INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING

Mrs.Kadam G.M

 Introduction to Cloud Computing

 What is Cloud

The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet. In other words, we can say that Cloud is something, which is
present at remote location. Cloud can provide services over public and private networks, i.e., WAN, LAN or
VPN.Applications such as e-mail, web conferencing, customer relationship management (CRM) execute on
cloud.

 Cloud Computing
Cloud computing means storing and accessing the data and programs on remote servers that are hosted on the
internet instead of the computer’s hard drive or local server . Cloud computing is also referred to as Internet-
based computing, it is a technology where the resource is provided as a service through the Internet to the
user. The data which is stored can be files, images, documents, or any other storable document.

Some operations which can be performed with cloud computing are –

 Storage, backup, and recovery of data
 Delivery of software on demand
 Development of new applications and services
 Streaming videos and audio

Cloud Computing is a user-friendly technology that allows the user to store a large amount of data in a
secure way and flexibility of access anytime when needed.

As the data stored in the cloud enhances confidentiality, it is widely used by business sectors, businesses,
and education. Every industry/company or any professionally growing business should keep their data up-
to-date from older to the latest.

Handling a large amount of data by a single person/company/server/institution are little difficult and
sometimes leads to data errors. To rectify all these problems a boon like technology emerged in IT called
“Cloud Computing”. Some cloud service providers are in the following figure.

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Some operations which can be performed with cloud computing are –
 Storage, backup, and recovery of data
 Delivery of software on demand
 Development of new applications and services
 Streaming videos and audio

 Why Cloud Computing?

Here are the top reasons why to switch to Cloud Computing instead of owning a database server.
1. Reduces cost :
On average 15% of the total cost can be saved by companies if they migrate to the cloud. By the use of cloud
servers businesses will save and reduce costs with no need to employ a staff of technical support personnel
to address server issues. There are many great business modules regarding the cost-cutting benefits of
cloud servers such as the Coca-Cola and Pinterest case studies.
2. More storage :
For software and applications to execute as quickly and efficiently as possible, it provides more servers,
storage space, and computing power. Many tools are available for cloud storage such as Dropbox, Onedrive,
Google Drive, iCloud Drive, etc.
 Top leading Cloud Computing companies
1. Amazon Web Services(AWS): One of the most successful cloud-based businesses is Amazon Web
Services(AWS), which is an Infrastructure as a Service(Iaas) offering that pays rent for virtual computers
on Amazon’s infrastructure.
2. Microsoft Azure Platform: Microsoft is creating the Azure platform which enables the .NET Framework
Application to run over the internet as an alternative platform for Microsoft developers. This is the
classic Platform as a Service(PaaS).
3. Google: Google has built a worldwide network of data centers to service its search engine. From this
service, Google has captured the world’s advertising revenue. By using that revenue, Google offers free
software to users based on infrastructure. This is called Software as a Service(SaaS).
4. IBM Cloud is a collection of cloud computing services for businesses provided by the IBM Corporation. It
provides infrastructure as a service, software as a service, and platform as a service.
5. Oracle Cloud is a collection of cloud services offered by Oracle Corporation, including infrastructure as a
service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS).
6. Alibaba Cloud is the cloud computing arm of Alibaba Group, providing a comprehensive suite of global
cloud computing services to power both their international customers’ online businesses and Alibaba
Group’s own e-commerce ecosystem.
7. Tencent Cloud is a cloud service platform provided by Tencent. It provides a range of services such as
virtual machines, storage, databases, and analytics.

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  Roots of Cloud Computing

There are four main roots of cloud computing: internet technologies, distributed computing, hardware, and
system management. These roots help computers to extend their capacities and make them more powerful.
Cloud computing provides 3 types of services: Software as a service, IaaS – Infrastructure as a Service, and
PaaS – Platform as a Service.

There are also four types of cloud available on the base of a cloud platform: free, public, hybrid, and platform.
Cloud computing technology is significantly advanced and contributes to the business to the next level.

To understand cloud computing roots of cloud computing, there are mainly four roots of cloud computing,

1. Internet Technologies
2. Distributed computing
3. Hardware
4. System management

 Root -1 : Internet Technologies

Virtualization and Service-Oriented Architecture

Virtualization is the process of deploying virtual resources in cloud infrastructures such as servers, storage
management, and desktop. To reduce the cost and time effort of cloud providers this virtualization concept is
introduced.

