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    Termodinamica ch03

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    Rebeca Almeida
    This document discusses thermodynamic properties and processes. It provides: 1) An overview of intensive thermodynamic properties like enthalpy, internal energy, and specific volume that are used to describe the state of compressible systems. 2) Descriptions of phase diagrams and charts showing single and two-phase regions for substances that expand or contract on freezing. 3) Methods for retrieving thermodynamic property values through interpolation of tables or using approximations and models for ideal gases, liquids, solids and compressible substances. 4) Equations defining polytropic processes for ideal gases and methods for evaluating work done during compression or expansion.

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    Termodinamica ch03

    Uploaded by

    Rebeca Almeida
    14 views35 pages
    This document discusses thermodynamic properties and processes. It provides: 1) An overview of intensive thermodynamic properties like enthalpy, internal energy, and specific volume that are used to describe the state of compressible systems. 2) Descriptions of phase diagrams and charts showing single and two-phase regions for substances that expand or contract on freezing. 3) Methods for retrieving thermodynamic property values through interpolation of tables or using approximations and models for ideal gases, liquids, solids and compressible substances. 4) Equations defining polytropic processes for ideal gases and methods for evaluating work done during compression or expansion.

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    Termodinamica_ch03

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    This document discusses thermodynamic properties and processes. It provides: 1) An overview of intensive thermodynamic properties like enthalpy, internal energy, and specific volume that are used to describe the state of compressible systems. 2) Descriptions of phase diagrams and charts showing single and two-phase regions for substances that expand or contract on freezing. 3) Methods for retrieving thermodynamic property values through interpolation of tables or using approximations and models for ideal gases, liquids, solids and compressible substances. 4) Equations defining polytropic processes for ideal gases and methods for evaluating work done during compression or expansion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views35 pages

    Termodinamica ch03

    Uploaded by

    Rebeca Almeida
    This document discusses thermodynamic properties and processes. It provides: 1) An overview of intensive thermodynamic properties like enthalpy, internal energy, and specific volume that are used to describe the state of compressible systems. 2) Descriptions of phase diagrams and charts showing single and two-phase regions for substances that expand or contract on freezing. 3) Methods for retrieving thermodynamic property values through interpolation of tables or using approximations and models for ideal gases, liquids, solids and compressible substances. 4) Equations defining polytropic processes for ideal gases and methods for evaluating work done during compression or expansion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 35

    CHAPTER 3:

    Evaluating Properties
    The State Principle
    Two independent, intensive, thermodynamic
    properties are required to fix the state of a
    simple compressible system.

    For example: P and v T and u x and h

    Intensive thermodynamic properties:


    h – specific u – specific internal x – quality s –specific entropy
    enthalpy energy (steam only)
    P –absolute T – absolute v – specific Less used:
    pressure temperature volume g - Gibbs free energy
    a - Helmholz free energy
    P-v-T Relation
    For a substance that expands on freezing. Note
    the location of the following:
    - Single and two-phase regions
    - Saturation states
    - Triple line and critical point
    P-v-T Relation
    For a substance that contracts on freezing.
    T-v Diagram

    Diagram courtesy of Jerry M. Seitzman, 2001.


    Phase Changes

    Constant Pressure phase change of water:

    a) Subcooled or Compressed Liquid


    b) Two-phase liquid-vapor mixture (steam)
    c) Superheated vapor
    T-v Diagram for Water
    Phase Diagram for Water
    Retrieving Thermodynamic Properties
    Vapor and Liquid Tables
    Values are dependent
    on reference states
    For Water:
    – Superheated vapor
    properties in Tables
    A-4, A-4E
    – Compressed liquid
    properties in Tables
    A-5, A-5E
    Retrieving Thermodynamic Properties
    Linear Interpolation between values in the tables

    TL − T vL − v Subscripts:

    = L – Value in table at lower end

    TH − TL vH − vL
    H – Value in table at upper end
    None – value of interest
    Retrieving Thermodynamic Properties
    Quality: For use in Tables A-2 and A-3
    • For Saturated Mixture
    (Liquid-Vapor) Region mg
    – Quality; x; an intensive x≡
    property
    – x gives fraction that is m f + mg
    vapor (gas)
    – (1-x) gives Moisture
    Content
    0 ≤ x ≤ 1;
    x = 0 → Saturated Liquid (subscript ‘f’)
    x = 1 → Saturated Vapor (subscript ‘g’)
    ‘fg’ → ‘g’-’f’
    Retrieving Thermodynamic Properties
    Retrieving Thermodynamic Properties
    Enthalpy

