalco, handed down the sentence.
66: And he [Maxtlaton] was also ruler at the time five Mexica were put to
death in Tlacochcalco—it was the Chalca who performed the execu-
tions—and they broke three canoes to show that they would make war on
the Mexica. Well, they did not wish to serve them, they did not wish to
go to them on command.®!®
66: 13 And this frightened Chimalpopoca. And, what is more, he had con-
sulted with Tezozomoctli’s son Quetzalayatzin, had urged him to have
Maxtlaton, the ruler of Azcapotzalco, put to death.
66: 16 And when Maxtlaton heard about it, he sentenced Chimalpopocatzin to
die. The Tepaneca dragged him through all the streets.5!”
66: 19 This frightened those Tenochca who believed that they would be con-
quered. And because of it, the Mexica called a meeting, came together and
held council, pronouncing and decreeing that none of the sons, nephews,
or grandsons [of the cowardly ones] would gain honor. Rather they would
belong to them as vassals.
66 wae And that is what happened. For even though their descendants were
able warriors *?° and fighters, none gained nobility and honor.
66 : 27 Now, upon the death of Chimalpopocatzin, Itzcoatzin succeeded him
and ruled for twelve years. And this Itzcoatzin retook the Chalca na-
515. Lit., And at this time, the making of, the knowledge of good tilmas was not yet
possessed.
516. Lit., As yet there was only this: people wrapped themselves with what are today
called ayates (maguey-fiber cloaks). GLOS: nemi, ayatl.
517. The same phraseology is used in lines 34:5—8 above.
518. Evidently Azcapotzalco is rebelling against Tenochtitlan. On the conquest of the
Azcapotzalca (i.e., Tepanohuayan) see 31:50—32:3 and 66:1; on their servitude see
47: 25-27. For tyoc see GLOS: ihiyotl.
519. The story of this unusual execution and its aftermath is more fully told in lines
33 :24—34: 10 above.
520. Read yaoquigaya.
 A short history of the Mexica: A.D. 1350-1518

tion.52! And he put to death the Tlatilolco ruler called Cuauhtlatoatzin—

he, too, for declaring war, just as Tlacateotzin had been put to death for
wanting the Mexica Tenochca to be conquered.
66: 33 And then he took back, he regained, all the nations named here, the first
one being Azcapotzalco, [then] Acolhuacan, Tlacopan, Atlacuihuayan,
Teocalhuiyacan, Mizquic, Cuitlahuac, Xochimilco, Coyohuacan, Mixcoac,
Tetzcoco,*??, Cuauhnahuac, Xiuhtepec, Cuezallan, Yohuallan, Tepecua-
cuilco, Tollan, Cuauhtitlan, Tecpan, Huitzitzilapan.
66: 4] And when Itzcoatzin died, the elder Moteuczomatzin became ruler, and
he was called, his name was, Ilhuicamina. He obtained lordship, sover-
eignty,°? and ruled for twenty-nine years. He was the first to build, the
first to erect, the aqueduct at Chapoltepec.**
66: 45 And he put to death a king, the ruler of Coaixtlahuacan, who was called
Atonal, after decreeing that he would destroy the Coaixtlahuacan nation.
Then began four years during which he wore his hair the way those bar-
barians, those Mixteca, wear their hair.5?> And the reason the ruler of
Coaixtlahuacan was put to death is that he refused to serve the Mexicatl.
66: SL Now, this ruler counted up for himself the additional nations here
named, including the Chalca nation, which he took possession of and
appropriated:
66: 53 Chalco, Chiconquiyauhco, Mamalhuazyocan, Totolapan, Atltlatlauh-
yan, Cuetlaxtlan, Cuauhtochco, Coaixtlahuacan, Xiuhtepec, Cuauhnahuac,
Quiauhtepec, Huaxtepec, Itzyocan, Yohualtepec, Tlachco, Tepecuacuilco,
Tlalcozauhtitlan, Quiauhteopan, Xilotepec, Itzcuincuitlapilco, Tlapacoyan,
Chapolicxitla, Tlatlauhquitepec, Yacapichtlan.
Ove And when Moteuczoma died, Axayacatzin became ruler. And it was for
nine years that he ruled. And he conquered the Tlatilolca, etc., along with
other nations to be named herewith—as for Tlatilolco, it was when Mo-
quihuix was ruling that the nation was defeated:
67: 10 Tlatilolco, Xiquipilco, Tollocan, Tzinacantepec, Tlacotepec, Calimaya,
Teotenanco, Tenantzinco, Xochiyacan, Ocuillan, Metepec, Oztoman, Ca-
polloac, Atlappolco, Tlaximaloyan, Xalatlauhco, Cuappanohuayan, Oco-
yacac, Tepeyacac, Tecalco, Cuezcomaixtlahuacan, Matlatlan, Oztoticpac,
Tlaollan, Ahuilizapan, Tozcauhtlan, Tototlan, Cuetlaxtlan, Cuetzaloztoc,
Mixtlan, Tzapotitlan, Micquetlan, Tochpan, Tenexticpac, Tapatel, Ta-
momox.

521. Lit., And this one, Itzcoatzin, again counted for himself the nation Chalco.
522. An error? Acolhuacan (i.e., Tetzcoco) has already been named in this list.
523. Such terminology can apply to an ordinary ruler, as in line 15:7; but here it prob-
ably reflects the increased power of Mexico (see lines 48: 27—31).
524. Lit., the aqueduct that comes standing at Chapoltepec. Cf. NED: yahtihca.
525. Alternate translation: Then began four years during which they [the Mexica] wore
their hair the way those barbarians, those Mixteca, wear their hair. (The people of Coaixtla-
huacan were Mixteca; see DHIST ch. 22.)

136
 A short lnstory of the Mexica: AD. 1350-1518

67:19 And when Axayacatzin died, Tizocicatzin was inaugurated as ruler, and
he ruled for just five years. And he counted up for himself all the nations
that are written here:
67 : 22 Tecaxic, Tonalliimoquetzayan, Toxico, Ecatepec, Cillan, Matlatzinco,
Mazatepec, Ecatlicuappanco, Tamapachco, Micquetlan, Tlappan, Yancui-
tlan, Xochiyetlan, Atezcahuacan.
67 : 26 And when Tizocicatzin died, Ahuitzotzin became ruler, and he ruled
for fourteen years, and he captured the nations here named—counted up
his realm—and the first was Tlappan, [then] Tziuhcoac, Mollanco, Tza-
potlan, Xaltepec, Tototepec, Xochtlan, Amaxtlan, Chiapan, Cozcacuauh-
tenanco, Xollochiyuhyan, Cozohuipillan, Coyocac, Apancallecan, Xiuh-
tlan, Acatliyacac, Acapolco, Totollan, Tecpantepec, Nexpan, Iztactlalocan,
Teocuitlatlan, Teopochtlan, Xicochimalco, Cuauhxayacatitlan, Coyolapan,
Cuauhnacaztitlan, Cuetzalcuitlapillan, Izhuatlan, Cihuatlan, Huehuetlan,
Huitztlan, Xolotlan, Mazatlan, Huipillan, Tecuantepec, Ayotochcuitlatlan,
Cuauhtlan, Mizquitlan, Tlacotepec, Cuappilollan.
67 : 42 And when Ahuitzotzin died,**° then Moteuczomatzin the second was
installed as ruler. And he ruled for eighteen and a half years. And the
nations that he captured, conquered, are named here, beginning with a
place called Achiotlan, [then] Zozollan, Teuhtepec, Nocheztlan, Totote-
pec, Tlanitztlan, Zoltepec, Icpatepec, Izquixochitepec, Quiauhtepec, Chi-
chihualtatacallan, Texotlan, Piyaztlan, Ollan, Huitztlan, Tzinacantlan,
Tlatlayan, Yancuitlan, Xicotepec, Toztepec, Micquetlan, Huexolotlan, Tlil-
tepec, Nopallan, Tlalcozauhtitlan, Texopan, Itzyoyocan, Caltepec, Panco,
Teochiauhtzinco, Teochiapan, Tlachquiauhco, Malinaltepec, Quimichte-
pec, Centzontepec, Quetzaltepec, Cuezcomaixtlahuacan, Zacatepec, Xala-
pan, Xaltianquizco, Yolloxonecuillan, Itzcuintepec, Iztitlan.
68:9 And when Moteuczomatzin was ruling, the Spaniards came here for
the first time. They first appeared, arrived, at the place called Chalchiuh-
cueyecan.
68 : 12 And when Moteuczomatzin’s overseers, the Cuetlaxtlan people, whose
leader was the Cuetlaxtecatl called Pinotl,52” became aware of this and were
able to find out about it, they started off to visit these Christians. When
they saw them, they took them for gods. Later, however, they called them
Christians.
68
:19 The reason they said they were gods is that this is what they called their
devils 4-Wind Sun,°?* Quetzalcoatl, etc.

526. For onomic read onmic as in line 67:6.

527. The translation follows Velazquez, though the text has ytoca cuetlaxtecatl Pinotl (the
one called Cuetlaxtecatl Pinotl). Cf. FC bk. 12, ch. 2; TEZ ch. 106.
528. 4 Wind is the name of the second sun (see line 75: 16 below), which was Quetzal-
coatl himself, according to the Historia de los mexicanos por sus pinturas, ch. 4. For the
prophecy of Quetzalcoatl’s return and his identification with the Spaniards see FC bk. 12,

£37
 A short history of the Mexica: A.D. 1350-1518

68 : 22 And it was at this time that the Christians learned, were told that Mo-
teuczoma was the great ruler yonder in Mexico. And then the Christians
sent him their greeting gift—with which they greeted Moteuczomatzin—
and those who carried it were the ones who were the overseers there, who
were the caretakers of tribute. The first, whom we have mentioned, was
the Cuetlaxtecatl named Pinotl. The second was Tentlil. The third was
Cuitlapitoc.
68 : 32 And here are the greeting gifts the Christians presented to Moteuczo-
matzin: 52? one green cassock; and two capes, one black, one red; and a
pair of shoes; a knife; a hat; also a cap; also a piece of cloth; also a drinking
cup; also some beads.

chs. 2—4 and 16; FC bk. 8, ch. 7; CM fol. 56v; “Cédice Vaticanus 3738” fol. 9v: CHIM
62; IXT 2:ch. 1, p. 8; TEZ ch. 107; DHIST 2:chs. 71 and 74. For the story at hand, see
especially FC bk. 12, ch. 2, and note that the Spaniards who met the Cuetlaxtlan people were
not Cortés and his men (as stated in TEZ and DHIST) but Grialva’s party, which arrived a
year earlier, in 1518. The point is discussed by Orozco y Berra in TEZ, p. 697.
529. Compare the similar list in TEZ ch. 108, p. 690: “sartales de cristalinas cuentas
azules . . . una camisa de ruan y unos calzones y alpargates, un sombrero, y de la manera de
traer las espadas y dagas se la pusieron con su talabarte. Al cabo le dieron una cajeta de
conserva y una bota de vino y bizcocho blanco.” The parallel passage in CF bk. 12, ch. 2,
fol. 4v, mentions only “cuétas de vidro, vnas verdes, y otras amarillas” (cozcatl, xoxoctic, coztic).

138
Legend of the Suns
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 Contents

Preamble oval
The first sun 7530
The second sun Gos1LO
The third sun IES
The fourth sun 75 :34
Origin of the new-fire ceremony 76:8
The restoration of life LOTS
The discovery of corn FS:
The fifth sun a
How the sun was given a drink 78 :24
Xiuhnel and Mimich 79 : 34
Origin of the sacred bundle 80:7
Mixcoatl and Chimalman 80:29
The deeds of Ce Acatl 80 :50
The stinking corpse 81:47
The fall of Tollan 82:14
History of the Mexica 83: 38

141
 [Preamble]

5S Here are wisdom tales made long ago, of how the earth was estab-
lished,!how everything was established, how whatever is known started,
how all the suns that there were began.”
75:4 There are 2513 years today, on the 22nd day of May, 1558.

[The first sun]

730 This sun was 4 Jaguar: it was 676 years. These people, who lived in the
first age, were eaten by jaguars in the time of the sun 4 Jaguar, and what
they ate was 7 Straw.? That was their food.
TO ae And it was 676 years that they lived, and thirteen years that they were
eaten by the man eaters, destroyed, and finished off. Then the sun was
destroyed. And their year was 1 Reed.
73> 13 And when they began to be eaten, it was on a ie sign 4 Jaguar, right
when they were being finished off, when they were being destroyed.

[The second sun]

75
:16 This sun is named 4 Wind. These people, who lived in the second [age],
were blown away by the wind in the time of the sun 4 Wind. And when
they were blown away and destroyed,* they turned into monkeys. All their
houses and trees were blown away. And the sun also was blown away.
1. For the textual mamaca read momanca.
2. Read inic in tzintic in 1zquitetl in omanca tonatiuh.
3. Here and in lines 75:20, 75:30, and 75:41 the ancient people’s foods are designated
by calendric names. Similarly, in the Ruiz de Alarcon Treatise on Superstitions, corn is called
“7 Snake” and squash 1s “7 Eagle” (RUIZAL 125 and 126; for a guide to figurative names
in Ruiz de Alarcén see RUIZA 301-17). Although the foods in our text remain unidenti-
fied, it may be conjectured that these early staples are wild seeds or primitive grains, becom-
ing progressively more like corn—as in variants of the myth preserved in “Cédice Vaticanus
3738,” “Histoyre du Mechique,” and “Historia de los mexicanos por sus pinturas” (for dis-
cussion see Moreno, “Los cinco soles,” p. 205).
4. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.

142
 The fourth sun

Zp: And what they ate was 12 Snake. That was their food.
fo: It was 364 years that they lived, and only one day that they were blown
by the wind, destroyed on a day sign 4 Wind. And their year was 1 Flint.

[The third sun]

225 This sun is 4 Rain. These people lived in the third one,° in the time of
the sun 4 Rain. And the way they were destroyed is that they were rained
on by fire. They were changed into turkeys.
527 And the sun also burned. All their houses burned.
:28 And it was 312 years that they lived. But when they were destroyed, it
rained fire for only one day.
: 30 And what they ate was 7 Flint. That was their food. And their year was
1 Flint. And it was on a day sign 4 Rain. And when they died they were
children. Therefore today they are called the baby children.

[The fourth sun]

This sun is named 4 Water. And for fifty-two years there was water.
m5: 35 These people lived in the fourth one,’ in the time of the sun 4 Water.
And it was 676 years that they lived. And they died by drowning. They
turned into fish.
75 S39 The skies came falling down. They were destroyed in only one day.
a: 40 And what they ate was 4 Flower. That was their food.
>: 41 And their year was | House. And it was on a day sign 4 Water that they
were destroyed. All the mountains disappeared.
75 £43 And the water lay for fifty-two years.
Wo: And when their years were complete,’ then Titlacahuan gave a com-
mand to the one called Tata,? and to his wife, who was called Nene. He
said to them, “Put aside your cares.!° Hollow out a big cypress, and when
it’s Tozoztli [April] and the skies come falling down, get inside.”

5. Inic ei, for inique 1. Cf. line 75:35.

6. Ic etlamanti nenca. Sec following note.
7. Ic nauhtlamanti nenca (lived in the fourth one). The expected form is ic nauhtlamantl
nenca. Lehmann writes 1c nauhtlamantinenca.
8. That is, when they were to be destroyed (prior to the fifty-two years).
9. Intoca nata. Read ttoca tata, following Velazquez, who points out that the form is tata
at 76:6.
10. Lit., Don’t care about anything anymore (GLOS: tlazotla:tla). Following Horcasitas,
the free translation would be “Don’t work anymore” (“An Analysis of the Deluge Legend in
Mesoamerica,” p. 195). In modern folkloric variants the man has been trying to clear his

143
 Origin of the new-fire ceremony

73 249 And so they got inside. Then he sealed them in and said, “You — eat
only one of these corn kernels.!! Also your wife must eat only one.” Well,
when they had eaten it all up, they went aground.
PonoL It can be heard that the water is drying. The log has stopped moving.
Then it opens. They see a fish. Then they drill fire and cook fish for
themselves.
76:2 Then the gods Citlalinicue and Citlalatonac looked down and said,
“Gods, who’s doing the burning? Who’s smoking the skies?”
76:5 Then Titlacahuan, Tezcatlipoca, came down and scolded them. He said,
“What are you doing, Tata? What are you people doing?”
Ae ff Then he cut off their heads and stuck them on their rumps, and that
way they were turned into dogs.'?

[Origin of the new-fire ceremony]

76:8 Now, it was in a year 2 Reed that the skies were [again] smoked. This
is how we ourselves exist, how the fire drill ignited.
76:10 When the sky was established was in a year 1 Rabbit.'* [Yes,] this
is how!® the fire drill ignited, when fire appeared [for the new-fire
ceremony ].'¢

land, but the trees he cuts down keep rising up again; finally, in one version, a spirit appears
to him, saying, “Don’t work anymore, because the world is coming to an end.” See Paredes,
Folktales ofMexico, no. 1 (version told in Spanish by an Otomi of Nahua ancestry in Tlaxco,
Puebla); other variants are summarized and discussed in Horcasitas, “An Analysis of the
Deluge Legend.” For still further variants see Bierhorst, Mythology of Mexico and Central
America, p. 215.
11. In a modern Nahuatl variant from San Pedro Jicora the man, unaccompanied by a
wife, loads the hollowed-out log with corn and other supplies, then seals himself in: kuakin
ya ukalak kuakin umutsikua kual kipepetx in puerta (when he has entered, then he closes
himself in; then he sealed the door thoroughly) (Ziehm, Nahua-Texte 1: 136).
12. Why are the gods annoyed? In several of the versions discussed by Horcasitas (see
note above) the survivors of the flood give offense because they kindle fire before being told
to do so. In other variants the problem seems to be that the survivors have eaten forbidden
meat; either the fish represents the inhabitants of the previous world (implying cannibalism)
or it is said to be carrion (fit for animals, not humans). In a few of the variants Heaven is
annoyed simply because someone has survived a destruction that was supposed to have been
total.
13. Read chichime.
14. The author alludes to a story he has not told. Recall that the skies came falling down
in line 39:39 above. Afterward, according to the variant in HMPP ch. 5, Tezcatlipoca and
Quetzalcoatl changed themselves into a pair of tall trees and lifted the sky to its present
position; when this occurred, “the year was Rabbit.”
15. Read tzcatgui inic.
16. The somewhat fuller statement in HMPP ch. 6 has it that Tezcatlipoca—in a year
“Reed,” the second year after the flood—originated the custom of drawing fire from the fire

144
 The restoration oflife

76: 12 Now, it was dark for twenty-five years.!7

76: 14 Well, it was in the year ] Rabbit that the sky was established. And when
it had been established, the dogs sent up smoke, as mentioned above. And
after the fire drill had ignited—after Tezcatlipoca had drilled fire—he
smoked the skies once more, and this was in a year 2 Reed.

[The restoration of life]

76: 18 And then the gods talked to each other and said, “Who will there be?
Sky has been established, Tlalteuctli has been established. Gods, who will
there be?” They were sad. Citlalinicue, Citlalatonac, Apanteuctli, Tepan-
quizqui, Tlallamanqui, Huictlolingui, Quetzalcoatl, and Titlacahuan
[were their names].
76 mae Then Quetzalcoatl went to the dead land, and when he came to the dead
land lord, the dead land lady, he said to him, “I’ve come for the precious
bones that you are keeping. Pve come to get them.”
76: 25 Then he said, “To do what, Quetzalcoatl?”
76 226 And he answered him, “It’s because the gods are sad. Who will there be
on earth?”
76: ah The dead land lord replied, “Very well. Blow my conch horn and circle
four times around my precious realm.” But his conch horn was not hollow.
76 230 Then he summoned worms, who hollowed it out. Then bumblebees and
honeybees went in. Then he blew on it, and the dead land lord heard him.
76: 32 Then the dead land lord answered, “Very well, take them!” But he said
to his messengers, the dead land people, “Spirits, go tell him he has to
leave them here.”
76": 35 But Quetzalcoatl said, “No, ’'m taking them forever.”
76: 36 And then his nagual said to him, “Tell them, ‘Pll leave them [with
oul.’”
76 £38 ‘ Then he said to them, he shouted to them,}* “Ill leave them [with
you]!” and he quickly ascended.
76: 39 Then he takes the precious bones. The male bones are in one pile, the
female bones are in another pile. Then Quetzalcoatl takes them, wraps
them up, and comes carrying them off.

drill; “and when the flame had been drawn, it was the festival of making many and large
fires.” (For descriptions of the ceremony, held every fifty-two years, see FC 4: 143—44 and
FC bk. 7, ch. 9; and note the “year-bundle” feasts, always in 2 Reed, mentioned above in
lines 11:25, 29:51, 51:27, and 60:5.)
17. This agrees with HMPP ch. 7, which explains that the sun was created in the twenty-
sixth year after the flood.
18. Lit., to him.

145
 The discovery of corn

10m Again, the dead land lord said to his messengers, “Spirits, Quetzalcoatl
is really taking the precious bones away. Spirits, go dig himapit.” Then
they went and dug it for him.
ire So he fell into the pit, stumbled and fell, and quail frightened him and
he lost consciousness.
76: 46 _Then he spilled the precious bones, and the quail bit into them, nibbled
them.
76: 47 And when Quetzalcoatl came to, he cried. Then he said to his nagual,
“My nagual, how will they be?” |
TO: 49 And he said to him, “How will they be? They’ve been ruined. Let them
go that way.” !?
76 250 Then he gathered them together, picked them up, wrapped them. Then
he carried them to Tamoanchan. And when he had brought them, the one
named Quilaztli, Cihuacoatl, ground them up. Then she put them into a
jade bowl, and Quetzalcoatl bled his penis on them.
FOS os Then all the gods, who have been mentioned, did penance: Apanteuctli,
Huictlolingui, Tepanquizqui, Tlallamanac, Tzontemoc, and number six?°
is Quetzalcoatl.
Tas: Then they said, “Holy ones, humans, have been born.”?! It’s because
they did penance for us.

[The discovery of corn]

Vie Again, they said, “Gods, what will they eat? Let food be looked for.”
Gre Then the ant went and got a kernel of corn out of Food Mountain, and
Quetzalcoatl met the ant and said, “Where did you get it? Tell me.”
Vas But it won’t tell him. He insists. Then it says, “Over there,” and it shows
him the way.
Wiaes Then Quetzalcoatl changed into a black ant.

19. Hence the origin of mortality? (an interpretation offered in Bierhorst, Four Master-
works, p. 69; cf. RUIZAL 371). But according to the variant in “Histoyre du Mechique”
(pp. 26—27), the bones were those of giants that had formerly inhabited the earth (cf. line
2:31 above); the accident, therefore, explains why people today are small, compared to the
giants. Mendieta’s version (bk. 2, ch. 1; adapted in Clavijero, bk. 6, ch. 2) has it that the
accident resulted in broken bones of different sizes, thus explaining why some people are tall
and others are short. An incantation for treating fractures evidently alludes to this myth,
saying, “. . . Lord Quail! What are you doing with this Dead Land bone that you’ve splin-
tered, that you’ve shattered? .. .“(... tecugoline . . . tlen tic-aitia in mictlanomitl: in
oticpoztec, in oticxamani. . . . ) (RUIZ 163, RUIZA 267-68).
20. Lit., someone’s six, a peculiar but seemingly feasible solution proposed byVelazquez.
Lehmann reads techiquageca as a proper name.
21. The translation follows Garibay, Literatura de los aztecas, p. 20 (“jDioses nacieron:
son los hombres!”). Lehmann has “Gods and men have been born.” Velazquez’s “Born are
the vassals of the gods” and Garibay’s “Men have been born of gods” (Epica néhuatl, p. 27)
seem incorrect.

146
 The fifth sun

Yrs 9 It shows him the way, and he goes inside. Then they carry it out
together.
ee: 10 The red ant, it seems, showed Quetzalcoatl the way.
77: Il Outside he lays down the kernels, then he carries them to Tamoanchan.
Then the gods chew them and put them on our lips.
7: 13 That’s how we grew strong.
a7 : 14 Then they said, “What will we do with Food Mountain?” Then Que-
tzalcoatl went and tried to carry it, tied it with ropes, but he couldn’t
lift it.
ars Then Oxomoco counted it out,?? and Oxomoco’s wife, Cipactonal, also
counted its fate. The woman is Cipactonal.?%
Then Oxomoco and Cipactonal said, “Nanahuatl will strike Food
Mountain,” for they had counted it out.
220 Then all the tlalocs are summoned, blue tlalocs, white tlalocs, yellow
tlalocs, red tlalocs.
ae Then Nanahuatl strikes it,?* and the foods are stolen by the tlalocs.?
: 24 The white, black, and yellow [corn], the red corn, the beans, the ama-
ranth, the chia, the fish amaranth, all the foods were stolen.

[The fifth sun]

v/s 27 This sun is named 4 Movement. We who live?* today [have] this one,
it’s our sun, though what’s here is [merely] its signification, because the
sun [itself] fell into the fire, the spirit oven, at Teotihuacan.
Bee 30 It’s the same as the sun of Topiltzin, Quetzalcoatl of Tollan. And before
it was the sun, its name was Nanahuatl, whose home was yonder in
Tamoanchan.
Sie 32 Eagle, jaguar, falcon, wolf.?”7 6 Wind, 6 Flower: both are names of
the sun.

22. Lit., Then Oxomoco counted things out for it, i.e., Oxomoco counted corn kernels
to divine the future of Food Mountain (MOL: tlapouia:nite = echar fuertes a otro el hech-
izero 0 agorero con mayz).
23. The author emphasizes his disagreement with the tradition that Cipactonal is the
male, Oxomoco the female (FC 4:4:6: Oxomoco cioatl . . . auh in Cipactonal oqujchtl1).
24. With lightning. In a modern Nahua variant of this myth, Nanahuatl (called Nana-
watzin) is the captain of the thunderbolts. See Taggart, Nahuat Myth and Social Structure,
p. 90; see also NED: nanahuatl 3. For a full list of Middle American variants of the Hidden
Corn myth, see Bierhorst, Mythology ofMexico and Central America, p. 215.
25. The translation agrees with both Lehmann and Velazquez but seemingly violates Ca-
rochi’s rule against naming the agent of a passive verb. See GN sec. 2.2.
26. For tonneimi read tonnemi.
27. These four animals figure in the myth that is about to be told (see 77 :48—52 below).
In the text a small circle with rays, like a miniature sun, appears between the words for “eagle”
and “jaguar.”

14.7
 The fifth sun

las 34 Now, here is what is called the spirit oven. For four years it burned.
GT 35 Well then, Tonacateuctli and Xiuhteuctli summoned Nanahuatl. They
said to him, “You are the one who must keep the sky and the earth.”
Te 37 And then he was very sad. He said, “What are they saying? There are
gods, and I am a worthless invalid!”
Wes 38 They also summoned 4 Flint, the moon. The ones who summoned him
were Tlalocanteuctli and Nappateuctli.
Th? 40 And so Nanahuatl fasts. He takes his spines and his needles. Then he
gives thorns to the moon, and they do penance.”
TES 42 Then Nanahuatl bathes first. Afterward the moon bathes.
143 His needles are plumes, his spines are jade. He uses jade as incense.
Tae And when four days have gone by, they feather Nanahuatl, and they
chalk him.?? Then he goes off to fall in the fire, and 4 Flint meanwhile
sings and dances for him like a woman.
77 147 So Nanahuatl went off to fall in the fire. But the moon only went to fall
in the ashes.
WYER 48 And so he went off. And he was able to grab the eagle and carry it
along.*°
Tre 49 But he could not carry the jaguar. It just stood next to the fire and
jumped over it.3! That’s how it became spotted. At that time the falcon
became smoke-colored. At that time the wolf was singed. These three were
unable to go with him.
Hie 53 Well, when he got to the sky, Tonacateuctli and Tonacacihuatl bathed
him. Then they sat him in a guechol chair. Then they adorned his head
with a red border.
poo: Then he tarries in the sky for four days. And then he appears on
4 Movement.
But he spent four days without moving, just staying in place.
Then the gods say, “Why doesn’t he move?” Then they send the blade
falcon, who goes and tells the sun that it has come to question him. It tells
him, “The gods are saying, ‘Ask him why he doesn’t move.’ ”
Then the sun said, “Why? Because I’m asking for their blood, their
color,” their precious substance.” 34

28. That is, they puncture themselves with the needles, or thorns, in order to draw sacri-
ficial blood. Cf. 4:38 and 6:52 above.
29. Sacrificial victims were customarily smeared with chalk and crowned with feathers
(see NED: tizatl/ihhuitl).
30. Hence the origin of the eagle’s dark plumage. See the variant at FC 7:6: 12.
31. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.
32. In Mendieta’s variant (bk. 2, ch. 2) the sun refuses to move until the gods sacrifice
themselves (“hasta haberlos muerto y destruido4 ellos”).
33. For intlacoca I read intlacoca{ub]. Lehmann reads inin tlacoca and translates the whole
phrase, “I’m asking for the noble blood of those who did the damage.”

148
 How the sun was given a drink

78: 6 Then the gods hold council. And then Tlahuizcalpanteuctli grows an-
gry. He says, “Well, why is this? Pll shoot him! He must not stay put!”
78 i8 Then he shoots him. But he failed to hit him.
78 eo Meanwhile the sun is shooting at Tlahuizcalpanteuctli, and he succeeds
in hitting him because his arrows are like shafts of flame. And then the
nine layers ** covered up his face.
arg This Tlahuizcalpanteuctli is the frost.
2 Then all the gods get together: Titlacahuan, Huitzilopochtli, and the
women Xochiquetzal, Yapalliicue, Nochpalliicue. And there*5 in Teoti-
huacan they all died a sacrificial death. So then the sun went into the sky.
: 16 And then goes the moon, who had fallen only in the ashes. And when
he got to the edge of the sky, Papaztac came and broke his face with a
rabbit pot.*°
218 And then at a crossroads he met the tzitzimime, the coleletin, and they
said to him, “Come here.” They detained him for a long while, dressing
him all in rags.
mak And so it was the sun of 4 Movement that appeared at that time. And
at that time, too, he established nightfall.

[How the sun was given a drink]

:24 Now, Mixcoatl?” lived for thirty-nine years, and his wife was named
Chimalman.
:26 And Topiltzin had fifty-six years.** It was in 1 Reed, certainly, that he
traveled, that he went away, that he left his city, Tollan. And it was
4 Rabbit when he died, in Tlapallan.
230 It was in a year | Flint that the Mixcoa were born. The way it happened,
34. “Nine layers” refers to the heavens in line 4:46 above. But it may also refer to the
underworld (see NED: chiucnauhixtlahuatl).
35. Read im ye oncan.
36. Hence the origin of the supposed rabbit image on the face of the moon. In Sahagtin’s
variant of the myth, one of the gods strikes the moon not with a “rabbit pot” but with a
rabbit per se (FC 7: 7:28). The rabbit pot, tochtecomatl, is mentioned by Sahagtin in a quite
different context: it was used as the vessel in a wine-drinking ceremony, in which the singer-
Participants were called centzontotochtin, four hundred rabbits, a group of spirits associated
with wine (FC 2: 194:3, cf. FFCC 1:24:7).
37. Labeled pictographs in the manuscript at this point show Mixcoatl and Chimalman
and their son Topiltzin, also the town of Tollan, the mountain Xicococ, and four houses
named cohuacalli (serpent house), teocuitlacalli (gold house), chalchiuhcalli (jade house), and
xiuhcalli (turquoise house). Two additional glyphs, both simple squares, are labeled ce tecpatl
(1 Flint) and ce Acatl (1 Reed). Immediately above the ce Acatl glyph are the words 52 anos
52 years).
38, Topiltzin, also called Ce Acatl or Quetzalcoatl, was the son of Mixcoatl and Chimal-
man (see 80:43—51 below).

149
 How the sun was given a drink

Iztacchalchiuhtlicue gave birth to four hundred Mixcoa, then she went

into a cave. And when they had gotten into the cave, their mother deliv-
ered again, and five more Mixcoa were born. The first is named Cuauhtlii-
coauh, the second is named Mixcoatl, the third is a female named Cui-
tlachcihuatl, the fourth is named Tlotepe, the fifth is named Apanteuctli.
78: 38 _ And when they were born, they entered the water,?? put themselves in
the water, spent four days in water. And when they came out, Mecitli
suckled them. This Mecitli is Tlalteuctli. And so we today who are Mexica
are not really Mexica but Mecitin. )
aoe And then the sun commands the four hundred Mixcoa: he gives them
darts and says to them, “Here is how you will give me a drink, how you
will serve me”—also a shield. And the darts are precious darts. They have
quetzal wings, egret wings, troupial wings, teoquechol wings, roseate
spoonbill wings, cotinga wings. “And the one who is your mother is
Tlalteuctli.”
79: But they did not do as they were commanded. They just shot birds, they
just played. At that point [the darts] were called bird darts.
TL And when they catch a jaguar, they do not give it to the sun. And then,
when they get the jaguar, they feather themselves. And while they’re feath-
ered, they sleep with women.
ao: Then they tipple on pulque and get completely drunk, completely
intoxicated.
79: And then the sun commands the five who were born last: he gives them
thorn darts, gives them a spirit shield, and says, “My children, pay atten-
tion. You must now destroy the four hundred Mixcoa, the ones who fail
to say, ‘Mother! Father!”
79: Then they put themselves in a mesquite, and seeing them there, they
say, “Who are these people that are just like us?” Then they made war on
each other.
79: Then Cuauhtliicoauh went into the tree, and Mixcoatl went into the
earth, and Tlotepe went into a mountain. Then Apanteuctli stood in
water, and their sister, Cuetlachcihuatl, stood in a ball court.*°
79: 20 Then they surrounded them. None of them were in the mesquite any-
more, they were in hiding, and the tree cracks and splits open on top of
them, and Cuauhtliicoauh comes out from inside the tree.
Tots 24 And then there’s a shaking of the earth, and out comes Mixcoatl, who
had gone into the ground.