Virtualization is subdivided into various types

 Desktop Virtualization:
Desktop Virtualization is the concept of users accessing their desktops virtually from any location. For the end-
user environment, this desktop virtualization is created.
The types of desktop virtualization are as follows
Virtual desktop Infrastructure-The actions are done in the central server which provides the virtual desktop
service to the end-user.
Remote desktop Services-Users are allowed to work based on windows applications remotely
Desktop as a Service-In Desktop as a Service, a third party hosts the virtual application

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  Application Virtualization:
In application virtualization, the users are all allowed to use the application in the system rather than one which
is installed. The OS and system software are installed on many computers.
 Network Virtualization
The combination of both hardware and software operations is called Network Virtualization. It establishes a
connection between the application and the software system.
 Storage Virtualization
The storage virtualization array consists of multiple arrays which are appeared to be single virtualization. It can
be either called a disk array or a storage array.
 Server Virtualization
Partitioning the single server into multiple servers which can run on their independent operating
system.
 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
As the business grows, there is a large number of implementation of software and hardware requirements,
which is difficult to manage. Hence SOA helps to maintain and implement the architecture.
 Platform As A Service (PAAS)
As the name itself indicates “platform” means it gives a complete technical platform to the customer such as
hardware, software, and infrastructure for developing and deploying the application.
 Infrastructure as a service (IAAS)
It is purely an infrastructure-based cloud computing service that provides complete infrastructure like
supporting web applications, and services based on user facility.
Examples of IAAS are Amazon Web Services, Google compute engine (GCE), Green Cloud Technologies, and
Microsoft Azure.
 Software as a Service (SAAS)
SAAS enables the end-user to use cloud-based applications utilizing the web. It is defined as “On-Demand
Software “hosted by the cloud service provider. example is Gmail.

 Root -2: Distributed Computing

Distributed Computing is the connection of one or more several computer swhich are connected to form a
network to share information. A wide number of computers are connected to a single network. Examples
include the Internet and Gmail
To understand the second root, for example, a computer is a general store and documents in the form
of files. Each document stored in the computer has a specific location, either on the local hard disk or it is
stored over the internet.
Now, when someone visits your website over the internet, they browse through the files on the browser
without downloading them. This means users can access the files at the specific location after processing and
send that files back to the server. Thus, it is known as distributed computing of the cloud.
It is distributed in a manner so people can access it anywhere in the world. With the help of this root, all
the related resources like memory space, processor speed, and hard drive space are utilized in the best
possible manner.

 Root -3: Hardware

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The hardware components of cloud computing include,
Storage array
Switches
Router
Firewall
Backup devices
Servers
Load balancers
When we talk about Hardware for cloud computing, it is usually virtual, and people do not need to buy it.
Generally, computers require hardware such as CPU, RAM, ROM, and Motherboard to process, store,
analyze, and manage the data.
There are no hardware devices or components in Cloud Computing because the applications are managed
via the internet. If you are using a large amount of data, it becomes very difficult for your computer to manage
the constant increase in data.
On the other hand, the cloud stores data on its own computers rather than having the computer that
holds the data physically. In cloud computing, virtualization allows users to use resources from multiple
virtual machines. It makes it easier and cheaper for customers to use cloud services.
Moreover, In the Service Level Agreement (SLA) based cloud computing model, each customer gets
their own virtual machine called Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)In short, a single cloud computing platform
provides all the requirements of hardware, software, and operating system.

 Root -4: System Management

Cloud management consists of public, private, and hybrid clouds. Cloud computing performs the overall control
and work of the system.
 Public cloud:
The public cloud is common to everyone and is easily accessible by anyone. It is provided over the internet to
general people or major industry groups. Simple examples are Gmail and Google drive.
 Private cloud:
The difference between public and private is, that the latter ensures the privacy and security of the data
through firewalls and internet hosting. If large IT organizations and business groups are looking for secure cloud
options, the best option is the Private cloud. Examples of private clouds are Amazon Web Services, IBM,
VMware, and Microsoft azure.
 Multi-cloud:
The name itself indicates partial meaning that the organization uses one or more cloud services such as public
and private cloud or both public and private cloud. Examples of multi-cloud are Amazon Web Services (AWS),
Google Cloud Platform (GCP), and IBM. Hybrid cloud: The difference between multi and hybrid cloud is that the
latter combines two or more different types of the cloud while multi-clouds combines different clouds of the
same type. Examples include Azure Stack, Azure arc, and Google antos.
System management handles the operations to improve the productivity and efficiency of the system. To
achieve this, management ensures all employees have easy access to all the necessary information.

