Wal l ^ 1 1

Coupling Beams Slab

(Shell)
(3 )

m = m 2=0.7 (Uncracked)
11 2 f11 =f 12 f22 m22 0.35
= = =
nriii= mi =m =0.25
2 22

mn= m 2=0.35 (Cracked)

2

(1) - The correct parameters that need to be modified to reflect cracked section properties for
walls are fn & f 2, however due to the inevitable axial shortening, JAFZA requires that m-
2

parameters be revised. Refer to the discussion below for further clarification.

(2) -lt should be noted that revising stiffness modifiers to cater for cracked sections in shell
elements in trivial. The gross section area based on UBC 97 (Clause 1910.11) and ACI
318(Section 10.11) provisions should not be changed. This may be easily accounted for
frame elements by just revising the section modifier for moment of inertia. However, the
axial and bending stiffness for shell elements can not be de-coupled, i.e., changing the
bending stiffness will inevitably affect the axial stiffness. This may cause displacement
incompatibility with adjacent frame column which in turn may require revising the axial
stiffness for vertical frame elements, as opposed to code explicit provisions.

(3) -Lower stiffness modifier values may be assigned for coupling beams based on the actual
state of cracking in the element from the analysis results.

3.6 Assign Pier / Spandrel Label

The pier / spandrel labelling is a convenient way to get the design forces for walls and
coupling beams especially when they are modelled as shell elements. Special care shall be
taken when defining these labels to ensure realistic values. The reader is urged to refer to
CSI's ETABS Manual and Shear Wall Design Manual for further details.

A wall pier can consist of a combination of both area objects (shell elements) and line objects
(frame elements). If you want to get output forces reported for wall piers, or if you want to design
wall piers, you must first define them. Define a wall pier by selecting all of the line and/or area
objects that make up the pier and assigning them the same pier label. If a wall pier is made up of
both line and area objects, assign the pier label to the line and area objects separately.

A wall spandrel can consist of a combination of both area objects (shell elements) and line
objects (frame elements). If you want to get output forces reported for wall spandrels, or if you
want to design wall spandrels, you must first define them. Define a wall spandrel by selecting all
of the line and/or area objects that make up the spandrel and assigning them the same spandrel
label. If a wall spandrel is made up of both line and area objects, assign the spandrel label to the
line and area objects separately.

3.7 Assign Area Mesh Option

Selected areas can be meshed using the Edit>Mesh Areas command toolbar button. Several
options are available in the Mesh Selected Areas form:
• Auto Mesh Area (Horiz): This option meshes the selected area into smaller areas. The
smaller areas are three-sided or four-sided and must have beams on all sides.

Cookie Cut at Selected Line Object (Horiz): This option meshes the selected area at the
selected lines. Select one or multiple lines. If the selected line passes through more than one
area, all of the areas will be meshed. Note that this and the Auto Mesh Area option only work in
plan view.

Cookie Cut at Selected Point at [Specified] Angle: Use this option to mesh areas at a
specified point and angle. The angle will be measured in the counter clockwise direction for the x
and y-axis. If the point lies in the overlapping region of two areas, both of the areas will be
meshed at the given angle.

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 Mesh Quads/Triangles into [Specified Number] by [Specified Number] Areas: This option
meshes the selected area in the number of areas specified by the user. For example, specifying
a meshing of 2 by 8 means that the selected area will be meshed into 2 areas along the x-axis
and 8 areas along the y-axis. The size of the meshed areas will be uniform along a given
direction. Only quads and triangles can be meshed using this option.

r Mesh Quads/Triangles at Intersections with Visible Grid Lines: This option meshes each
selected area at any location where it intersects a visible grid line, regardless of the coordinate
system associated with the grid line.

Selected Point Objects on Edges: Selecting this option will mesh the area (horizontally and
vertically) using the selected point at the edge as reference. One more points can be selected
for this type of meshing.

D Interactions with Selected Line Objects: The areas selected are meshed with the line
intersecting the area. More than one line can be selected to mesh a desired area.

Note the following about Meshing Area Objects:

^The property assignments to meshed area objects are the same as the original area object.

r Load and mass assignments on the original area object are appropriately broken up onto the
meshed area objects.

When this menu item is clicked, all edges of the currently selected area will be split at their
mid-points. If clicked again for the same selected area, they will be divided in half again, and so
on.

The program does not offer any automatic meshing for walls, however, for slab elements, the
automatic meshing option may be done as shown below.
Area Object Auto Mesh Options

Floor Meshing Options

C Default (Auto Mesh at Beams and Walls if Membrane • No Auto Mesh if Shell or Plate)

For Defining Rigid Diaphragm and Mass Only (No Stiffness - No Vertical Load Transfer)

C No Auto Meshing (Use Object as Structural Element)

(* Auto Mesh Object into Structural Elements

I ? Mesh at Beams and Other Meshing Lines
P7 Mesh at Wall and Ramp Edges

|~~ Mesh at Visible Grids ^

I? iFurther Subdivide Auto Mesh with Maximum Element Size oij fl

Ramp and Wall Meshing Options

( • N o Subdivision of Object

C Subdivide Object into f~~ vertical and \ horizontal

C Subdivide Object into Elements with Maximum Size of

OK Cancel

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