39. A newborn infant, bathed by the midwife, was said to “enter” the water (FC 6:
176: 24).
40. The narrator seems to be punning on Cuauhtli and tree (quahuitl), Tlotepe and
mountain (tepetl), Apanteuctli and apan (water place), Cuetlachcihuatl and tlachco (ball
court).
 Xtiuhnel and Mimich

And the mountain breaks apart, collapses,#! and out comes Tlotepe.
Then the water churns, and out comes Apanteuctli.
And then they conquered them, destroyed them, and served the sun and
gave it a drink.
29) And the few who remained came and spoke to them in order to appease
them, and said, “We have annoyed you. Go to Chicomoztoc. It’s your cave.
Enter. It’s your home. Can it still be our cave? You’ve ruined our cave, our
home. We'll just settle at the cave’s edge.”

[Xiuhnel and Mimich]

: 34 Then two deer descend [from the sky],*? each with two heads. And two
of the Mixcoa, one named Xiuhnel, the other named Mimich, go hunting
in the desert lands.
Xiuhnel and Mimich chase the deer, trying to shoot them, chasing them
all night, all day, finally wearing them out in the evening.
40 Then they tell each other, “Come on, you build your shelter there. T’ll
build mine over here. Hah! Those bad ones are coming now.”
:41 And then the ones who had been deer passed by, now changed into
women. “Xiuhneltzin! Mimichtzin!” they cried.** “Where are you? Come
here. Come drink, come eat.”
Hearing this, they said to each other, “Come on, don’t speak to them.”
: 46 But Xiuhnel did speak to them. He said, “Come here, sister.”
147 And she answered him, “Xiuhneltzin, won’t you have a drink?” And
Xiuhnel drinks the blood, and then he lies next to her.
249 But when he had lain with her,** then she turned over on top of him
and bit him, breaking open his chest.
: 50 Then Mimich says, “Alas, my elder brother is eaten.”
Be But the other woman is calling to him. “Man-child,” she says, “won’t
you eat?” Mimich doesn’t answer. Then he uses the fire drill and makes
fire. And when Mimich had made it, he rushed into it. And the woman
ran after him, into the fire.
80: All night she ran after him, still running after him when it was noon.
And finally, at noon, a pot cactus descended [from the sky].*5 The woman
fell on top of it and got stuck.

41. Read huitomi.

42. The variant in HMPP (ch. 8) reads, “hubo un gran ruido en el cielo y cay6 un venado
de dos cabezas.”
43. Read tzatzitihui, lit., they go shouting.
44. Lit., But when he had laid her.
45. Cf. line 79:35 above.

Isl
 Origin of the sacred bundle

80: 4 And when he saw that the ogress lay fallen, he shot her repeatedly, then
turned around and came back.
80: He . . . ,4° comes crying because his elder brother has been eaten.

[Origin of the sacred bundle]

80: Then those spirits, the xiwhteteuctin [fire lords], hear him, and they go
to get the woman, Itzpapalotl. Mimich leads the way. And when they get
her, they burn her.
80: And then they all shined forth: first, the blue flint shined. Second, the
white flint shined. They took the white one and wrapped it up. Third,
the yellow flint shined. They didn’t take it, they just looked at it. Fourth,
the red flint shined. And again they didn’t take it. Fifth, the black flint
shined. Again they didn’t take it.
80: But Mixcoatl made the white flint his spirit power, and when they had
wrapped it up, he backpacked it.*7
80: 17 Then he goes off to make conquests in a place called Comallan, back-
packing the flint. It’s his spirit power, Itzpapalotl. And when the Comal-
teca heard about it, they came out to meet Mixcoatl, and they laid down
food for him, just to appease him.
80: 21 And then he went to Tecanman, and they also appeased him. They said,
“How goes it with the gentleman?#* Let him be welcome. Well now, get
him some pulque.*? I wouldn’t hack him to pieces here!” 5°
80 : 24 And then he went to Cocyama and made conquests. And when he had
conquered in Cocyama, he went to Huehuetocan and conquered again.
46. The text has tamatzayantihuitz tlatzonilpitihui|t|z tlamachiotitihuitz, lit., he comes
parting [or separating] something, comes tying something with regard to his hair, comes
marking [or designing] something. According to Velazquez, Xiuhnel is separating himself
from the woman, also binding and styling his hair. According to Lehmann, he has parted his
hair, has swept his tresses into a chieftain’s coif, and is sporting designs on his flesh. Ginge-
rich’s interpretation (in “Three Nahuatl Hymns,” p. 218) essentially agrees with Lehmann:
“(He comes] parting and tying his hair, painting his face.” Garibay (in Epica nahuatl, p. 22)
gives: “va lentamente apartandose, va trenzando sus cabellos, va haciendo el afeite de pintura
de su cuerpo” (he goes slowly withdrawing [from the woman], goes braiding his hair, goes
applying cosmetic paint to his body). For me the passage is inscrutable. See GLOS: machi-
yotia:tla, matzayana:tla, tzonilpia:tla.
47. The variant story given in lines 1: 15—19 above implies that the bundle contained the
“ashes” of Itzpapalotl. See also line 50: 36.
48. Lit., What does the noble one do? (using the honorific form of ayi:tla, to do some-
thing). Cf. NED: chihua:tla 2, where similar phrases carry the meaning “What ill befalls?”
or “What mishap occurs?”
49. Lit., “Get his thorns,” or “Get thorns for him.”
50. Following Velazquez, I read ma nican niquitzo[!)tili, assuming a playful allusion to
the “thorns” (i. e., pulque) of the preceding sentence. Lehmann reads ma nican niquitzotili,
which might be given in English as “Let me not cause him to become filthy here!”

E52
 The deeds of Ce Acatl

And when he had made conquests in Huehuetocan, he went to Pochtlan

and conquered once more.

[Mixcoatl and Chimalman]

And then Mixcoatl goes off to make conquests in Huitznahuac. Meeting
the woman Chimalman, he lays down his shield and positions his darts
and his dart thrower. She just stands there naked, no skirt, no blouse. And
having sighted her, Mixcoatl shoots her repeatedly.
Sicko He shot one at her and it just went over her. She ducked.
The second time he shot at her,°! it went by on one side. She just
dodged.
oo The third time he shot at her, she caught it in her hand.
The fourth time he shot at her, she made it pass between her legs.
: 36 And when Mixcoatl had shot at her the fourth time, he turned around
and went away. And the woman ran and hid in a cave, she went into a
gorge.°?
£38 And again Mixcoatl adorned himself and got darts. And then he went
and looked for her again, but he couldn’t find her.
Then he killed some of the Huitznahua women, and the Huitznahua
women said, “Let’s go down and get her.”
242 They said to her, “Mixcoatl is looking for you. Because of you, “he’s
killing your sisters.”
£43 And so they fetched her, and she came to Huitznahuac. And Mixcoatl
went again and met her, and again she stands there, exposing her crotch.
And he lays down his shield and his darts. And again he shoots at her.
Again a dart went over her, and one passed by her side, and she caught
one in her hand, and one went between her legs.
After that he took hold of her, and he lay beside this woman from
Huitznahuac, this Chimalman. And with that she became pregnant.

[The deeds of Ce Acatl]

: 50 Now, when he was being born he gave his mother great pain for four
days. And so, he was born, this Ce Acatl.
And no sooner has he been born than his mother dies. And Ce Acatl is
brought up by Quilaztli, Cihuacoatl. When he has grown alittle, he goes

51. Lit., he hurled it at her. GLOS: tlaxilia:te-tla.

52. Read oztotl atlauhcan.
 The deeds of Ce Acatl

off with his father to make conquests. And he learned war by taking cap-
tives in a place called Xihuacan.
8l: Now, Ce Acatl’s uncles, who are of the four hundred Mixcoa,** abso-
lutely hated his father, and they killed him.
And when they had killed him, they went and put him in the sand.
81> So Ce Acatl looks for his father, asking, “Where’s my father?”
8l: Then the king vulture says to him, “They’ve killed your father. It’s over
yonder that he lies, that they’ve buried him.”
81: So he went and dug him up and put him in his temple, Mixcoatepetl.
81: 10 Now, his uncles, the ones who killed his father, are called Apanecatl,
Zolton, and Cuilton, and they say, “How will he dedicate his temple? © If
there’s only a rabbit, if there’s only a snake, we would be angry. A jaguar,
an eagle, a wolf would be good.”*> And so they told him this.
gl: Ce Acatl said—he told them—“All right. It shall be.”
8l: Then he called the jaguar, the eagle, and the wolf. He said to them,
“Come, uncles. They say I must use you to dedicate my temple.** But you
will not die. Rather you will eat the ones I use to dedicate my temple—
they’re those uncles of mine.” And so it was without any real purpose that
ropes were tied around their necks.
Glee Then Ce Acatl summoned gophers. He said to them, “Uncles, come!
We must dig a hole in our temple.” And the gophers scratched away. They
duga hole inside it, and with that Ce Acatl entered his temple and came
out at the top.
Now, while the uncles are saying, “We’re the ones who’ll drill the fire
on top,” theyre rejoicing, having seen the jaguar, the eagle, and the wolf
all in misery. And when they’ve recovered their presence of mind, already
Ce Acatl is drilling the fire.
gl: 28 Then his uncles are furious, and off they go, Apanecatl in the lead,
climbing quickly.
SLs 30 But Ce Acatl rose up and broke his head with a burnished pot, and he
came tumbling down.
81: Then he seizes’? Zolton and Cuilton. Then the animals blow [on the
fire]. Then they sacrifice them.
Sl# They cover them with hot pepper, cut up their flesh a little. And after
they’ve tortured them, they cut open their breasts.

53. Evidently among the “few who remained” after the massacre. See line 79:29 above.
54. A presumed copyist’s error duplicates im iteocal (his temple).
55. An attempt to frustrate the hero. According to the variant in “Histoyre du Mechique”
(ch. 10), his antagonists are confident he will be unable to capture these animals.
56. Read noteocal.
57. Read quintzitzquia.
 The stinking corpse

81 SOF And then Ce Acatl makes more conquests, in a place called Ayotlan.
81 : 38 When he had conquered, he went on to Chalco, to Xicco, and con-
quered again.
81: 39 And having conquered, he went on to Cuixcoc, and again he conquered.
81 : 40 He went to Zacanco, conquered again, then to Tzonmolco, conquered
again.
gl: 41 To Mazatzonco, conquered again. To Tzapotlan, conquered again.
gl: 43 Then he went to Acallan, crossed over the water, and conquered again,®®
and that’s how he got to Tlapallan.
ol : There he took sick. He was sick for five days, then he died.
gl: 46 Well, when he was dead, they set him on fire, and he burned up.

[The stinking corpse]

81: 47 Now, in Tollan the people were no more.*?
Huemac was ruler. The second was called Necuametl, the third was
Tlaltecatzin, the fourth was called Huitzilpopoca. The four were left be-
hind by Topiltzin when he went away. And the ruler of Nonoalco was
called Huetzin. ... °°
el: 51 Now then, an omen came to him: he saw an ash-bundle man,°! a giant.
And it was the very one who was eating people.
sl oh Then the Toltecs say, “O Toltecs, who is it that’s eating people?”
81: oS Then they snared it,®? they captured it. And what they captured was a
beardless boy.°?
8l AS Then they kill it. And when they’ve killed it, they look inside it: it has
no heart, no innards, no blood.
Then it stinks. And whoever smells it dies from it, as well as whoever
does not smell it, who [simply] passes by. And so a great many people are
dying.
"Then they try to drag it away, but it cannot be moved. And when the

58. A presumed copyist’s error duplicates no.

59. For clarity the author might have added: “And here is how it came about.”
60. A blot in the manuscript obscures what may beatitle or other designation following
the name Huetzin.
61. See note to the translation at 50:37.
62. For guipia I read quilpia (see GRAM sec. 5. 2). Evidently Lehmann has the same
idea, translating “Da nehmen sie fest.”
63. Read amotlanetentzotzonyotia? Lit., a boy who does not provide himself with some-
thing to serve as one’s lip hairs. A doubtful translation, possible only if the element ne is
taken as a replacement for te (as it seems to be in CAROC 80v:27, 30). Following Velazquez,
one might read amo tlane tentzotzoyotia, who has no teeth and has filthy lips.

155
 The fall of Tollan

rope breaks, those who fall down die on the spot. And when it moves, all
those who come in contact with it die. It eats them all.
82: Well, now that it could be moved, all the young men, old men, children,
and young women fixed it up. They tied it with eight ropes. Then they
dragged it off.
82: When they got it to Itzocan, it rose up. And those who were dragging
it failed to let go of the ropes and were simply left hanging. Well, as for
anyone who had grabbed a rope and just held on to it,® it carried him
aloft.

[The fall of Tollan]

es Then Huemac played ball. He played with the tlalocs, and the tlalocs
said to him, “What do we win?”
Huemac said, “My jades, my quetzal plumes.”
82: And then to Huemac they said, “Likewise, you win our jades, our que-
tzal plumes.”
82: 18 So they played ball. Huemac won.
Then the tlalocs were about to switch it, about to give Huemac an ear
of green corn; and instead of their quetzal plumes, the shuck® in which
the green ear grows.
82 ai But he did not take it. He said, “Is this what I won? Wasn’t it jades?
Wasn’t it quetzal plumes? Well, bring it here!”
82: 23 So the tlalocs said, “All right. Give him the jades, the quetzal plumes.
Fetch those jades of ours, those quetzal plumes!” Then they fetched them,
then they went away.
82: Zo) Then they said, “Very well. But we are definitely hiding our ‘jades.’ The
Toltecs will have to suffer. And for four years.”
82 27. So then it snowed, the snow fell knee deep, and the crops were de-
stroyed. It was in Tecuilhuitl [June or July] that it snowed.
a2: 29 Except that in Tollan, where there was intense heat, all the trees, the
prickly pears, and the magueys dried up, and all the stones broke apart
and were shattered by the heat.
And when the Toltecs are suffering, when they’re dying of hunger, then
they’re sacrificed. Well, perchance if anyone is keeping a little something
for himself, then he buys a little turkey, makes himself a tamale, and eats.
82 738 Well then, a little old woman selling banners settles herself at Chapol-
tepecuitlapilco, and whoever buys a banner goes and dies on the stone of
sacrifice.
64. Anticlimactic word order reversed in the translation.
65. Read toguizhuatl.
 The fall of Tollan

82: And when the four years of hunger had passed, the tlalocs appeared in
Chapoltepec, where the water is. And milk corn—food—is rising to the
surface. And there’s a Toltec who is nearby, and he picks up the food, and
he feeds on it.
82: 42 And then a tlaloc spirit came out of the water and said to him, “Hey,
fellow! Do you recognize this?”
Re And the Toltec said, “O lord, I do indeed. It’s been a long time since
we lost it.”
82: 45 “Very well,” he replied. “Now stay here and let me tell the master.” And
he went back into the water. He wasn’t gone long.
82 : 46 Then he reappeared carrying an armload of green corn,®” and he said,
“Hey, fellow! Here it is. Give it to Huemac. Now, the gods are asking for
the daughter®* of Tozcuecuex,® for [one of] the Mexitin, for they want
to eat her”°—for the Toltecs are to go on eating very little, the Toltecs
are to be destroyed. There are to be Mexica. And they [the Mexica] are
going to give her to them at Jade Whirlpool, at Banner Place.”7!
82: 53 Then he went to inform Huemac, telling him how the tlaloc had told
him what had to be.
83: Then Huemac was sad. He wept and said, “Perhaps it is so. Perhaps the
Toltecs are to pass away. Perhaps Tollan is to be destroyed.”
83: Then he sent, he dispatched, to Xicococ two of his messengers, someone
named Chiconcoatl, also Cuetlachcoatl, to go and ask the Mexitin for their
daughter Quetzalxotzin, who was not yet grown, who was still a child.
83: So they went to Xicococ and told them, “Huemac sends us. He says,
‘The tlalocs have appeared, asking the Mexica for a daughter of theirs.’”
83: Then the Mexica fasted. They mourned her for four days. And when
the four days were up, they took her to Banner Place. Her father went
with her.
83: 12 Then they sacrificed her.
And in that place the tlalocs appeared again, to Tozcuecuex, saying to

66. Read totecuyo, 1.¢., toteucyo.

67. The ink here is too faded for the word to be legible in the Velazquez facsimile, but
both Velazquez and Lehmann read ¢/otl or ellotl.
68. Facsimile unclear. The reading follows Leén y Gama (see following note).
69. Tozcuecuex was the leader of the wandering Mexica, or Mexitin, shortly before their
arrival at Chapoltepec (UAH secs. 1-2, 123-26, 136; cf. CHIM 134, 273); when the
Mexica were stricken by famine and disease, Tozcuecuex sacrificed his own daughter (UAH
secs. 124—25). Here, in a fuller version of the story, we learn that the gods’ request was
conveyed to the Mexica by the Toltecs.
70. Or, they would eat her. For the future tense with conditional meaning see GRAM
sec. 6.4.
71. The famous whirlpool in the Lake of Mexico, where human victims, jewels, and
banners spattered with liquid rubber were offered to the rain gods and other spirits (FC
bk. 2, chs. 20 and 25; TEZ ch. 80).

157
 History of the Mexica

him, “Tozcuecuex, do not be sad. Your daughter is really with you. Open
your tobacco flask.”
83: 15 And there they placed his daughter’s heart, together with all the differ-
ent foods, and they said to him, “Here is what the Mexica are to eat, for
the Toltecs are to be destroyed.”
83: 18 _ And then it becomes cloudy.”? Then it rains, it pours. For four days it
rained. Every day and every night the water is being absorbed. Then all
kinds of plants sprout up, all the herbs and grasses. But their coming into
existence was superfluous when the corn sprouted.
83: 22 Well, Toltecs did the planting, and when we arrived in a month or two,
already the corn was grown, already it was formed.
83: 24 Now, when the corn was formed, it was in the time of the year sign
2 Reed. And it was in | Flint that the Toltecs were destroyed. That’s when
Huemac went into Cincalco.
8&3 127 Then some groups turned back, and some went on, dispersing every-
where.
83: 29 Now then, the Mexica are coming.
And setting out at this time are 1. Tezcacoatl Huemac, 2. Chiconcoatl,
3. Coatlayauhqui, 4. Cuitlachcoatl. There are thirteen years. Its 1 Reed.
oor 32 Well, he [Topiltzin?] left these people in command, these four whose
names were—the first man, named Coatlayauhqui; the second, named
Cuiltachcoatl; and the third, named Chiconcoatl; and the fourth, named
Tezcacoatl, who is Huemac. And it’s thirteen years that they were in com-
mand, that they were traveling.

[History of the Mexica]

83: 38 Now, it’s fifty-eight years since they came from Colhuacan, from Aztlan,
since the Mexitin departed. It’s 1 Flint.
632 40 Now, here’s when they were at Chapoltepec, still in the time of Huitzi-
lihuitl. For forty years they were there. It’s 13 Rabbit.
83: 42 Now, here’s when they were in Colhuacan, in Tizaapan. It’s twenty-five
years.
O5i Well, when the Toltecs went away in 1 Flint, that’s when the Mexica set
out from Xicococ. It was thirty-seven years until they arrived at Chapol-
tepec. And there at Chapoltepec they spent forty years.

72. Read maiyetecon.

73. The following sentence is preceded by the letter ‘o’; which could be the interjection
Oh! or a copyist’s error.

158
 History of the Mexica

83 : 47 Then the Colhuaque hired them as mercenaries, the Xaltocameca having

gone and hired them out, and the Mexica came and gathered there in their
territory” and said to them, “ll sleep right here in your territory. ’m
going over there.” Then they slept in their territory there.
83:51 It seems that it was only in this manner that they went and guarded
them.
Well, then the Colhuaque set out, and they met them and said, “You
have entered the homeland of the Colhua and the Xaltocamecatl and the
Cuauhtitlancalqui, and the Acolhua and the Tenayo and the Azcapotzal-
catl, as well as Cuahuacan and Mazahuacan, also the Xiquipilcatl and the
Matlatzincatl and the Ocuiltecatl and the Cuitlahuacatl, the Xochimilcatl,
and others.”
The Colhuaque were in command there. They’re the ones who captured
Huitzilihuitl. Then Mexica women and children were stolen. And the
other Mexica, escaping, went and gathered themselves at Acocolco, where
they spent six days.
84:9 And this is when they landed here in Tenochtitlan, which was still just
a place of bulrushes, just a place of reeds, where they suffered hardships
for fifty years, and they had no ruler. As yet the Mexica just minded their
own business.
There are fifty-one [years]. Its 2 House. Colhuacan. Tenayocan. Well,
here are the Mexica conquests that were made: Colhuacan and Tenayocan,
just two.
[Marginal numeral:] 1
Now, it was at this time that King Acamapichtli became ruler, and he
ruled for twenty-one years. Twenty.” 1 Flint.”° Xochimilco. Cuitlahuac.
Cuauhnahuac. Mizquic. Well, here are the conquests that he made: Xochi-
milco and Cuitlahuac and Mizquic and Cuauhnahuac—Acamapich made
conquests in four places.
84 : 21 [Marginal numeral:] 2
Now, here’s when Acamapichtli’s son, named Huitzilihuitl, was ruler,
and it was for twenty-one years that he ruled. 9 House. Xaltocan. Acol-
man. Otompan. Chalco. Tetzcoco. Tollantzinco. Cuauhtitlan. Toltitlan.
Well, here are the conquests that were made. Eight were the nations that
Huitzilihuitl conquered.

74. Read oncan itlan.

75. This should be “twenty-one,” to agree with the statement just made. Cf. the reiterated
numbers in lines 84:27—28 and 84:31—32 below.
76. In other words, Acamapichtli acceded to the throne in | Flint (A.D. 1376) and ruled
for twenty-one years. Here and in the following paragraphs the date marks the beginning of
the king’s reign.
 History of the Mexia

84 : 26 [Marginal numeral:] 3
Now, here’s when Huitzilihuitl’s son, named Chimalpopocatzin, was
ruler. It was ten years that he ruled. Chalco. Tequixquiac. Ten years.”
4 Rabbit. Well, here are his conquests. Two were the nations that Chimal-
popocatzin conquered.
84 : 30 [Marginal numeral:] 4
Now, here’s when Acamapichtli’s son named Itzcohuatzin was ruler.
And it was thirteen years that he ruled. Thirteen. 1 Flint. Now, all the
places where Itzcoatzin’s conquests were made: Azcapotzalco, Tlacopan,
Atlacuihuayan, Coyohuacan, Mixcoac, Cuauhximalpan, Cuahuacan, Teo-
calhuiyacan, Tecpan, Huitzitzilapan, Cuauhnahuac, Tetzcoco, Cuauhti-
tlan, Xochimilco, Cuitlahuac, Mizquic, Tlatilolco, Itztepec, Xiuhtepec,
Tzacualpan, Chalco, Yohuallan, Tepecuacuilco, Cuezallan.
84 : 38 [Marginal numeral:] 5
Now, here’s when Huitzilihuitl’s son known as Ilhuicaminatzin, the
elder Moteuczomatzin, was ruler. And as for how long he ruled, twenty-
nine years is what it was. Twenty-nine. 1 House. Now, here are the
conquests made by the elder Moteuczomatzin: Coaixtlahuacan, Chalco,
Chiconquiyauhco, Tepoztlan, Iyauhtepec, Atlatlauhcan, Totolapan, Huax-
tepec, Tecpatepec, Yohualtepec, Xiuhtepec, Quiauhteopan, Tlalcozauhti-
tlan,Tlachco, Cuauhnahuac, Tepecuacuilco, Coatlan, Xilotepec, Itzcuin-
cuitlapilco, Tlapacoyan, Chapolicxitla, Tlatlauhquitepec, Yacapichtlan,
Cuauhtochco, Cuetlaxtlan.
84:48 [Marginal numeral:] 6
Now, here’s when the one named Axayacatzin ruled, who was the
grandson’$ of the two rulers Moteuczomatzin the elder and Itzcoatzin.”
Twelve years is how long he ruled. Twelve. 4 Rabbit. Now, all the places
of Axayatzin’s conquests: Tlatilolco, Matlatzinco, Xiquipilco, Tzinacante-
pec, Tlacotepec, Tenantzinco, Xochiyacan, Teotenanco, Calimaya, Mete-
pec, Ocoyacac, Capolloac, Atlappolco, Cua. . . . *°

77. Velazquez reads the ambiguously formed figure as 20 but concedes that it ought to
be 10. Lehmann reads 10.
78. But ixbuiuhtli may also mean cousin, brother’s son, or sister’s daughter (MOLS:
primo... ).
79. Implausibly the text combines two traditions regarding the lineage of Axayacatzin.
There is no consensus on this king’s relationship to other rulers (see Garcia Granados, Dic-
ctonario biografico 1:69—80). Various traditions make Axayacatzin the brother of his two
successors, Tizocicatzin and Ahuitzotzin (ibid., 2:282—86). Hence these two are also called
grandsons of Moteuczomatzin the elder and Itzcoatzin (see below).
80. The catchword qua in the lower right corner of side 84 (i.e., folio 43v) indicates that
the long-lost remainder of the manuscript began with a page starting qua[ ], evidently for
quappanohuayan (compare the list of Axayacatzin’s conquests on side 67). The missing text
is preserved on sides 121 and 122 of the Leén y Gama copy, which, as established by Tschohl
in his “Das Ende,” completes the Legend of the Suns.

160
 History of the Mexica

12s D Cuappanohuayan, Xalatlauhco, Tecalco, Tepeyacac, Oztoman, Tlaxi-

malloyan, Ocuillan, Cuezcomatliyacac, Matlatlan, Oztoticpac, Tlaollan,
Ahuilizapan, Tetzapotitlan, Mixtlan, Cuezaloztoc, Cuetlaxtlan, Poxcauh-
tlan, Miquetlan, Tenexticpac, Tochpan, Tampatel, Cuauhtlan, Tamooc.*!
W121 :6 [Marginal numeral:] 7
Now, here’s when [Tizocicatzin], the grandson of the two rulers Mo-
teuczomatzin the elder and Itzcoatzin, ruled. Five years is how long he
ruled. Five. 3 Rabbit. Now, all the places that this Tizocicatzin conquered:
Tonalliimoquetzayan, Ecatepec, Toxico, Matlatzinco, Mazahuacan, Atez-
cahuacan, Cillan, Tlapan, Yancuitlan, Tamapachco, Coatlicuauhpechco,
Xochiyetlan, Miquetlan.
a2] > 13 [Marginal numeral:] 8
Now, here is when [Ahuitzotzin], the grandson of the two rulers
Moteuczomatzin the elder and Itzcoatzin, ruled. Sixteen years is how
long he ruled. Sixteen. 8 Reed. And here are the conquests that he made:
Tlapan, Tziuhcohuac, Molanco, Tzapotlan, Xaltepec, Tototepec, Xala-
pan, Apancallecan, Xihuacan, Acapolco, Xollochiuhcan, Cozohuipillecan,
Acatepec, Cozcacuauhtenanco, Amaztlan, Xochtlan, Coyocac, Chiapan,
Tecpatepec, Huexolotlan, Teocuitlatlan, Xiuhteuczatlan, Xicochimalco,
Tecuantepec, Coyollapan, Huchuetlan, Huipillan, Cahuallan, Iztatlan,
Nantzintlan,*? Comitlan, Izhuatlan, Cuauhxayacatitlan, Iztactlallocan,
Huitztlan, Xollotlan, Cuauhnacaztlan, Mazatlan, Mapachtepec, Cuezal-
cuitlapillan, Cuauhtlan, Tlacotepec, Mizquitlan, Cuauhpilollan, Ayotoch-
cuitlatlan.
21 : 27 Now, here is when the one named Moteuczomatzin, son of Axayacatzin,
was ruler. How long he ruled was sixteen years. Sixteen. 11 Reed. And all
the places that this Moteuczomatzin made conquests were: Achiotlan,
Zozollan, Nocheztlan, Teuctepec, Huilotepec, Tlaniztlan, Zollan, Tzi-
nacantlan, Huitztlan, Oxitlan, Piyaztlan, Texotlan, Chichihualtatacallan,
Iztactlallocan, Icpatepec, Tlatlatepec, Amatlan, Pipioltepec, Zacuantepec,
Nopallan, Tecozauhtlan, Hueiapan, Quimichtepec, Malinaltepec, Tlach-
quiauhco, Teochiapan, Teoatzinco, Pantepec, Caltepec, Tecpatlan, Cen-
tzontepec, Quetzaltepec, Cuezcomaixtlahuacan, Zacatepec, Xallapan, Xal-
tianquizco, Yolloxonecuilco, Comaltepec, Atepec, Huexolotlan, Tliltepec,
Iztitlan, Miquiztlan, Itzcuintepec.

81. The non-Nahuatl-sounding Tamooc is corroborated by the phonically similar, if not

identical, tamuoc in the Codex Mendoza conquest list for Axayacatzin. However, the Anales
de Cuauhtitlan has tamaoc (see Concordance), raising the possibility that Leén y Gama may
have miscopied; the ‘a’ and the ‘o’ are sometimes indistinguishable in the Codex Chimalpo-
poca (compare note | above).
82. The Leon y Gama text has Nautzintlan, presumably another of Le6n y Gama’s scribal
errors (see preceding note). Codex Mendoza has nantzintlan.

161
 History of the Mexica

122
:6 This is when the Marqués arrived, in the year 1 Reed, forty-two years
ago from now.** This one, the one who made war, was the second one to
enter Mexico.** 1 Reed. Forty-two. 11 Reed. 12 Flint. 13 House. 1 Rab-
bit. 2 Reed. 3 Flint. 4 House.**

83. As elsewhere, the particle ye is here translated “ago.” See GLOS: 7 YE 3.

84. Lit., this one, the one who lays out his dagger, is the second one who enters Mexico.
For ye tocomana ic omei in callaguico mexico read ye[h] tacamana ic ome 1|n] in calaquico mexico.
In writing the nonsensical “tocomana,” Leén y Gama may again have confused the ‘a’ and
the ‘o’ (see note 81 above). As for “second one,” Cortés (here called the Marqués) is so
designated presumably because he was preceded by Juan de Grijalva, whose arrival a year
earlier is described in the Annals of Cuauhtitlan: “And when Moteuczomatzin was ruling,
the Spaniards came here for the first time . . .” (see line 69:9 et seq. and note 528). Of
course, Grijalva did not reach Mexico City, as here implied—if my reading is the right one.
The noun taca (dagger) and the transitive verb mana in the sense of to lay out or offer
something as an act of war are independently attested usages (see NED), but the term taca-
mana, though grammatically acceptable, is not elsewhere attested to my knowledge.
85. Tschohl (“Das Ende,” p. 252) reads 4 House as the date 1561. And in fact, if the
scribe is writing forty-two years after Cortés’ arrival in 1 Reed (A.D. 1519), the year would
have to be 4 House (1561). It is unclear, however, why the sequence of years given here
should begin with 11 Reed (1555). In any event, this final paragraph, at least, must have
been added after the main composition, which is dated 1558 in line 75:5 above.

162
 Concordance to Proper Nouns
and Titles

All personal names in the Codex Chimalpopoca, whether of supernaturals or mor-

tals, as well as all group names and place names (both real and mythical), are
entered in this Concordance with a complete list of occurrences. References to the
Codex are by side and line number: for example, 45: 12 (side 45, line 12).
The asterisk (*) identifies a hypothetical or unattested form. Quotation marks
enclose an attested form (such as “CHIAPPAN”) that appears to have been mis-
spelled in the paleograph. Abbreviations are as follows:

abbrev., abbreviation
apoc., apocopated
assoc., associated
cf., compare
g.n., group name (e.g. Chichimecatl, Espafioles, Mexicatl)
lit., literally
p-n., personal name (male unless “female” is specified)
pe.n., place name, geographical name
pl., plural
sing., singular
Span., Spanish
syn., synonym
var., variant, variants

ACA, var. ACAPOL, p.n. Ruler of Chalco. 9:26 (acapol), 11:31 (aca).
Cf. ACATZIN.
ACAHUACAN, pe.n. 22:22 (acahuacan tepeyacac).
ACALHUACAN, pc.n. 21:16 ( = ACOLHUACAN),, see note to translation),
35:45, 35:48 (?, see note to translation).
ACALLAN, pe.n. 81:43.
ACALTECOYAN, pc.n. 19: 30,36.
ACAMAPICHTLI, apoc. var. ACAMAPICH (84:19), p.n.
1. Ruler of Colhuacan. 23:47, 24:1, 27:35.
2. Ruler of Tenochtitlan. 24:25, 26:39, 26:42 (acamapixtli), 27:53, 29:43,51,
30: 20,26, 65:48,49,55, 84: 15,19,21,30.
ACAPOL, see ACA.
AGAPOLCO, pc.n. 67:34, 121:17.

163
 Concordance

ACATENTEHUATZIN, p.n. 15:17.