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  LAYERS AND TYPES OF CLOUDS
Cloud computing services are divided into three classes
 Infrastructure as a Service,
 Platform as a Service,
 Software as a Service
Figure1.3 depicts the layered organization of the cloud stack from physical infrastructure to applications.
These abstraction levels can also be viewed as a layered architecture where services of a higher layer can be
composed from services of the underlying layer.
A core middleware manages physical resources and the VMs deployed on top of them; in addition, it
provides the required features(e.g., accounting and billing) to offer multi-tenant pay-as-you-go services.

 Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)
11 FIGURE 1.3 The cloud computing stack Infrastructure as a Service Offering virtualized resources
(computation,storage,andcommunication)on demand is known as Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS).
A cloud infrastructure enables on demand provisioning of servers running several choices of operating
systems and a customizeds oft ware stack. Infrastructure services are considered to be the bottom layer of
cloud computing systems.

 Platform as a Service
A cloud platform offers an environment on which developers create and deploy applications and do not
necessarily need to know how many processors or how much memory that applications will be using.
In addition, multiple programming models and specialized services(e.g., data access, authentication ,and
payments)are offered as building block stonew applications.
Google App Engine, an example of Platform as a Service, offers a scalable environment for developing and
hosting Web applications, which should be written in specific programming languages such as Python or Java,
and use the services ‘own proprietary structured object data store.

 Software as a Service
Applications reside on the top of the cloud stack. Services provided by this layer can be accessed by end users
through Web portals.
Therefore, consumers are increasingly shifting from locally installed computer programs to on-lines of
tware services that offer the same functionally. Traditional desktop applications such as word processing and
spread sheet can now be accessed as a service in the Web.

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 This model of delivering applications, known as Software as a Service(SaaS), alleviates the burden of
software maintenance for customers and simplifies development and testing for providers.
Sales force.com, which relies on the SaaS model, offers business productivity applications (CRM) that
reside completely on their servers, allowing customers to customize and access applications on demand.

 Deployment Models
A cloud can be classified as public, private, community, or hybrid based on model of deployment as
showninFigure 1.4.
Public cloud: ―cloud made available in a pay-as-you-go manner to the general public
Private cloud:― internal data center of a business or other organization, not made available to the general
public.
Community cloud: shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns
(e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations)
Hybrid cloud takes shape when a private cloud is supplemented with computing capacity from public
clouds. The approach of temporarily renting capacity to handle spikes in load is known as “cloudbursting”

 Desired Features of a Cloud

Cloud computing is becoming popular day by day. Continuous business expansion and growth requires
huge computational power and large-scale data storage systems. Cloud computing can help organizations
expand and securely move data from physical locations to the 'cloud' that can be accessed anywhere.

Cloud computing has many features that make it one of the fastest growing industries at present. The
flexibility offered by cloud services in the form of their growing set of tools and technologies has accelerated
its deployment across industries. This blog will tell you about the essential features of cloud computing.

1. Resources Pooling

Resource pooling is one of the essential features of cloud computing. Resource pooling means that a cloud
service provider can share resources among multiple clients, each providing a different set of services
according to their needs. It is a multi-client strategy that can be applied to data storage, processing and
bandwidth-delivered services. The administration process of allocating resources in real-time does not conflict
with the client's experience.

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2. On-Demand Self-Service

It is one of the important and essential features of cloud computing. This enables the client to continuously
monitor server uptime, capabilities and allocated network storage. This is a fundamental feature of cloud
computing, and a customer can also control the computing capabilities according to their needs.

3. Easy Maintenance

This is one of the best cloud features. Servers are easily maintained, and downtime is minimal or sometimes
zero. Cloud computing powered resources often undergo several updates to optimize their capabilities and
potential. Updates are more viable with devices and perform faster than previous versions.

