CHAPTER 47 INTEGRATION USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS

EXERCISE 227 Page 492

12
1. Integrate with respect to x:  (x 2
− 9)
dx

12 12 A B A(x + 3) + B(x − 3)
= = + =
( x − 12 ) (x − 3)(x + 3) (x − 3) (x + 3) (x − 3)(x + 3)
2

Hence, 12 = A(x + 3) + B(x – 3)

Let x = 3: 12 = 6A from which, A = 2

Let x = - 3: 12 = - 6B from which, B = - 2

12  2 2 
Hence,  (x 2
− 9)
dx =   −  dx = 2 ln(x – 3) – 2 ln(x + 3) + c
 (x − 3) (x + 3) 
  x − 3 
2
x−3
or 2 ln    + c = ln  x + 3  + c
  x + 3   

4(x − 4)
2. Integrate with respect to x:  (x 2
− 2x − 3)
dx

4(x − 4) 5 1
= − from question 2, Exercise 32, page 70.
x − 2x − 3 (x + 1) (x − 3)
2

4(x − 4)  5 1 
Hence,  (x 2
− 2x − 3)
dx =   −  dx = 5 ln(x + 1) − ln(x − 3) + c
 (x + 1) (x − 3) 

 (x + 1)5 
or ln(x + 1) − ln(x − 3) + c or ln   + c by the laws of logarithms
5

 (x − 3) 

3(2x 2 − 8x − 1)
3. Integrate with respect to x:  (x + 4)(x + 1)(2x −1) dx

3(2x 2 − 8x − 1) 7 3 2
= − − from question 4, Exercise 32, page 70
(x + 4)(x + 1)(2x − 1) (x + 4) (x + 1) (2x − 1)

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis Chapter 47 718

 3(2x 2 − 8x − 1)  7 3 2 
Hence,  (x + 4)(x + 1)(2x −1) dx =   x + 4 − x + 1 − 2x −1  dx
= 7 ln(x + 4) – 3 ln(x + 1) – ln(2x – 1) + c

 ( x + 4) 
7

ln ( x + 4 ) − ln(x + 1) − ln(2x − 1) + c = ln  +c

7 3
or
 ( x + 1)3 ( 2x − 1) 
 

2
Note, to determine  2x − 1 dx use the algebraic substitution u = 2x - 1

x 2 + 9x + 8
4. Integrate with respect to x:  x 2 + x − 6 dx

x2 + 9 x + 8 2 6
= 1+ + from question 5, Exercise 32, page 70.
x + x−6
2
( x + 3) ( x − 2)

x 2 + 9x + 8  2 6 
 x2 + x − 6
dx =  1 + +  dx = x + 2 ln(x + 3) + 6 ln(x - 2) + c
 (x + 3) (x − 2) 

or x + ln ( x + 3 ) + ln ( x − 2 ) + c
2 6
or 
x + ln (x + 3)2 ( x − 2 )
6
+c

3x 3 − 2x 2 − 16x + 20
5. Integrate with respect to x:  (x − 2)(x + 2) dx

3x 3 − 2x 2 − 16x + 20 1 5
= 3x - 2 + − from question 7, Exercise 32, page 70
(x − 2)(x + 2) (x − 2) (x + 2)

3x 3 − 2x 2 − 16x + 20  1 5 
Hence,  (x − 2)(x + 2) dx =   3x − 2 + (x − 2) − (x + 2)  dx

3x 2
= − 2x + ln(x − 2) − 5 ln(x + 2) + c
2
3x 2  (x − 2) 
or − 2x + ln  5
+c
2  (x + 2) 

4 x 2 − 3x + 6
6. Evaluate, correct to 4 significant figures:  3 x(x − 2)(x − 1)
dx

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis Chapter 47 719

 x 2 − 3x + 6 A B C A(x − 2)(x − 1) + Bx(x − 1) + Cx(x − 2)
Let  + + =
x(x − 2)(x − 1) x (x − 2) (x − 1) x(x − 2)(x −1)

then x 2 − 3x + 6 = A(x − 2)(x − 1) + Bx(x − 1) + Cx(x − 2)

Let x = 0, 6 = 2A i.e. A=3

Let x = 2, 4 = 2B i.e. B=2

Let x = 1, 4 = -C i.e. C = -4

x 2 − 3x + 6 3 2 4
Hence, = + −
x(x − 2)(x − 1) x (x − 2) (x −1)

x 2 − 3x + 6 4  3 2 4 
dx = 3ln x + 2ln(x − 2) − 4ln(x − 1)  3
4
 dx =   + −
4
Thus, 
3 x(x − 2)(x − 1) 3
 x (x − 2) (x − 1) 