ACATEPEG, pc.n. 121: 18.
ACATITLAN, pe.n. 10:44,
ACATL, p.n. 12:1,20. Cf. ACA, ACATZIN.
ACATLIYACAC, pc.n. 67: 34.
ACATZIN, p.n. A Chichimec captain. 18:52, 22: 22:41. Cis ACA;
HUEJACATZIN
ACATZINTITLAN, pe.n. 21:22 (tlatzallan acatzintlan), 21:32 (tlatzallan
acatzintlan).
ACAYOLTZIN, p.n. 17:51, 17:54 (agayoltzin).
ACHCAUHTLLI, lit., elder brother (sometimes used as atitle, see GLOS: ach-
cauhtli 5).
ACHICATZIN TLILPOTONCATZIN, p.n. 15:24.
ACHICHILACACHOCAN (Clavijero per SIM, IXT 1: 384: Achichilacazyocan),
pe.n. 64:40 (achichillacachyocan).
ACHIOTLAN, pc.n. 67:46 (achiyotlan), 121: 30.
ACHITOMETL, p.n.
1. An early ruler of Colhuacan. 12: 28,36.
2. A later ruler of Colhuacan. 23:52, 24:2,3,30,35, 27 :34,36,37.
ACOCOLCO, pc.n. 84:7.
ACOCOTLAN, pe.n. 20:3 (acocotla).
ACOLHUA, pl. ACOLHUAQUE, g.n. 13:11, 37:42, 42:44, 43:23, 45217,
54:11 (tetzcoca acolhuaque), 54: 19,24,26,28, 60:34, 84:1.
ACOLHUACAN, var. ACOLIHUACAN (50:27, NED), pe.n. 3:42, 35:48
(?, see note to translation), 37:40,41, 38:5, 50:27, 54:36, 63:39 (tetzcoco
acolhuacan), 66: 2,36. See ACALHUACAN.
ACOLHUAQUE, see ACOLHUA.
ACOLMAN, pce.n. 33:17, 45:39, 46:41, 49:20 (acolman tlaca), 64: 1,34, 66:2,
84:22.
ACOLMIZTLI, p.n.
1. Ruler of the Acolhuaque. 13:12.
2. Ruler of Toltitlan. 31:28.
3. Ruler of the Atenchicalque Cuitlahuaca. 49:52, 50: 1,6.
4. Cougar Arm, a Chichimec. 37:47.
5. See ANTONIO ACOLMIZTON.
ACOLMIZTON, see ANTONIO ACOLMIZTON.
ACOLNAHUDAG, pe.n. 12:39 (popotlan acolnahuac).
ACOLITZIN, p.n. 31:47, 46:34, 49:48.
ACPAXAPO (Water-weed Mirror), p.n., god of the Xaltocameca. 20: 18,27.
ACPAXAPOCAN, pc.n. 20:9,11,15,29, 22:20 (xaltocan acpaxapocan), 22:37.
ACUACUALACHCO, pc.n. 63:18.
ACUECHETZIN, p.n. 63:44.

164
 Concordance

ACUECUEXATL, name of a spring in Coyohuacan (FC 8:2:3, FC 11:250:2,

UAH sec. 282, DHIST chs. 48—49). 59: 20,27,33.
ACXOCUAUHTLI, p.n.
EO 1OeK7.
2. L149:
ACXOTECA, g.n., pl.
1. Chalca group that came to Cuitlahuac Tizic. 13:15.
2. Pertaining to AXCOTLAN (the calpulli in Mexico). 26:31 (axcotecatlalli).
ACXOTLAN, pce.n., calpulli district in Mexico (cf. AXCOTECA 2). 26:34 (ax
cotlan tlalli), 60:58 (stewards of Acxotlan).
ACXOYATL, p.n. 64:7.
AGUSTIN, see PEDRO DE SAN AUGUSTIN.
AHUACATITLAN, pe.n. (refers to a part of TOLTITLAN). 47:50, 48: 6 (ahua-
catitlan chaneque).
AHUATEPEC, pc.n. 64:38.
AHUATLAN, pc.n. 64:43.
AHUAZHUATLAN, pe.n. 21:26 (ahuazhuatla).
AHUILIZAPAN, pe.n. 67:16, 121:3.
AHUITZILCO, pe.n. 65:13.
AHUITZOTZIN, p.n. 57:53, 58: 11,14,18,21,29,51, 59:37, 67:27,42.
AITICTLI (In Waters’ Midst, cf. NED atlihtic), pe.n. 49:18.
ALONSO CIMATZIN, p.n. 15:33.
AMAQUEMECAN, pce.n. 27:57, 32:13, 53:15, 63: 34,46.
AMATLAN, pc.n. 121: 33.
AMATZCALAPAN, pc.n. 65:10.
AMAXACCALQUE, g.n., pl. (pertaining to Amaxac, a district in Tlatilolco; see
FC bk. 12, chs. 37—40). 45:2.
AMAXTLAN, pc.n. 59: 13, 67 :32 (conquered by Ahuitzotzin). Cf, AMAZTLAN.
AMAZTLAN, pce.n. 121:19 (conquered by Ahuitzotzin). Cf. AMAXTLAN.
AMILPAN, pc.n. 60:51 (amillpan). See GLOS: amilpan.
AMIMITL, p.n. 3:32.
AMOCHCO (At-the-Water-Weed), pe.n. 4:37, 7:22. Cf. NED.
AMOXPAN, pc.n. 63: 16.
ANAHUAC, the world. See GLOS: anahuac, anahuacatlalli, anahuatl.
ANAHUACATL, p.n. 28:41.
ANAHUACATLALLI, see GLOS.
ANGELES, see GERONIMO DE LOS ANGELES.
ANTONIO ACOLMIZTON, p.n. Don antonio acolmizton, 31: 36,37.
APACHICUAUHTLA, pe.n. 65: 14.
APANCALLECAN, pe.n. 67:33, 121:17.
APANECATL, p.n. 81: 11,30.
APANTEUCTLLI, p.n.

165
 Concordance

1. A spirit or deity. 76:21,55.

2. One of the MIXCOA. 78: 38, 79: 19,27.
APAZCO, pe.n. 13:35, 15:48, 40:45,55:51, 64:5,10,12.
ATECOMOYAN, pc.n. 21:25.
ATECPAN, pe.n.
-1. Water Shrine (“palace” is the usual translation of TECPAN, but cf. TEC-
CALLI)..4237; 7:22.
2. Town controlled by Mexico. 65:5.
ATECPANECATL, an official title (ytlatocatoca) assumed by Huemac when he
became ruler of Tollan (see NED). 8:40. Cf. ATECPANECATL TEUCTLI,
TECPANECATL.
ATECPANECATL TEUCTLI, title held by XALTEMOCTZIN 3. 30:32.
Ch TECPANECATL I.
ATEHUILACACHCO, pc.n. 21:18.
ATEMPAN, pe.n.
1. One of the four quarters of Cuauhtitlan town. 29:37, 43:47 (atempan
huauhtlan), 46:48, 55:10.
2. Place visited by Mixcoatl. 62:25.
ATEMPANECATL
1. An official title (FC 2:100:18, FC 9:34:23, Garcia Granados Diccionario
1:58—59, for discussion see FC 9:47:n.10).
2. P.n. (?). 24:46.
ATENCHICALCAN, pe.n. 33:2, 50:5, 62:46, 63:49 (aten[chicalcan]). See
also CUITLAHUAC ATENCHICALCAN.
ATENCHICALCATL or ATENCHICALQUI (50: 10,26), pl. ATENCHICAL-
QUE (a division of the CUITLAHUACA), g.n. 49:51, 49:55 (sing.),
50:4—33 passim.
ATENCO, see CHALCO ATENCO, TETZCOCO ATENCO.
ATEPEC; pent 122-4.
ATEPOCATLALPAN, pc.n. 10:40.
ATEPOCATZIN, p.n. 45:3.
ATEZCAHUACAN, pce.n. 52:10, 67:25, 121:10.
ATICPAC, pe.n.
1. Place where Moteuczoma II was reared (Garcia Granados, Diccionario).
2. = 1 (?). 62:23 (aticpac cuexomatl ytepotzco).
3. = 1(?). 63:13.
ATIZAPAN, see TIZAAPAN.
ATLACOMOLCO, pe.n. 21:21.
ATLACUIHUAYAN, pc.n. 66:36, 84:33.
ATLAN, pe.n. (FC): 9:15 (izquitlan atia[n]). See also GLOS: atlan.
ATLANCATEPEC, pc.n., town in Tlaxcallan (Clavyero per SIM, Gibson Tlax-
cala: atlangatepec). 34:14, 45:6, 45:12 (atlancatepec tlaca).

166
 Concordance

ATLAPOPOCATZIN, p.n., ruler of Apazco. 64:12. Cf. ATLPOPOCATZIN.

ATLAPPOLCO, pe.n. 67:13, 84:53 (atlapolco).
ATLATLAUHCAN, pc.n. 84:43.
ATLAUHCO, pc.n. 21:33 (huecatlan atlauhco).
ATLITLALAQUIYAN, pe.n. 12:16 (atlytlallacyan), 13: 34 (atlitlalacyan).
ATLIXCO, pe.n. 57:45, 60 :43,47.
ATLIXYOCAN, pe.n. 56:17 (chapoltepec atlixyocan).
ATLPOPOCATZIN, p.n. Ruler of Tizic. 63:50. Cf. ATLAPOPOCATZIN.
ATLPOYECAN, pc.n. 64:19.
ATLTEPACHIUHCAN, pc.n. 46:37, 48:37.
ATLTLATLAUHYAN, pc.n. 66:54.
ATLXOXOUHCAN, pe.n. 65:6.
ATONAL, p.n.
1. Ruler of Toltecs at Tamazolac. 10:42.
2. Ruler of Coaixtlahuacan, descendant of the Tamazolac Toltecs. 51: 36,37,41,
66 :46.
ATOTONILCA, g.n., pl. 60:10.
ATZACUALPAN (Place of Impounded Water), pe.n. 61:3,5,8.
ATZATZAMOLIZIN, p.n. 18:1,21.
ATZIN TEUCTLLI, p.n. 62:43.
ATZOMIATENANCO, pc.n. 60:43 (atlixco atzomiatenanco).
ATZOMPAN, pc.n. .
1. 10:34.
2. = 1(2). 41:45,47, 42:1.
AUGUSTIN, see PEDRO DE SAN AUGUSTIN.
AXAPOCHCO (IXT 2:35, IXT 2:40, etc.), pe.n. 64:38.
AXAYACATZIN, p.n. 53:39, 55: 2,17,22,25,29,42, 56:9,22, 57: 2—36 passim,
67:7,19, 84:49,51, 121:27.
AXCAHUA/TLATQUIHUA, master/possessor, i.e., omnipotent god. Key word:
lord and master.
1. Refers to a pre-Conquest deity (FFCC ch. 20: axcaoa .. . tlatqujoa).
2. Refers to the God of Christianity (CAROC 55: cemaxcahuacatzintli, cen-
tlatquihuacatzintli = duefo y sefor de toda quanta hazienda ay). 62:7.
AXICYOTZIN, p.n. 50:39.
AXOCHTLI, pe.n. 21:17.
AYACACHTEPEC, pc.n. 64:44.
AYACTLACATL (Nobody) or AYACTLACATZIN, p.n.
1. Ruler of Cuauhtitlan. 15:25, 25:42, 29:53, 30:5-—7 (how he got his
name), 47:2,12, 48:53, 49:2,3, 51:9, 52:9, 55:41,43, 59:5. Syn. XA-
QUIN TEUCILI.
2. Son of AZTATZONTZIN. 15:38.
AYAHUALOLCO, pe.n. 11:18 (covatolco ayahualolco).

167
 Concordance

AYAUHCONTITLAN, pc.n. 63:16.

AYAUHCOYOTZIN, p.n. 4:29, 8:10.
AYOCUAN, p.n. 64:4.
AYOTEPEC, pe.n. 65:15.
AYOTEAN, pein 1)21;:31:37.
AAYOTOCHCUITLATLAN, pe.n. 59:1, 67:40, 121:26.°
AYOTZINCO, pe.n. 59:28.
AZAYOLIZIN (?, see ACAYOLTZIN).
AZCAPOTZALCATL, pl. AZCAPOTZALCA (17:36), g.n. 17:36, 30:43,
84:1.
AZCAPOTZALCO, pc.n. 10:45, 13:24, 15:49, 16:39, 18:38,49, 24:4, 25:51,
28: 37,44,46, 30:34,36,44, 31:5,9,45, 32:32,43,46, 33:5,6,8,21,22,25,
28,31, 34:9,12,33,41, 37: 7,12, 38: 38,47, 39:23, 40:22,24, 41:12, 42:23,
43:29, 44:7, 46:22,27,39, 63: 38,53, 66: 1,8,16,35, 84:33.
AZTAMAMAL, p.n. 10:20.
AZTAQUEMECAN, pc.n. 64:38.
AZTATZONTZIN, p.n. 15:17,20,28,28, 16:4,10,12,18, 59:39,53, 60:42,44,
57, 61: 16,31, 64:7,13.
AZTAXOCH, p.n. 10:20.
AZTLAN, pe.n. 11:23, 83:38.

CACAMATZIN, p.n.
1. Ruler of Amaquemecan. 32:14, 63:47.
2. Ruler of Tetzcoco. 61:50.
CAHUALLAN, pce.n. 121:21.
CAHUALTZIN, p.n. 36:23.
CALCOZAMETL, p.n. 63:45.
CALIMAYA (UAH sec. 61, cf. FC 8:2: 12: callimaia, ZCHIM 1:27: calliyman-
yan), pe.n. 67:11 (callimayan), 84:53 (calliimayan).
CALIXTO, Span., Calixto, p.n. 57:31 (Calisto).
CALLACOAYAN, pc.n. 27:21.
CALLATLAXCALTZIN, p.n. 45:3.
CALLAXOCHITL, p.n. 43:47.
CALLIIMANYAN, see CALIMAYA.
CALLI TEUCTLI (House Lord), p.n. 62:41.
CALPAN, pc.n. 64:1.
CALTEPEC, pc.n. 68:3; 122:1.
CALTZIN TEUCTLL p.n. 34:31, 51:6. Syn. TEMIZTZIN.
CAMAXTLE, p.n.
1. God of the Huexotzinca and Tlaxcalteca (Mufioz Camargo bk. 1, chs. 4
and 7). Note: Like CF, CM, HTCH, and UAH, AC gives “camaxtle,” not
“camaxtli.” 44:49 (see note to the translation). See also CAMAXTLE
MIXCOATL

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2. = 1 (?). 57:31 (ytelpoch camaxtle).

CAMAXTLE MIXCOATL, name assigned by historians to the Chichimec god
known variously as CAMAXTLE or MIXCOATL (Mufioz Camargo, bk. 1,
ch. 7: camaxtli mixcohuatl; cf. HMPP ch. 8: Camasale, or por otro nombre,
Mixcoatl). 50:50 (camaxtle mixcohuatl).
CAPOLLOAC, pe.n. 67:13, 84:53.
CARLOS, Span., p.n., see FRANCISCO CARLOS XOCONOCHTZIN.
CASTILLAN TLACA, see CAXTILTECA.
CASTILTECA, see CAXTILTECA.
CATLACATZIN, p.n. 15:31.
CAXTILTECA, vars. CASTILTECA (21:42), CASTILLAN TLACA (40:25),
Span., 1.e., Castillians, pl., gn. 16:6,8. 21:42, 40:25.
CE ACATL, p.n. 4:1 (topiltzin tlamacazqui ¢e acatl quetzalcohuatl), 4:34 (yn
topiltzin yn ¢e acatl quetzalcoatl), 5:40 (nopiltzin ¢e acatl quetzalcohuatl),
10:1, 80:51,52, 81:3-—37 passim. See also QUETZALCOATL 2, TO-
PILTZIN. See GLOS: ce acatl.
CE COATL, p.n. 10:8.
CEMACAC, pc.n. 65:6.
CEMPOHUALLAN, pc.n. 63:55.
CEMPOHUALXOCHITZIN, p.n. 63:50.
CENTZONTEPEC, pe.n. 68:5, 122:2.
CENTZONTEPECA, g.n., pl. 61:44.
CHACHATZIN, p.n. 35:14, 39:33.
CHAHUACUETZIN, p.n. 14:52.
CHAHUAQUETZIN, p.n. 13:6.
CHALCA, see CHALCATL.
CHALCAITOA:MO, to be called or known as a Chalcatl. 12:2.
CHALCA MIHUAQUE, g.n., pl. 12:6. See also MIHUAQUE.
CHALCAPOL, p.n. 9:27.
CHALCA TENANCA, g.n., pl. 12:4. See TENANCO.
CHALCATL, pl. CHALCA, g.n. 9:25, 12:2,9, 13:14, 13:21 (chalcapilli),
18:2, 18:21 (chalcatlatocayotl), 24:15, 27:26,30,54, 28:2, 32:26, 45:30,
43, 46:8, 52:14,15, 53:11, 54:40, 58:7 (tlaltecayohuaque chalca), 66:11;
chalcayaoyotl = the Chalca War, 27:56, 28:9, 49:41, 51:17. See also
CHALCA MIHUAQUE, CHALCA TENANCA, CHALCA TLACOCH-
CALCA, CHALCA TLAHUACAN, CHALCAYOTL, CHALCO.
CHALCA TLACOCHCALCA, g.n., pl. 12:24. See also CHALCO TLACOCH-
CALCO, TLACOCHCALCA.
CHALCA TLAHUACAN, i.e., the Chalca of Tlahuacan, the Tlahuacan Chalca.
T2E 823726147
CHALCAYAOTZIN, p.n. 63:48.
CHALCAYOTL, Chalca people or Chalca nation. 24: 14 (see note to the transla-
tion), 27:30.

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CHALCHIUH, p.n. Cf. CHALCHIUHTZIN.

eg SEMS%
2. 43:39.
CHALCHIUHCOLIUHYAN (Jade Whirlpool), name of a whirlpool in the Lake
of Mexico, also called PANTITLAN (see TEZ ch. 80). 82:52.
_ CHALCHIUHCUEYECAN (Bernal Diaz, ch. 160: un rio que se dice Chalcho-
cueca; TEZ ch. 32, p. 331: Chalchincuecan, que ahora es San Juan de Ulua,
y la Veracruz; TORQ bk. 4, ch. 16, p. 386: chalchicoeca, TORQ bk. 4,
ch. 58, p. 473: chalchiuhquaecan; Cortés, 2d letter: chalchilmeca; Lienzo de
Jacutacato per GKC 319: Chalchicueyehcan), pe.n. 68:12.
CHALCHIUHTAMAZOLIN (Jade Toad), p.n.(?). 63:12.
CHALCHIUHTECHCATITLAN, pc.n. 21:24.
CHALCHIUHTLATONAC or CHALCHIUHTLATONACTZIN, p.n.
1. Ruler of Colhuacan. 13:17,25, 17:14,40,53.
2. Son of TEZOZOMOCTLI 1. 34:45,48, 35:1,15.
CHALCHIUHTZIN, p.n. Cf. CHALCHIUH.
1. One of the Tlahuaca founders. 13:6.
2. A ruler of the Tlahuacan Chalca in Xicco (= 1?). 26:51.
3. Governor of Hueipochtlan. 29:23.
CHALCO, pe.n. 11:30, 12:1,19, 15:2,10, 18:9,10, 24:10, 24:14 (chalco
pouhque), 26:48 (chalco axcan = present-day Chalco); 27:11, 28:3,8,24,
31:48,50, 32:15, 34:30,33, 37:25, 43:32, 45:34, 49:53,55, 50:3, 51:6,
52:23,26, 53:6,11,16, 61:13, 63:47 (refers to Chalco Tlacochcalco,
cf. 58:5), 66:2,30,52,53, 81:38, 84:23,27,37,42. See also CHALCATL.
CHALCO ATENCO, pc.n. 28:6, 32:17, 49:40.
CHALCO TLACOCHCALCO, pce.n., see TLACOCHCALCO 2. See also
CHALCA TLACOCHCALCA.
CHALCOTZIN, p.n. 9:26.
CHALMECAPAN, pc.n. (one of the four quarters of Cuauhtitlan town). 29:33,
43:46, 46:46, 55:9.
CHAMOLLAN, pc.n. 64:42.
CHAPOLICKXITLA, pe.n. 67:5, 84:46.
CHAPOLMALLOYAN, pc.n. 21:26.
CHAPOLTEPEC, pc.n. 10:49, 11:7,13, 12:42,43,52, 13:23,43,50, 16:33,35,
17:1,6,30, 20:43, 28:50, 29:6,7, 53:27 (aqueduct), 53:36, 56:17 (cha-
poltepec atlixyocan), 66:45, 82:39, 83:40,46,47.
CHAPOLTEPECUITLAPILCO, pe.n. (FC 3:27:22). 82:35.
CHAYACAMACHAN, see XAYACAMACHAN.
CHIANCUAC, pc.n. (within the city of Cuauhtitlan). 42:11.
CHIAPAN, pe.n. (CF bk. 8, ch. 1, fol. 2; NED). Chiappan, 21:34, 43:33; chi-
yappan, 40:46, 55:52, 57:49, 67:32; chiyappa, 64:6; Chiyapan, 121:19.
Cf. TEOCHIAPAN.

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CHIAPANECA, g.n., pl. 58:44 (chiappaneca).

“CHIAPPAN,” see CHIAPAN.
CHIAUHCOATL, p.n.
1. Ruler of Tepeyacac. 51:4, 52:3, 53:38.
2. One who cuckolded Nezahualpilli. 59:17.
CHIAUHTLA, pe.n. 64:35 (chiauhtla tetzcoco).
CHIAUHTZINCO, pce.n. Cf. TEOCHIAUHTZINCO.
1. Where Nezahualcoyotl hid. 35: 38.
2. = 1 (?), a town of Huexotzinco. 43:25 (seat of Huexotzinco government),
57:15,20, 59:24.
3. A name for the other world (?, NED).
CHICANITZIN, p.n. 43:45.
CHICHICUEPOTL, p.n. 58:13.
CHICHIHUALTATACALLAN, pc.n. 67:48, 121: 32.
CHICHIMECACIHUATL, female p.n. 3:33.
CHICHIMECACUICOYAN, pe.n. 18:11, 24:50.
CHICHIMECATEUCTLI, title used by certain kings (NED: chichimécatl téuc-
tli). 60:47 (of Atlixco).
CHICHIMECATL, pl. CHICHIMECA, g.n. Key word: Chichimec (sing.), Chi-
chimecs (pl.).
1. An aborigine of the central highlands, a barbarian (for extended discussion
see FC bk. 10, ch. 29, pp. 170—75). Note: This category is often difficult to
distinguish from 2, below. 12:43,49, 39: 35,41,43,50.
2. A rude tribesman of the northern part of the central highlands or one who
claims ancestry from such tribesmen (see NED, FC 9:83:24, FC 10:
196-97, FC 11:256, DHIST ch. 59, p. 449, parag. 9). 1:9,10,24,55,
3: 15,29,32, 3:34 (chichimecapill1), 3:38.
3. = 2, especially those who settled Tetzcoco. 1:38 (inchichimecayeliz), 37:38
(chichimecatontli = little Chichimec).
4. = 2, especially those who settled Cuauhtitlan. 1:45, 3:3, 3:13 (chichime-
catlatocayotl), 3:16(?), 8:18 (chichimecatlatoque), 9:16, 14:20, 18:51
(iachcahuan yn chichimeca = his Chichimec captains), 19:2,3,4,6,12,38,39,
41,42,50, 20:9, 20:10 (chichimecatl vactzin = Huactzin the Chichimec),
20: 12,23,24,27,30, 22: 28,30,33,41,46,53, 24:49 (chichimecapipiltin), 25:
3-43 passim, 26:12,15,20,25,36, 27:21,22, 30:38 (chichimecapipiltin), ©
31:12 (idem), 42:21 (chichimecapilli), 56:18; chichimeca cuauhtitlancal-
que, see CUAUHTITLANCALQUI.
5. = 2, refers to the Cuitlahuaca. 13:7.
6. = 2, refers to the Chalca Mihuaque. 12:6 (huitznahua chichimeca).
7. = 22, refers to the Colhuaque. 2:11.
CHICHIMECATL TEUCTLI, see CHICHIMECATEUCTLI.
CHICOCUAUHYOCAN, pe.n. 35:25.

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CHICOMOZTOC, pe.n. 1:24,42, 79:31.

CHICONCOAC, pe.n. 65:11.
CHICONCOATL, p.n. 83 :5,30,34
CHICONCUAUHTLIITEOCAL, pe.n. 21:17.
CHICONQUIYAUHCO, pe.n. 66:53, 84:42.
CHICONTEPEC, pe.n. 64:42.
‘CHICONTONATIUH, p.n. 1:38, 2:13 (written “7 tonatiuh”), 2:52 (idem).
CHICUALOAPAN, pc.n. 62:22.
CHILPAN, pe.n. 62:27.
CHILTEPEC, pc.n. 65:44.
CHIMALAXOCH or CHIMALAXOCHTZIN, p.n. 13:42,52.
CHIMALCOTITLAN, pe.n. 12:3.
CHIMALHUACAN, pc.n. 64:33.
CHIMALMAN, female p.n., 4:2 (chimanan), 78:26, 80: 30,49.
CHIMALPAN, pc.n. 14:44.
CHIMALPOPOCATZIN, p.n. 30: 23,24,26, 32:8, 33 :31,33,41,47, 43 :6,57:4,
66 :3,14,17,27, 84:26,29.
“CHIMANAN,” see CHIMALMAN.
CHINAMECAN, pc.n. 65:8.
CHIQUIUHTEPETLAPAN, pe.n. 12:34 (chiquiuhtepetlapan tecpayocan).
CHIUCNAHUAG, pe.n. 65:9 (chiucnauhuac).
CHIUCNAUHIXTLAHUATL (Nine Fields), pe.n., refers to the underworld
(NED). 1: Lik
CHIUCNAUHNEPANIUHQUI (Nine Layers), i.e., the heavens (or the under-
world?). 4:46 (refers to sky), 78:11.
CHIUCNAUHOZOMATLI, p.n., a supernatural. 24:45.
CHIUCNAUHTILIHUICAN (Nine Hills), pe.n., refers to the underworld (?,
cf. FC 3:41:9 and HG bk. 3, app. ch. 1, parag. 15: chicue tiliuhcan = ocho
collados). 1:11.
CHIUCNAUHTLAN, pe.n. 19:34 (chicunauhtla), 64: 1,35.
CHIYAPAN, see CHIAPAN.
CHOLOLLAN, pc.n. 10:52, 12:26, 18:4,44, 63:57.
CHOLOLTECA, g.n., pl. 13:18, 18:8.
CHRITIANOTIN, see XPIANOTIN.
CIHUACOATL, female p.n., a supernatural. 76:52, 81:1.
CUHUACUECUENOTL or CHHUACUECUENOTZIN, p.n.
1. Rebel son (grandson per 36:12) of TEZOZOMOCTLI 1. 32:34 (cihua-
quequenotzin), 32: 35,39,40,42, 36:12, 38:22.
2. Infant grandson of TEZOZOMOCTLI 1. 35: 2,2,6.
CIHUATEOTITLAN, pe.n. 65:7.
CIHUATLAN, pc.n. 64:46, 67:38.
CIHUATLICPAC, pe.n. 21:18 (cihuatlyicpac).

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CIHUAXOCHITZIN, p.n. 35:14, 37:35, 39:33.

CILIMIYAUHTZIN, female p.n. 37:27.
CILLAN, pe.n. 67:23, 121:10.
CIMA, p.n.
Taleb:
2. See ALONSO CIMATZIN.
CIMAPAN, pc.n.
1. 11:29 (cimapan tehuiloyocan).
2. = 1 (?). 28:24 (cimapan teopa).
CIMATECATZINTLI, p.n. 13:30.
CIMATZIN, see ALONSO CIMATZIN. Cf. CIMA.
CINCALCO, pe.n. 11:7, 83:27.
CINCOG, pe.n.
Dee S22
2. = 1 (?). 41:24 (cincoc huehuetocan), 41:31.
CINCUANT, p.n. 29:4.
CINPALLANALCO, pc.n. 30:14.
CIPACTONAL, female p.n. (but male p.n. per FC 4:4:6), a mythical character.
B27 28507 217, 10,19"
CITLALATONAC, p.n., a spirit or deity. 4:44, 76: 3,20.
CITLALCOATL or CITLALCOATZIN (36:24), p.n.
1. Ruler of Toltitlan. 31:29,33, 64:4.
2. Son of ITZCOATL 1. 36:24.
3. Son of MOTEUCZOMA 2. 50: 23,38.
CITLALINICUE, female p.n., a spirit or deity. 4:44 (citlali ycue), 76: 3,20.
CITLALINITEOPAN, pc.n. 19:31.
CITLALPOLLAN, pce.n. 65:8.
CITLALTEPEC, pce.n. 29:20, 48:50, 49:15 (citlaltepecpa = to Citlaltepec),
54:19, 64:8 (as one of Cuauhtitlan’s Four Lords); coupled with TZOM-
PANCO, 12:21, 13:35, 21:11,45, 29:18, 40:34, 47:9; coupled with
CUAUHTLAAPAN, 29:35, 46:47. Cf. CITLALTEPETL.
CITLALTEPECA, g.n., pl. 40:44, 47:10, 53:47.
CITLALTEPETL (Hill of the Star). 54:12 (at CITLALTEPEC, cf. 54:19).
COAAPAN, pc.n. 65:7.
COACALCO, pc.n. 20:4, 22:31,33,42.
COACUEYE or COACUE (8:45), female p.n.
1. One of the early Chichimec women. 3: 33.
2. Goddess, called “my mother” in song sung by Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl. 7:4.
3. Wife of Huemac. 8 :43,45.
COACUEYECAN, pc.n. 8:44.
COAIXTLAHUACAN, pce.n. 11:1, 51:35,50, 66:46,47,49, 67:1, 84:42.
COATEPEC, pc.n. 11:43, 53:40, 59:15, 64: 37.

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COATEQUITL, p.n. 41:29,41,42,47. See also GLOS: coatequitl.

COATITLAN, pe.n. 12:23, 13:36.
COATL.
1. Female p.n. 3:32.
2. See COATZIN.
3. As common noun, see GLOS.
COATLACHOCO, pe.n. 65:17.
COATLAN, pe.n. 84:45.
COATLAYAUHQUL, p.n. 83:31,33.
COATLICHAN, pe.n. 24:24, 25:52, 32:47, 33:15, 45:35, 46:41, 57:50,
62:522,'63:/38, 643,33.
COATLICUAUHPECHOO, pe.n. 121:11.
COATLIYOPAN, pe.n. 10:39.
COATLPOPOCA, p.n. 63:56.
COATLYAYAUHCAN, pe.n. 11:39.
COATOLCO, pce.n. 11:18 (covatolco ayahualolco).
COATOMATZIN, p.n. 13:13,20.
COATZIN, p.n.
RI
2. 43:46.
SEGhCOATE dT.
COATZINCATL, g.n. 61:6.
COCOTITLAN, p.n. 26:28, 40:29, 52:29.
COCOTL, p.n. 26:28.
COCYAMA, pc.n. 80:24 (cocyamaa), 80:25 (cocyama).
COHUIXCO, pe.n. 3:39.
COLELETLI, see TZITZIMITL/COLELETLI.
COLHUA or COLHUACATL (50:29), pl. COLHUAQUE, g.n., inhabitants of
COLHUACAN 4. 2:11 (chichimeca colhuaque), 11:4,19,51, 12:13,41,
13:24, 16:47,52, 17:4,23,26,34,42,43, 18:24,25,26,28,37,47; 23:13, 25:
50, 32:11 (their year count), 47:30,31 (their traditions as source), 49:20,
50:29, 83:48,52,53, 84:4; refers to the exiled Colhuaque of Chichimeca-
cuicoyan who founded Cuauhtitlan town, 20:29,32,34, 24:27—48 passim,
25:13—55 passim, 26:6,20, 27: 23,38.
COLHUACAN, pe.n.
1. Ancient homeland of the Mexica (FC 10: 196: 7: Colhoaca Mexico, cf. HMPP
ch. 9: Culhuacan). 83:38 (in colhuacan in aztlan).
2. Name applied to TOLLAN. 4:32 (tollan colhuacan).
3. Reference unclear. 62:17 (in mythic times Mixcoatl and other devils “de-
scended on Colhuacan”).
4. Town and nation immediately south of Mexico. 10:50, 11: 16,20,26,44,47,
48, 12:15,16,27,28,36,37,52,56,57, 13:3,4,16,17,24,44, 16:40 (grouped

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with Tepaneca), 16:45,49,50, 17:8,13,40,52,54, 18:4,18,19,25,36,36, 21:

48,49, 22:3,8,50,52, 23:12,19,46,47, 24:1,16, 24:19 (techichco colhua-
can), 24:30,36, 26:3, 27:28 (techichco colhuacan), 27:31,32,40,41,45,
30:28, 31:44,47, 42:49, 46:34, 49:46,48, 51:12, 52:12, 57:1,5,9,39,41,
61:27,38,49, 63: 38,51, 83:42, 84:12,13. See COLHUACANTI.
COLHUACANTI, to reach Colhuacan (see GN sec. 2.4). 12:11.
COLHUAQUE, see COLHUA.
COMALLAN, pe.n. 80:18.
COMALTECATL, pl. COMALTECA, g.n. 62:26,27, 80:19.
COMALTEPEC, pe.n. 122:3.
COMITLAN, pe.n. 121:22.
*CONELTEUCTLI, p.n. (?, see note to the translation at 62:40).
CONTECA, g.n., pl., inhabitants of CONTLAN, q.v. 58:9.
CONTITLAN, pe.n. 17: 12,28,28.
CONTLAN, pe.n., one of the original boroughs of TLALMANALCO (?, the
Conteca were one of five groups that settled Tlalmanalco per CHIM 165,
ZCHIM 1:40). 58:7.
COPILCO, pe.n. 11:1.
COPZXIPEPZCO, pens 19231.
COXCOXTLI, vars. COXCOX TEUCTLI, COXCOXTZIN, COXCOXTZIN
TEUCTL! (22:9), pn.
1. Ruler of Colhuacan. 21:49, 22:3,9,49, 23: 15,26,47, 26:3.
2. Ruler of Tetzcoco. 34:49.
COYOAC (IXT 2: 114), pe.n. 64:39 (coyohuac).
COYOCAG, pea. 67:33, 121219.
COYOCHIMALCO, pc.n. 65: 16.
COYOCTZIN, p.n. 64:2.
COYOHUA, p.n. 35:45, 36:1,3,7,31, 37:9—32 passim, 38: 10—19, 38:37—48
passim, 39: 2—52 passim.
COYOHUACAN, pc.n. 16:39, 33:23 (copyist has erroneously written “colhua-
can”), 33:26 (coyoacan), 46: 23,40, 59:21, 63:52, 66:37, 84:33.
COYOHUAOQUE, g.n:) pl. 13:25:
COYOLAPAN, pe.n. 67:37, 121:21 (Coyollapan).
COYOMILPAN, pc.n. 19:30.
GOVOTEPEC, pen. 29:37, 46:49.
COYOTEPECA, g.n. 40:43.
COYOTLINAHUAL, p.n., god of featherworkers (HG bk. 9, ch. 18). 5 :53,54,
6:2,10.
COYOTLIYACAMIUH, p.n. 28:39.
COYOTZILN; p.n. 10:47.
COYOZACATZIN, p.n. 29:19.
COZAUHQUIXOCHITL, p.n. 21:36.