4. Scalability And Rapid Elasticity

A key feature and advantage of cloud computing is its rapid scalability. This cloud feature enables cost-
effective handling of workloads that require a large number of servers but only for a short period. Many
customers have workloads that can be run very cost-effectively due to the rapid scalability of cloud
computing.

5. Economical

This cloud feature helps in reducing the IT expenditure of the organizations. In cloud computing, clients need
to pay the administration for the space used by them. There is no cover-up or additional charges that need to
be paid. Administration is economical, and more often than not, some space is allocated for free.

6. Security

Data security is one of the best features of cloud computing. Cloud services make a copy of the stored data to
prevent any kind of data loss. If one server loses data by any chance, the copied version is restored from the
other server. This feature comes in handy when multiple users are working on a particular file in real-time, and
one file suddenly gets corrupted.

7. Automation

Automation is an essential feature of cloud computing. The ability of cloud computing to automatically install,
configure and maintain a cloud service is known as automation in cloud computing. In simple words, it is the
process of making the most of the technology and minimizing the manual effort. However, achieving
automation in a cloud ecosystem is not that easy. This requires the installation and deployment of virtual
machines, servers, and large storage. On successful deployment, these resources also require constant
maintenance.

8. Resilience

Resilience in cloud computing means the ability of a service to quickly recover from any disruption . The
resilience of a cloud is measured by how fast its servers, databases and network systems restart and recover

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from any loss or damage. Availability is another key feature of cloud computing. Since cloud services can be
accessed remotely, there are no geographic restrictions or limits on the use of cloud resources.

9. Large Network Access

A big part of the cloud's characteristics is its ubiquity. The client can access cloud data or transfer data to the
cloud from any location with a device and internet connection. These capabilities are available everywhere in
the organization and are achieved with the help of internet. Cloud providers deliver that large network access
by monitoring and guaranteeing measurements that reflect how clients access cloud resources and data:
latency, access times, data throughput, and more.

 PaaS(Platform As a Service) Providers

Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a cloud computing service model that provides a platform allowing
customers to develop, run, and manage applications without dealing with the complexity of building and
maintaining the underlying infrastructure.
PaaS providers offer a set of tools, services, and development frameworks that enable developers to
focus on writing code and deploying applications, rather than managing the infrastructure, runtime, and other
lower-level components.
Here are some key aspects of PaaS providers:

 Application Development Frameworks:

PaaS providers offer pre-built development frameworks and tools that facilitate the development of
applications. These frameworks often include programming languages, libraries, and runtime environments that
are optimized for the platform.

 Middleware Services:
PaaS providers offer a range of middleware services that help in integrating different components of an
application. This can include databases, messaging systems, caching, and other services that are commonly
required in application development.

 Deployment and Scaling:

PaaS providers automate the deployment process, making it easier for developers to push their code into
production. They also provide tools for scaling applications, both vertically (upgrading resources within a single
server) and horizontally (adding more servers to a system).

 Database and Storage Services:

PaaS platforms typically include managed database services, which can simplify tasks such as backups, updates,
and scaling. Storage services are also provided for handling data storage requirements.

 Security and Compliance:

PaaS providers often have built-in security measures and compliance standards. They may offer features such
as identity management, encryption, and compliance certifications to help developers build secure applications.

 Monitoring and Analytics:

PaaS providers include tools for monitoring the performance and health of applications. This can include

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logging, analytics, and other monitoring features that help developers troubleshoot issues and optimize their
applications.

 Collaboration Tools:
Many PaaS providers include collaboration tools that allow developers to work together seamlessly. This can
include version control, project management, and other tools that enhance collaboration within development
teams.

 Scalability and Elasticity:

PaaS platforms provide the ability to scale applications based on demand. This can be achieved automatically or
through manual configuration, allowing applications to handle varying workloads efficiently.
Examples of PaaS providers include:

 Microsoft Azure App Service: Provides a platform for building, deploying, and scaling web apps.
 Google App Engine: A fully managed platform for building and deploying applications on a serverless
architecture.
 Heroku: A cloud platform that enables developers to deploy, manage, and scale applications.
 AWS Elastic Beanstalk: An easy-to-use service for deploying and scaling applications on AWS.
 IBM Cloud Foundry: An open-source platform for building, deploying, and scaling applications.