    H = U + P ⋅V
    h =u + P⋅v
    Enthalpy is a property constructed due to the frequent
    occurrence of the above combination of properties.
    Retrieving Thermodynamic Properties
    Quality Relations
    LET b = ANY INTENSIVE PROPERTY
    – (b = v, u, h, s, etc.)

    b − bf b − bf
    =x =
    bg − b f b fg
    b = b f + x ⋅ b fg
    b fg= bg − b f
    b = x ⋅ bg + (1 − x ) ⋅ b f
    Evaluating Specific Heats
    ∂u  ∂h  cp
    cv =  cp =  k=
    ∂T  v ∂T  p cv
    Evaluating Properties of Liquids and
    Solids
    Approximations for liquids and solids
    • Using Saturated Liquid • Using ‘Incompressible
    Data (‘Compressed Substance Model’
    Liquid Rule’)
    c=
    p c=
    v c
    v ≈ vf u2 − u1= c(T2 − T1 )
    h ≈ hf h2 − h1= c(T2 − T1 ) + v ( P2 − P1 )
    h2 − h1 ≈ c(T2 − T1 )
    u ≈ uf
    s ≈ sf
    Generalized Compressibility Chart
    Universal Gas Constant

    pv�
    lim �
    =R
    p→0 T

    8.314 kJ/(kmol. K)
    � o
    R=� 1.986 Btu/(lbmol. R)
    1545 ft. lbf/(lbmol. o R)
    Generalized Compressibility Chart
    Compressibility Factor
    pv�
    Z=
    �T
    R
    v� = Mv
    pv �
    R
    Z= R=
    RT M
    Generalized Compressibility Chart
    Reduced Pressure

    p
    pR =
    pc

    Reduced Temperature

    T
    TR =
    Tc
    Evaluating Properties of Ideal Gases
    Requirements:
    Pv = nRT R 𝑍𝑍 ≈ 1
    R= T ≫ Tc
    Pv = RT M
    P ≪ Pc
    PV = mRT
    The Ideal Gas Model:
    When specific heats
    du are assumed constant
    u = u(T ) cv (T ) = Table A-20(E):
    dT u2 − u= cv (T2 − T1 )
    =h h= (T ) u(T ) + RT 1
    dh
    Tables A-22(E) and A-23 (E) c p (T ) = h2 − h=
    1 c p (T2 − T1 )
    dT
    𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇) = 𝑐𝑐𝑣𝑣 (𝑇𝑇) + 𝑅𝑅 𝑐𝑐�𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇) = 𝑐𝑐�𝑣𝑣 (𝑇𝑇) + 𝑅𝑅�
    Evaluating Properties of Ideal Gases

    𝑐𝑐�𝑝𝑝
    = 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽𝑇𝑇 + 𝛾𝛾𝑇𝑇 2 + 𝛿𝛿𝑇𝑇 3 + 𝜀𝜀𝑇𝑇 4 Table A-21
    𝑅𝑅
    Polytropic Process of an Ideal Gas
    PV n = constant
    For a closed system: n
    P2  V1 
    = 
    P1  V2 
    Expansion/Compression (Moving
    Boundary) Work (Ideal Gas OR liquid): Ideal Gases ONLY:
    ( n −1) / n ( n −1)
    T2  P2   V1 
    P2V2 − PV
    2
    = =
       
    ∫ P ⋅ dV
    =
    1
    1− n
    1 1
    , ( n ≠ 1) T1  P1   V2 
    mR(T2 − T1 )
    2
    2
     V2  ∫ P ⋅ dV
    = ,( n ≠ 1)
    ∫ P ⋅ dV
    = PV
    1 1 =
    ln  , ( n 1)
     V1 
    1
    1− n
    1 2
     V2 
    ∫1 P ⋅ dV =
    mRT ln  
     V1 

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