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COZCACUAUHTENANCA, g.n., pl. 58:1,41,46, 121:18.

COZCACUAUHTENANCO, pc.n. 67:32.
COZCACUAUHTLAN, pe.n. 65:12.
COZCATECA, g.n. 14:28.
COZCATECOTLAN (should be Cozcateuctlan?—the third town on fol. 54 of
, Cod. Mendoza is “Cozcatecutlan”), pe.n. 64:44.
COZCATLAN, pc.n. 10:52.
COZOHUIPILECAN, pe.n. 121:18 (Cozohuipillecan, conquered by Ahuitzot-
zin). Cf. COZOHUIPILLAN. :
COZOHUIPILLAN, pe.n. 67:33 (conquered by Ahuitzotzin). Cf.
COZOHUIPILECAN.
COZOQUENTLAN, pe.n. 64:45.
CUACHAYATZIN, p.n. 45:2.
CUACHICOL, pc.n. 64:45.
CUACHILCO, pe.n. 49:32.
CUACUICUILCO, pe.n. 63:19.
CUAHUACAN, pc.n. 21: 35,36, 22:24, 30:12,13, 47:44,44,47, 55:52, 63:37,
84: 2,34.
CUAHUACATZINCO, pe.n. 21:24.
CUAHUAQUE, g.n., pl. 40:43, 48:2 (cuahuaque tepaneca).
CUAHUAQUE OTOML, g.n., pl. 18:11. See also CUAHUAQUE, OTOMITL.
CUAHUICOL, p.n. 3:31.
CUAHUITLICACAN, pce.n. 11:28.
CUAHUITONAL, p.n. 12:37,53,56.
CUAMAMAZIZIN, p.n. 28:40.
CUAMINCAN, pc.n. 35:39.
CUAPOCHITLL, p.n. 27:13.
CUAPPANOHUAYAN, pe.n. 67:14, 121:1.
CUAPPILOLLAN, pc.n. 67:41.
CUAPPIYO, see CUAUHPIYO.
CUAPPOPOCATZIN, p.n.
1. Ruler of Coatlichan. 57:50.
2. Ruler of Coyohuacan. 63:53.
CUAPPOTONQIUL, p.n. 55:4,15, 59:49.
CUATIZATEPEC, pc.n. 63:18.
CUATLALATL (Mudhead), p.n. 37:48.
CUAUHACALTITLAN (Place of the Wooden Flume), pe.n. 61:9.
CUAUHCALAPAN, pc.n. 65:15.
CUAUHCALCO, pc.n. 65:17.
CUAUHCHICHITZIN TLACATEUCTZIN, p.n. 29:21.
CUAUHCHINANCO, pc.n. 63:36, 64:36.
CUAUHCIHUATZIN, female p.n. 34:50.
CUAUHIXTLI, p.n. 30:3.

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CUAUHIZOMOCA (should be Coaizomoca?, see GLOS: izomoca), p-n. 14:53.

CUAUHNACAZTITLAN, pce.n. Conquered by Ahuitzotzin, 67:37, 121:24
(Cuauhnacaztlan).
CUAUHNACAZTLAN, see CUAUHNACAZTITLAN.
CUAUHNAHUAG, pe.n. 30:23 (los de quauhnahuac), 58:47,52, 59:44,45,
61:32,43, 63:36,48, 64:19, 65:51, 66:38, 67:1, 84:17,19,35,45.
CUAUHNAHUACA, g.n., pl. 28:25 (quauhnahuacan), 28:26, 47:36, 57:13,
44, 58:52.
CUAUHNENE, female p.n. 10:11.
CUAUHNENEG, pc.n. 10:10,12.
CUAUHNEXTLI or CUAUHNEXTLI TEUCTLL, p.n. 31:49, 34:31.
CUAUHNOCHTLI
1. An official title (for discussion see FC 9:47:n10).
2. P.n. (Garcia Granados Diccionario).
3. P.n. (?). 24:46.
CUAUHPILOLLAN, pce.n. 121:25.
CUAUHPIYO or CUAUHPIYOTZIN, p.n. 33:16 (quappiyo), 34:44 (quauhpi-
yotzin), 45:37 (quappiy6).
CUAUHQUEEE, p.n. 15:15.
CUAUHQUECHOLLAN, pc.n. 3:40, 63:45.
CUAUHQUECHOLTECA, g.n., pl. 18:6, 21:47, 24:7.
CUAUHQUEMECAN, pe.n. 21:19.
CUAUHTECA, g.n., pl. 18:8.
CUAUHTECHCAC, pc.n. 63:35.
CUAUHTENAMPAN, pc.n. 51:16.
CUAUHTENCO, pe.n. 10:51 (tlapechuacan quauhtenco), 11:19 (idem).
GUAUHTEPEG, pc.n5 2075; 21: 15526285. Cl. COAURTEPETL:
CUAUHTEPETL, pc.n. Cf. COAUHTEPEC.
1. Place held by Xaltocan before the war with Cuauhtitlan. 19:33.
2. Place near Colhuacan, held by Cuauhtitlan (= 1, above?). 23: 23,43.
CUAUHTEXPETLATZIN, p.n. 11: 17,20,26,44,47.
CUAUHTICAIZIN, p.n. 18:53, 19:14.
CUAUHTINCHAN, pc.n. 18:3,8,44, 29:44, 52:3, 53:41; quauhtinchan tlaca,
29 : 40,47.
CUAUHTITTLAN, pc.n.
1. The nation or country. 1:39, 1:51 (altepetl quauhtitlan = country of
Cuauhtitlan), 2:13,53,56, 3:13,48, 4: 12,28,29, 8: 9,13,21,25,34,35, 9:11,
13, 10:40 (huehue quauhtitlan = old Cuauhtitlan), 12:19 (nican quauhti-
tlam)ih2 230,213227,35, 14:36,39, 15:22;24,25:29 175315182 17,39,41,
20:10,39, 21:12,14,29,40,44,52, 22:18, 23:3, 24:34, 24:37 (nican...
quauhtitlan), 25 :24,52,53, 27:15,17,23,46,50, 28:9,20,21, 29:2, 30:32,
35,37,39,42,45,47, 31:1,7 (altepetl quauhtitlan), 31:11,14, 32:12,19.
2. The town. 26:11 (altepetl quauhtitlan), 29:27 (where the temple stood),

wy
 Concordance

29:29,31 (has four quarters), 40:24 (where slave market was), 40:41,
48, 41:6,10,15,23,27,36, 42:9,15, 46:43 (its servant communities),
48:15, 56:1,7,12,46 (altepetl quauhtitlan), 60:7. See also CUAUHTI-
TLANCALCAYOTL.
3. Nation or town. 29:53, 40:5,7,11,13,16, 41:3,4,40, 42:3, 43:4,40,49,
46:15,32, 47:1,5,38,49,51, 48:7,9,43,51, 49:1, 52:8, 54:2,38, 55:40,
59 :4,6,39,52, 60:9,23,38,57, 61:1,30, 64:7, 66: 1,39, 84:23,35.
CUAUHTITLANCALCAYOTL, that which pertains to Cuauhtitlan; the Cuauh-
titlan nation or people. 25:36 (altepet! quauhtitlancalcayot! = the town of
Cuauhtitlan?), 42:4 (people of Cuauhtitlan), 47:7 (altepetl quauhtitlancal-
cayotl = nation of Cuauhtitlan).
CUAUHTITLANCALQUI (81:53), pl. CUAUHTITLANCALQUE, g.n. 13:
30,32,53, 14:26, 16:32 (quauhtitlancalque huehuetque), 17:10, 21:41,
28:7,51, 29:6,8,48, 30:10,16, 40:17—38 passim, 41:7,13,16,26,38, 42:
18, 43: 22,43, 44:38,41, 45: 16,23, 47:19,21,42,45,48, 48:21,40, 49:24,
36,38, 54:5, 55:8,50, 56:4,21,24,32,39, 60:12, 83:53; chichimeca cuauh-
titlancalque or cuauhtitlancalque chichimeca, 1:41,44,52, 3:12, 13:33 (yn
chichimeca yn quauhtitlancalque), 20:7,14,38,41,45, 21:1,30,39, 28:12,
42:42. See also CHICHIMECATL 4.
CUAUHTLAACAPAN, pc.n. 65:10.
CUAUHTLAAPAN, pe.n. 8:27 (tianquizcolco quauhtlaapan), 8:36, 18:33
(quauhtlaapan tianquizcolco), 29:34, 30:1 (quauhapan tianquizcolco), 46:
47; quauhtlaapan tlaca, 30:13, 40:43, 42:10.
CUAUHTLA-HUEXOCALCO, see HUEXOCALCO.
CUAUHTLALPAN, pe.n. 21:19. Cf. GLOS: cuauhtlalli.
CUAUHTLAN, pe.n. 67:40, 121:5,25.
CUAUHTLATOA (50:16) or CUAUHTLATOATZIN, p.n. (cf. GLOS:
cuauhtlatoa).
1. Ruler of Tlatilolco. 29:43, 32:21, 43:8, 66:31.
2. Son of ITZCOATL 1. 36:25.
3. Emissary to Mexico from Cuitlahuac Tizic. 50:16.
CUAUHTLL, p.n. (cf. GLOS: cuauhtli).
1. P.n., high priest who succeeded Huemac as “Quetzalcoat!” of Tollan. 8:
47,56.
Deere lO OF
32 P01.0235)
4. See CUAUHTZIN TEUCTLI.
CUAUHTLIICOAUH,, p.n. 78:35, 79:17,23.
CUAUHTLIIPANTEMOC, p.n. 22:7.
CUAUHTLIXTLI or CUAUHTLIKK, p.n. 17:53, 18:5.
CUAUHTLIZTAC, p.n. 10:34.
CUAUHTLOTLI TEUCTLI, or CUAUHTLOTLINTEUCTLI (13:5), p.n.

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1. A founder of Cuitlahuac Tizic. 13:5.

2. A later ruler of Cuitlahuac Tizic. 22:11,13.
CUAUHTOCHCO, pc.n. 66:54, 84:47.
CUAUHTZAPOTLA, pc.n. 65:16.
CUAUHTZAPOTITTLAN, pc.n. 65:8.
CUAUHTZIN TEUCTILL, p.n. 30:50.
CUAUHTZIPITL, p.n. 53:19.
CUAUHTZONCALTZIN, p.n. 20:31, 24:51.
CUAUHXAYACATITLAN, pc.n. 67:36, 121: 23.
CUAUHXIMALPAN, pce.n. 46:38, 48: 22,37, 84:34.
CUAUHXOMOLCO, pc.n. 19:33.
CUAUHYACAC, pe.n. 15:30, 62:21.
CUAXIPETZTECOMATLAN, pc.n. 65: 13.
CUAXIPETZTENANTLAN, pce.n. 65:7.
CUAXOXOCAN, pe.n. = CUAXOXOUHCAN (?). 55:6.
CUAXOXOUHCAN, pc.n. 3:1,45,47. Cf. CUAXOXOCAN.
CUBA, 'pe.n.59:43.
CUECHIMALIZIN, p.n. 64:2.
CUECUENOTL, p.n. 14:53.
CUECUEX, p.n., god of the Tepaneca. 44:46 (see note to the accompanying
translation).
CUEPPOPAN, pc.n. 19:30.
CUETLACHCIHUATL, see CUITLACHCIHUATL
CUETLACHCOATL, see CUITLACHCOATL.
CUETLAXCOAC, pc.n. 15:46.
CUETLAXTECATL, g.n. 68: 15,30.
CUETLAXTLAN, pc.n. 66:54, 67:16, 68: 14 (cuetlaxtlan tlaca), 84:47, 121:4.
CUETZALCUITLAPILLAN, pc.n. 67:37.
CUETZALOZTOC, pc.n. 67:17.
CUETZALIZIN, (should be Quetzaltzin or Cuezaltzin?), p.n. 13:4,16.
CUETZPALLI or CUETZPALIN TEUCTLI, p.n.
1. First ruler of Oztoticpac. 29:45 (cuetzpalin teuctli).
2. Later ruler of Oztoticpac. 51:2 (cuetzpalli).
CUEXOMATL, pc.n., a mountain on the northern frontier between Mexica lands
and Acolhua lands (IXT 2:84). 62:23.
CUEXTECATL,. pl. CUEXTECA; g.n. 9:43,°'54:29, 65:3. See CUEX-
TECATLICHOCAYAN.
CUEXTECATLICHOCAYAN (Place Where the Cuexteca Weep), pc.n. (perhaps
a nonce name). 9:33.
CUEXTLAN, pe.n. 3:42, 4:23, 9:32 (cuextlanpa = from Cuextlan), 9:34.
CUEZALLAN, pc.n. 66:39, 84:37.
CUEZALCUITLAPILLAN, pe.n. 121:24.

LAG
 Concordance

CUEZALOZTOG, pe.n. 121:4.

CUEZALIZIN (?), see CUETZALTZIN.
CUEZCOMAHUACAN, pe.n. 21:21.
CUEZCOMAIXTLAHUACAN, pc.n. 67:15, 68:6, 122: 2.
CUEZCOMATLIYACAC, pe.n. 121:2.
- CUICOYAN, see CHICHIMECACUICOYAN.
CUICUITZCACALCO, pc.n. 21:24.
CUICUITZCATZIN, p.n. 35 : 33,37, 36:31.
CUILTON, p.n. 81:11,33. .
CUITLACHCIHUATL or CUETLACHCIHUATL, p.n. 78:36, 79:20.
CUITLACHCOATL or CUETLACHCOATL, p.n. 83:5,31,34.
CUITLACHTEPEC or CUITLACHTEPETL, p.n. Coupled with TEMAC-
PALCO, 19:32, 46:20; assoc. with TOLTITLAN, 54:6,38.
CUITLAHUAC
1. Pc.n. Note: Cuitlahuac was divided into four communities, TIZIC, TEO-
PANCALCAN, TECPAN, and ATENCHICALCAN (see 62:44—46). 13:
21, 18:20, 28:41, 32:3,29, 49:9, 55:5, 57:46 (refers to CUITLAHUAC
TIZIC), 59:28, 61:24,41 (refers to CUITLAHUAC TEOPANCALCAN),
61:52, 62:28, 63:9,49, 65:52, 66:37, 84: 16,18,36.
2. P.n., see CUITLAHUATZIN.
CUITLAHUAC ATENCHICALCAN, pce.n. 59:34. See also ATENCHI-
CALCAN.
CUITLAHUACATL, pl. CUITLAHUACA, g.n. 13:8, 18:48, 23:48,50,
27:52, 28:43 (tecpaneca cuitlahuaca), 29:50,52, 32:15,16, 33:1 (cuitla-
huaca ticica), 33:2 (cuitlahuaca teopancalca), 33:9, 48:12, 49:5,11,12,
49:50 (cuitlahuaca . . . atenchicalque), 49:54 (tigica cuitlahuaca), 50:34
(refers to the Tizica), 57:29, 59:16,31,46, 61:35,54, 84:3. See also
TLAHUACA.
CUITLAHUAC TECPAN, pe.n. 61:34; tecpaneca cuitlahuaca, see CUITLA-
HUACATL. See also TECPAN 2.
CUITLAHUAC TEOPANCALCAN, pce.n. 55:15, 59:48, 60:2; cuitlahuaca
teopancalca, see CUITLAHUACATL. See also TEOPANCALCAN.
CUITLAHUAC TIZIC, pe.n. 13: 13,14,20, 17:51, 18:1,22,45, 21:5 (ticic cui-
tlahuac), 22: 12,14, 24:5, 28:35,45, 30:30, 32:6, 43:2, 57:48 (cuitlahuac
tizic); cuitlahuaca tigica, see CUITLAHUACATL. See also TIZIC.
CUITLAHUATZIN, var. CUITLAHUAC (FC bk. 8, ch. 1), p.n.
1. Son of ITZCOATL 1. 36:25.
2. Ruler of Huexotla. 57:35, 60:7.
3. Ruler of Itztapalapan. 63:51.
CUITLAPITOC, p.n. 68:31.
CUIXCOGC, pe.n. 81:39.

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DIABLO (Devil), see GLOS.

DIEGO QUINATZIN, p.n. 15:41 (Don Diego quinatzin).
DIEGO NECUAMETZIN, p.n. 16: 16,17 (Don diego necuametzin).
DIEGO TIZAATZIN, p.n. 61:49 (Don Diego tigaatzin).
DOMINGO, see SANTO DOMINGO.

ECATEPEC, pe.n. 19:34, 21:16, 60:18, 63:54, 67:23; écatepec, 12:23, 21:
39, 60: 13,19,22,25, 121:9 (Yecatepec).
ECATEPECA, g.n., pl. 49:35 (&catepeca).
ECATLICUAPPANCO, pc.n. 67:24.
ECATZIN, p.n., a ruler of Tlahuacan Chalca in Xicco. 26:51. Cf. YECATL
TEVUGIEI.
EHUATLICUETZIN, p.n. 27: 17,20.
EPCOAG, pe.n. 21:17 (epcohuac).
EPCOATL or EPCOATZIN, p.n.
1. Ruler of Cuitlahuac Tizic (epcoatzin). 18:46, 21:50.
2. Ruler of Toltitlan (epcoatl). 31:5,16,20, 33:18, 34:45, 40:7, 45:41,47.
ESPANOLES, g.n., pl. 16:6,7,21, 31:30,32, 49:22, 59:43, 63:40,42, 68:10.
See also CAXTILTECA.
EZCOATZIN, p.n. 11:29,36.
EZTECALLAN, pc.n. 65:16.
EZTLAQUENCATZIN or EZTLAQUENTZIN, p.n., a ruler of Cuauhtitlan.
SEIT IPOs.
EZTLAQUENQUL, p.n., a spirit or deity. 4:45.

FRANCISCO CARLOS XOCONOCHITZIN, p.n. 15:19, 16:28.

GABRIEL DE TAPIA MAZACIHUATL, p.n. 31:41 (Don gabriel de tapia

macgacihuatl).
GERONIMO DE LOS ANGELES, p.n. 31:40 (Don geronimo de los angeles).
GRANADA, pce.n. 59:3. See also marginal glosses at 51:12 and 61:24.

HERNANDO, p.n. 59:45 (Don hernando [of Cuauhnahuac]).

HERNANDO MATLALIHUITZIN, p.n. 31:34 (Don Hernando Matlali-
huitzin).
HUACTLI or HUACTZIN, p.n.
1. Early ruler of Cuauhtitlan. Vactli, 3: 15,18,28, 4: 12,20.
2. Later ruler of Cuauhtitlan. Vactli or vactzin, 18:41,50, 19:27, 20:11 (chi-
chimecatl vactzin), 20:36, 21:53, 22:5,7,19,36,44, 23:8,25, 25:54, 26:2.
HUAHUANTZIN, p.n. 35: 32,36,46.
HUAUHQULL, p.n. 19:3.

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HUAUHTLAN,, pe.n. 43:48 (atempan huauhtlan).

HUAXTEPEG, pe.n. 63:37,47, 67:2, 84:43.
HUECATLAN, pc.n. 21:33 (huecatlan atlauhco).
HUECOMPAN (At the Great Pot Cactus), pe.n. 10:22 (hueyconpan).
Cf. GLOS: huei comitl.
HUEHUE CUAUHTITLAN (Old Cuauhtitlan), pen. 10:40 (in or near
TAMAZOLAC).
HUEHUETECA, g.n., pl. 18:43.
HUEHUETEOTL (Old Spirit), epithet of XY'UHTEUCTLI. 1:6.
HUEHUETLAN, pe.n. 53:24, 67:38, 121:21.
HUEHUETLITZALAN, pc.n. 64:21.
HUEHUETOCAMECA, g.n. 47:18.
HUEHUETOCAN, pe.n. 1:41 (macuexhuacan huehuetocan), 21:11, 29:18,
20,36, 40:38, 41:24 (cincoc huehuetocan), 46:48, 47:17, 64:8 (one of
Cuauhtitlan’s Four Lords), 80: 26,27.
HUEIACATZIN, p.n. 28:39. Cf. ACATZIN.
HUEIAPAN, pe.n. 121: 34.
HUEIIMIUH (Big Dart), p.n. 37:47.
HUEIPOCHILAN, pe.n..21:31, 29:23.
HUBITEPEC, pe.n, 21523.
HUEITOCTIILAN, pe.n. 26:27 (tlalcozpan hueitoctitlan).
HUEMAC, p.n. 8:40, 8:40 gloss (huemac atecpanecatl), 8:50,54, 9:6, 10:2,
6,8,11, 11:6,12, 12:54, 81:48, 82:14,15,17,18,19,49,53, 83:2,8,27. See
also TEZCACOATL.
HUEIL, p.n., = HUEIZIN (?).. 10: 19.
HUETZIN, p.n.
1. Ruler of Tollan. 3:51.
2. Ruler of Colhuacan. 11:48 (huetzi), 12:15,17, 12:18 (huetz1).
3. Ruler of Nonoalco. 81:50.
4. See HUETL.
HUEXOCALCO or CUAUHTLA-HUEXOCALCO, pc.n., site of the ruler’s pal-
ace in Cuauhtitlan town. 32:22, 41:34, 42:21, 44:14, 48:16 (huexocal-
titlan = next to Huexocalco), 59:54 (coupled with TLAXOXIUHCO);
quauhtla huexocalco, 48:53, 49:2 (cf. FC 11:176:13: quauhtla texcalco =
in the wilds).
HUEXOLOTLAN, pc.n. 68:2, 121:20 (Huexollotlan), 122:4 (Huexollotlan).
HUEXOTLA, pe.n. 25:52, 33:16, 35:17, 45:37, 46:41, 57:10,34, 60:7,51,
64: 3,33.
HUEXOTZINCATL, pl. HUEXOTZINCA, g.n. 13:11, 18:2,7,43, 24:8,21,
26:46, 27:7, 42:37, 43:37, 44:33,48, 45:10,13,22,29,42, 51:2, 57:15,
45, 58:39, 59:14, 61:46, 63:26; mohuexotzincachichiuhtinenca, 42:27,
42; mohuexotzincanotzaya, 42 : 38.

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HUEXOTZINCO, pce.n. 3:40,44, 13:18, 24:9, 28:1, 34:15, 43:18-49

passin, 44221, °45:2, 46:17,33, 51:3, 52:35, 53:21, 57:19, 58:49,
59: 10,16,24, 60:42,52, 61:35, 63:57.
HUICTLOLINQUL, p.n. 76:21,55.
HUILACAPICHTEPEC, pc.n. 19:33.
HUILOCG, pc.n. 65:17.
HUILOTEPEG, pe.n. 121:30 (Huillotepec).
HUIPILLAN, pe.n. 67:39, 121:21.
HUITZCO, name of a mountain. 4:38, 9:8 (huitzcoc = on Huitzco).
HUITZILATZIN, p.n. 63:52.
HUITZILIAUITL or HUITZILIANUITZIN, p.n.
1. Leader of the Mexica prior to the founding of Mexico. 13:43,44,45, 17:7,
83:41, 84:5.
2. Second king of Tenochtitlan. 29:52, 30:21,25, 32:7, 65:56, 66:3, 84:21,
25,26,38.
3. One who cuckolded Nezahualpilli. 59:18.
HUITZILOPOCHCO, pce.n. 10:50, 15:36, 16:18, 63:52. See also 50:30
(translation only).
HUITZILOPOCHTLI, p.n., god of the Mexica. 33:45, 57:42, 58:35, 61:58,
78213.
HUITZILPOPOCA, p.n. 81:49.
HUITZILTEPECG, pen. 18:32.
HUITZILTEUHCATZIN, p.n. 52:11.
HUITZITZILAPAN, pc.n. 66:40, 84:35.
HUITZNAHLDA, g.n. (Aubin per SIM). 12:6 (huitznahua chichimeca), 29:10
(xaltocameca ca huitznahua = Xaltocameca who are Huitznahua), 80:40,41
(Huitznahua women).
HUITZNAHUAC, pc.n.
1. 14:9 (tequixquinahuac huitznahuac viztopan).
2. 80:29,44,49.
HUITZOCUITLAPILLAN, pe.n. 21:20 (huitzocuitlapilla).
HUITZILAN, pce.n. 67:39,49, 121:23,31.
HUIXACHCUAUHYO- (incomplete owing to copyist’s error?), pe.n. 21:21.
HUIXACHTLAN, pc.n. 60:6.
HUIXTOMPAN, pe.n. 12:33 (tepetlapan yn tequixquinahuac viztonpan), 14:9
(tequixquinahuac huitznahuac viztopan), 17:45 (tequixquinahuac vixtopa).
“HUIZTONPAN,” see HUIXTOMPAN.

ICHCAPETLACOTLA, pc.n. 65:10.

ICHCATLAN, pc.n. 65: 44.
ICHPOCHCO, pe.n. 19:35.
ICHPOCHTETITLAN, pc.n. 21:26.

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ICNOTLACATL, p.n. 10:17,20; cf. 10:24,27 (play on the name Icnotlacatl,

“poor man”).
ICPATEPEC, pce.n. 61:22, 67:48, 121:32.
THUIMECATL, p.n., one of the sorcerers who put Quetzalcoatl to flight. 5:
26,52,53, 6:10,37,47.
IHUITIMAL, p.n. 3:55.
IHUITL, p.n. (?).
1. Name of one of the three hearthstones. 1:7, 3:27.
2. See IHUITZIN. |
IHUITLTEMOCTIZIN, p.n. 14:52,53, 15:2,12.
IHUITZIN, p.n., one of the Tlahuaca founders. 13:5. Cf. IHUITL.
ILANCUEITL, female p.n. 24:23, 26:40, 26:44 (ellancueytl), 27:31 (idem),
27:39 (elancueytl), 27:51 (illancueyitl), 30:28 (yllancueytl).
ILHUICAMINA or ILHUICAMINATZIN, p.n.
1. Epithet ofp MOTEUCZOMATZIN 1, q.v.
2. Epithet ofp MOTEUCZOMATZIN 2 (FC 6:71:7: jlvicamjna).
ILTITLAN, pe.n. 13:51, 20:4.
IMEXAYAC, p.n. (?). 64:6 (should be y mexayac?, cf. MEXAYACATL).
IQUEHUAC (3:32) or IQUEHUACATZIN, p.n.
1. An early Chichimec. 3:32.
2. A prince of Cuauhtitlan. 28: 10,10.
3. Son of MOTEUCZOMATZIN 1. 50:24 (iquehuacatzin), 50:39.
ITZCAHUA or ITZCAHUATZIN, p.n. 58:5,10,16,19, 58:28 (ytzcohuatzin),
58:32, 63:47.
ITZCALPAN, pe.n. 62:25.
ITZCOATL (34:22) or ITZCOATZIN
1. Fourth ruler of Tenochtitlan. 26:18, 30:25,26, 34:18,22,27, 36:2—29
passim, 37:1,39, 38:3, 40:2,10, 43:15, 45:25, 46:32, 47:37, 48:10,
28,33, 49: 4,35,37,43, 62:50, 66:28,29,41, 84:31,32, 84:49, 121:7,14.
2. Ruler of Cuauhnahuac. 59:45, 61:31.
ITZCUINCUITLAPILCO, pce.n. 67:4, 84:46.
ITZCUINTEPEGC, pc.n. 68:8, 122:4.
ITZCUINTZIN, p.n. 29:20.
ITZMATLA, pc.n. 65:6,9.
ITZOCAN, pe.n., = ITZYOCAN (?). 82:10.
ITZPAPALOTL, female p.n., goddess of the Chichimecs. 1:9,12,15, 3:17, 4:21,
25:48, 50:36, 80:8, 80:19 (refers to fetish).
ITZTAPALAPAN, pe.n. 50: 11,18, 61:4, 63:51.
ITZTAPALAPANECATL, g.n. 50:30.
ITZTAPALLOCAN, pc.n. 64:37.
ITZTEPEC, pc.n. 84:36.
ITZTLACOLIUHQUL p.n. 3:31.

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ITZTOLPANXOCHI or ITZTOLPANXOCHITL, female p.n. 22:5, 23:4.

ITZTOLIZIN, p.n. 60:13.
ITZYOCAN, pe.n., = ITZOCAN (?). 63:45, 67:2. Cf. ITZYOYOCAN.
ITZYOYOCAN, pce.n. 68:3. Cf. ITZYOCAN.
IXAHUATZIN, p.n. 19:12.
IXAPAZTLI TEUCTLI, p.n. 31:49.
TXAYOC; pe.n. 19:31, 29:12:
IXAYOCTONCA, g.n. 29:11.
IXAYOCTONCO, pc.n. 19:31, 29:14.
IXCOZAUHQUI, p.n. 63:44.
IXCUINAN, pl. XCUINANME
1. Aname for Tlazolteotl, the goddess of filth (FFCC bk. 1, ch. 12: Ixcuina), so
called because there were four Tlazolteotls (FFCC: explanation not given;
GKC, p. 77, derives ixcuinan from Huaxtec Maya, with the meaning “female
kapok”).
2. Pl., refers to a certain class of female supernaturals (i.e., the Tlazolteotls),
said to “descend to the earth” (HG bk. 1, ch. 12, parag. 18: Ixcuiname).
3. Pl., female devils who came from Cuextlan. 9:30, 9:39 (ixcuiname), 9:40.
IXICAYAN, pc.n. 65:5.
IXTEHUEYO, p.n. 61:47, 63:27,31.
IXTLILCUECHAHUAG, pc.n. 64:15.
IXTLILIZIN, p.n., see MATEO IXTLILTZIN.
IXTLILXOCHITL or IXTLILXOCHITZIN, p.n.
1. The elder. 18:47, 23:49, 27:9, 32:31, 32:34 (ilxochitzin), 32:37,44,
34:13, 35:23,29,34, 36:11, 38:21, 43:1, 46:30.
2. The younger.
IXTOMI (Fuzzy Face), p.n. 37:47.
IXTOTOMAHUATZIN, p.n. 57:30, 59:49, 60:2, 61:23,37,40,45, 63:50.
IYACTECUIZOTLAN, pc.n. 65:11.
IYAUHPOTONQUI, or YAUHQUEMEPOTONQUI, p.n. 61:47 (yyauhpo-
lonqui), 63:27 (yauhquemepotonqu)).
IYAUHTEPEC, pc.n. 84:42.
IYAUHTEPECA, g.n., pl. 28:26.
IYEHUACAN, pc.n. 19:47.
IZHUATLAN, pc.n. 67:38, 121:22.
IZQUITLAN, pe.n.
1. 9:15 (izquitlan atla).
2. =e): 49712:
IZQUIXOCHITEPECGC, pc.n. 61:22, 67:48.
IZTACALCO, pe.n. 15:53.
IZTACCHALCHIUHTLICUE, p.n., 78:32.
IZTACCOAC, pc.n. 19:46.

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IZTACCOATL, p.n.:(?). 63:17.

IZTAC MIXCOATL (White Mixcoatl), see MIXCOATL.
IZTAC TEUCIED p.n. 13:26:
IZTACTLALOCAN, pc.n. Iztactlallocan, 61:39,40, 67:35, 121:23,32.
IZITACTOTOTL or IZTACTOTOTZIN (22:25), p.n. 22: 8,19,25,34,37,40,43,
486123513; 2675.7, 27 715,138,199.
IZTACXILOTZIN, female p.n. 9: 14,19.
IZTATIGAN, pen, 121.22.
IZTAUHYATLI, p.n. 64:15 (yztauhyatly yxtlilcuechahuac . . . , should be yztauh-
yatl y yxtlil.... ? Cf. IMEXAYAC).
IZTITLAN, pce.n. 60:40, 68:8, 122:4.