Each PaaS provider has its own set of features, pricing models, and supported technologies, so developers
often choose based on their specific requirements and preferences. PaaS offerings continue to evolve, providing
developers with more tools and services to streamline the application development and deployment process.

 Computing Cloud Architecture

Cloud Computing Architecture is divided into two parts, i.e., front-end and back-end. Front-end and back-end
communicate via a network or internet. A diagrammatic representation of cloud computing architecture is
shown below:

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 Cloud Computing Architecture

 Front-End

 It provides applications and the interfaces that are required for the cloud-based service.
 It consists of client’s side applications, which are web browsers such as Google Chrome and Internet
Explorer.

 Cloud infrastructure is the only component of the front-end. Let's understand it in detail.

Front-end - Cloud Computing Architecture

 Cloud infrastructure consists of hardware and software components such as data storage, server,
virtualization software, etc.

 It also provides a Graphical User Interface to the end-users to perform respective tasks.

Moving ahead, let’s understand what the back-end is.

 Back-End
It is responsible for monitoring all the programs that run the application on the front-end
It has a large number of data storage systems and servers. The back-end is an important and huge part of the
whole cloud computing architecture, as shown below:

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 Back-end - Cloud Computing Architecture
The components of the back-end cloud architecture are mentioned below. Let's understand them in detail one
by one.
 Application

 It can either be a software or a platform

 Depending upon the client requirement, the application provides the result to the end-user (with
resources) in the back end

 Service

 Service is an essential component in cloud architecture

 Its responsibility is to provide utility in the architecture

 In a Cloud, few widely used services among the end-users are storage application development
environments and web services

 Storage

 It stores and maintains data like files, videos, documents, etc. over the internet

 Some of the popular examples of storage services are below:

 Amazon S3

 Oracle Cloud-Storage

 Microsoft Azure Storage

 Its capacity varies depending upon the service providers available in the market

 Management

 Its task is to allot specific resources to a specific task, it simultaneously performs various functions of the
cloud environment

 It helps in the management of components like application, task, service, security, data storage, and cloud
infrastructure

 In simple terms, it establishes coordination among the cloud resources

 Security

 Security is an integral part of back-end cloud infrastructure

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 It provides secure cloud resources, systems, files, and infrastructure to end-users

 Also, it implements security management to the cloud server with virtual firewalls which results in
preventing data loss

Now, that we know the architecture of cloud computing, let’s move on and learn about the benefits of the
 Cloud Computing Architecture Components
Some of the important components of Cloud Computing architecture that we will be looking into are as
follows:
 Hypervisor
 Management Software
 Deployment Software
 Network
 Cloud Server
 Cloud Storage

Components of Cloud architecture

 Hypervisor

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 It is a virtual machine monitor which provides Virtual Operating Platforms to every user

 It also manages guest operating systems in the cloud

 Management Software

 Its responsibility is to manage and monitor cloud operations with various strategies to increase the
performance of the cloud

 Some of the operations performed by the management software are:

 compliance auditing
 management of overseeing disaster
 contingency plans

 Deployment Software

 It consists of all the mandatory installations and configurations required to run a cloud service

 Every deployment of cloud services are performed using a deployment software

 The three different models which can be deployed are the following:

 SaaS - Software as a service hosts and manages applications of the end-user.

Example: Gmail

Image_Name: PaaS

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 PaaS - Platform as a service helps developers to build, create, and manage applications.

Example: Microsoft Azure

 IaaS - Infrastructure as a service provides services on a pay-as-you-go pricing model.

 Network

 It connects the front-end and back-end. Also, allows every user to access cloud resources

 It helps users to connect and customize the route and protocol

 It is highly flexible, secure, and cost-effective

 Cloud Storage

 Here, every bit of data is stored and accessed by a user from anywhere over the internet

 It is scalable at run-time and is automatically accessed

 Data can be modified and retrieved from cloud storage over the web

 Challenges in cloud computing

Cloud is an important resource with its various benefits, but it has various risks and challenges as well. This article will
dive deep into a few of the most common cloud computing challenges faced by the industry, cloud security challenges
and risks, and cliched cloud computing problems and solutions.

cloud computing challenges are:

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  Data security and privacy
When working with Cloud environments, data security is a major concern as users have to take responsibility for their
data, and not all Cloud providers can assure 100% data privacy.

