Mec 2023-24 Cbse
Mec 2023-24 Cbse
1. Oersted experiment:
- It was observed by OERSTED that a current carrying wire produces magnetic eld nearly it.
It can be tested by placing a magnet in the near by space, it will show some movement
(de ection or rotation of displacement). This observation shows that current or moving
charge produces magnetic eld.
2. Biot-savart’s law:
μ0 i (dl × r )
- dB = × Also hear r represent position vector of point P w.r.t.element.
4π r3
- Due to a straight wire ‘PQ’ carrying a current ‘i’ the B at A is given by the
formula
( 4π ) ( r ) (
μ0 i
- B= sinθ1 + sinθ2)
- Special cases :
(a) If the wire is in nitely long then the magnetic eld at ‘P’ (as shown in
the gure) is given by (using θ1 = θ2 = 90º and the formula of ‘B’ due to
straight wire)
( 4π ) ( r ) ( ) (
4π ) ( r )
μ0 i 0 0
μ0 2i
B= sin 90 + sin90 =
(b) If the wire is in nitely long but ‘P’ is as shown in the gure. The
!
direction of B at various points is as shown in the gure. At ‘P’
( 4π ) ( r ) ( 4π ) ( r )
μ0 i μ0 i
B= ( sin 900 + sin00) =
( 4π ) ( R 2 ) ∫ ( 4π ) ( R 2 ) ( 4π ) ( R )
μ0 i dl sin 90 μ0 i μ0 i μ0 i
∫ 4π
B= × = dl = (Rϕ) = ϕ
R2
μ0
- Special case of Center of Ring: For ring we have ϕ = 2π thus we get, B = i
2R
- Direction of field for ring : The direction of the magnetic eld at the centre of a circular
wire can be obtained using the right-hand thumb rule. If the ngers are curled along the
current, the stretched thumb will point towards the magnetic eld ( gure).
B
i
i
B
1. A long straight wire carries a current of 35 A. What is the magnitude of the eld B at a point
20 cm from the wire?
2. A long straight wire in the horizontal plane carries a current of 50 A in north to south
direction. Give the magnitude and direction of B at a point 2.5 m east of the wire.
3. A horizontal overhead power line carries a current of 90 A in east to west direction. What is
the magnitude and direction of the magnetic eld due to the current 1.5 m below the line?
4. A current of 10 A is owing east to west in a long wire kept horizontally in the east-west
direction. Find magnetic eld in a horizontal plane at distance of (i) 10 cm north (ii) 20cm
south from the wire; and in the vertical plane at a distance of (iii) 40 cm downward and (iv)
50 cm upward.
5. A long straight wire carrying a current of 30 A is placed in an external uniform magnetic eld
of 4.0 ×10 T parallel to the current. Find the magnitude of the resultant magnetic eld at a
point 2.0 cm away from the wire.
1. The g. shows a straight wire carrying a current I. What is the magnitude of magnetic
induction produced by the current at P which is lying perpendicular distance a from one end
of wire?
2. Obtain an expression for the magnetic eld at the centre of a coil bent in the form of a
square of side 2a carrying current I.
1. In hydrogen atom, the electron is making 6.6 × 10–15 revolutions per second in a circular
path of radius 0.53 A. What is the magnetic induction produced at the center of the orbit?
[12.5 Wb/m2]
2. A tightly wound 100 turn coil of radius 10 cm, carrying current of 1 A. What is the magnitude
of the magnetic eld at the Centre of the coil? [6.28 × 10–4 T]
3. Find the magnetic induction of two concentric circles each of radius r1 and radius r2 each
having n turns
4. Two wire loops PQRSP formed by joining two semicircular wires of radii R1 and R2 carries a
current. Find the magnetic eld at C?
5. A circular segment of radius 10cm, subtends an angle of 600 at its centre. A current of 9A is
owing through it .Find the magnitude and direction of eld at centre. [9.42 × 10–6 T
downwards]
7. Find the magnetic eld at centre of circle: [2 × 10–5 T normal to the plane and upwards]
8. If a long horizontal conductor is bent as shown. Find the magnitude and direction of
magnetic eld at centre of circle?
∮
- The line integral B . dl on a closed curve of any shape is equal to µ0 (permeability of
free space) times the net current Ι piercing through the curve.
∮
- B . dl = μ0 ithreding
- Note:
(a) Line integral is independent of the shape of path and position of wire with in it.
∮
(b) The statement B . dl = 0 does not necessarily mean that B = 0 everywhere along
the path but only that no net current is passing through the path.
(c) Sign of current : If we take direction of dl to be anticlockwise tangent than out ward
current is (+) ive & inward current is (-) ive.
μ0 i
∮
- B . dl = μ0 ithreding ⇒ B (2πR) = μ0 i ⇒ B =
2πR
μ0 i
∮
B . dl = μ0 ithreding ⇒ B (2πr) = μ0 i ⇒ B =
2πr
∮
B . dl = μ0 ithreding ⇒ B (2πr) = μ0 (0) ⇒ B = 0
μ0 i
- ∮ B . dl = μ0 ithreding ⇒ B (2πr) = μ0 i ⇒ B =
2πr
R
B B
Axis of
the solenoid
!