JUAN, abbrev. JU° (see NED: paha). See immediately below; see also SAN
JUAN.
JUAN MATLALIHUITZIN, p.n., ruler of Apazco (= MATLALIHUITZIN
1?). 64:12 (Don ju® matlallihuitzi).
JUAN TLACOCHCALCATL, p.n. 63:56 (don Ju® tlacochcalcatl).
JUAN XALTEMOCTZIN, p.n. 15:40 (don Ju° Xaltemoctzin).
JUAN YOLLOCAMACHALTZIN, p.n. 19:10 (don ju® yollocamachaltzin).
JUDIOSME, g.n., pl., Span., judios, i.e., Jews. 59:3. See also marginal gloss at
Sila

LUIS DE LA VEGA, p.n. 15:34 (don luis de la vega), 15:35 (don luis).
LUIS DE MANUEL MALOMITL, p.n. 16:19 (don luis de manuel mallomitl),
16:23,27 (Don luis de manuel).

MACUEXHUACAN (macuexhuacan per 2:13), pe.n. 1:41 (macuexhuacan hue-

huetocan),' 2:13, 27529 23225625:
MACUEXTLAN, pc.n. 64:46.
MACUEXTZIN, p.n. 60:24.
MACUILOCOTLAN, pc.n. 60:27 (macuillocotlan).
MACUILOCILAN, pc.n. 61:39.
MACUILIZINCO, pce.n. 61:6.
MACUILXOCHITL or MACUILXOCHITZIN, p.n.
1. See PEDRO MACUILXOCHITL.
2. A prince of Atlixco. 60:44,45.
MALIHUITZIN, p.n. 57:4,7 (mallihuitzin). Syn. MAXTHUITZIN.
MALINALCO, pe.n. 11:45.
MALINALLOCAN, pc.n. 19:35.
MALINALTEPEC, pc.n. 68:5, 121: 34.
MALINTZIN, female p.n. 62:42.
“MALLOMITL,” see LUIS DE MANUEL MALOMITL.

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MALOMITL, see LUIS DE MANUEL MALOMITL.

MALPANTZIN TEUCTLI, p.n. 62:48.
MAMALHUAZYOCAN, pe.n. 66:53.
MAMALITZIN, p.n. 64:2 (mamallitzin).
MAMATZIN TEUCTLI, p.n.
1. Ruler of Cuitlahuac Tizic. 22:14, 24:6.
2. Ruler of the Tlahuacan Chalca in Xicco. 26:50.
MANUEL, see LUIS DE MANUEL MALOMITL.
MAPACH (Raccoon, see FC 11:9), p.n. 62:35.
MAPACHTEPEC, pc.n. 121:24.
MAQUIZPANTZIN, p.n. 63 :3,6.
MAQUIZTECA, g.n., pl. 62:26.
MAQUIZILI, p.n. 62:27.
MARIA, p.n.
1. Dofia Maria of Huitzilopochco. 15:36, 16: 17,24.
2. Dofia Maria of Xochimilco. 61:17.
MARQUES or MARQUES DEL VALLE, i.e., Hernando Cortés (NED:
malques). 15:44, 21:43 (marques del balle), 122:6.
MATEO IXTLILTZIN, p.n. Don mateo ixtliltzin, 57:32, 59:50.
MATLACCOATZIN, p.n. 8:24,31.
MATLACXOCHITL or MATLACXOCHITZIN, p.n. 5:23, 8:4,11.
MATLALIHUITZIN, p.n.
1. Ruler of Apazco (?, = JUAN MATLALIHUITZIN?). 64:5 (matlillihui-
tzin—presumed copyist’s error).
2. See HERNANDO MATLALIHUITZIN.
MATLATLAN, pe.n. 67:15, 121:2.
MATLATZINCATL, pl. MATLATZINCA, g.n. 57:11, 84:3.
MATLATZINCO, pc.n. 14:42, 52:1, 55:8,11, 57:26, 63:55, 67:23, 84:51,
T2110!
MAXALIUHYAN, see TEPETLMAXALIUHYAN.
MAXIHUITIZIN, p.n. 57:3. Syn. MALIHUITZIN.
MAXTLA or MAXTLATON (6: 14, etc.) or MAXTLATZIN (34:48), p.n.
1. A Toltec of Topiltzin’s time. 6: 14,17, 10:29.
2. A Chichimec captain. 18:52.
3. A Chichimec of Xallan. 26:33 (maxtlaton).
4. Tepaneca ruler, son of TEZOZOMOCTLI 1. 33:23—41 passim, 34: 10,11,
48, 40:5,49, 42:24,47, 43:7,9,29,39, 44:13,31,36, 46:22, 66:8,16,17.
5. One who cuckolded Nezahualpilli. 59:18.
6. An official from Cuauhtitlan. 60: 13,25, 60:28 (translation only).
MAYEHUATZIN, p.n. 59:34, 63:49.
MAZAAPAN, pc.n. 65:6.
MAZACIHUATL, see GABRIEL DE TAPIA MAZACIHUATL.

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MAZACOYOTZIN, p.n. 63:55.

MAZAHUACAN, pe.n. 35:4, 84:2, 121:10.
MAZAMICAN, pe.n. 21:23.
MAZATEPEC, pc.n.
1. Where early Chichimecs “decorated themselves.” 1:21.
2. Town controlled by Tetzcoco. 64: 20.
3. Town conquered by Tizocicatzin (= 2?). 67:24.
MAZATLAN, pe.n. 11:2, 65:11, 67:39, 121:24.
MAZATZIN, p.n. .
1. Chichimec ruler at Chapoltepec (= 2, below?). 12:43,45,47,49.
2 Rulerot Colhuacanl 225 7lsas:
MAZATZINTAMALCO, pc.n. 59:30.
MAZATZONCO, pc.n. 81:41.
MECELLOTL or MECELLOTZIN, p.n.
1. An early ruler of Cuauhtitlan. 8: 25,34 (Mecellotzin).
2. A Chichimec captain. 18:52 (Mecellotl), 22:23 (idem).
MECITIN, g.n., pl., variant name for the MEXICA (see FC 10:189:6—10).
79:1. Syn. MEXITIN.
MECITLI, p.n. 78: 40,40.
METEPEC, pe.n. 67:12, 84:53.
METZITILAN, pc.n. 20:47, 21:6, 28:48,52, 49:25.
METZTITLANCALQUE, g.n., pl. 60:10.
MEXAYACATL, p.n. 61:36. Cf. IMEXAYAC.
MEXICATL, pl. MEXICA.
1. G.n. 12:14 (migrating Mexica reach Tollan), 12:23 (reach Ecatepec), 16:
48 (at Chapoltepec), 16:51, 17:6 (timexica), 17:15,26,38, 18:26, 21:14
(mexica Otli = the Mexica road), 27:55 (war against the Chalca begins),
30:29, 33:51, 42:43, 43:22, 45:17, 47:25 (mexicatl), 49:7 (mexicatl),
49: 13,40, 50:28,48,52,54, 51:10, 60:33,37,54, 65:4, 66:9,12,20, 66:50
(mexicatl), 79: 1,1, 82:52, 83:9,10,17,29,45,49, 84:6,7,12,13; mexicatlalli,
26 :32,34,36, 49:29; mexicatlatocayotl, 26:44, 27:52; Mexica tenochca,
42:25, cf. 48:30 (mexicatl tenochcatl), 34: 8,24, 66:6,33; Mexica tlatilolca,
44:23. See also MEXITIN.
2. P.n. (?) or title (?). 24:47.
MEXICATZINCA, g.n., pl. 24:35, 50:29.
MEXICATZINCO, p.n. 33:19, 50:34, 61:4, 63:51.
MEXICAYOTL, Mexica people or Mexica nation. 51:53, 60:36.
MEXICO, pe.n. 26:21,24,30, 27:39,41,42.51, 28:28, 31:31, 37:17, 38:2,
41:43, 47:40, 49:8, 52:6,14,16,18, 57:18,22,22, 58:11,27, 59:30, 60:
34, 61:55, 63: 24,26,29, 64:48, 68:24; 122: 8; tenochtitlan mexico, 53:26,
63:39, 65:21; mexico tenochtitlan, 22:15, 51:42, 56:44, 61:47.
MEXITIN, g.n., pl., variant name for the MEXICA (FC 10:189:6—10). 11:24,
27, 11:33 (mexiti), 11:34—43 passim, 12:3—52 passim, 13:23—48 passim,

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14:28,48, 16:33,34,41,42, 17:3—43 passim, 18:23,28, 19:19, 20:43,

22:16, 24:3,19, 25:6, 27:26,29,54, 28:7,50, 29:5,8,42, 32:1, 47:28,
47:29 (mexiti), 82:50, 83:6,39. Syn. MECITIN.
MIACATLAN (TORQ bk. 13, ch. 5: vn Pueblo llamado Miacatlan, de la juris-
diccion de Quauhnahuac, Cabega de Marquesado), pe.n. 64:20 (miyacatla).
MIAHUAAPAN, pc.n. 65: 14 (miyahuaapan).
MIAHUATAMALTZIN, see MIAHUATONALTZIN.
MIAHUATL (i.e., miyahuatl), female p.n. 3:33.
MIAHUATONALIZIN, (erroneous?) var. MIAHUATAMALTZIN (17:50),
p-n. 13:21 (Miahuatonaltzin teuctli), 17:50.
MICCAAPAN, pe.n. 21:20.
MICCACALCATL, p.n. 13:11,19.
MICCACALCO, pe.n. 8:15 (tepotzotlan miccacalco).
MICHHUACAN, pce.n. 3:39.
MICQUEILAN, pe.n. 65:13, 67:17,24, 68:2, 121:4 (Miquetlan), 121:12
(Miquetlan).
MICTECA, g.n. Dead land people, denizens of the underworld. 76: 34.
MICTLAN (the dead land), pe.n. 76:23.
MICTLANCIHUATL (the dead land lady), female p.n., a spirit or deity. 76:23.
MICTLANCUAUHTLA, pe.n. 58: 3,41 (mictlanquauhtla tlaca).
MICTLANTEUCTLI (the dead land lord), p.n., a spirit or deity. 76:23-—42
passim.
MIHUAQUE, g.n., one of five groups that settled Tlalmanalco (CHIM 165,
ZCHIM 1:40). 13:15, 58:9,12,22,26. See also CHALCA MIHUAQUE.
MIMICH or MIMICHTZIN (27:43, 79:43), p.n.
1. Member of the legendary MIXCOA, companion to XIUHNEL. 79: 36-54
passim, 80:9.
2. One of the early Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs (= 1, above?). 3:30.
3. A Colhua noble. 27:43.
MIMIXCOA, see MIXCOA.
MIQUETLAN, see MICQUETLAN.
MIQUIZILAN, pe.n. 122:4.
MIXCOA, see MIXCOATL.
MIXCOAC, pc.n. 66:38, 84:34.
MIXCOAMAZATZIN, p.n. 1:55, 3:51.
MIXCOATEPETL or MIXCOATEPEC (50:49), pc.n.
1. A shrine in Colhuacan (FC 2:214:16).
2. A shrine in Tenochtitlan (cf. FC 2: 172: mjxcoateupan). 50:49.
3. The Mixcoatl shrine of legend. 81:9.
MIXCOATL, pl. MIXCOA or MIMIXCOA
1. G.n., pl., a legendary band of Chichimecs (in the sense of CHICHIME-
CATL 2). 1:10,11,13, 1:17 (mixcoa), 78:30 (mixcoa), 78:32,35, 79:2,
14,36, 81:4.

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2. P.n., sing., one of the Mixcoa, a legendary hero. 1:13 (yztac mixcoatl =
White Mixcoatl), 1:14 (Mixcoatl the younger), 1:16, 78:24,36, 79: 18,24,
80: 16—44 passim.
3. Sing., name given to one of the three hearthstones in early Chichimec times.
Ze
4. P.n., sing., Mixcoatl or Diablo Mixcoatl (the devil Mixcoatl) (who led the
early Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs) (= 2, above?). 3:1, 25:47 (impersonated by
ritualists), 26:4,5 (temple of in Cuauhtitlan), 27:18,24,48 (idem), 44:42
(god of the Cuauhtitlancalque), 56:25 (impersonated by warriors).
5. P.n., sing., one of the early Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs (= 2, above?). 3:30.
6. = 4, but as worshipped in Cuitlahuac. 50:34 (mixcoatl diablo), 50:42,
44,52 (refers to the idol or statue), 62: 15—16 (also called White Mixcoatl or
Mixcoatl the younger), 62:33, 66:37 (mixcohuatl diablo), 63:10, 63: 10—
11 (also called White Mixcoatl or Mixcoatl the younger). See also CAMAX-
TLE MIXCOATL, TETZAUH.
7. Sing., pyramid of Mixcoatl in Cuitlahuac Tizic, or the sanctuary at the top of
this pyramid. 50:35 (tlecotihuetz yn icpac mixcoatl = he rushed to the top
of the Mixcoatl), 50:40 (otlatlac yn mixcoatl yn xocoyotl = Mixcoatl the
younger was burned), 59:46 (ynteocal mixcoatl = their temple, Mixcoatl).
8. Sing., idol of the early Chalca (ZCHIM 1:51 and CHIM 146). 12:8.
9. Sing., idol of the Huexotzinca (see note to the translation at 44:49). 57:20.
See also CAMAXTLE.
MIXTECA, g.n., pl. 26:52, 66:49.
MIXTIEAN) pens26753767317512183.
MIYACATLA, see MIACATLAN.
MIYAHUATL, see MIAHUATL.
MIZQUIC, pe.n. 59:28, 63:17,48, 65:51, 66:37, 84:17,19,36.
MIZQUITLAN, pc.n. 67:40, 121:25.
MIZTLIIMA, p.n.
1. Brother of XTOTOMAHDUATZIN killed in Huexotzinco. 61:36.
2. Emigrant from Huexotzinco. 61:47, 63:27.
MIZTONTLAN, pe.n. 65:15.
MOCELTZIN, female p.n. 15:37.
MOLANCO, see MOLLANCO.
MOLLANCO (cf. FC 2:194: Molonco; FC 8:2: Mollonco; Garcia Granados
Diccionario 1:44: Mollanco; ibid., 3: 229: Molango), pc.n.
1. Town that paid tribute to Tetzcoco. 64:41 (called Tecpan Mollanco? See
note to the translation).
2. Town that performed labor for Mexico (= 1?). 65:19, 67:31 (conquered
by Ahuitzotzin), 121: 16 (Molanco, conquered by Ahuitzotzin).
MOMOZTITLAN, pe.n. 15:47.
MONAMIQUIYAN, see TEPETLIMONAMIQUIYAN.

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MOQUIHUIXTLI or MOQUIHUIX, p.n. 55:18,21,23, 55:25 (moquihuix),

55 :27,32,39,48, 67:10.
MOTEIZCOCOPIPINA, p.n. 28:27.
MOTEUCZOMA (51:43, etc.) or MOTEUCZOMATZIN, p.n. Syn.
ILHUICAMINA.
1. The elder Moteuczomatzin, ruler of Tenochtitlan. 15:4,9,11, 50:23, 51:43,
22 :24,29,39,40,44, 54:3,41, 63:2, 67:6; huehue moteccumatzin, 36:24;
huehue moteuccomatzin, 28:2, 30:27, 34:20, 51:34,47, 52:7,16, 53:29,
46, 54:43,46, 63:1, 84:41,49; moteucgomatzin huehue, 50:14; huehue
moteuccomatzin ylhuicaminatzin, 49:44; huehue moteucgomatzin . . . ilhui-
camina, 66:42; (ilhuicaminatzin huehue moteuccomatzin), 84:39; huehue
Moteuczomatzin, 121:7,14.
2. The younger Moteuczomatzin, ruler of Tenochtitlan. 15:21,37,39,40, 59:
38, 60:35,56, 61:26,29,38,52,55,56, 62:9, 63:28, 65:42, 67:43 (ynic
ome moteucgomatzin = Moteuczomatzin the second), 68:9,14,24,26,33,
1217228.29.
3. Ruler of Tenayocan. 63:54.
MOTOZAHUICAN, pe.n. 26:38 (motogahuica).
MOYOTEPEC, pc.n. 63:20.
MOYOTLAN, pe.n. 65:13.
MOZAUHQUL, p.n. 53:41.

NACAZHUEYOCAN, pe.n. 21:25.

NAHUACAN, p.n. 3:32.
NAHUALLIIAPAN, pe.n. 63:16 (nahualliyapan). Cf. CM fol. 33, line 10:
nahualapan.
*NAHUALTEUCTLL, pl. NAHUALTEUCTIN or NAHUALTETEUCTIN. PL,
magician lords (another name for the Tzompanteuctin, see TZOMPAN-
TEUCTLI), 62: 12,45, 63:4.
NAHUIACATL, p.n. 63:46.
NAHUICALLOCAN, pe.n. 60:26.
NAHUITECPATL (4 Flint), a name for the moon. 77: 38,46.
NANAHUATL or NANAHUATZIN, p.n.
1. Spirit who split open Food Mountain, 77: 19,23 (nanahuatl); who became
the sun. 77: 31,36,40,42,45,47 (nanahuatl).
2. A noble of Cuauhtitlan. 15:15 (nanahuatzin).
NANTZINTLAN, pe.n. 121: 22 (Nautzintlan).
NAPPATEUCTILL, p.n., a spirit or deity, 77: 40.
“NATA,” see TATA.
NAUHECATL TONATIUH (4-Wind Sun), p.n., a spirit or deity. 68:21.
NAUHTLAN, pc.n. 63:56.
NAUHYOTZIN, p.n.

IOI
 Concordance

1. Ruler of Tollan. 8: 12,23.

2. Early ruler of the Colhuaque. 11:5,16,17,18,49.
3. Later ruler of Colhuacan. 27 :42,44, 31:45, 42:49.
NECOG, epithet of TEZCATLIPOCA (see NED, cf. FC 3:12:19: necoc iaotl,
FC 6:11:3:idem). 17:22. Cf. GLOS: necoc. See also GLOS: diablo.
NECUAMETL, p.n.
1. A Toltec of Huemac’s time. 81:48.
2. One of the early Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs. 3:31.
3. A Chalca emissary. 52: 18,38,40, 53:5.
4. See DIEGO NECUAMETZIN.
NECUAMETZIN, p.n., see DIEGO NECUAMETZIN.
NECUAMEXOCHITZIN, p.n. 8: 14,22.
NECUAMEYOCAN, pc.n. 3:14,19.
NENE, female p.n., a mythical character. 75 : 46.
NEPANTLA, pe.n., one of the four quarters of Cuauhtitlan town. 29:35, 43:46,
46:47, 55:10. Cf. GLOS: nepantla.
NEPOPOHUALCO, pc.n. 10:44, 21: 15,28, 52:30.
NEXPAN, pe.n. 67:35.
NEXTLALPAN, pc.n. 9:46, 20:4.
NEZAHUALCOYOTL or NEZAHUALCOYOTZIN, p.n. 29:49, 34:13,15,
35 :30,42, 36:22,32,42, 37:2—49 passim, 38:2—44 passim, 39: 16,16,39,
44,49,52, 43:10, 44:30,33, 45:4,8,11,28,30,33,42, 46:28,33, 47:33,37,
39, 48:32, 51:21,26, 52:20,24,33,41, 53:1,7,30,33,44, 54:10, 55:12,
64: 17,32 (netzahualcoyotzin).
NEZAHUALPILLI or NEZAHUALPILTZINTLLI, p.n. 53:8,22, 55:13, 58:
49, 59:18, 61:42, 64: 18,32, 65: 28,42.
NEZAHUALTEMOCATZIN, p.n. 13:47.
NOCHEZITLAN, pe.n. 67:47, 121:30.
NOCHPALLIICUE, female p.n., a deity. 78: 14.
NOCHTONCO, pc.n. 21:23.
NONOALCA, g.n., pl. 14:27.
NONOALCATEPETL (Mount Nonoalco), pe.n. 4:39 (nonohualcatepec), 5:44,
6:41 (nonohualcatepec).
NONOALCATZIN, p.n. 12: 16,27.
NONOALCO, pe.n. 10:52, 81:50.
NOPALLAN, pe.n. 68:2, 121:33.
NOPALTEPEC, pe.n. 21:23.

OCELOTEPEC, pc.n. 65:15.

OCELOTLAPAN, p.n. 31:27.
OCELOTLIXTACAN, pe.n. 21:18.
OCELOTZIN, p.n. 64:7.

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OCOPETLAPAN, pc.n. 64:21.

OCOYACAC, pe.n. 67:14, 84:53.
OCOZACAYOCAN, pe.n. 19:30.
OCOYO, pe.n. (?). 63:14.
OOUIEUANS pone kls45,.57:12: 67212, 12122;
OCUILTECATL, g.n. 84:3.
OLINTEPEGC, pce.n. 64:21.
OLLAN, pe.n. 65:9, 67:49.
OMACATLAN, pe.n. 65:17.
OMEACAC, pe.n. 62:24.
OMETLAN, pc.n. 65:6.
OMEYOCAN (Place of Duality), pe.n., otherwordly abode of supernaturals. 4:46
(Ommeyocan).
OTLATITLAN, pc.n. 65:45.
OTLAYO, pce.n. 19:33 (6tlayo).
OTLAZPAN, pe.n. 12:51, 21:11,44 (dtlazpan), 29:18,22,38, 40:34, 46:49
(otlazpan), 47:14 (idem), 64:9 (one of Cuauhtitlan’s Four Lords).
OTLAZPANECA, g.n., pl. 40:44.
OTOMITL, pl. OTOMI (18:10), g.n. 9:53, 18:29,31 (refers to the Cuahuaque
Otomi?), 49:21, 56:5,45,49 (refers to Tollan, Apazco, Xilotepec, Chiapan,
and Cuahuacan). See also COAHUAQUE OTOMI, TLAOTONKXINTLI.
OTOMPAN, pc.n. 32:36, 32:38 (otompan tlaca), 32:42, 36:12, 54:33, 64:2,
33,,0022534°02;
OTONQUILPAN, pe.n. 35:44.
OTONTEPEC, pc.n. 21:15.
OXITLAN, pce.n. 65:44, 121:31.
OXOMOCO, p.n., a mythical character. 1: 27,27, 77:16,18,19.
OZOMATEPEGC, pe.n. 21:24.
OZOMATEUCTLL, p.n.
1. 10:18.
DE IG 253:
OZTOMAN, pc.n. 67:13, 121:1.
OZTOTEMPAN, pc.n. 10:33.
OZTOTICPAC, pe.n. 29:45, 51:1, 52:31, 64:38, 67:15, 121:3.
OZTOTL (IXT 1:293), pe.n. 64:40 (or Oztotl Tlatlauhyan? See note to the
translation).
OZTOTLAQUETZALLOCAN, pe.n. 21:26.

PABLO TLILLOTLINAHUAL, p.n. 15:32.

PABLO YAOTLAMIN, p.n. 64: 14.
PACHYOCAN, pe.n. 21:22.
PALZOQUITLAN, pe.n. 64:44 (palcoquitla).

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PANCO, pc.n. 68:4.

PANITZIN, p.n., ruler of Ecatepec. 63:55. Cf. PANTLI.
PANTEPEG, pc.n. 122: 1.
PANTICTZIN TEUCTLL, p.n. 29:3.
PANTITLAN (Banner Place), pe.n.
1. A whirlpool in the Lake of Mexico (TEZ chap. 80, p. 563; FC 2:42:9;
FC 2: 84:15)212:39, 82253, 83711.
2am eyn Gane:
PANTLAN, pc.n. 64:36.
PANTLI, p.n., ruler of Xilotzinco. 29:24 (in 1395), 54:10 (in 1467).
Cf. PANITZIN.
PANTZONTLAN, pe.n. 65:8.
PAPAHUACAN, pe.n. 19:35, 21:19, 54:34.
PAPALOTLAN (TORQ, IXT), pe.n. 64:37 (papallotla tetzcoco).
PAPATLAN, pe.n. 65:18.
PAPAZTAC, p.n. 78:18.
PATOLTETITLAN, pe.n. 65:15.
PEDRO DE SAN AUGUSTIN, p.n. 16:30 (Don Pedro de san augustin).
PEDRO MACUILXOCHITL or PEDRO MACUILXOCHITZIN, p.n. Don Pe-
dro macuilxochitl, 61:18; Don Pedro macuilxochitzin, 15:37, 16:12,14,15;
macuilxochitzin, 16:19.
PEDRO TLACAHUEPANTZIN, p.n. 64:15 (Don pedro tlacahuepantzin).
PEDRO TLACATEUCTZIN, p.n. 31:38 (don pedro tlacateuctzin).
PETLACALLI TEUCTILL, p.n. 26:49.
PETLAUHTOCATZIN, p.n. 15:16.
PIAZTLAN, see PIYAZTLAN.
PICHACATZIN TEUCTLI, vars. PICHATZIN, PICHATZIN TEUCTLI,
p-n. 24:6, 28: 36,38, 43:2.
PILLI TEUCTLI (Prince Lord), p.n. 62:41.
PINOTL, p.n. 68: 16,30.
PIPILO, p.n. 26:29.
PIPIOLTEPEC) pc a) :121233:
PITZALLOTL, p.n. 19:39, 26:27.
PIYAZTLAN, pe.n. 67:49, 121:31 (Piaztlan).
POCHTECA, g.n., pl. 32:29.
POCHTLAN, pc.n. 80:27.
POCTEPECA, g.n. 57:14.
POCTLAN, pc.n. 65 :44.
POHUAZANCO, pc.n. 65:18.
POLLOTLAN, pc.n. 65:16.
POLOC (Driblet), name of the person created by Mixcoatl from his own blood
(cf. MOL: polocatl = leavings). 62: 34.

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POPOTLAN, pc.n. 12:39 (popotlan acolnahuac).

POXCAUHTLAN, pe.n. 121:4.
POYAUHTECATL, name of a mountain. 36:35.

QUECEHUACATZIN, p.n. 15:30.

QUECEHUATL, p.n. 63:57.
QUECHOLLAN, pe.n. 65: 44.
QUEHUATL, p.n. 18:4.
QUETZALAYATZIN, p.n. 33:20,29,34, 34:47, 66:15.
QUETZALCOATL,
1. P.n., deity. Creator of humans, 2:22; steals bones to make new race of hu-
mans, 76: 22,22,26,36,41,43,48,54, 77:1; discovers maize in the mountain,
PPG IATA:
2. = 1? 68:21 (identified with NAUHECATL TONATIUH).
3. P.n., refers to TOPILTZIN. 3:54—8:3 (life of), 4:1 (topiltzin tlamacazqui
ce acatl quetzalcohuatl), 4:32 (quetzalcoatl topiltzin), 4:34 (yn topiltzin yn
ce acatl quetzalcoatl), 9:57, 77:30.
4. Title first held by Topiltzin, then by Huemac, who yielded it to Cuauhtli.
8:48,49, 8:50, 8:55 (quetzalcoatia = he becomes the Quetzalcoatl), 9:57.
QUETZALCOATONCO, pe.n. 65:17.
QUETZALCUIXIN, p.n. 33:19, 34:46.
QUETZALMAQUIZTLI, p.n. 33:15, 45:36.
QUETZALMAZATL or QUETZALMAZATZIN, p.n.
1. Ason of TEZOZOMOCTLI 1. 34:43.
2. A chief lord (or skull rack lord) of the Cuitlahuaca. 62:49,50 (fought
Itzcoatzin).
3. A chief lord (or skull rack lord) of the Cuitlahuaca. 63:3,5,7 (executed by
Moteuczomatzin the younger; see 61:52).
QUETZALMICHIN TEUCTLI, p.n. 21:51, 22:11.
QUETZALPETLATL, female p.n., sister of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl. 6:40,42,49.
See also GLOS: quetzalpetlatl.
QUETZALQUEN, female p.n. 10:30.
QUETZALTEPEC, pc.n.
1. Way station of the migrating Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs. 1:39.
2. = 1, above? 68:6 (conquered by Ahuitzotzin); 122:2 (Quezaltepec, con-
quered by the younger Moteuczomatzin).
QUETZAL TEUCILL, p.n. 62:43,44,47.
QUETZALTOTOTL, p.n. 53:40.
QUETZALTZIN (?), see CUETZALTZIN.
QUETZALXILOTL, female p.n. 10:30.
QUETZALXOTZIN, female p.n. 83:6.
QUEZALTEPEC, see QUETZALTEPEC.

195
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QUIAUHTEOPAN, pc.n. 67:3 (quiyauhteopan), 84:44 (quiyauhteopan).

QUIAUHTEPEC, pc.n. 67: 2,48 (quiyauhtepec).
QUIAUHTZIN, p.n. 28:27 (quiyauhtzin).
QUILACHTLI, see QUILAZTLI.
QUILAZTLI, var. QUILACHTLI (76:52), female p.n., a spirit or deity. 4:9
(quillaztl), 76:52, 81:1 (quillaztl1).
QUIMICHTEPEGC, pe.n. 68:5, 121:34.
QUIMICHTLAN, pce.n. 61: 28.
QUINAMETIN, pl., a race of giants that inhabited the earth in early times
(DHIST ch. 2, parag. 14: quiname, IXT: quinametin), haunted the earth in
later times (FC 5, ch. 11: qujnameti). 2:31.
QUINATZIN, p.n.
1. Ruler of Cuauhtitlan. 12:32 (huehue quinatzin = the elder Quinatzin),
15:6 (idem).
2. Ruler of Cuauhtitlan (= 1, above?). 13:27,38,41,49,54, 14:8,12,19,30,38,
46,50, 15:6 (2, see 1, above), 17:31, 17:46 (huehue quinatzin), 19:23.
3. Grandson of 2, above. 14:43,51.
4. Grandson of 3, founded Tepotzotlan dynasty. 15:1,13,13,16,23, 16:3,5,
9,10, 52:6, 59:41, 64:5.
5. See DIEGO QUINATZIN.

SAN AUGUSTIN, p.n., see PEDRO DE SAN AUGUSTIN.

SAN JUAN, pe.n., a Chalca community (one of the boroughs of Tlalmanalco?).
58:7 (san ju’).
SANTO DOMINGO, pc.n. 59:3.

TAMAOC (cf. Codex Mendoza fol. 10: tamuoc, a town conquered by Axayacatl),
pe.n. 64:45, 121:5 (Tamooc).
TAMAPACHOCO, pe:n. 67:24, 121:11.
TAMAZOLAC, pe.n. 10:41, 11:1 (tamagollac), 19:46 (idem), 51:39 (toltitlan
tamacolac).
TAMAZOLLAC, see TAMAZOLAC.
TAMAZOLLAN, pc.n. 64:42 (tamacollan for tamagollan?).
TAMOANCHAN, pc.n. 76:51, 77: 12,32.
TAMOOC, see TAMAOC.
TAMOMOx, pc.n. 67:18.
TAMPATEL, pc.n. 67:18 (tapatel), 121:5.
TANCHOL, pc.n. 64:41.
TAPATEL, see TAMPATEL.
TAPIA, see GABRIEL DE TAPIA MAZACIHUATL.
TATA, p.n., a mythical character. 75:45 (misspelled “nata?”), 76:6 (tataye = O
Tata!).

196
 Concordance

TATAPACO, pe.n. 21:23.

TECALCO, pe.n. 53:41, 67:15, 121:1.
TECALLAPOHUATZIN, p.n. 36:24.
TECAMACHALCO, pc.n. 63:44.
TECAMAN, see TECANMAN.
TECANMAN, pc.n. Tecaman, 19:35, 20:46, 29:9; tecanma, 28:48; tecamman,
49 :27; tecanma, 80:21.
TECANMECATL, p.n. 52:4.
TECATLAN, pce.n. 64:44.
TECATLATOATZIN, p.n. 45:3.
PECAXIC; pen. 21:27, 67:22.
TECCIZAPAN, pe.n. 64:43.
TECHCUAUHTITLAN, pc.n. 63:20.
TECHICHCO, pe.n.
1. Where some Cuauhtitlan rulers had their residence. 9:21, 11:30, 12:32,
13:48, 18:41,50.
2. A Chalca outpost in Colhuacan. 24:13, 24:15 (techichco tlaca), 24:18
(techichco colhuacan), 27:28 (idem), 27:54.
3. = 2, above (?). 63: 12,22.
TECHIMALCO, pc.n. 63:15.
TECHOTLALATZIN, p.n.
1. A Tetzcoco noble. 34:50.
2. Lord ofItztapalapan (TORQ bk. 2, ch. 62, p. 185; IXT 2: 146). 61:3.
TECOAC, pe.n. 21:27 (controlled by Cuauhtitlan), 62:21 (visited by Mixcoatl).
TECOACTONCO, pc.n. 19: 1,6.
TECOATL, pu: 19:3.
TECOCOATZIN, p.n. Tecocohuatzin, 42:20, 43: 14,40, 44:6, 45:44, 46:2,15,
32, 47:2,37,51, 48:24,45,52; tecocohuatzin, 48 : 39.
TECOLLIQUENQUL, p.n. 4:45.
TECOLOTLAN, pc.n. 65:6.
TECOLOYTZIN, pn. 35713,14, 37:34, 39:33.
TECOL TEUCTLI, p.n. 10219:
TECOMA, p.n. 62:26.
TECOMAAPAN, pce.n. 65: 14.
TECOZAUHTLAN, pc.n. 121:33.
TECPAN
1. Palace (MOL). See GLOS: tecpan.
2. Pe.n. 28:41, 33:2, 62:46, 63:50. See also CUITLAHUAC TECPAN.
3. Pc.n. 64:41 (paid tribute to Tetzcoco, should be Tecpan Mollanco? See note
to the translation).
4. Pc.n. (= 32). 66:40, 84:35.
TECPANCUAUHTLA, pc.n. 4:30.