No identity access management, lack of visibility and control tools, data misuse, and cloud misconfiguration are the
common reasons behind cloud privacy leaks. There are also concerns about malicious insiders, insecure APIs, and
neglect or oversights in cloud data management.

Solution:

Install and implement the latest software updates, as well as configure network hardware to prevent security
vulnerabilities. Using antivirus and firewalls, increasing bandwidth for Cloud data availability, and implementing
cybersecurity solutions are some ways to prevent data security risks.

 Multi-cloud environments
Multi-cloud environments present issues and challenges such as – configuration errors, data governance, lack of security
patches, and no granularity. It is difficult to apply data management policies across various boards while tracking the
security requirements of multi-clouds.

Solution:

Implementing a multi-cloud data management solution can help you manage multi-cloud environments. We should be
careful while choosing the solution, as not all tools offer specific security functionalities, and multi-cloud environments
continue to become highly sophisticated and complex.

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  Performance challenges
The performance and security of cloud computing solutions depend on the vendors, and keep in mind that if a Cloud
vendor goes down, you may lose your data too.

Solution:

Cloud Service Providers should have real-time SaaS monitoring policies.

 Interoperability and flexibility

when you try to shift applications between two or multiple Cloud ecosystems, interoperability is a challenge. Some of
the most common issues are:

Match the target cloud environment’s specifications by rebuilding application stacks

Managing services and apps in the target cloud ecosystem

Working with data encryption during migration

Configuring networks in the target cloud for operations

Solution:

Before starting work on projects, setting Cloud interoperability as well as portability standards can help organizations
solve this problem. The use of multi-layer authorization and authentication tools is a good choice for account
verifications in hybrid, public, and private cloud ecosystems.

 High dependence on network

When transferring large volumes of information between Cloud data servers, a lack of sufficient internet bandwidth is a
common problem. There is a risk of sudden outages, and data is highly vulnerable. To help prevent business losses from
sudden outages, enterprises should ensure there is high bandwidth without sacrificing performance.

Solution:

Focus on improving operational efficiency and pay more for higher bandwidth to address network dependencies.

 Lack of knowledge and expertise

Hiring the right Cloud talent is another common challenge in cloud computing. There is a shortage of working security
professionals with the necessary qualifications in the industry. As the workloads are increasing, so are the number of
tools launched in the market. Enterprises need good expertise in order to efficiently utilize these tools and look out for
the best fit.

Solution:

Hire Cloud professionals having specializations in DevOps as well as automation.

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  Reliability and availability
High unavailability of Cloud services, as well as lack of reliability, are the major concerns in these ecosystems. In order to
keep up with ever-changing business requirements, businesses are forced to seek additional computing resources.

If a Cloud vendor gets hacked, the sensitive data of organizations using their services gets compromised.

Solution:

Improve both aspects by implementing the NIST Framework standards in Cloud environments.

 Password security
Account managers manage all their cloud accounts using the same passwords. Password management poses a critical
problem, and it is often found that users resort to using weak and reused passwords.

Solution:

Secure all your accounts by using a strong password management solution. To further improve security, in addition to a
password manager, use Multifactor Authentication (MFA). Cloud-based password managers should alert users of
security risks and leaks.

 Types of Cloud
Cloud computing is a revolutionary technology transforming how we store, access, and process data. It simply
refers to delivering computing resources, such as servers, storage, databases, software, and applications, over
the Internet. Cloud computing uses a network of remote computer systems housed on the net to save and
process data rather than relying on physical infrastructure.

Cloud service companies use advanced security techniques, which include encryption, firewalls, and access
restrictions, to secure your data from unauthorized access. Moreover, because your information is saved in
the cloud, it is secure even if your nearby devices are damaged, misplaced, or stolen. Redundancy and cloud
backups guarantee that your data may be restored promptly and effectively in case of any unexpected
situations.