= (3 ln 4 + 2 ln 2 – 4 ln 3) – (3 ln 3 + 2 ln 1 – 4 ln 2)

= 0.6275

6 x 2 − x − 14
7. Evaluate, correct to 4 significant figures:  4 x 2 − 2x − 3
dx

x 2 − x − 14 2 3
= 1- + from question 6, Exercise 32, page 70
x − 2x − 3
2
(x − 3) (x + 1)

x 2 − x − 14 6  2 3 
dx =  x − 2ln(x − 3) + 3ln(x + 1)  4
6
 dx =  1 − +
6
Hence, 
4 x − 2x − 3
2 4
 (x − 3) (x + 1) 

= (6 – 2 ln 3 + 3 ln 7) – (4 – 2 ln 1 + 3 ln5)

= 9.6405 – 8.8283 = 0.8122

80 dv
8. The velocity, v, of an object in a medium at time t seconds is given by: t = 
20 v(2v − 1)
Evaluate t, in milliseconds, correct to 2 decimal places.

1 A B A(2v − 1) + B v
Let  + =
v(2v − 1) v (2v − 1) v(2v − 1)

then 1 = A(2v - 1) + B v

Let v = 0, 1=-A i.e. A=-1

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis Chapter 47 720

 1 1
Let v = , 1= B i.e. B=2
2 2
dv 80  1 2 
 dv =  − ln v + ln(2v − 1)  20
80
Hence, t =  =  − +
80
20 v(2v − 1) 20
 v 2v − 1 

= (- ln 80 + ln 159) – (- ln20 + ln39)

= 0.68688 – 0.66783

= 0.01905 s = 19.05 ms

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis Chapter 47 721

EXERCISE 228 Page 493

4x − 3
1. Integrate with respect to x:  (x + 1) 2
dx

4x − 3 4 7
= − from question 1, Exercise 38, page 77
(x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 1) 2
2

4x − 3  4 7 
Hence,  (x + 1) 2
dx =  
 (x + 1)
−
(x + 1) 2 

dx

4
 (x + 1) dx = 4ln(x + 1)
7
To determine  (x + 1) 2
dx , let u = x + 1, then du = dx

7 7  u −1  7 7
 (x + 1)2  u2 
−2
and dx = du = 7 u du = 7  =− =−
 −1  u (x + 1)

4x − 3  4 7  7
Hence,  (x + 1) 2
dx =   − 2 
 (x + 1) (x + 1) 
dx = 4 ln(x + 1) - -
(x + 1)
+c

7
= 4 ln(x + 1) + +c
(x + 1)

5x 2 − 30x + 44
2. Integrate with respect to x:  dx
(x − 2)3

5x 2 − 30x + 44 A B C A(x − 2)2 + B(x − 2) + C

Let  + + =
(x − 2)3 (x − 2) (x − 2) 2 (x − 2)3 (x − 2)3

Hence, 5x 2 − 30x + 44 = A(x − 2)2 + B(x − 2) + C

Let x = 2, 4=C

Equating x 2 coefficients, 5=A

Equating x coefficients, - 30 = - 4A + B i.e. B = - 30 + 20 = - 10

5x 2 − 30x + 44  5 10 4 
Thus,  (x − 2) 3
dx =   − + 3 
 (x − 2) (x − 2) (x − 2) 
2
dx

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis Chapter 47 722

 10 2
= 5 ln(x – 2) + − +c using the algebraic substitution
(x − 2) (x − 2)2
u = x – 2 in the latter two integrals

2 x 2 + 7x + 3
3. Evaluate, correct to 4 significant figures: 1 x 2 (x + 3)

x 2 + 7x + 3 1 2 1
= 2+ − from question 2, Exercise 38, page 77
x (x + 3) x
2
x (x + 3)

x 2 + 7x + 3 2  1 1 
2
2 2  1 
Hence,  1 x (x + 3)
2
=  2 + −
1
x

x (x + 3) 
dx =  − + 2 ln x − ln(x + 3) 
 x 1

 1  
=  − + 2 ln 2 − ln 5  − ( −1 + 2 ln1 − ln 4 ) 
 2  

= (- 0.7231436) – (- 2.386294) = 1.663

7 18 + 21x − x 2
4. Evaluate, correct to 4 significant figures:  6 (x − 5)(x + 2)2
dx