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 Concordance

TECPANECA, g.n., pl., see TECPANECATL 2.

TECPANECATL
1. An official title (see NED). 21:8 (huehue xaltemoctzin tecpanecatl).
Cf. ATECPANECATL.
2. Pl., g.n. 28:43 (tecpaneca cuitlahuaca).
TECPANTEPEC, pe.n. 67:35 (conquered by Ahuitzotzin). Cf. TECPATEPEC.
- TECPATLAN, pe.n. 122:1.
TECPATEPEC, pen. 84:43, 121:20 (conquered by Ahuitzotzin). Cf.
TECPANTEPEC.
TECPAYOCAN, pe.n. 12:34 (chiquiuhtepetlapan tecpayocan).
TECUANI (Man-eater), p.n. 37:48.
TECUANTEPEG, pe.n, 59: 13, 67:39, 121721"
TEHUEHUELTZIN; pn. 59744.
TEHUEPANCO, pc.n. 19:34, 21:16.
TEHUILACATZIN, p.n. 41:29,42,46,48 (tehuillacatzin).
TEHUILOYOCAN, pc.n.
1. 11:29 (gimapan tehuiloyocan).
2. = 1(?). 19:41, 40:30, 47:15, 60:55, 61:2, 61:8 (tehuilocan).
TEHUITZIN, p.n. 15:26, 59:7.
TEIZTLACOATZIN, p.n. 11:37, 12:30.
TELITL, p.n. 40:10, 46:20 (tellitl).
TELOLOIYACAG, pc.n. 19:47.
TELPOCH, p.n. 19:4.
TELPOCHTLI, epithet of the god TEZCATLIPOCA (HG bk. 2, ch. 24,
parag. 1). 5:33. Cf. GLOS: telpochthi.
TEMACPALCO, pc.n. 10:44, 19:32, 46:20.
TEMAMATLAGC, pc.n. 21:22.
TEMATLAHUACALCO, pc.n. 11:41.
TEMETZACOCUITZIN, p.n. 27: 24,47.
TEMETZIN, p.n. 63:57.
TEMILCO, pc.n.
1. Body of water in CITLALTEPEC (FC 2: 11,74).
2. Way station of the migrating Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs (?, probably should be
XIMILCO; see note to the translation at 2:57).
3. Place in the city of Cuauhtitlan (?). 48: 16 (see note to the translation).
TEMIZIZIN, p.n. 34:32, 51:7. Syn. CALTZIN TEUCTLI.
TENAMAZITZIN, p.n. 50:39.
TENAMITLIYACAC, pe.n. 10:45.
TENANCA, see CHALCA TENANCA.
TENANCO, pc.n. (in Chalco, see CHALCA TENANCA). 63: 46.
TENANITLAN, see TONANITLAN.
TENANTZINCO, pce.n. 67:12, 84:52.

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 Concordance

TENAYO, g.n. 84:1.

TENAYOCAN, pe.n. 15:9, 40:10, 46:20, 46:39 (a Tepaneca town), 63:54,
84: 12,14.
TENEXCALCO, pe.n. 21:21.
TENEXOTLI, pe.n. (?, name of a particular road?), Lime Road (from MOL:
tenextli = cal). 19:45 (tenexotli), 49:37 (tenexotlica = along the Lime
Road).
TENEXTICPAC, pce.n. 67:18, 121:4.
TENNECUILCO, pc.n. 63:21.
TENOCELOTL or TENOCELOTZIN, p.n. 27:8, 43: 24,42, 44:22, 46:11,17,
Boolean
TENOCHCATL, pl. TENOCHCA, g.n. 26:42, 30:22, 33:44,49,50, 47:13,
48:13 (tenochcatl), 49:20,30, 55:16, 56:2,3 (tenochcatl), 56:20, 62:49,
66:19; yn mexica yn tenochca, 34: 8,24, 66:6,33; Mexica tenochca, 42:25;
mexicatl tenochcatl, 48 : 30.
TENOCHITTILAN, pe.n. 15:21,45, 26: 19,40,42, 27:12, 28:2, 29:42, 30:20,
21, 32:7,9,25, 33:3,6,30,42,46, 34:17,19, 37:6,21, 40:9, 43:6,15, 47:
26, 48: 11,27,32,34, 49:5,43,44, 50: 38,49, 53:28,28,33, 54:1,7, 55:22,
55:24 (= ruler?), 55:42, 56:11,14, 57: 16,37,42,53, 58: 35,45, 59: 22,37,
60:22,54,56, 61:29, 65:42, 84:9; Mexico tenochtitlan, 22:15, 51:42,
56:44, 61:46; tenochtitlan Mexico, 53:26, 63:39, 65:21.
TENOPALTITLAN, pc.n. 20:3 (tendpaltitlan).
TENTLIL, p.n. 68:31.
TEOATZINCO, pe.n. 122:1.
TEOCALHUIYACAN, pc.n. 66:36, 84:34.
TEOCHIAPAN (Codex Mendoza fol. 15), pe.n. 68:4 (teochiyappa), 122:1.
TEOCHIAUHTZINCO, pc.n. 68:4 (teochiyauhtzinco).
TEOCOMPAN (Place of the Pot Cactus), pe.n. 10:13.
TEOCUAUHTLA, pc.n. 64:42.
TEOCUITLATLAN, pc.n. 67:35, 121:20.
TEOHCATL, see TEUHCATL.
TEOHLUA, p.n. 64:1.
TEOHUACAN, pce.n. 10:52, 26:52 (teohuacan tlaca).
TEONOCHITLAN, pc.n. 64:42.
TEOPAN
1. Temple (MOL). See GLOS: teopan.
2. Pe.n. (?) 28:24 (cimapa teopa).
3. See QUIAUHTEOPAN.
TEOPANCALCA, see CUITLAHUACATL.
TEOPANCALCAN, pe.n. 55:4, 57:30, 59:50, 61:37, 62:46, 63:50. See also
CUITLAHUAC TEOPANCALCAN.
TEOPANZOLCO, pe.n. 20:4.

199
 Concordance

TEOPIAZCO, pe.n. 37:11.

TEOPOCHTLAN, pe.n. 67:36.
TEOTENANCO, pc.n. 67:12, 84:53.
TEOTEXCALLI, spirit oven (mythical place where the sun was formed; EGE
4:25). 77:29 (teotexcalco), 77:34.
_TEOTIHUACAN, pe.n. 64:2,34, 77:29, 78:15.
TEOTITLAN, pc.n. 65:9.
TEOTLAHUICA (Spirit Guide, see NED: tlahuica), p.n. 62: 36.
TEOTLILLAN, pe.n. 10:52 (teotlilan).
TEOZATZIN, p.n. 14:48.
TEOZTOC, pce.n. 63:21.
TEPANAHUILLOYAN, pc.n. 19:48, 20:3.
TEPANECATL, pl. TEPANECA, g-n. 16:39,41,52, 17:48, 21:37 (tepaneca-
yaoyotl), 22:31,35,42, 24:18 (tepanecatl), 27: 1,55, 28: 7,38,43, 30: 33,43,
46,47, 31:3 (tepanecayaoyotl), 31:18 (tepaneca yn toltitlancalque), 31:23,
32:32, 33:31,43, 34:36,37,40, 35:24,27, 39:36,42, 40:4,12, 40:40
(tepanecayaoyotl), 40:47 (mocentepanecaytohua), 41:6,10,33, 42:10,40
(tepanecatl), 42:45, 43:17, 43:19 (tepanecatl), 44:20,25,38,43,47, 45:7,
14,24,27,49, 46:35,36,39 (list of Tepaneca towns), 47:22, 47:24 (tepane-
catl), 47:26,36, 48:2 (cuahuaque tepaneca), 48:22 (yn tepaneca yn tolti-
tlancalque), 48: 36, 60:33, 66:18.
TEPANECAYOTL, Tepanec nation. 31:20.
TEPANOHUAYAN, pc.n., synonym for Tepanecapan, 1.e., the region of the Te-
paneca (see NED: tepanécapan, see also CHIM 93 and 238). 30:35, 32:1,
40:6, 41:17, 47:29, 63:40 (tlacopan tepanohuayan).
TEPANONOCG, p.n. 30:51, 31:1.
TEPANQUIZQUL, p.n.
1. Name ofa deity. 76:21,55.
2. Son of Tezozomoctli of Azcapotzalco. 33:24, 34:43, 46:25.
TEPECHPAN, pc.n. 64:34.
TEPECOMECATL, p.n. 55: 10.
TEPECUACUILCO, pc.n. 66:39, 67:3, 84:37,45.
TEPEMAXALCO, pc.n. 19:32.
TEPEPOLCO, pce.n. 64:39 (tepepulco).
TEPETITLAN, pe.n. 21:27.
TEPETL, p.n. 60:46. Cf. GLOS: tepetl.
TEPETLAOZTOC, pce.n. 64:34.
TEPETLAPAN, pe.n. 12:33, 13:54, 15:27, 59:7, 65:7.
TEPETLAYACAC, pc.n. 10:40.
TEPETLIMONAMIQUIYAN (Where Mountains Come Together), pc.n. 11:33.
TEPETLMAXALCO, pe.n. 21:27.
TEPRETLMAXALIUHYAN (Where Mountains Divide), pc.n. 11:34.
TEPETZINCO, pc.n. 59:29,

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 Concordance

TEPEXIC, pe.n. 60:15, 64:4,9.

TEPEXITENCO, pe.n. 4:19.
TEPEYACAGC, pc.n.
1. Town in Puebla region. 3:40, 12:26, 18:3,44, 51:5, 52:2 (tepeyacac
tlaca), 52:3, 53:39,43, 63:44, 67:14, 121:1.
2. Place north of Mexico. 12:38, 22:22 (acahuacan tepeyacac), 22:28
(tepeayacac).
3. Place north of Mexico (= 2?). 49:31.
TEPEYACAHUAQUE, g.n., pl. 18:7, 51:4, 53:34,38.
TEPIXTLOCO, pc.n. 50:47.
TEPOLCO, pe.n. 21:54.
TEPOLITZMAITL, p.n. 28:45, 32:4.
TEPOLNEXCO, pc.n. 48:46.
TEPOLNEXTLI, p.n. 3:44.
TEPOLOMITZIN, p.n. 36: 26.
TEPONAZCO, pc.n. 35:41.
TEPOTONILOYAN, pce.n. 62:23.
TEPOTZOTECA, g.n., pl. 40:43, 42:12.
TEPOTZOTLAN, pe.n. 8:15 (tepotzotlan miccacalco), 14:40, 15:1, 15:13 (te-
potzontlan), 16:3—28 passim, 18:16,30, 21:44, 29:36, 46:48, 52:6,7,
59:40, 61:18, 64:4,10.
TEPOXACCO, pce.n. 29:33, 46:46, 47:14.
TEPOZTECA, g.n., pl. 40:42.
TEPOZTLAN, pce.n. 84:42.
TEPOZTLI or TEPOZ, p.n. Huehue tepozth, 52:19, 53:5; huehue tepoz,
52:37,3/.
TEQUIHUA, see GLOS.
TEQUIXQUIAGC, pc.n. 13:34, 84:27.
TEQUIXQUINAHUAGC, pc.n. 12:33 (tepetlapan yn tequixquinahuac vizton-
pan), 14:9 (tequixquinahuac huitznahuac viztopan), 15:33 17:45 (tequix-
quinahuac vixt6pa), 29:31 (one of the four quarters of Cuauhtitlan town),
43:44 (idem), 46:46 (idem), 55:9, 60:29.
TETEC TLAMACAZQUI, see TOTEC TLAMACAZQUI.
TETELPAN, pc.n. 28 : 26 (tetelpan tlaca).
TETELIIY LAN, pen. 658.
TETLANMAN, pc.n. 15:50.
TETLIZTACAN (cf. IXT 1:384: Tetelyzlacan), pc.n. 64:40 (tetlyztacan).
TETLMOPACCAN, pc.n. 65:14.
TETLOLINCAN; pein. 10245.
TETLPOZTECCAN, pc.n. 63:19 (tetlpotztecca), 65:13.
TETZAPOTITLAN, pc.n. 121: 3 (conquered by Axayacatl). Cf. TZAPOTITLAN.
TETZAUH (Terror), p.n., alternate name for the god MIXCOATL (in Cuitla-
huaca legend). 62 : 32 (see note to the translation).

201
 Concordance

TETZCATLPOPOCA, see TEZCATLPOPOCA.

TETZCOCATL, pl.. TETZCOCA, g.n. 12753, 32210;47, 46 :413:4925,7,8, 1),
54:11 (tetzcoca acolhuaque), 59:9. See also CHICHIMECATL 3.
TETZCOCO, pe.n. 1:37, 15:52, 18:47, 23:49, 26:40, 27:10, 29:49, 32:31,
44, 34:12,49, 35:7,11, 37:10, 38:7, 42:50, 43:9, 45:35, 46:33, 48:31,
35, 52:20, 53:1,7,23,30, 55:12,14, 59:19, 61:42,51, 62:22, 63:39
(tetzcoco acolhuacan), 64: 17,19,32,48, 64:35 (tegoyocan tetzcoco), 64:35
(chiauhtla tetzcoco), 64:38 (papalotla tetzcoco), 65: 28,42, 66:38, 84:23,
35; tetzcoco tlatolli = according to stories from Tetzcoco, 4:31, 8:38 gloss.
TETZCOCO ATENCO, pc.n. 59:29.
TETZCOTZIN, female p.n. 9:26.
TETZCOTZINCO, pce.n. 51:21.
TETZIHUACILA, pe.n. 35:37:
TEUCTEPEC, pc.n. 60:40, 121: 30.
TEUCTLACOZAUHQUI
1. Rattlesnake, see GLOS: teuctlacozauhqui.
2. P.n., ruler of Xaltocan. 29:4.
3. P.n., ruler of Cuauhtinchan. 29:41.
TEUCTLAHUACATZIN, p.n. 33:46.
TEUCTLAMACAZQUL title of a high official (FC 12:119:6, FC 12:119:28),
lit., lord priest. 43:44.
TEUCTLL, lord (title used with proper names or in combination with other titles).
See APANTEUCTLI, ATECPANECATL TEUCTLI, ATZIN TEUCTLI,
CALLI TEUCTLI, etc. See also GN sec. 3.4. Cf. GLOS: teuctli.
TEUCTONALLAN, pe.n. 65:19.
TEUCIZIN, p.n. 35:14, 37:34, 39:33.
TEUHCATL (?) or TEOHCATL (?), p.n. 50:46 (teuhcatl), 50:51 (teohcatl).
Cf. HUITZILTEUHCATZIN.
TEUHTEPEC, pc.n. 67:46.
TEUHTLEHUACATZIN, p.n. 63:54.
TEXCALAPAN, pce.n. 9:52.
TEXCALYACAC, pc.n. 63:15.
TEXOCUAUHTLI TOTEC, p.n., a spirit or deity. 63: 23.
TEXOPAN, pe.n. 68:3.
TEXOPECO, pc.n. 63:19.
TEXOTLAN, pe.n. 67:49, 121:32.
TEYAHUALCO, pe.n. (cf. TEYAYAHUALCO). 11:51.
TEYAHUALOATZIN, p.n. 54:9 (teyahuallohuatzin).
TEYAYAHUALCO, pc.n. (cf. TEYAHUALCO and see GN sec. 1.6: yaya for ya).
62:24.
TEYOLLOCOA, vars. TEYOLLOCOATZIN, TEYOLCOCOATZIN, p.n. 33:
17 (teyollocohua), 34:46 (teyollocohuatzin), 45 : 39 (teyolcocohuatzin).
TEYOLLOCOHUA, see TEYOLLOCOA.

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TEZCACOAGC, pe.n. 20: 1,2, 64:13.

TEZCACOATL, name or title of HUEMAC. 83:30 (tezcacoatl huemac), 83:33
(tezcacoatl yehuatl in huemac).
TEZCATLIPOCA, p.n.
1. Deity. 14:31, 76:5,17. See also TEZCATL TEUCTLI, TITLACAHUAN,
TITLAHUAN.
2. One of the sorcerers who put Quetzalcoatl to flight (evidently the deity in
the role of a sorcerer). 5: 26,29,31,39,51. See also TELPOCHTLI, NECOC.
3. Tezcatlipoca of Tzapotlan, one of the sorcerers who deceived Huemac (same
as 1 and 2, above?). 8:53.
TEZCATLPOPOCA, p.n. 61:47 (tetzcatlpopoca), 63:27.
TEZCATL TEUCTILI, or TEZCATZIN TEUCTLIL, p.n., child named in honor
of the god Tezcatlipoca, became ruler of Cuauhtitlan. 14:31,34,37, 17:44,
46, 18:13, 18:29 (tezcatzin teuctli), 18:39, 19:23.
TEZIUHTECATITLAN, pc.n. 20:3.
TEZONCALTITLAN, pe.n., place within TLATILOLCO (?). 56:19 (tegdcalti-
tlan; should be tecocaltitlan?), 61:7 (teconcaltitlan).
*TEZONTLALIZIN, p.n. 61:35 (tegdtlaltzin; should be tegdtlaltzin?).
TEZONYOCAN, pe.n. 19:33, 21:16 (tegoyocan), 64:35 (tecoyocan tetzcoco).
TEZOYOCAN, see TEZONYOCAN.
TEZOZOMOC (41:5) or TEZOZOMOCTLI or TEZOZOMOCTZIN, p.n.
1. Ruler of Azcapotzalco. 18:38,48, 23:51, 24:5 (huehue tezozomoctli),
24:12,16, 28:36,44,46, 30:34,36,44, 31:5,9,13,17,46, 32:33,43,47, 33:
5,8,25, 34:34,41, 35:9,12, 36:13, 37:8—45 passim, 38:9,12,39,42,46,
48, 39:3—48 passim, 40:14,15, 42:46,50, 44:31,35, 45:32, 46:26,29,
66: 14.
2. Ruler of Tlahuacan Chalca in Xicco. 26:50.
3. Ruler of Cuitlahuac Tizic. 30:30, 32:5, 49:9,54, 50:5,38,40,43, 57:47.
4. Ruler of Cuauhtitlan. 32:19, 40:8, 41:5,23,35,37,39,49, 42:2,14,17.
5. Ruler of Colhuacan. 57:41, 63:52.
TIACAPANTZIN, female p.n. 15:42.
TIANQUIZTENCO, pc.n.
imsee UAL sec. 89:
Der LO:
TIANQUIZZOLCO, pce.n. 8:26 (tianquizcolco quauhtlaapan), 18:34 (quauh-
tlaapan tianquizcolco), 30: 1 (quauhapan tianquiz¢olco).
TICOC YAHUACATL, official title especially applicable to a judge or executioner
(FC 8:55:18; FC 8:61—62; FC 8:74:23; FC 8:77:8; CF bk. 2, ch. 27,
fols. 57v-58; Codex Mendoza fol. 65; TEZ ch. 29, p. 316: Ticoyahuacatl).
60:12, 60:24.
TICOCTZIN, p.n.
1. Father-in-law of AZTATZONTZIN. 15:30.
2. = TICOC YAHUACATCL. 60:18.

V8
 Concordance

-TILIHUICAN, see CHIUCNAUHTILIHUICAN.

TITLACAHUAN, p.n., alternate name for TEZCATLIPOCA. OP Delon or los
See also TITLAHUAN.
TITLAHUAN (error for TITLACAHUAN)), p.n. 75:45.
TIZAAPAN, vars. ATIZAPAN (17:39, 20:4), TIZACAPAN (17:20), pe.n.
1. 17:20 (tigacapan), 17:39 (aticapan), 83:42.
2. = 1 (2). 20:4 (aticapan).
TIZAATZIN, see DIEGO TIZAATZIN.
TIZACAPAN, see TIZAAPAN.
TIZAPAN, pe.n. 65:9.
TIZAPAPALOTZIN, p.n. 63:47.
TIZAYOCAN, pe.n. 54:35,36, 64:39.
TIZIC, pe.n. 13:8, 50:43,46, 62:46, 63:50. See also CUITLAHUAC TIZIC.
TIZICATL, pl. TIZICA, g.n. 33:1 (cuitlahuaca tigica), 49:54 (tigica cuitla-
huaca), 49:56, 50:2,3,8 (niticacatl), 50:17. See also CUITLAHUACATL.
TIZOC, see TIZOCICATZIN.
TIZOCICATZIN (given as Tizoc in IXT, TEZ, and TORQ), p.n. 57:37,43,52,
67: 20,26, 121:9.
TLACAHUVEPANTZIN, p.n.
1. Son of Axayacatzin, died fighting in Huexotzinco (MEX 135, AUB 49,
NED). 59:10.
2. See PEDRO TLACAHUEPANTZIN.
TLACATECCATL, pl. TLATLACATECCA, an official title (for discussion see
TLACOCHCALCATL). 15:26, 30:23 (motlacateccatlalli), 32:35, 34:26
(xinechtlacateccatlallican), 40:49 (tlatlacatecca), 50:24, 59:7, 60:24.
TLACATEOTL (40:8), or TLACATEOTZIN, p.n.
1. Ruler of Cuauhtitlan. 27:48, 28:20.
2. Ruler of Tlatilolco. 32:24, 34:6, 40:8, 43:3, 66:5,7, 66:32 (tlatateotzin).
TLACATEUCTLI, an official title (for discussion see TLACOCHTEUCTILI).
29:19.. See also CUAUHCHICHITZIN. FLACATEUCTZIN;- TLACA-
TEUCTZIN TZINCOPINTZIN.
TLACATEUCTZIN, see PEDRO TLACATEUCTZIN. See also TLACA-
TEUCTLI.
TLACATEUCTZIN TZINCOPINTZIN, p.n. 59:55.
TLACATL, king, ruler. See GLOS.
TLACAYAOTZIN, p.n. 63:46 (tlacayaotzin).
TLACHOCO, pe.n. 26:38, 67:3, 84:45.
TLACHCUICALCO, pe.n. 49:32.
TLACHIHUALE, see GLOS.
TLACHQUIAHUITL TEUCILL, p.n. 10:19.
TLACHQUIAUHCA, g.n., pl61: 25.
TLACHQUIAUHCO, pce.n. 68:4 (tlachquiyauhco), 121:34.
TLACOAPAN, pc.n. 65:44.

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TLACOG, pe.n. 21:16.

TLACOCHCALCA
1. See TLACOCHCALCATL.
2. Name applied to one or more Chalca groups (CHIM). 54:43. See also
CHALCA TLACOCHCALCA.
TLACOCHCALCATL, pl. TLACOCHCALCA (41:1).
1. One ofa pair of high commanders (the other is the TLACATECCATL), one
of whom must be noble (pilli), the other a non-noble warrior (HG bk. 6, ch.
14, parag. 55; HG bk. 6, ch. 20, parag. 27; see also AC 15: 24—27)—being
two members of a group of four high officials (of which the other two are
TLACATEUCTLI and TLACOCHTEUCTLI); in 15th-c. Matlatzinco the
tlacateccatl and the tlacochcalcatl were, respectively, the 2d- and 3d-ranking
officials after the tlatoani (Zorita, article 18). Note: For further discussion see
Piho. 15:31, 33:46, 41:1, 43:47, 50:24.
2. P.n. See JUAN TLACOCHCALCATL.
3. See TLACOCHCALCA.
TLACOCHCALCO, pe.n.
1. Place controlled by Xaltocan. 19:34.
2. Place assoc. with CHALCO ATENCO (see CHIM 279). 49:40, 58:4
(chalco tlacochcalco), 66:10. See also CHALCO (re 63:47).
TLACOCHCUE, female p.n. 3:33.
TLACOCHTEUCTLI, one of a pair of high executives (the other is the TLA-
CATEUCTLI), one of whom must be noble (pilli), the other a non-noble
warrior (HG bk. 6, ch. 20, parag. 26)—being two members of a group of
four high officials, of which the other two are TLACOCHCALCATL and
TLACATECCATL (HG bk. 6, ch. 20, parag. 28). 61:8 (tehuilocan
tlacochteuctli).
TLACOCHTZIN, p.n. 58:12.
TLACOCOUHCAN, pc.n., place within the city of Cuauhtitlan. 42:13.
TLACOPAN, pe.n. 16:39, 46:39, 63:39 (tlacopan tepanohuayan), 63:53,
64:49, 65: 36,42, 66:36, 84:33.
TLACOPANTONCO XOLOTLIATLAUHYOG, pc.n. 18: 15,30.
TLACOTEPEC, pc.n. 64:46, 67:11,41, 84:52, 121:25.
TLACOTZINTLI, p.n. (?, see note to the translation at 15:42). Cf. GLOS:
tlacotzintli.
TLACOXOCHITLA, pce.n. 65:9.
TLACUATZIN, p.n. 18:53, 22:22,42.
TLAHUACA, g.n., apparently an alternate name for the CUITLAHUACA (see
13 :4—8). 13:4, 32:27.
TLAHUACAN, pe.n., see CHALCA TLAHUACAN.
TLAHUAHUANQULJ, p.n. 28:40.
TLAHUEXOLOITL, p.n+ 34717.
TLAHUITOL, p.n..19: 42.

2 Os
 Concordance

TLAHUIZCALPANTEUCTLI, p.n., spirit or deity. 7:43 (translated: Lord of

the Dawn), 78:7,9,11 (this Tlahuizcalpanteuctli is the frost).
TLAHUIZPOTONCATZIN, p.n. 13:45.
TLAILOTLACAN, pc.n.
1. One of the original boroughs of TLALMANALCO (?, the “Tlayllotlaque”
were one of five groups that settled Tlalmanalco, see CHIM 165, ZCHIM
Li40)}3F 1955807.
2. A borough of AMAQUEMECAN (CHIM 184-282 passim).
TLAILOTLAQUE, g.n., pl., inhabitants of TLAILOTLACAN 1. 58: 10,23,26.
TLALANAPAN, see TLALLANAPAN.
TLALCOCOMOCCO, pe.n. 18:23.
TLALCOZAUHTITILAN, pc.n. 67:3, 68:3, 84:44.
TLALCOZPAN, pc.n. 19: 10,13,37, 26:27 (tlalcozpan hueytoctitlan).
TLALHUACPAN (the Dry Lands), pe.n., realm of the Tepaneca (NED). 23:51,
24:13.
TLALICHCATL, p.n., a spirit or deity. 4:45.
TLALLAMANAC, p.n., a spirit or deity (= TLALLAMANQUI?). 4:45, 77:1.
TLALLAMANQUL, p.n., a spirit or deity (= TLALLAMANAC?). 76:21.
TLALLANAPAN (cf. IXT 2: 114: Tlalanapan), pe.n. 64:39.
TLALLI TEUGILL pin.
1. Ruler of Chalco. 12:20.
2. = 1, above (?). 18:9.
TLALMANALCO, pc.n., Chalca capital (DHIST ch. 2, parag. 8). 59:42.
TLALOG, p.n.
1. The rain god, the principal rain spirit (FFCC bk. 1, ch. 4), called “the mas-
ter” (82:46). Syn.(?) TLALOCANTEUCTLI.
2. One of the rain gods. 82:43.
3. Pl., tlaloque, the rain gods. 77:21—23, 82: 14,15,19,23,38, 83:9,13.
TLALOCAN, see IZTACTLALOCAN, TLALOCANTEUCTLI.
TLALOCANTEUCILL, p.n., a spirit or deity. 77:39. Cf. TLALOC 1.
TLALOQUE, see TLALOC 3.
TLALTECAHUACAN, pc.n., one of the original boroughs of Tlalmanalco (?, the
Tlaltecahuaque were one of five groups that settled Tlalmanalco, see CHIM
165, ZCHIM 1:40). 53:18, 58:13.
TLALTECAHUAQUE, g.n., pl., one of five groups that settled Tlalmanalco
(CHIM 165, ZCHIM 1:40). = TLALTECAYOHUAQUE (?).
TLALTECATL, p.n. 64:1.
TLALTECATZIN, p.n. 81:48.
TLALTECAYOHUACAN, pc.n. Note: 58:5—13 implies that Tlaltecayohuacan
= TLALTECAHUACAN. 16:1.
TLALTECAYOHUAQUE, g.n., pl, = TLALTECAHUAQUE (?, see also TLAL-
TECAYOHUACAN). 13:15, 58:6 (tlaltecayohuaque chalca).

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TLALTEPAN, pc.n. 19:44.

TLALTETELPAN, pc.n. 63:20.
TLALTEUCTLL, p.n., lit., earth lord. Note that Tlalteuctli is feminine (see 78:40
and 79:6). 38:5 (yn tonatiuh yn tlalteuctli), 76:19, 78:40 (identified with
Mecitli), 79:6 (idem).
TLALTOCHTLI, p.n. 29:4.
TLALTOLCALTZIN, p.n., a prince of Colhuacan (should be TLATOLCAL-
TZIN?). 27:44.
TPRARTZIN TEUCTUSp.n51*7, 53712:
TLAMACAZCATEPEC, pc.n.
1. 6:24 (figurative usage?).
2. = 1, above (?). 19:45.
TLAMACAZCATZINCO, pc.n. 10:9.
TLAMACAZQUI, priest. 4:1, 5:33-43, 6:43. See TEUCTLAMACAZQUI,
TOTEC TLAMACAZQUL. See also GLOS: tlamacazqui.
TLAMACAZTLAN, pc.n. 65:19.
TLAMAMATLATL, pce.n. 21:18.
TLANCUAXOXOUHQUL, p.n. 3:44.
TLANITZTLAN, pc.n., town conquered by Moteuczomatzin the younger (Carta
de don Pablo Nazareo per Garcia Granados Diccionario 1:565: Tlaniztlan).
67:47, 121:30 (Tlaniztlan).
TLANIZTLAN, see TLANITZTLAN.
TLANTZANATZTOC, see TLATZANATZTOC.
TLAOLLAN, pc.n. 67:16, 121:3.
TLAOTONKXINTLI, one who is shorn or shaved as an Otomi (FC 12:88:2), a
high-ranking warrior, possibly the same as a cuachic (shaven head; for details
see NED: otomitl 2, cuachic). 31:30.
TLAPACOYAN, pc.n. 64:47, 67:4, 84:46.
TLAPALICHCATLAN, pc.n. 64:46 (tlapalychcatla).
TLAPALLAN, pce.n. 29:11 (assoc. with TLILHUACAN), 78:29, 81:44. See
also TLILLAN TLAPALLAN.
TLAPALLITLAN, pc.n. 65:5.
TLAPAN, pe.n. 121:11 (conquered by Tizocicatzin), 121:16 (conquered by
Ahuitzotzin). Cf. TLAPPAN.
TLAPECHHUACAN, pe.n. 10:50 (tlapechhuacan quauhtenco), 11:19 (idem).
TLAPPAN, pe.n. 67:25,30 (conquered by Tizocicatzin and again by Ahuitzo-
tzin). Cf. TLAPAN.
TLAPPANECA, g.n., pl. 58: 2,38.
TLAQUILTENANCO, pc.n. 64:20.
TLATELOLCO (UAH passim but often written TLATILOLCO in Nahuatl
documents), pc.n. See TLATILOLCO.
TLATILCO, pen. 19:5.

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TLATILOLCA, g.n., pl. 44:21, 44:23 (Mexica tlatilolca), 45:1,23, 47:13,

49:30, 49:31 (tlatilolca atl), 50:29, 55:17, 55:50 (nitlatilolcatl), 56:30,
61:2 (tlatilolcatlalli), 67:8.
TLATILOLGCOPpemiy 29:43, 32.20(23,°3371,6,:34:6; 4088, 4125, 42; 3,8,
55:18,48, 56:45, 60:54, 61:1, 66:5,30, 67:9,10, 84: 36,51.
TLATLACHPANALOYAN, pe.n. 21:20.
TLATLACUALOYAN, pc.n. 20:2.
TLATLATEPEC; pens121233.
TLATLAUHQUITEPEC, pce.n. (GKC 306: einstmals bedeutender Ort im Ge-
birge nérdlich von S. Juan de los Llanos). 64:47, 67:5, 84:46.
TLATLAUHQUITEPECGA, g-n. 55:3.
TLATLAUHYAN, pc.n. 64:40 (should be Oztotl Tlatlauhyan? See note to the
translation).
TLATLAYAN, pce.n., destination of Quetzalcoatl (FC 10:176:2: in tlapalla in
tlatlaia). 7:32, 68:1. See also TLILLAN TLAPALLAN.
TLATOANT, king, ruler. See GLOS: tlatoani.
TLATOLCALTZIN, p.n.
1. A prince of Colhuacan (?, see TLALTOLCALTZIN). 27:44.
2. Ruler of Colhuacan. 57:9,40.
3. Ruler of Xochimilco. 63:49.
TLATOLOYAN, pc.n. 65:10. Cf. GLOS: tlatoloyan.
TLATZALLAN, pe.n. 21: 22,32 (tlatzallan acatzintlan).
TLATZANATZTOC (He Rattles the Reeds, see 14:16, see GLOS: tlatzanatza),
p-n. 14:15 tlacanatztoc), 14:35 (idem), 14:38 (tlatzanatztoc), 14:41 (tlan-
tzanatztoc), 14:51 (tlacanaztoc), 17:47 (idem).
TLAXCALLAN, pe.n. 3:41, 20:48, 21:6, 28:48,52, 34:14, 45:6, 49:25,
63:56.
TLAXCALTECA, g.n., pl. 13:10, 18:3,7,44, 45 : 10,13,22,29,42.
TLAXIMALOYAN (NED), pe.n. 67:13 (tlaximalloyan), 121:2 (tlaximalloyan).
TLAXOXIUHCO, pe.n. 59:53 (coupled with HUEXOCALCO).
TLAZANATZTOC, see TLATZANATZTOC.
TLAZOHUALLAN, pce.n. 65:11.
TLAZOLTEOTL or TLAZOLTEOTZIN, p.n.
1. Ruler of Cuauhtinchan. 52:4.
2. Chief lord of the Cuitlahuaca. 62:51, 63:2.
TLAZOLYAOTZIN, p.n. 57:34 (tlahcolyaotzin).
TLECOYOTL, p.n. 34:16.
TLECUAUHTLA, pe.n. 65:45.
TLECUILQUE, g.n., pl. 32:28.
TLILCOATZIN, p.n.
1. Ruler of Tollan. 8:32,39.
2. One of the Tlahuaca founders. 13:5.