 Types of Cloud

There are the following 5 types of cloud that you can deploy according to the organization's needs-

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o Public Cloud
o Private Cloud
o Hybrid Cloud

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  Public Cloud

Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the Internet using the pay-per-usage method.

In public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated by the Cloud Service Provider (CSP). The CSP
looks after the supporting infrastructure and ensures that the resources are accessible to and scalable for the
users.

Due to its open architecture, anyone with an internet connection may use the public cloud, regardless of
location or company size. Users can use the CSP's numerous services, store their data, and run apps. By using a
pay-per-usage strategy, customers can be assured that they will only be charged for the resources they
actually use, which is a smart financial choice.

Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM SmartCloud Enterprise, Microsoft, Google App Engine,
Windows Azure Services Platform.

 Characteristics of Public Cloud

The public cloud has the following key characteristics:

o Accessibility: Public cloud services are available to anyone with an internet connection. Users can
access their data and programs at any time and from anywhere.
o Shared Infrastructure: Several users share the infrastructure in public cloud settings. Cost reductions
and effective resource use are made possible by this.
o Scalability: By using the public cloud, users can easily adjust the resources they need based on their
requirements, allowing for quick scaling up or down.
o Pay-per-Usage: When using the public cloud, payment is based on usage, so users only pay for the
resources they actually use. This helps optimize costs and eliminates the need for upfront investments.
o Security Measures: Public cloud providers implement robust security measures to protect user data.
These include encryption, access controls, and regular security audits.

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  Advantages of Public Cloud

There are the following advantages of Public Cloud -

o Public cloud is owned at a lower cost than the private and hybrid cloud.
o Public cloud is maintained by the cloud service provider, so do not need to worry about the
maintenance.
o Public cloud is easier to integrate. Hence it offers a better flexibility approach to consumers.
o Public cloud is location independent because its services are delivered through the internet.
o Public cloud is highly scalable as per the requirement of computing resources.
o It is accessible by the general public, so there is no limit to the number of users.

 Disadvantages of Public Cloud

o Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.
o Performance depends upon the high-speed internet network link to the cloud provider.
o The data is not under the control of the client.
o Dependency on the cloud service provider for availability and service level agreements.
o Compliance challenges in meeting industry-specific regulations and standards.
o Risk of vendor lock-in and limited portability of applications and data.
o Concerns about data privacy and confidentiality.

 Private Cloud

Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud. It is used by organizations to build and
manage their own data centers internally or by the third party. It can be deployed using Opensource tools
such as Openstack and Eucalyptus.

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Examples: VMware vSphere, OpenStack, Microsoft Azure Stack, Oracle Cloud at Customer, and IBM Cloud
Private.

Based on the location and management, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) divide private
cloud into the following two parts-

o On-premise private cloud: An on-premise private cloud is situated within the physical infrastructure of
the organization. It involves setting up and running a specific data center that offers cloud services just
for internal usage by the company. The infrastructure is still completely under the hands of the
organization, which gives them the freedom to modify and set it up in any way they see fit.
Organizations can successfully manage security and compliance issues with this degree of control.
However, on-premise private cloud setup and management necessitate significant hardware, software,
and IT knowledge expenditures.
o Outsourced private cloud: An outsourced private cloud involves partnering with a third-party service
provider to host and manage the cloud infrastructure on behalf of the organization. The provider may
operate the private cloud in their data center or a colocation facility. In this arrangement, the
organization benefits from the expertise and resources of the service provider, alleviating the burden
of infrastructure management. The outsourced private cloud model offers scalability, as the provider
can adjust resources based on the organization's needs. Due to its flexibility, it is a desirable choice for
businesses that desire the advantages of a private cloud deployment without the initial capital outlay
and ongoing maintenance expenses involved with an on-premise implementation.

Compared to public cloud options, both on-premise and external private clouds give businesses more control
over their data, apps, and security. Private clouds are particularly suitable for organizations with strict
compliance requirements, sensitive data, or specialized workloads that demand high levels of customization
and security.

 Characteristics of Private Cloud

The private cloud has the following key characteristics:

o Exclusive Use: Private cloud is dedicated to a single organization, ensuring the resources and services
are tailored to its needs. It is like having a personal cloud environment exclusively for that organization.
o Control and Security: Private cloud offers organizations higher control and security than public cloud
options. Organizations have more control over data governance, access controls, and security
measures.
o Customization and Flexibility: Private cloud allows organizations to customize the infrastructure
according to their specific requirements. They can configure resources, networks, and storage to
optimize performance and efficiency.

