Seminar

On
Face
Recognition

Introduction
History
Facial Recognition
Implementation
How it works
Strengths & Weaknesses
Applications
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion
 Everyday actions are increasingly being
handled electronically, instead of pencil
and paper or face to face.

 This growth in electronic transactions

results in great demand for fast and
accurate user identification and
authentication.

 Access codes for buildings, banks accounts

and computer systems often use PIN's for
identification and security clearences.
 Using the proper PIN gains access, but the
user of the PIN is not verified. When credit
and ATM cards are lost or stolen, an
unauthorized user can often come up with
the correct personal codes.
 Face recognition technology may solve
this problem since a face is undeniably
connected to its owner expect in the case of
identical twins.
  It requires no physical interaction on
behalf of the user.
 It is accurate and allows for high
enrolment and verification rates.
 It can use your existing hardware
infrastructure, existing camaras and image
capture Devices will work with no problems

 In 1960s, the first semi-automated system for

facial recognition to locate the features(such as
eyes, ears, nose and mouth) on the photographs.
 In 1970s, Goldstein and Harmon used 21
specific subjective markers such as hair color
and lip thickness to automate the recognition.
 In 1988, Kirby and Sirovich used standard linear
algebra technique, to the face recognition.
In Facial recognition there are two types of
comparisons:-

 VERIFICATION- The system compares the

given individual with who they say they are and
gives a yes or no decision.

 IDENTIFICATION- The system compares the

given individual to all the Other individuals in
the database and gives a ranked list of matches.

 All identification or authentication

technologies operate using the following four
stages:
 Capture: A physical or behavioural sample is
captured by the system during Enrollment
and also in identification or verification
process.
 Extraction: unique data is extracted from
the sample and a template is created.
 Comparison: the template is then
compared with a new sample.
 Match/non-match: the system decides if
the features extracted from the new Samples
are a match or a non match.
The implementation of face recognition
technology includes the following four stages:
Image acquisition
Image processing
Distinctive characteristic location
Template creation
Template matching

Facial-scan technology can acquire faces from

almost any static camera or video system that
generates images of sufficient quality and
resolution.
High-quality enrollment is essential to eventual
verification and identification enrollment images
define the facial characteristics to be used in all
future authentication events.
Images are cropped such that the ovoid facial
image remains, and color images are normally
converted to black and white in order to facilitate
initial comparisons based on grayscale
characteristics.
First the presence of faces or face in a scene must
be detected. Once the face is detected, it must be
localized and Normalization process may be
required to bring the dimensions of the live facial
sample in alignment with the one on the template.
 All facial-scan systems attempt to match visible
facial features in a fashion similar to the way
people recognize one another.
 The features most often utilized in facial-scan
systems are those least likely to change
significantly over time: upper ridges of the eye
sockets, areas around the cheekbones, sides of
the mouth, nose shape, and the position of major
features relative to each other.

 Behavioural changes such as alteration of

hairstyle, changes in makeup, growing or
shaving facial hair, adding or removing
eyeglasses are behaviours that impact the ability
of facial-scan systems to locate distinctive
features, facial-scan systems are no t y e t
developed to the point where they can overcome
such variables.
Enrollment templates are normally created
from a multiplicity of processed facial images.
These templates can vary in size from less
than 100 bytes, generated through certain
vendors and to over 3K for templates.
The 3K template is by far the largest among
technologies considered physiological
biometrics.
Larger templates are normally associated
with behavioral biometrics,
 It compares match templates against
enrollment templates.
A series of images is acquired and scored
against the enrollment, so that a user
attempting 1:1 verification within a facial-scan
system may have 10 to 20 match attempts take
place within 1 to 2 seconds.
facial-scan is not as effective as finger-scan or
iris-scan in identifying a single individual from
a large database, a number of potential
matches are generally returned after large-
scale facial-scan identification searches.

Facial recognition software is based on the ability

to first recognize faces, which is a technological
feat in itself. If you look at the mirror, you can see
that your face has certain distinguishable
landmarks. These are the peaks and valleys that
make up the different facial features.
VISIONICS defines these landmarks as nodal
points. There are about 80 nodal points on a
human face.
 Here are few nodal points that are measured by
the software.
1. distance between the eyes
2. width of the nose
3. depth of the eye socket
4. cheekbones
5. jaw line
6. chin

 Detection- when the system is attached to a video

surveilance system, the recognition software
searches the field of view of a video camera for faces.
If there is a face in the view, it is detected within a
fraction of a second. A multi-scale algorithm is used
to search for faces in low resolution. The system
switches to a high-resolution search only after a
head-like shape is detected.
 Alignment- Once a face is detected, the system
determines the head's position, size and pose. A face
needs to be turned at least 35 degrees toward the
camera for the system to register it.
 Normalization-The image of the head is scaled
and rotated so that it can be registered and
mapped into an appropriate size and pose.
Normalization is performed regardless of the
head's location and distance from the camera.
Light does not impact the normalization process.
 Representation-The system translates the facial
data into a unique code. This coding process
allows for easier comparison of the newly
acquired facial data to stored facial data.
 Matching- The newly acquired facial data is
compared to the stored data and (ideally) linked
to at least one stored facial representation.

 The system maps the face and creates a

faceprint, a unique numerical code for that
face. Once the system has stored a faceprint,
it can compare it to the thousands or millions
of faceprints stored in a database.
 Each faceprint is stored as an 84-byte file.
 It has the ability to leverage existing image
acquisition equipment.
 It can search against static images such as
driver’s license photographs.
 It is the only biometric able to operate without
user cooperation.

 Changes in acquisition environment

reduce matching accuracy.
 Changes in physiological
cha ra c t er i s t i c s r ed u c e m a t c h i n g
accuracy.
 It has the potential for privacy abuse
due to noncooperative enrollment and
identification capabilities.
Replacement of PIN, physical tokens
No need of human assistance for identification
Prison visitor systems
Border control
Voting system
Computer security
Banking using ATM
Physical access control of buildings ,areas etc.

Convenient, social acceptability

Easy to use
Inexpensive technique of identification
Problem with false rejection when people
change their hair style, grow or shave a
beard or wear glasses.
Identical twins

Factors such as environmental changes and mild

changes in appearance impact the technology to
a greater degree than many expect.
For implementations where the biometric system
must verify and identify users reliably over time,
facial scan can be a very difficult, but not
impossible, technology to implement successfully.