208
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TLILHUACAN, pc.n.
1. 29:12 (assoc. with TLAPALLAN). Cf. TLILLAN TLAPALLAN.
2. Name of a Chalca community. 58:12.
TLILHUAQUE, g.n., pl.
1. Inhabitants of TLILHUACAN 1(?). 32:28.
2. Inhabitants of TLILHUACAN 2. 58: 22,26.
TLILHUATONICAC, pce.n. 19:31.
TLILIUHQUITEPEC, pe.n. 3:41, 34:14 (tliliuhquitepe), 45:6, 57:29.
TLILIUHQUITEPECA, g.n., pl. 45: 10,12.
TLILIUHQUITEPETL, p.n. (?). 34:17.
TLILLAN TLAPALLAN, pe.n. 5:21, 7:24 (yn tlillan yn tlapallan yn tlatlayan).
TLILLOTLINAHUAL, p.n., see PABLO TLILLOTLINAHUAL.
TLILPOTONCATZIN, p.n., see ACHICATZIN TLILPOTONCATZIN.
TLILTEPEG, pe.n: 59:8, 68:2, 122:4.
TLILTZAPOAPAN, pc.n. 64:41.
TLOTEPE, var. TLOTEPETL, p.n. 78:37, 79218,26.
TOCHIHUITZIN, p.n.
1. Son of ITZCOATL 1. 36:27.
2. Prince of Mexicatzinco. 61:5.
3. Ruler of Mexicatzinco (= 2, above?). 63:51.
TOCHMILCO, pe.n. 65:12.
TOCHPAN, pe.n. 65: 12, 67:17,121:5.
TOCHPANECAYOTL, pertaining to TOCHPAN (said of a certain kind of tilma)
(CF bk. 9, cf. 2, fol. 5: vna carga de mantas de tochpanecaiotl). 64:50.
TOCHQUIHUA, see TOZQUIHUA.
TOCHTEPEC, pc.n. 65:45.
TOCHTZIN, p.n.
1. A child of Quinatzin and the Mexicatl woman. 14:49.
MeSee TOCHIZIN TEUCILL
TOCHTZIN TEUCTLI, p.n., prince and governor of Chichimecacuicoyan. 18:12.
TOCTI, female p.n., a supernatural (FFCC bk. 1, ch. 15). 24:44.
TOCUILIZIN, p.n. 15:17 (coupled with TOTEC YATETZIN).
TOLAPAN, pc.n. 65:16.
TOLLAN, pc.n. (lit., among the rushes, cf. GLOS: tolla). 3:52,56, 4:26, 4:32
(tollan colhuacan), 5:22, 6:20, 8:4,11,12,23,31,32,39,49, 9:29,35,40,45,
10:26, 12:13,54, 13:34, 21:33 (tollan tlaca), 40:45, 55:51, 63:36, 64:6
(xippacoya tollan), 64: 11,15, 66: 1,39, 77:30, 78:28, 81:47, 82:29, 83:3;
see also pictograph following 78 : 23 and note to the translation at 78:24. For
g.n., see TOLTECATL 1.
TOLLANTZINCO, pe.n. 4:22, 15:46, 16:14, 59:55, 60:14, 64:35, 66:2,
84:23.
TOLLOCAN, pc.n. 67:11.

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TOLNAHUACATZINTLL, p.n. 60:23.

TOLPETLAG, pe.n. 12:29.
TOLTECATEPEG, pce.n. (lit., Toltec mountain). 6:14,25 (figurative usage?),
10:29 (idem?).
TOLTECATL, pl. TOLTECA
1. G.n. (pertaining to Tollan). 2:14,54,55, 3:50, 4:25, 5:13, 9:4,47,48,
54, 10:5,15,23,39,44,47,49, 11:8,11,14, 12:41, 51:38,40 (of Tamazolac),
81:53, 82:27,32,40,44,51, 83:3,18,22,26,44:; cf. tollan tlaca (21:33).
2. Craftsman, artisan (NED). 4:54.
3. P.n., one of the sorcerers who put Quetzalcoatl to flight (= 4, below?).
5:26, 6:12,47.
4. P.n., one of the 400 pulque gods (MAGL 203).
5. See TOLTECATZIN.
TOLTECATZACUALLI, pe.n. 21:17.
TOLTECATZIN, p.n., ruler of Chiauhtzinco. 57: 16,18, 59:24.
TOLTEPEC, pc.n. 26:26, 49: 30.
TOLITITLAN, pe.n., 21:45, 30:48,50,51, 31:4,6,16,20,24, 33:18, 40:7,.45:
40,46, 46:4,19,39, 48:20,42,44, 51:39 (toltitlan tamacolac), 54:5,38,
64:4,9, 84:23.
TOLTITLANCALQUE, g.n., pl. 25:40, 27:1 (Tepaneca who are known as Tol-
titlancalque), 30:41,46,49, 31:18 (tepaneca yn toltitlancalque), 31:22,25,
40:42, 41:33, 45:44, 46:1, 47:43,49,52, 48:23 (yn tepaneca yn toltitlan-
calque), 48:45.
TONACACIHUATL, p.n. 4:44, 77:54.
TONACATEPETL (Food Mountain), pe.n. (in myth). 77:5,14,20.
TONACATEUCTLL, p.n. 4:44, 77:35,53.
TONALLAN, pce.n. 64:45.
TONALLIIMOQUETZAYAN, pe.n. 67:22, 121:9.
TONANITLAN or TONANIXILLAN or TENANITLAN, pe.n. 19:35 (tonan-
ytlan), 21:17 (tenanytlan), 46:37 (tonanyxillan—where Tepaneca were ex-
iled), 48:37 (tonanytlan—where Tepaneca were exiled).
TONANIXILLAN, see TONANITLAN.
TONATIUH, p.n., Sun (the deity). 38:4. See also GLOS: tonatiuh.
TOPAN, heaven, the hereafter (NED, cf. NED: tochan). Key word: our home.
62:25.
TOPIELANS poems Lhak,
TOPILTZIN, p.n. 3:57 (topiltzin tlamacazqui ce acatl quetzalcohuatl), 4: 32,33,
77:30, 78:26, 81:50. See also CE ACATL, QUETZALCOATL 2.
TOQUIHUA TEUCTLI, see TOZQUIHUA.
TOTEC
1. The victim ina flaying ritual (FC 2:49:12).9:55.
2. Name or title. See TEXOCUAUHTLI TOTEC, TOTEC IYAUHTEUH,
TOTEC TLAMACAZQUI.

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TOTEC IYAUHTEUH, var. TOTEC YATETZIN, p.n. 15:17 (totec yatetzin),

60:45 (totec yyauhteuh).
TOTEC TLAMACAZQUI
1. Name or title of a priest (in Tenochtitlan?) (FC 3:67, FC 6:54).
2. Name or title of a religious specialist in Colhuacan. 24:47 (tetec
tlamacazqui).
TOTEC YATETZIN, see TOTEC IYAUHTEUH.
POTEPEUH, p.n.
1. Father of Quetzalcoatl. 3:55.
2. Ruler of Cuitlahuac. 18:21 (totepeuh teuctli), 18:46.
TLOFEPEUM TEUCI LE sce LOTEPEUH 2:
TOTOCALCO, see GLOS.
TOTOLAPAN, pc.n. 66:54, 84:43.
TOTOLAPANECA, g.n., pl. 58:50 (totollapaneca).
TOTOLLAN, pc.n.
1. 3:40.
2. = 1 (2), 29:11, 67:34.
TOTOLLOGAN, pc.n. 65 215.
TOTOMATLATZIN, p.n. 20:30, 24:50.
TOTOMIHUAQUE, g.n., pl. 18:3,7,44, 24:20, 26:46, 27:6.
TOTONACAHUIA:MO, to “Totonac” oneself, to come under the influence of
the Totonaca (?, cf. CETOCHHUIA:MO), freely, to go to the Totonaque
(Fe 59758;
TOTONACAPAN, pc.n. 59:59.
TOTONAQUBE, g.n., pl. 54:29.
TOTOOMITL, p.n. 19:42 (totodmitl).
TOTOQUIHUATZIN, p.n. 63:53, 65 : 36,42.
TOLOTEPEC, pon. 32415 67231,47, 121917.
TOTOTLAN, pe.n. 67:16.
TOXICO, pe.n. 67:23, 121:10.
TOZANTZIN, p.n. 30:4.
TOZCAUHTLAN, pc.n. 67:16.
TOZCUECUEX, p.n. 82:49, 83: 13,14.
TOZPAN, name of one of the three hearthstones. 1:7, 3:27.
TOZPANTLAN, pe.n. 65:5.
TOZPOTONCO, pc.n. 65:18.
TOZQUEHUA TEUCTLL, see TOZQUIHUA.
TOZQUENITLAL, pc.n. 49:33.
TOZQUIHUA, vars. TOCHQUIHUA TEUCTLI, TOQUIHUA TEUCTLI,
TOZQUEHUA TEUCTLL, etc., p.n.
1. An early ruler of Chalco. 11:31 (tozquehua teuctli), 12:1 (tozquivan).
2. A later ruler of Chalco. 18:9 (toquihua teuctli), 18:9 gloss (tochquihua
teuctli), 24:10 (tozquihua).
 Concordance

TOZQUIHUAN, see TOZQUIHUA.

TOZTEPEC, pc.n. 68:1.
TZACATZIN, p.n. 36:26 (huehue tzacatzin).
TZACUALPAN, pc.n. 84:37.
TZAPOTECA, g.n., pl. 58:38.
TZAPOTITLAN, pc.n. 67 : 17 (conquered by Axayacatl). Cf, TETZAPOTITLAN.
TZAPOTLAN, pe.n. 8:53 (where the sorcerers Yaotl and Tezcatlipoca lived),
67:31 (conquered by Ahuitzotzin), 81:42 (place where Ce Acatl made con-
quests), 121: 16 (conquered by Ahuitzotzin).
TZICTLA, pe.n. 26:29 (tzictlacopavic).
TZICUILIZIN, female p.n. 15: 14,19.
TZIHUACPAPALOTZIN, p.n. 8:36, 9:12.
TZIHUACPOPOCATZIN, p.n. 61:1.
TZIHUACTLATONAGC, p.n. 10:46.
TZINACANTEPEC, pc.n. 67:11, 84:52.
TZINACANTLAN, pe.n. 68:1 (tzinacatlan), 121:31 (Tzinacatlan).
TZINACAOZTOC, pc.n. 65:45.
TZINACATZLAN, see TZINACANTLAN.
TZINCOC, name of a mountain. 4:39.
TZINCOPINTZIN, p.n. 59:55 (tlacateuctzin tzincopintzin).
TZINTEMAZATL, p.n. 58:47.
TZIPALLE, p.n: 15:35.
TZIPPANTZIN, p.n. 12:45.
TZITZIMITL
1. Ogress (see Bierhorst, Mythology of Mexico and Central America, pp. 170—72).
80:4.
2. Creature comparable to a crocodile (AM 68: vel yuhquin tzitzimitl = [the
crocodile] is like a tzitzimitl).
3. Pl., demons of the sky (HG bk. 6, ch. 8, parag. 17: demonios del aire; HG bk.
7, ch. 11, parag. 4: feisimas y terribles y que comerian a los hombres y mu-
jeres; HMPP 234: fleshless females who will descend to eat people when the
world ends; FC 7:38 and FC 8:2: they descend to eat people during a solar
eclipse). Cf. TZITZIMITL/COLELETLI 1.
TZITZIMITL/COLELETLI
1. Any of the women who had died in childbirth and haunted the earth at night
(FC 6: 163:31). 78:19.
2. Xoxohuic tzitzimitl, yn xoxohuic colelectli = el verde espiritu, el verde genio
(RUIZ 74) = verde espiritado y el verde demonio (Serna 321, Serna 322
adds: el verde colelectli que es algun idolillo embuelto en un emboltorio
infernal).
TZITZINTEPEC, pce.n. 63:15.
TZIUHCOAG, pe.n. (CF bk. 8, ch. 1, fol. 2; NED). 58:46 (tzicoac), 64:46

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 Concordance

(paid tribute to Tetzcoco), 67:30 (conquered by Ahuitzotzin), 121: 16 (con-

quered by Ahuitzotzin).
TZIUHCOACA, g.n., pl. 58: 2,40 (tziuhcohuaca).
TZIUHCOATL or TZIUHCOATZIN, p.n., a leader of NEPANTLA. 43:45 (in
1430), 55:10 (in 1471).
TZIUHMAZATL, p.n. 10:17.
TZIUHTECATZIN, p.n. 18:19,24,35.
TZOHUITZIN, see TZONHUITZIN.
TZOMPANCA, g.n., pl. 40:44, 53:47, 54:4,8,18,21.
TZOMPANCO, pe.n. 13:46, 19:36, 29:18, 54:30, 64:8 (one of Cuauhtitlan’s
Four Lords); coupled with CITLALTEPEC, 12:21, 13:35, 21:11,45, 29:
18, 40:34, 47:9; coupled with TEPOXACCO, 29: 33, 46:46.
TZOMPANTEUCTI, to be a skull rack lord. 62:42.
TZOMPANTEUCTLL, pl. TZOMPANTEUCTIN or TZOMPANTETEUCTIN.
Lit., skull rack lord (from tzompantli = skull rack; see FC 2: 166-75), es
a high official, or oracle, in Cuitlahuac (DHIST ch. 50, parag. 14: un gran
senor que hubo en Cuitlahuac, que llamaron Tzompanteuctli, a quien los
de Cuitlahuac honraron como a dios, porque les dijo las cosas por venir).
Singular, 61:53,55, 62:2,9,11; pl.,; 62312513,, 63:8. Syn. *NAHUAL-
TEUCTILI.
TZOMPANTZIN, p.n. 36:25.
TZONCUAYE, p.n. 10:18.
TZONHUITIZIN, p.n. 18:53 (tzohuitzin), 19:13.
TZONMOLCATL, p.n. 60:29.
TZONMOLCO, pc.n. 81:40.
TZONPANCO, see TZOMPANCO.
TZONTECOCHATZIN, p.n. 35:31,43, 36:30.
TZONTEMOC or TZONTEMOCTZIN, p.n.
1. Spirit or deity. 77:1 (tzontemoc).
2. Ruler of Huexotla. 60:50, 64:3.
TZOPALLOTZIN, p.n. 28:39.

VEGA, p.n., see LUIS DE LA VEGA.

XALAPAN, pe.n. 65:45, 68:7, 121:17 (Xallapan), 122:3 (Xallapan).

XALATLAUHCO, pe.n. 67: 14 (xallatlauhco), 121: 1 (xallatlauhco).
XALLAN, pe.n. 19: 8,8 (xalla), 26:33 (xalla).
XALMIMILOLCO, pc.n. 59:29.
XALTEMOCTZIN, p.n.
1. Son of TLATZANATZTOC. 14:42, 15:52 (?).
2. A prince of Cuauhtitlan (= 3, below?). 28:10.
3. Ruler of Cuauhtitlan. 17:47, 29:14,16,26; huehue xaltemoctzin, 17:47,

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20:39, 21:9, 28:17,22, 29:2,28,38,46, 30:5, 31:15, 40:14, 43:5, 46:45;

huehue xaltemoctzin tecpanecatl, 21:8; huehue xaltemoctzin atecpanecatl
teuctli, 30:32.
4. See JUAN XALTEMOCTZIN.
XALTENCO, pc.n. 19:36.
XALTEPEC, pen.59:1,67:31; 121216:
XALTEPECA, g.n., pl. 59:26.
XALTETL, p.n. 30:3.
XALTIANQUIZCO, pe.n. 68:7, 122:3.
XALTOCAMECATL, pl. XALTOCAMECA, g.n. 13:39,42,46,49,52, 14:21,24,
25,26, 17:9, 19:15,16,17,20,29,40, 19:43 (xatocameca), 19:51, 20:2—45
passim, 21:6,37, 22: 38,47, 28:47, 29:1,7,9, 29:10 (xaltocameca ca huitz-
nahua = Xaltocameca who are Huitznahua), 47:36, 49 :20,23,25,28, 51:8,
83: 48,53.
XALTOCAMECAYOTL, the Xaltocameca nation. 21:9.
XALTOCAN, pe.n. 10:24,36,38,, 13226, 17:29,32,37;, 19:27, 21:31, 22220
(xaltocan acpaxapocan), 22:51, 23:8, 25:10,15,19, 29:3, 49:27, 64:38,
84:22.
XAPAZTLI TEUCILL, p.n. 28:5.
XAQUIN TEUCILL, p.n.
1. Ruler of Cuauhtitlan. 30:6, 49:2. Syn. AYACTLACATL,
2. Ruler of Coatlichan. 57:51 (xaquintzin), 64:3.
XAQUINTZIN, p.n., see XAQUIN TEUCTLI 2.
XAXAMA, p.n. 28:11.
XAYACAMACHAN, p.n.
1. Ruler of Huexotzinco in 1257. 18:2 (chayacamachan).
2. Ruler of Huexotzinco in 1339. 24:9,21, 27:8.
3. Emigrant from Huexotzinco in 1515. 61:47, 63:26.
XAYOCUITLAHVA, p.n. 16:20.
XICALLANCO (Xicalanco per FC, CM, IXT, etc.) pe.n. 64:44.
XICCO, pe.n. 9:25, 11:31, 12:1, 13:7, 26:48,49, 81:38.
XICOCHIMALCA, g.n., pl. 58:55.
XICOCHIMALCO, pc.n. 67:36, 121:21.
XICOCOC, pc.n.
1. Way station of the migrating Mexica. 83:5,7,45.
2. See XICOCOTL.
XICOCOTL, name of a mountain (= XICOCOC 1?). 4:38, 8:46 (xicdcoc =
on or at Xicocotl), 9:8 (xicococ = on or at Xicocotl); see also pictograph
following 78:23 and note to the translation at 78:24 (xicococ).
XICONOCATZIN, p.n. 35 :32,36,47, 36:31.
XICOTENCATL, p.n. 63:57.
XICOTEPEC, pc.n. 64:36, 68:1.

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 Concordance

XICTLAN, pce.n. 63:18.

XIHUACAN, pe.n. 81:3, 121:17.
XIHUITLTEMOCTIZIN, p.n. 18:36, 21:49.
XILOMANTZIN, p.n. 49:47 (xillomantzin), 51:11 (xomotzin), 57:2,5
(xillomantzin).
XILOTEPEC, pce.n. 40:46, 55:51, 64:6, 67:4, 84:45.
XILOTZINCA, g.n., pl. 53:47, 54: 18,21.
XILOTZINCO, pc.n. 21:20,31, 29:23, 54:9.
XILOXOCHCATL, p.n. (?) or title (?). 24:46.
XIMILCO (?, paleography uncertain), pe.n. 2:57 (see note to the translation and
cf. TEMILCO).
XIPEMETZITLI, p.n. 24:11, 27:11.
XIPPACOYAN, pe.n. 64:5 (xippacoya tollan).
XIQUIPILCATL, g.n. 84:2.
XIQUIPILCO, pe.n. 57:27, 67:10, 84:52.
XIUHCAC, p.n. 26:25.
XIUHCACCO, pc.n. 26:26.
XIUHCOZCATL, var. XIUHCOZCATZIN, p.n.
1. A Toltec. 9:54 (xiuhcozcatl).
2. A friend of Yaotl (same as 1?). 10:18 (xiuhcozcatl).
3. One who was sent by Itzcoatzin. 40:1 (xiuhcozcatzin).
XIUHNEL, var. XIUHNELIZIN, p.n.
1. Member of the legendary Mixcoa, companion to Mimich. 79: 36,38, 79:43
(xiuhneltzin), 79:46, 79:47 (xiuhneltzin).
2. Early ruler of Cuauhtitlan (identified with 1, above?). Xiuhneltzin, 2:56,
3:2,47.
3. One of the three hearthstones of the early Chichimecs. 3:27.
4. One of the early Cuauhtitlan Chichimecs (= 1 and/or 2, above?). 3:30.
XIUHTEPEGC, pc.n. 66:38, 67:1, 84: 36,44.
XIUHTEPECA, g.n., pl. 28:25.
XIUHTETEUCTIN, pl. of XYUHTEUCTLI. Key word: fire lords. 63:14, 80:8.
XIUHTEUCTLL, p.n., a deity, i.e., the fire god (FFCC bk. 1, ch. 13). 1:6, 3:27,
77:35. See also HUEHUE TEOTL. For pl. see XIUHTETEUCTIN.
XIUHTEUCZATLAN, pe.n. 121: 20.
XIUHTLACUILOLXOCHITZIN, female p.n. 4: 18,28.
XIUHTLAN, pc.n. 60:28, 67: 34.
XIUHTLAPOCA, p.n. 28:40.
XIUHTLATONACTZIN, p.n. 28:27.
XIUHTOCHTLI, p.n. 3:44.
SSYATIS pl 9213.
XOCHICALTITLAN, pc.n. 19:39.
XOCHICOZCATL

215
 Concordance

1. Female p.n. 30:2.

2. Male p.n. 52:4, 53:42.
XOCHIMILCA, g.n., pl. 11:50,51, 12:10,11, 13:24, 17:15,41, 46:40, 47232,
58:48. See also XOCHMILCATL.
XOCHIMILCO (FC 11:147:4, FC 11:152:4, but often written xochmilco in
Nahuatl documents), pe.n.
1. Lakeside town 20 km. south of Mexico. 17:17,41, 33: 24, 46:24,35, 59:
28, 61:17, 63:49, 65:51, 66:37, 84:16,18,36 (xochmilco). See
XOCHMILCATL. .
2. “San Cristobal Xochimilco, im Distrikt Zacatlan des Staates Puebla, auf der
linken Talseite des Rio Axaxal unterhalb von Zacatlan” (GKC 306). 64:43 (?).
3. = 1, above (?). 65:16.
XOCHIOLOLIZIN, p.n.
1. A Toltec elder. 10:47.
2. Ruler of Cuitlahuac Tizic. 57:47.
XOCHIPAN, p.n. 18:52, 22:23.
XOCHIPAPALOTL, female p.n. 12:46.
XOCHIQUENTLAN, pe.n. 65:11.
XOCHIQUETZAL, female p.n., a spirit or deity. 9:7 (waters of ), 24:45 (wor-
shipped by Colhuaque). 78:13.
XOCHIQUILAZCO, pe.n. 11:27.
XOCHIQUILAZYO, pc.n. (?). 63:13.
XOCHITITLAN, pe.n. 65:19.
XOCHITLCOZAUHQUL, p.n. 47:45.
XOCHITONAL, p.n. 27:43.
XOCHITZETZELIZIN, p.n. 64:6.
XOCHIYACAN, pc.n. 67:12, 84:52.
XOCHIYETLAN, pe.n. 67:25, 121: 12 (Xochiyetla).
XOCHMILCATL, g.n. 84:3. See also XOCHIMILCA.
XOCHMILCO, see XOCHIMILCO.
XOCHMITL, p.n. 22: 32,35,43.
XOCHTLAN, pe.n. 59:11, 67:31, 121:19.
XOCOCAPAN, pe.n. 64:41.
XOCONOCHITZIN, p.n., see FRANCISCO CARLOS XOCONOCHTZIN.
XOCOTITLAN, pc.n. 64:7.
XOCUETZIN, p.n. 53:18.
XOLLAN, pc.n. 65:19 (but see note to the transcription).
XOLLOCHIUHCAN, pe.n. 121:18 (conquered by Ahuitzotzin). Cf. XOLLO-
CHIYUHYAN.
XOLLOCHIYUHYAN (Garcia Granados Diccionario 1:44 has xolochiuhyan),
pe.n. 67:32 (conquered by Ahuitzotzin). Cf. XOLLOCHIUHCAN.
XOLOG, pce.n. Xolloc, 11:38, 18:33.

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 Concordance

XOLOCHIUHYAN, see XOLLOCHIYUHYAN.

XOLOTLAN, pc.n. 67:39, 121:23 (Xollotlan).
XOLOTLIATLAUHYOC, see TLACOPANTONCO XOLOTLIATLAUHYOC.
XONACAPACOYAN, pe.n. 6:13, 40:29.
XONETZIN, p.n. 16:1.
XONTLAN (?), pe.n. See note to the transcription at 65:19.
XOPANTZIN, p.n. 30:51.
XOXOMALPAN, pe.n. 21:25.
XPIANOTIN (written xpianotin or xpianotin), abbrev. for Chri(s)tianotin, i.e.,
Christians. 68: 17,19,23,25,32.

YACAPICHTLAN, pc.n. 67:5, 84:47.

YAHUACATL, see TICOC YAHUACATL.
YANCUITLAN, pe.n. 67:25, 68:1, 121:11.
YAOCIHUATL, female p.n. 3:33.
YAOCOTZITZITLL, p.n. 19:12.
YAOCUIXTLL, p.n.
1. Warrior of Mexicatzinco. 50:35.
2. Ruler of Cuauhnahuac. 61: 33,43.
YAOMAHUITZIN, p.n. 63:48.
YAOPAN, p.n. 52:4.
YAOTL
1. Enemy (MOL).
2. P.n., one of the sorcerers who contributed to the downfall of Tollan. 8:52,
9:46,49, 10: 14,36.
3. P.n., leader of the Chalca Tlacochcalca. 12:25.
YAOTLAMIN, see PABLO YAOTLAMIN.
YAPALLIICUE, female p.n., a spirit or deity. 78:14.
YATETZIN, see TOTEC IYAUHTEUH.
YAUHQUEMEPOTONQUL see YAUHPOTONQUI.
YECATEPEC, see ECATEPEC.
YECATL TEUCTILI, p.n., Chalco ruler. 27:12, 28:4 (yeccatl teuctli).
Cf. ECATZIN.
YECCATL TEUCILI, see YECATL TEUCTLI.
YENTZCUINTLAN, pe.n. 65:5.
YOHUALLAN, pc.n. 66:39, 84:37.
YOHUALLATONACG, p.n. 18:5,18.
YOHUALPAINTZIN, p.n. 60:19.
YOHUALTEPEC, pc.n. 67:2, 84:44.
YOHUALTONATIUH, p.n. 31:32,33.
YOHUATZIN, female p.n. 63:1 (yohuatzin), 63:6.
YOLLOCAMACHALTZIN, see JUAN YOLLOCAMACHALTIZIN.

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 Concordance

YOLLOXONECUILCO, pe.n. 122:3 (conquered by the younger Moteuczoma-

tzin). Cf. YOLLOXONECUILLAN.
YOLLOXONECUILLAN, pc.n. 68:7 (conquered by the younger Moteuczoma-
tzin). Cf. YOLLOXONECUILCO.
YOPITZINCO, pc.n. 3:40.

ZACACALCO (Straw House Place), pe.n. 28:23.

ZACANCATLYAOTL, var. ZACANCATLYAOMITL, p.n. 35:9,11,17.
ZACANCO, pc.n. 81:40.
ZACATEPEC, pc.n.
1. Way station of the wandering Mexica. 11:40.
2. Town controlled by Tetzcoco (= 1, above?). 64:20.
3. = 1, above? 68:6 (conquered by Ahuitzotzin); 122:2 (conquered by the
younger Moteuczomatzin).
ZACATLAN, pe.n. 37:5.
ZACATLANTONCO, pc.n. 3:41.
ZACATLATILITILAN, pc.n. 19:4.
ZACATZONTITLAN, pe.n. 62:21.
ZACUANTEPEC, pc.n. 121:33.
ZOLLAN, pen. 121:31.
ZOLTEPEG (Quail Hill), pe.n. 19:16,32, 21:27, 26:35; 67:47; cf 19:16
(yngoltepeuh = their quail hill).
ZOLION, p.n. 81: 11,33.
“ZONELTEUCILI,” p.n. (62:40: conelteuctli). See *CONELTEUCTLI.
ZOYATEPEC, pe.n. 65:45.
ZOZOLLAN, pce.n. 59:60, 67:46, 121:30.
ZOZOTETLAN, pe.n. 64:43 (cocotetlan).

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 Subject Guide

References to the Codex are by side and line number. A lowercase ‘n’ immediately
following a number means that the reference includes an accompanying footnote.

Adultery, 15:16, 35:5—26, 59:18

Agriculture, see Horticulture
Alcoholic beverages, see Drunkenness, Plant foods and crops
Animal foods: birds, 4:16; deer, 4:16; fish, 76:1; honey, 6:19; rabbits, 4:16;
snakes, 4:16, 13:31; turkey tamale, 82 :34; turkey eggs, 13:31
Animal products (see also Animal foods, Featherwork, Quetzal plumes): conch
horn, 76:28; coyote skins, 65:25; feathers, 65:2; redshell, 4:35,51; skins,
65: 32,39; whiteshell, 4:35,51
Animals (see also Animal foods, Animal products, Birds, Hunting, Sacrifice of ani-
mals): ant, 30:7, 77:4—10; bumblebees and honeybees, 76:31; coyotes,
51:32; deer, 37:37, 65: 26,34,41, 79: 35-41; dogs, 76: 8,15; ducks, 65:25,
33; dragonfly nymphs, 2:25; eagle, 38:16; fish, 2:26, 75:39; gophers,
81:20; jaguars (ocelotl), 38:17, 75:7, 77:49, 79:8; monkeys, 2:40, 75:18;
opossums, 10:33; rabbits, 37:37, 54:22, 65:26,34,41, 78:17; rattlesnake,
38:18; vultures, 51:32; wolf, 38:17, 77:52; worms, 76:30
Aqueduct, see Architecture and engineering
Architecture and engineering (see also Bridges, Buildings, City planning, Roads):
construction of aqueduct, 53:24—36, 66:44; construction of pyramid or
(pyramid) temple (teocalli), 5:2—4, 28:15-18, 29:26,27,38, 51:20—27,
53:44, 57:42—44, 59:41; enlarging of (pyramid) temple, 33:42—45, 59:
46; stream diversion, 25:37—43, 48:15—27,45—-51, 49:14-19, 59:20-
21n, 59:26—33

Banners and streamers, see Comet, Regalia of war, Ritual acts, Sacrifice of humans
Bathing, see Ritual acts
Beverages, see Plant foods and crops
Birds (see also Animal foods, Clothing and adornment, Featherwork, Quetzal
plumes, Regalia of war, Sacrifice of animals): cotinga, 4:52, 6:6, 7:35,
79:5; cranes, 65:39; eagle, 77:49; egret, 79:4; falcon, 77:51, 78:2; heron,
4:53, 7:36; scarlet macaw, 7:36; green parrot, 7:36; white-fronted parrot,
7:36; quail, 13:31, 19:15—16, 76:45—47; quechol, 77:54; quetzal, 7:38;
roseate spoonbill (tlauhquechol), 4:52, 6:6, 7:35, 79:5; teoquechol, 79:5;

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trogon, 4:53; troupial, 4:52, 7:36, 79:4; turkeys, 13:31, 65:26,34,40,

75:27; king vulture, 81:7
Boats: canoes (acalli), 36: 1,18, 56:31, 66:11; raft, 62:29
Bridges, 4:24, 39:8
Buildings and earthworks (see also Architecture and engineering, Bridges): altar of
beaten earth, 14:6—9, 20:33, 24:43—25:1, 25:45; calpulli temple, 26:4,
57:21; council house (tlatoloyan), 43:25; house (calli), 19:10, 48:17—22;
house of fasting, 4:23,33, 5:9; house of penance, 7:9; house of quetzal
plumes, 4:35, 6:38; house of redshell, 4:35, 6:38; house oftroupial, 6: 38;
house of turquoise beams, 4:23,34; house of whiteshell, 4:35; maguey
house, 3:19; monastery (monasterio), 28:23; palace (tecpan), 41:34, 42:21,
44:15, 55:34; palace (-tlatocachan), 8: 14,19,26,36; palace (tlatocan), 61:7;
palace house or ruler’s house (tecpancalli), 9:22, 12:32, 14:45, 16:13,
32:23; pavilion or straw hut (xacalli), 22:15, 33:39, 35:26; platform at
base of pyramid, 56:26; rampart, 25:5; ruler’s residence (tlatocacalli), 9:23,
18:42; straw-house (zacacalli), 4:19, 8:17, 9:15,22, 11:38, 26:3, 27:49,
28:23, 42:11; sweating room, 30:5; (pyramid) temple (teocalli), 13:18,
24:29, 25:29-30,44, 41:9, 47:10, 81:9,24; (pyramid) temple with ser-
pent columns, 5:2; pyramid temple called “house of the devil” (tlacatecolo-
calli), 46:4,6, 59:42; (temple) mound, 4:9, 9:14; thorn house (tzthuac-
calli), 3:19
Burial: in earth (sand), 81:5; in stone chest, 7: 13—16; in pyramid temple, 81:9.
For cremation, see Fire.