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 o Scalability and Resource Allocation: The private cloud can scale and allocate resources. According to
demand, businesses may scale up or down their infrastructure, effectively using their resources.
o Performance and dependability: Private clouds give businesses more control over the infrastructure at
the foundation, improving performance and dependability.

 Advantages of Private Cloud

There are the following advantages of the Private Cloud -

o Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to the users.
o Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed and space capacity.
o It allows the IT team to quickly allocate and deliver on-demand IT resources.
o The organization has full control over the cloud because it is managed by the organization itself. So,
there is no need for the organization to depends on anybody.
o It is suitable for organizations that require a separate cloud for their personal use and data security is
the first priority.
o Customizable to meet specific business needs and compliance regulations.

 Disadvantages of Private Cloud

o Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.
o Private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of operations is limited.
o Private cloud is not suitable for organizations that have a high user base, and organizations that do not
have the prebuilt infrastructure, sufficient manpower to maintain and manage the cloud.
o Higher upfront costs and ongoing maintenance expenses.
o Scaling resources can be challenging compared to public or hybrid cloud options.

 Hybrid Cloud

Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud and the private cloud. we can say:

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Hybrid Cloud = Public Cloud + Private Cloud

Hybrid cloud is partially secure because the services which are running on the public cloud can be accessed by
anyone, while the services which are running on a private cloud can be accessed only by the organization's
users. In a hybrid cloud setup, organizations can leverage the benefits of both public and private clouds to
create a flexible and scalable computing environment. The public cloud portion allows using cloud services
provided by third-party providers, accessible over the Internet.

Example: Google Application Suite (Gmail, Google Apps, and Google Drive), Office 365 (MS Office on the Web
and One Drive), Amazon Web Services.

 Characteristics of Hybrid Cloud

o Integration of Public and Private Clouds: Hybrid cloud seamlessly integrates public and private clouds,
allowing organizations to leverage both advantages. It provides a unified platform where workloads
and data can be deployed and managed across both environments.
o Flexibility and Scalability: Hybrid cloud offers resource allocation and scalability flexibility.
Organizations can dynamically scale their infrastructure by utilizing additional resources from the
public cloud while maintaining control over critical workloads on the private cloud.
o Enhanced Security and Control: Hybrid cloud allows organizations to maintain higher security and
control over their sensitive data and critical applications. Private cloud components provide a secure
and dedicated environment, while public cloud resources can be used for non-sensitive tasks, ensuring
a balanced approach to data protection.
o Cost Optimization: Hybrid cloud enables organizations to optimize costs by utilizing the cost-effective
public cloud for non-sensitive workloads while keeping mission-critical applications and data on the
more cost-efficient private cloud. This approach allows for efficient resource allocation and cost
management.
o Data and Application Portability: Organizations can move workloads and data between public and
private clouds as needed with a hybrid cloud. This portability offers agility and the ability to adapt to
changing business requirements, ensuring optimal performance and responsiveness.

 Advantages of Hybrid Cloud

There are the following advantages of Hybrid Cloud -

o Hybrid cloud is suitable for organizations that require more security than the public cloud.
o Hybrid cloud helps you to deliver new products and services more quickly.
o Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way to reduce the risk.

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o Hybrid cloud offers flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure resources because of the
private cloud.
o Hybrid facilitates seamless integration between on-premises infrastructure and cloud environments.
o Hybrid provides greater control over sensitive data and compliance requirements.
o Hybrid enables efficient workload distribution based on specific needs and performance requirements.

 Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud

o In Hybrid Cloud, security feature is not as good as the private cloud.
o Managing a hybrid cloud is complex because it is difficult to manage more than one type of
deployment model.
o In the hybrid cloud, the reliability of the services depends on cloud service providers.
o Potential challenges in data integration and ensuring seamless connectivity between different cloud
platforms.
o Higher costs due to the need for managing and integrating multiple cloud environments.
o Increased complexity in data governance and compliance management across different cloud
providers.

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