18 + 21x − x 2 A B C A(x + 2)2 + B(x − 5) ( x + 2 ) + C ( x − 5 )

Let  + + =
(x − 5)(x + 2) 2 (x − 5) (x + 2) (x + 2) 2 (x − 5)(x + 2) 2

Hence, 18 + 21x − x 2 = A(x + 2)2 + B(x − 5)(x + 2) + C(x − 5)

Let x = 5, 98 = 49A i.e. A=2

Let x = -2, -28 = -7C i.e. C=4

Equating x 2 coefficients, -1 = A + B i.e. B = -3

7 18 + 21x − x 2 7 2 3 4 
Thus,  6 (x − 5)(x + 2) 2
dx =  6  − + 2 
 (x − 5) (x + 2) (x + 2) 
dx

7
 4 
=  2 ln(x − 5) − 3ln(x + 2) −
 (x + 2)  6

 4  4
=  2 ln 2 − 3ln 9 −  −  2 ln1 − 3ln 8 −  = 1.089
 9  8

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis Chapter 47 723

EXERCISE 229 Page 495

x 2 − x − 13
1. Determine  (x 2 + 7)(x − 2) dx

x 2 − x − 13 Ax + B C (Ax + B)(x − 2) + C ( x 2 + 7 )
Let 2  + =
( x + 7 ) ( x − 2) ( x 2 + 7 ) ( x − 2) ( x 2 + 7) ( x − 2)
Hence, x 2 − x − 13 = (Ax + B)(x − 2) + C ( x 2 + 7 )

Let x = 2, -11 = 11C i.e. C = -1

Equating x 2 coefficients, 1=A+C i.e. A=2

Equating x coefficients, -1 = -2A + B i.e. B=3

x 2 − x − 13  2x + 3 1   2x 3 1 
Hence,  ( x 2 + 7 ) ( x − 2) 
dx =  2 −  dx = 
 ( x + 7 ) (x − 2) 
 2 + 2 −  dx
 ( x + 7 ) ( x + 7 ) (x − 2) 
   
2x 3 1
=  (x + 7)
dx +  dx −  dx
( ) (x − 2)
2 2
x2 + 7

= ln ( x 2 + 7 ) +
3 x
tan −1 − ln(x − 2) + c
7 7

6 6x − 5
2. Evaluate, correct to 4 significant figures:  5 (x − 4)(x 2 + 3)
dx

Bx + C A ( x + 3) + (Bx + C)(x − 4)
2
6x − 5 A
Let  + =
( x − 4 ) ( x 2 + 3) (x − 4) ( x 2 + 3) ( x − 4 ) ( x 2 + 3)
Hence, 6x − 5 = A ( x 2 + 3) + (Bx + C)(x − 4)

Let x = 4, 19 = 19A i.e. A=1

Equating x 2 coefficients, 0=A+B i.e. B = -1

Equating x coefficients, 6 = -4B + C i.e. C=2

 1  
6 6x − 5 6 2−x  6
 1 + 2 x 
Thus,  (x − 4) ( x + 3)
dx =   + 2  dx = 
 (x − 4) ( x + 3)   (x − 4) − 2
( x + 3) 
dx
( )
2 2
 x2 + 3
5 5 5
  

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis Chapter 47 724

 6
 
− ln ( x 2 + 3) 
2 x 1
= ln(x − 4) + tan −1
 3 3 2 5

 2 6 1   2 5 1 
=  ln 2 + tan −1 − ln 39  −  ln1 + tan −1 − ln 28 
 3 3 2   3 3 2 

= (0.35065) – (-0.23736)

= 0.5880

2 4
3. Evaluate, correct to 4 significant figures: 1 (16 − x 2 )
dx

2
2 4 2 1  1  4 + x 
1 (16 − x )
2
dx = 4 1
(4 − x )
2 2
dx = 4  ln  
 2(4)  4 − x   1
from Problem 11, page 544

1  6   5   1  5
=   ln  −  ln   = ln 3 − ln  = 0.2939
2  2   3   2  3

5 2
4. Evaluate, correct to 4 significant figures:  4 (x − 9)
2
dx

5
5 2 5 1  1  x − 3 
 4 (x − 9)
2
dx = 2  4
(x − 3 )
2 2
dx = 2  ln  
 2(3)  x + 3   4
from Problem 9, page 544

1  2   1   1  1 1
=   ln  −  ln   = ln − ln  = 0.1865
3  8   7   3  4 7

EXERCISE 230 Page 495

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c)

© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis Chapter 47 725