Calendar, see Months, Time counting and calendrical lore

Calpulli: temple of 26:4, 57:21; land held by, 26:17, 59:54
Cannibalism, 25:27; by deity or spirit power, 1:13, 79:49—7
Canoes, see Boats
Captives, see Sacrifice of humans, Slavery and servitude, Warfare, Women
Caves (see also Emergence from underworld), 35: 28,36, 78:33, 79:33—34, 80:
38; and Huemac, 10:9, 11:13
Ceramics: bowls, 26:10; sacred cup, 14:7; eating dishes, 4:55; drinking vessels,
4:55; burnished pot, 81:31; pots, 26:10; pottery or ceramic ware, 4:55,
26:10
Ceremonies (see also Ritual acts, Ritual games, Sacrifice of animals, Sacrifice of
humans): arrow fast, 26:23; arrow shoot, 9:36—44, 48:4—5; new fire,
76: 11-18; of three hearthstones, 1:1—10, 3:20—29; year-bundle feast (to-
xtuh molpilia), 11:25, 29:51, 51:27, 60:5 (with new fire); Xochilhuitl,
21:39, 49:34 (with dancing)
Chalk, see Ritual acts, Rocks and minerals
Chastity: daughters kept in cage, 10:31; pubic covering of jade, 51:45
Childbirth, see Ritual acts

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Children, see Sacrifice of humans, Warfare

Christians, see Concordance: Xpianotin
City planning (see also Calpulli), 25:29-37, 26:11—12, 29:27—38, 46:43—49
Clothing and adornment (see also Regalia of gods, Regalia of war): gold armbands,
52:46, 53:2; ayates, 65:54; bracelets, 44:27; breechcloths, 54:29, 64:26,
29, 65:24,32,39; gold-skin collar, 52:47, 53:3; crown, 28:29; eagle tail
feathers, 52:46; gold earplugs, 53:2; hides, 1:46, 4:15; huipils, 64: 30,55,
65 : 22,30,37, 80:32; gold legbands, 52:48; Mixteca hair style, 66:49; neck-
laces and neckpieces, 28:31, 43:31, 41:33, 52:45; plume tassels, 52:45;
skirts, 64: 25,30,54, 65 :22,30,37, 80: 32; Spanish moss used as, 1:47; tilmas,
4:15, 38:1, 52:48, 53:3, 65:21—22,29,37,53; fancy tilmas, 64:23—29,
50—53, 65: 24-38; cacamoliuhqui tilmas, 64:30—31
Cloud banner, see Comet
Comet: called “cloud banner,” 60:48, 61:11,19
Communal labor (see also Tribute Labor): to build city, 29: 31—38; to build aque-
duct, 53:24—28
Concubines, see Sexual offenses, Women
Cotton, see Plant products
Crafts, see Featherwork, Manufactures, Stone carving
Crops, see Plant foods and crops

Dance, see Ceremonies, Songs

Dawn, see Morning star, Sun
Death, see Burial, Executions and assassinations, Fire, Sacrifice of humans, Suicide,
Ritual acts, Underworld
Devils, see Sorcerers
Diseases: bloody diarrhea, 23 : 30; consumption, 23 : 30; coughing sickness, 23 : 30;
fever, 23:30; pox (cocolizth), 23:30; smallpox (totomonaliztli), 31:33
Divination: with corn kernels, 77: 16n
Dreams (see also Omens and prognostications), 38: 16
Dress, see Clothing and adornment
Drought, see Rain and drought
Drunkenness, 5:27—7:1, 79:10

Earth (including Tlalteuctli, “earth lord”): invoked as deity, 38:5; as mother,

78:40, 79: 6,14; origin of, 2:4, 2:18, 75:2; reestablishment of, 76:19
Earthquakes: 2:44,52, 23:32, 59:22—23, 79:24
Earthworks, see Buildings and earthworks
Emergence from underworld: 1: 10—11; from Seven Caves, 1:24, 1:42
Engineering, see Architecture and engineering
Executions and assassinations (see also Suicide), 24:1, 26:30—36, 28:34—44,
31:29,44, 32:30, 34:8, 35:26, 42:44—43:9, 57: 1-3, 59:17-19, 61:52-

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55, 63:25-35, 66:7,9—12,30,45—51; by dragging, 33: 30-33, 66:18; by

hanging, 30: 31—36, 58:31; by kicking froma bridge, 39: 8,18; by knocking
down, 39:37; by piercing the neck and strangling, 38:34—41; by pushing
from a rooftop, 39:9; by shooting, 27: 20—23; by stoning, 32: 35—41; cause
of, 34:37; executioners’ party, 60: 19—39

Famine, 2:44,52, 9:3, 48:54, 51:15—33, 59:32,59, 60:3—4, 82:32,37

Feasts, see Ceremonies, Months
Featherwork (see also Clothing and adornment), 5:53—6:7, 25:46
Fire (see also Ceremonies): used in battle, 54:24; destroys buildings, 41: 8,
42:6,11, 46:5, 50:33; cremation, 7:31, 81:46; drilled, 79:53, 81:25—28;
drilled for cooking, 76:1, 76:9—10 (origin of fire?); god of (Xiuhteuctli),
3:27; gods of (xiuhteteuctin), 80:8; origin of new fire ceremony, 76: 1ll-
17n; and origin of sun, 77 :28,46,47; rain of, 2:35, 75 :26,30
Flaying, see Sacrifice of humans
Flint, 80: 10—18
Flood, 25:4,35—43, 48:15-—22, 59:20—21,26—33; myths of, 75:34—43,
75 :43—76:7
Foods, see Animal foods, Plant foods and crops
Four Lords, see Statecraft
Frost (see also Snow), 78:11

Games, see Ritual games

Gemstones: jade (chalchthuitl), 4:3,39,50, 5:8, 28:30—33, 43:31, 44:27,
51:45 (covers woman’s private parts), 61:58, 76:53, 77:44, 82: 15—26 (as
metaphor for corn); turquoise (xihuitl), 4:23,34, 7:30, 28:29,33, 59:40;
fine turquoise (teoxiuhtl), 4:40,50
Giants, 2:31
Gifts of greeting (see also Gifts of obligation, Hospitality), 13: 30—32, 28 :28—34,
44:2; human captive as, 37: 14—23,44; of Spaniards, 68:25; women as (?),
57:14-25
Gifts of obligation: in exchange for fealty (?), 52:44—53:4; for right to occupy
land, 10:47; for military aid, 40:48—41:3, 43:28—40, 44:20—29 (called
“greeting gifts”)
Gods, see Fire, Omens and prognostications, Rain and drought, Regalia of gods,
Sacrifice of humans, Sky, Sorcerers. See Concordance for names of specific
deities.
Gold, see Rocks and minerals
Government, see Statecraft

Hairstyles, see Clothing and adornment, Regalia of war

Heaven, see Sky

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Honey, see Animal foods

Horticulture: chinampas, 28:42; corn uprooted by wind, 53:9; field work,
6: 13-16; gardens or milpas (milli), 25:8, 26:15, 49:14—19 (in reclaimed
riverbed), 58:16; gardens measured by the mecatl, 38:32, 39:25; irrigated
fields (amilli), 60: 3,5; planting, 83
:22
Hospitality (see also Gifts of Greeting): lodging, 6:13; lodging and supper,
26:54—27:3; rich man plays host four times a year, 30:5—15; treacherous
invitations, 30:31—36, 33:39, 35:26
Houses, see Buildings and earthworks
Humans (see also Sacrifice of humans): creation of, 2:15,19—40; created from
ashes, 2:21; created from bones, 76:22—77: 3; created with or from deity’s
blood, 62 : 30-39, 76:50—77:3
Hunting: 1:45, 14:16—18, 19:15, 21:52, 25:7, 79:37

Incense, see Ritual acts

Insects, see Animals, Sacrifice of animals

Jade, see Gemstones

Justice, see Legal system

Labor, see Communal labor, Tribute labor

Land (see also Warfare): acquisition of, 12:4,25, 15:7, 23:44, 25:11—24, 26:12,
29:12, 48:5; apportionment of, 46:49—47:22, 60:53—61:9; boundaries
of, 19:29—51, 20:2,5,28, 21:12—35, 26:16, 29:25, 47:13-17, 49:32,
92:30, 54:35, 55:7,11, 61:12, 63:11—22; boundary keepers, 21:10,
29:17; calpulli lands, 26: 16—17,30—36, 59:54; communal, 47:15, 60:55;
dispute over, 58:3—34; extent of, 23:24; hunting grounds, 14:17; “land
arrangements,” 51: 11—12; loss of, 26: 30—36, 58: 16 (farm lands); measure-
ment of, 38:32, 39:25; ownership of, 1:46, 13:4, 38: 24—32, 58:6; palace
lands, 60:6; petition for, 15:3; steward lands, 59:54; survey of, 49: 29-34;
usurpation of, 59:52—58
Legal system: council decides fate of accused’s relatives, 33 :45—34:5, 66: 19-26;
criminal charges laid before high ruler, 26: 17—24; high ruler adjudicates land
dispute, 58: 3—34; punishments (see also Executions and assassinations, State-
craft), 26:24—36, 33:51—34:5, 39: 39-52 (prison), 58:30
Lightning, 8:16; 77:22n
Lime, see Roads

Magicians, see Sorcerers

Manufactures (see also Ceramics, Clothing and adornment, Featherwork, Regalia
of war, Mat of authority, Plant products, Textiles, Tools and utensils): flask
for tobacco, 83:15; matting, 26:10, 65:25,32,39; mesh bags, 1:47; mirror,

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5:31,45-50, 6:8, 14:31—33; oil, 55:37; pack baskets, 1:48; rabbit pot,
78:17; ropes, 77:15, 81:20, 82:5~13; “a kind of snake-arm,” 28:32;
brought by Spaniards, 68:32—39; stone chest, 7:13—16; stone of sacrifice,
44:49 (“eagle bowl”), 60:8 (round-stone), 82:37
Marriage, see Statecraft
Mask, see Regalia of gods
Mat of authority, 3:20, 5:8, 8:47. For matting, see Manufactures
Measurement, units of: cubit (ceciyacatl), 8:45; fathom (matl), 64:50, 65:22,29,
65:29; forearm (cemolicpitl), 41:21; mecatl, 38:32, 39:25; span (cemiztitl),
baa
Minerals, see Rocks and minerals
Months (1.e., twenty-day feast periods): Izcalli, 9:40, 24:40, 47:41; list of,
24: 38—41, 64:23—30; Quecholli, 24:39, 25:49, 64:29; Tecuilhuitl, 16:7,
56:28, 64:26, 82:29; Toxcatl, 25:24; Tozoztli, 75:48
Moon: origin of, 77:41—78: 18
Morning star: called Lord of the Dawn (Tlahuizcalpantecutli), 7:43, 78:7—11
(identified with frost); influence of, 7:47—56; origin of, 7:37—47
Music (see also Dance, Songs): conch horn, 76: 28—32
Mythology (see also Earth, Fire, Flood, Humans, Moon, Morning star, Nightfall,
Sky, Sun): Hidden Corn myth, 77:3—26; origin of the skull rack lords,
62: 11—47; Quetzalcoatl in the dead land, 76:22—54

Nagual, 76: 36,49

Nightfall: origin of, 78
:22

Omens and prognostications (see also Comet, Divination, Dreams, Earthquakes,

Famine, Solar eclipse): connected with Venus, 7:47—56; evil omens in Tol-
lan, 9:28,45, 81:51; military victory predicted, 36:33—40; nation’s down-
fall predicted, 23: 18—45, 55:31 (by woman’s vulva), 62:2—9 (by skull rack
lord), 82:51—83:3 (by gods); rulership predicted, 23: 12—18; serpent deity
as Oracle: 2021 5=28

Penance, see Ritual acts

Picture writing, 51:31, 65:47n, 78:24n
Plant foods and crops (see also Horticulture, Plant products, Plants): amaranth,
51:29, 77:25; fermented atole, 15:51; barrel cactus, 1:49; beans, 6: 16,
77:25; beverage, 16:2; cacao, 4:53, 51:52, 65:46; chia, 77:25; chilis,
6:15, 65:2n, 65:25,33,40, 81:34 (hot pepper); corn, 4:14, 6:16, 50:20,
51:19, 59:59, 75:50, 77:5,12,24, 82:20, 82:40,48, 83:22-24: Food
Mountain, 77:5—26; greens, 6:15, 6:27; maguey, 6:17; prickly pears,
1:48—49; pulque, 5:27, 6:19, 6:28—7:1, 79:10, 80:23; spine silk, 1:49;

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storekeepers or stewards, 38:33, 39:25; tamale, 82: 34; tobacco, 83:15;

tomatoes, 6:15
Plant products (see also Manufactures, Plant foods and crops): achiote, 65:46;
axim (?), 65:2; cotton, 4:54, 64:51, 65:22—40: maguey fibers, 9:53,
65 : 54 (maguey-fiber cloaks called ayatl); prickly-pear leaf pad, 55 : 35; thorns,
4:37, 77:41,43; tubes of quetzal bamboo, 50:37; rubber, 51 :52, 65:46;
sapodilla staff, 42 : 38
Plants (see also Plant foods and crops, Plant products): barrel cactus (huei comitl),
1: 14,48; pot cactus (teocomitl), 10:13, 80:3; cypress, 75:47; grasses, 83:21;
maguey, 40:21, 41:8, 54:14, 82:31; mesquite, 79: 15,21; prickly pear (no-
pallt), 54:14, 82:30; reed (acatl), 62:29, 84:10; sedges or bulrushes (tolin),
22:17, 84:10; trees, 53:9, 75:19, 82:30
Prayer, see Ritual acts
Prison, see Legal system
Prophecy, see Omens and prognostications
Pyramid, see Architecture and engineering, Buildings and Earthworks

Quetzal plumes, 4:35,40,52, 5:8, 61:59, 77:43, 79:4; as metaphor for corn,
82:15—25; as tribute, 51:51; as warbonnet, 46:10. For quetzal, see Birds.

Rain and drought: drought, 7:53, 7:55, 82:29—31; rain, 59:35, 83:18—22;
rain gods (tlaloque), 77 :21—23, 82: 14—27, 82:37—83: 15; “skies come fall-
ing down,” see Sky
Regalia of gods: head fan of Quetzalcoatl, 6:3, 7:29; mask of Quetzalcoatl, 6:3,
7:30; of Mixcoatl, 3:4, 25:47, 50:51, 56:25
Regalia of war (see also Weapons and shields): act of adorning or of putting on
regalia (chichthua), 50:7—8, 56:24, 80:38; banner, 17:8; egret banner,
3:35, 54:31; body paint, 60:36; eagle labret, 42:30; eagle tail feathers,
42:28; earplugs, 42:30, 60:35; ear-stream insignia, 49:10; emblems or in-
signia (tlahwiztl), 41:2, 43:32, 44:28, 56:25; hair ribbon, 60:39; special
haircut, 31:30 (tlaotonxintl), 60:35 (nexintli), 61:45 (nexintli); Huexo-
tzinca style, 42:27; leather braid tied on head, 42:29; leather braid with
jingles on feet, 42:33; lip pin, 42:31; white loincloth, 42:32; Mexica style,
60:35—39; special necklace, 42:31; sapodilla staff, 42:34; warbonnet,
46:10
Religion, see Buildings and earthworks, Cannibalism, Ceremonies, Mythology,
Regalia of gods, Ritual acts, Sacred bundles, Sacrifice of animals, Sacrifice of
humans, Sorcerers
Ritual acts (see also Ceremonies, Ritual games, Sacrifice of animals, Sacrifice of
humans): arrows set in beds of hay, 25:44; bathing of corpse, 38:41; bathing
of deity, 77:53; bathing of newborn, 78 : 38n; bathing of victim, 13:51; self-
bathing, 4:36, 6:52, 7:21, 77:42; blackening the eyes with ashes, 1:18;

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bloodletting, 4:37, 6:52, 62:29, 76:54; burning of incense, 4:40, 77:44;

self-cremation, 7:31; cup offering, 14:7; fasting, 3:28 (of ruler), 6: 28,42,
14:3-7, 26:23, 42:22—26 (of ruler), 77:40, 83:10 (of mourners); feath-
ering, 79:9; feathering and chalking, 77:45; feeding the warriors, 56:26;
offerings to serpent deity, 20:24—28; sacrament of penance (tlamacehualiz-
th), 4:36, 6:41,51, 36:35, 76:54—77:3, 77:41—42; placement of plume-
banners, 25:46; prayer to heaven, 4:45—49; swearing to tell the truth,
44:40; sweeping, 14:4
Ritual games: ball game (tlachtlt), 79:20, 82: 14—18; sand blowing, 17:24
Roads: Lime Road, 19:46, 49:38; Mexica Road, 21:14
Rocks and Minerals (see also Gemstones, Stone carving): chalk, 77:45; flint,
80:10—18; gold, 4:51, 5:8, 10:47, 51:51, 52:46—53:3, 61:58; gravel,
2:37; lava stone, 2:37; lime, see Roads; red rocks, 2:38; sand, 17:24, 81:5;
silver, 4:51; stones, 82:31
Rubber, see Plant products
Ruler, see Buildings, Omens and prognostications, Ritual acts, Statecraft, Warfare,
Women. See Concordance for names of specific rulers.

Sacred bundles: of Itzpapalotl, 1:19, 50:35—37, 80:7—19

Sacrifice of animals: birds, 4:42, 5:14; butterflies, 4:42, 5:14; deer; 1:1—9;
eagle, 1:1—9, 3:25. 81:14—16,26; jaguar, 1:1—9, 3:25, 81:13—16,26;
rabbit, 1:1—9, 3:26, 24:54-25:14, 81:12; snakes, 1:1—9, 3:26, 4:41,
5:14; 25:1-14; 81:13; wolf, 81:14—16,26
Sacrifice of humans (see also Cannibalism, Manufactures, Ritual acts), 41:12,
57 :44—46; and banners, 82: 35—37,53, 83:11; beginning of, 9:48, 9:56—
10:5, 25:25, 78:14 (sacrifice of gods); of children, 9:1—8, 17:23, 60:14,
83:7; to dedicate new construction, 20:32, 25:12—20, 29:46—48, 53:44—
54:2, 58:35—45 (list of victims), 58 :50—52, 60:7—19 (new round-stone);
in time of famine, 9:1, 82:32; by flaying, 9:51—55; heart sacrifice, 17:25,
18:25—28, 28:14, 44:50, 45:24, 81:27—36 (with new fire and chili tor-
ture), 82:31—37; human streamers, 9: 1—9, 10:8; opposed by Quetzalcoatl,
5:11,25, 9:57; by shooting, 9:32—44; during solar eclipse, 23:32; with
striping, 60:8; during Toxcatl, 25:24; of unsuccessful emissaries, 44: 4,47;
victim obtained by barter, 60: 16—17; during Xochilhuitl, 21 : 39, 49: 34-36
Salt, 65 :27,35,41
Servants, see Slavery and servitude
Sexual offenses (see also Adultery, Chastity, Women): Huemac’s sensuality, 8 : 38—
46; warriors have intercourse, 79:7—9; scandals of Moquihuix, 55: 19-38;
lust of Moteuczoma the Elder, 51:40—46; Moteuczoma the Younger high-
handedly takes concubine, 63:28; Quetzalcoatl drinks with his sister, 6:40
Shell, see Animal products, Buildings and earthworks
Sin, see Drunkenness, Sexual offenses

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Sky: as abode of gods, 4:43, 77:53—54; collapse of, 2:28, 75:39,48: as desti-
nation of Quetzalcoatl, 7:39; of nine layers, 4:46, 78: 11(?); origin of, 2:18;
re-establishment of, 76: 10,14; smoking of, 76:4,8,15,17,19
Slavery and servitude (see also Communal labor, Tribute labor, Women): freed
slaves, 15:32, 16:2; escape from, 44:5—12; pages (tecpoyotl), 5:7—7:23;
king’s personal servants, 41 : 28, 41:41; as refuge for defeated nation, 20:46—
21:5; servant communities (/uicalli), 26 : 32,46 :43—49; slave market, 40:23;
slaves itemized in tribute list, 65 : 3,35,41; of war captives, 41:14, 44:7
Snow (see also Frost), 51:13, 59:15,17, 82:27
Solar eclipse, 23:31, 57:13,38, 58:53,55; 59:2, 59:47, 60:41
Songs, 6:38,49, 7:1,4,8, 17:5, 47:22; “sings and dances . . . like a woman,”
77:46; of sorcerer, 9:51
Sorcerers (tlatlacatecolo): bring idolatry to Cuauhtitlan, 20:37; magician lords
(nahualteteuctin) in Cuitlahuac, 62:12,45, 63:4; called “devils” (diablome),
SPS 42215. 92424649210; 32021359 17 :22,°20237,:56:46, 62:15; as
females, 9:30—43; impersonate females, 8:50—55; Huitzilopochtli called
“devil,” 57:43; Itzpapalotl called “sorcerer,” 25:48; in Mexico, 63 :22—24;
Mixcoatl called “devil,” 26:4, 27:24, 28:15, 50:34, 62:15,37; Mixcoatl
called “magician’s staff” (nahualcuauhth?) 12:8; Mixcoatl called “sorcerer,”
56:27; aid Nezahualcoyotl, 36: 33—40; Quetzalcoatl called “sorcerer,” 68 : 20;
require human sacrifice, 5:9—6:35 (in opposition to Quetzalcoatl), 9:6,
17:22; King Tezozomoctli addressed as a sorcerer, 37:31; god of Tizic called
“devil,” 50:46; in Tlalmanalco, 59:41; in Toltitlan, 46:4; and settlement of
Xaltocan, 10: 12—38
Spaniards, see Concordance: Caxtilteca, Espafioles, Xpianotin
Stars (see also Comet, Morning star, Sun): appeared during solar eclipse, 58:53,
592212
Statecraft (see also Executions and assassinations, Gifts of greeting, Gifts of obli-
gation, Hospitality, Land, Legal system, Mat of authority, Tribute goods,
Tribute labor, Warfare): ally cheated out of tribute, 50:22—31; ally consoled
after defeat, 17:10—12; daughters given to allies as marriage partners,
25:11, 37:40, 61:26,30; privileged allies called “Four Lords,” 50:29,
63:51, 64:8; edict of enmity, 14:18—22, 19:20; emissaries and ambassa-
dors, 13:28—30, 41:34, 43:18—44:5, 44:12—19 (beaten on the rump),
44:20—45:9, 52:15-53:7, 55:39—42; high ruler grants dynasty, 14:53—
15:13; high ruler selects or inaugurates lesser ruler, 15: 20—24, 28:44—46,
52:5—-10; enemy idol held captive, 50:37—51:1; nepotism, 31:10—15,
33:13—24,37, 40: 15-18; ruler “comes out into the open,” 48:27; seat of
government rotated among three places, 43:27; woman establishes dynasty,
26:39—45, 27:38—45
Stewards, see Land, Plant foods and crops, Tribute goods
Stone carving (see also Manufactures), 7: 13—16, 33:43

229
 Sulyect Guide

Suicide (see also Executions and assassinations): by hanging, 11:6—15; by poison,

33:49, 42:2
Sun (see also Solar eclipse): requires blood, 78:4—5, 79 :2—28; coming of the first
dawn, 2:50, 62:39; invoked as deity, 38:4; sun deity’s head adorned with
red border, 77:55; called “father,” 79:15; myth of four previous suns,
2:5—10,20,24—41, 75: 3—43; origin offifth sun, 2:42—52; 77:27—23
Sweathouse or sweating room, see Buildings and earthworks

Textiles (see also Clothing and adornment): blankets (cuachtl), 60:17; precious
cloth, 14:34; “streamers” of cloth, 41:21; twist-woven bands of fabric,
Oba23,31
Time counting and calendrical lore (see also Ceremonies, Months): of Cuauhtitlan
Chichimecs, 1:24,43; day signs, 2:5,23—51, 7:47—-56, 29:49, 49:53,
50: 11,13,31,32, 56:29, 59:21,47, 60:53, 61:23, 75: 14,23,32,42; in Tetz-
coco, 1:37; of Toltecs, 2:14; tutelaries of, 1:25—29; origin of the four year
counters, 1:22
Tobacco, 83:15
Tools and utensils (see also Ceramics): jade bowl, 76:53; knives, 44:50; spindle,
28:33; weaver’s reed, 28:31
Tribute goods: from coastlands, 51:37, 51:51—52 (list of ); collectors or stewards
of, 15:5, 30:4, 57:6; woman as collector of, 51:46—52:1; divided among
triple-alliance members (with lists), 64:48—65 : 47; to honor Huitzilopochtli,
62:1; payment or deposit of, 37:48, 39:36, 53:17; schedule of payment,
41:17—22, 64:22—31 (with lists); roll of payees, 64:37—47; from steward
lands, 59:54; warehouse, 18:17
Tribute labor (see also Communal labor, Slavery and servitude): apportioned,
32:45—33:7, 48:45; eighty days of, 41:15-17; granted, 53:20; per-
formed, 47:26; requisitioned, 51:8—10; roll of payees, 65:4—19

Underworld (see also Emergence from underworld), 76:22—50; of nine layers,

78:11(2)
Venus, see Morning star

Warfare (see also Gifts of obligation, Regalia of war, Ritual acts, Slavery and servi-
tude, Statecraft, Weapons and shields, Women): allies marked for identifica-
tion, 45:15—21; chasing the enemy, 11:51, 12:11, 19:18, 20:7; children
as warriors, 54:12; “crazed” warriors after battle, 56:40—43; declaration of
war, 16:48—51, 17:26, 40:4, 48: 10-12, 51:33, 66:11 (by breaking ca-
noes); ears taken as trophies, 17:17—20; called “flood and blaze,” 36:36,
38: 23, cf. 54:18—25 (water and fire used as tactics); flower war, De2O250%
informers held hostage, 47:49—48:1; to acquire land, 32:2 (eagle land),

228
 Subject Guide

34:28, 47:27—29 (eagle land), 54: 34—39 (eagle land); mercenaries, 83 : 47;
night battle, 50:10, 56:16; pillaging, 55:50—56:6, 56:39—40; prisoners
taken or rescued, 13:37—54, 16:43, 17:7, 20:31, 22:36-23:8, 25:20,
30: 11-12, 37:3—8 (taking of a “partial captive”), 60:41—47; surprise at-
tack, 47:45—46, 49:50—50:6; sham battle to trick enemy, 16:45; squad-
rons of forty each, 56:12—14; surrounding the enemy, 13:22, 16:34,
18:6—8, 21:47, 56:2; treacherous abandonment of one’s own leader, 32 : 12—
17; ululating, 56:48; on water, 56: 30—37
Weapons and shields (see also Regalia of war): arrows or darts, 7:49, 37:36,
38:34, 53:14, 56:18, 56:47, 78:10, 79:3,4,7,12, 80:31,39,45; bows,
56:18; dart thrower (atlatl), 80:31; harpoon staffs, 42:36; macana staffs,
42:36; shields, 17:5, 37:36, 41:2, 43:32, 44:28, 53:14, 54:16, 56:48,
60:17, 79:4,13, 80: 31,45; sling, 44:44
Weather, see Frost, Lightning, Rain and drought, Snow, Wind
Weaving, see Clothing and adornment, Manufactures, Textiles, Tools and utensils
Wind, 53:9, 75:17,23
Women: abduction or rape of, 12:45—49, 16:37,46, 16:52-17:4, 40:33,
84:6; who were Chichimecs, 3:32; as concubines, 55:33—38, 63:28; as
dangerous supernaturals, 9: 28—43, 79: 34—80: 7; as establishers of dynasty,
26:39—45, 27:38—45, 30:28—29; of Huitznahua, 80:29—51; imitated or
impersonated by males, 8:50, 77:46; as ladies in waiting, 9:16, 24:23; req-
uisitioned by Cortés, 15:44; as ritualists, 14:2—7; as rulers, 4:17, 9:13,
27:17—23; as sacrificial victims, 13:51, 82:49—53; sister of Quetzalcoatl,
6:40—53; woman as skull rack lord, 62:42; in slavery, 15:32,41,50,51,
65 :27,35,41; as sorcerers, 9:30; as spies, 45:47—46:5, 55:21—25; woman
tribute collector, 51:46—52:1; valiant women (mocihuaquetzgut), 8:43; as
war captives, 37:26, 45:44—46:19, 60:52; as warriors, 17:16, 54:12; ac-
cused of whoring, 27:22; work of, 57:25, 58:17
Writing, see Picture writing

229
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 Source Abbreviations

Sources cited in abbreviated form may be accompanied by a page number, as in

CAR 500, indicating Carochi, Arte de la lengua mexicana (1892 ed.), p. 500. If
the work in question has only one volume, a second number indicates the line.
Thus CAR 500:23 shows that the citation is to be found at line 23. But HERN
1:205 means Hernandez, Historia natural de Nueva Espana, vol. 1, p. 205; and
FC 8: 23:2 is Sahagun, Florentine Codex (Anderson and Dibble ed., Ist ed.), bk. 8,
p. 23, line 2. Wholly numerical citations refer to the Codex Chimalpopoca itself;
hence 32:21 is side 32, line 21 of the codex. For complete bibliographic data on
all sources, see References.

AC Annals of Cuauhtitlan (present edition)

AM Kutscher, Brotherston, and Vollmer, eds., Aesop in Mexico
AND Andrews, Introduction to Classical Nahuatl
AUB Dibble, Historia de la nactén mexicana . . . Codice de 1576 (Codice
Aubin)
CAR Carochi, Arte de la lengua mexicana (1892 ed.)
CAROC Carochi, Arte de la lengua mexicana (1983 ed.)
CF Sahagtin, Cédice florentino (1979 ed.)
CHIM Chimalpain, Relaciones (Rendon ed.)
CM Cantares mexicanos
DCAL “E] calendario antigua,” in Duran, Historia de las Indtas, vol. 1
DHIST Dur4n, Historia de las Indias, vol. 2
BC Sahagtin, Florentine Codex (Anderson and Dibble ed.), 1st ed.
FFCC Sahaguin, Florentine Codex (Anderson and Dibble ed.), 2d ed.
GLOS Glossary in Bierhorst, Codex Chimalpopoca: The Text in Nahuatl with a
Glossary and Grammatical Notes
GKC Lehmann, Die Geschichte der Konigreiche von Colhuacan und Mexico
GN Grammatical Notes in Bierhorst, Codex Chimalpopoca: The Text in Na-
huatl with a Glossary and Grammatical Notes
GRAM Grammatical Notes in Bierhorst, A Nahuatl-English Dictionary
HERN Hernandez, Historia natural de Nueva Espana
HG Sahagin, Historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espana (Garibay ed.)
Handbook ofMiddle American Indians
HMPP “Historia de los mexicanos por sus pinturas”
HTCH Kirchoff et al., Historia Tolteca Chichimeca

237
 Source Abbreviations

IXT Alva Ixtlilxochitl, Obras historicas (O’Gorman ed.)

MAGL Nuttall, The Book of the Life of the Ancient Mexicans [Codex Maglia-
bechiano]
MEX Tezozomoc, Cronica mexichyotl.
MOL The Nahuatl-Spanish section of Molina’s Vocabulario
MOLS The Spanish-Nahuatl section of Molina’s Vocabulario
NED Bierhorst, A Nahuatl-English Dictionary.
PAR Paredes, Compendio del Arte de la lengua mexicana del P. Horacio
Carochi '
RITOS “Libro de los ritos y ceremonias,” in Duran, Historia de las Indias,
vol. 1
RUIZ Ruiz de Alarcon, “Tratado de las supersticiones” (Paso y Troncoso ed.
of 1953)
RUIZA Coe and Whitaker, Aztec Sorcerers... : The Treatise on Superstitions by
Hernando Ruiz de Alarcon
RUIZAL Ruiz de Alarcén, Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions (Andrews and
Hassig ed.)
SIM Siméon, Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl ou mexicaine
TEZ Tezozomoc, Cronica mexicana
TORQ Torquemada, Monarquia indiana
Mengin, “Unos annales histéricos de la naci6n mexicana”
ZCHIM Zimmermann, Die Relationen Chimalpahin’s

3a,
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 ta
MARYGROVE COLLEGE

DATE DUE
History and Mythology of the Aztecs is the first major scholar-
ship on the Codex Chimalpopoca in more than forty years.
Bierhorst’s is the first edition in English and the first in any
language to include the complete text of the Legend of the
Suns. The precise, readable, and fully indexed translation will
make the codex an indispensable reference for Aztec cultural
topics, including land tenure, statecraft, the role of women, .
the tribute system, warfare, and human sacrifice.

“John Bierhorst has long been recognized for his expertise in

American Indian literature and for his translation of Nahuatl
writings, particularly the Cantares mexicanos. He has prepared
another high-quality scholarly translation of a major Nahuatl
work, this time the Codex Chimalpopoca.”—Latin American —
Research Review

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Tucson, Arizona 85721

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