∮
1. Find the values of B . dl = ? for the loops L1, L2, L3 in the gure shown. The sense of dl
∮
2. What is the value of B . dl = ? for closed paths a and b as shown in the gure?
3. A long straight wire of circular cross section (radius a) Carrying steady current I. The
current is uniformly distributed across this cross section. Calculate the magnetic eld in the
region r < A and R > a? [Bαr, Ba1/r]
5. A solenoid 50 cm long has 4 layers of windings 350 turns each. The radius of the lowest
layer is 1.4 cm. If the current carried is 6.0 a, estimate the magnitude of magnetic ux
density (a) near the centre of the solenoid on its axis (b) Near the ends of its axis (c)
Outside the solenoid near its centre. [2.11 × 10–2T, 1.05 × 10–2T, almost Zero]
6. A solenoid of length 0.5m has a radius of 1cm and is made up of 500 turns .It carries a
current of 5A .Find the magnitude of eld inside the solenoid? [6.28 × 10–3T]
7. A toroid has a core (non-ferromagnetic) of inner radius 25 cm and outer radius 26 cm,
around which 3500 turns of a wire are wound. If the current in the wire is 11 A, what is the
magnetic eld (a) outside the toroid, (b) inside the core of the toroid, and (c) in the empty
space surrounded by the toroid?
8. Consider a coaxial cable which consists of an inner wire of radius a surrounded by an outer
shell of inner and outer radii b and c respectively. The inner wire carries an electric current
i0 and the outer shell carries an equal current in same direction. Find the magnetic eld at a
distance x from the axis where (a) x < a, (b) a < x < b (c) b < x < c and (d) x > c. Assume
that the current density is uniform in the inner wire and also uniform in the outer shell.
9. A wire of radius 0.5 cm carries a current of 100A, which is uniformly distributed over its
cross-section. Find the magnetic eld (i) at 0.1 cm from the axis of the wire, (ii) at the
surface of the wire and (iii) at a point outside the wire 0.2 cm from the surface of the wire.
- F ⊥ v and also F ⊥ B .
- ∵F⊥ v ∴ power due to magnetic force on a charged particle is zero. (Use the
formula of power P = F . v for its proof).
- Since work done by magnetic force is zero in every part of the motion. The magnetic
force cannot increase or decrease the speed (or kinetic energy) of a charged particle. Its
can only change the direction of velocity.
- If v ⇈ B , then also magnetic force on charged particle is zero. It moves along a straight
line if only magnetic eld is acting.
1. An electron beam projected along +X axis experiences a force due to a magnetic eld
along +Y axis .What is the direction of the magnetic eld? [Field is along +Z]
2. If a particle of charge q is moving with velocity v along the y axis and the magnetic eld B
is acting along the z axis, nd the direction of force acting on it? [X axis]
4. An electron is moving southwards with a velocity 1.5 × 107 m/s in a magnetic eld of 2T,
directed westwards. Calculate the instantaneous force on the electron. Given, the charge
on an electron = 1.6 × 10–19 C [Ans. 4.8 * 10–12 N, vertically down]
C.R. Park of ce: D-773,L.G.F.,Opp. Market-2, C.R. Park, New Delhi-110019
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
Motion of charge particle in magnetic eld:
C. If u ⊥ B then,
- Now there is no initial velocity in z-direction. thus particle will always move in xy plane.
Also velocity vector is always ⊥ B thus Fm = B q u = constant
mu 2 mu
- Now Bqu = ⇒R= = constant. The
R Bq
particle moves in a curved path whose radius of
curvature is same every where, such curve in a
plane is only a circle thus path of the particle is
circular.
mu p 2m E
- Here R = = = where P = Momentum ; E = kinetic energy. Also
Bq Bq Bq
2πR 2π m
T = = which is independent of speed.
V Bq
2π Bq
- ω = = = 2πf where f is frequency f = qB/2πm
T m
1. A proton (p), α-particle and deuteron (D) are moving in circular paths with same kinetic
energies in the same magnetic eld. Find the ratio of their radii and time periods. (Neglect
interaction between particles).
2. A proton, a deuteron and α particle, whose kinetic energies are same, enter perpendicularly
a uniform magnetic eld. Compare the radii of their circular paths: [Ans. l :( 2)1/2:1]
3. A long straight wire AB carries a current of 4A. A proton P travels at 4 * 10 ms–1 parallel t the
wire, 0.2 m from it and in a direction opposite to the current. Calculate the force which the
magnetic eld of current exerts on the proton. Also specify the direction of the force.[Ans.
2.56 × 10–18, In the plane of paper towards right]
4. What is the radius of the path of an electron (mass 9 × 10–31 kg and charge 1.6 * 10 19 C)
moving at a speed of 3 × 107 ms–1 in a magnetic eld of 6 × 10 T perpendicular to it? What
is its frequency? Calculate its energy in keV. [Ans. 2.53 keV]
5. A proton an α particle enter a uniform magnetic eld at right angles to it with same
velocity .Find the ratio of time period of revolution of a particle and the proton? [2:1]
6. A charged particle enters into a uniform magnetic eld and experiences an upward
magnetic force as indicated in the diagram. What is the sign on the par
1. A positive charge particle of charge q, mass m enters into a uniform magnetic eld with
velocity v as shown in the gure. There is no magnetic eld to the left of PQ. Find (i) time
spent, (ii) distance travelled in the magnetic eld (iii) impulse of magnetic force.
2. In the gure shown the magnetic eld on the left of ‘PQ’ is zero and on the right of ‘PQ’ it is
uniform. Find the time spent in the magnetic eld.
B=0
⊗B B=0
3. A uniform magnetic eld of strength ‘B’ exists in a region of width
‘d’. A particle of charge ‘q’ and mass ‘m’ is shot perpendicularly
q,m u
(as shown in the gure) into the magnetic eld. Find the time
spend by the particle in the magnetic eld if
d
C.R. Park of ce: D-773,L.G.F.,Opp. Market-2, C.R. Park, New Delhi-110019
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
4. What should be the speed of charged particle so that it can’t collide with the upper wall? Also
find the coordinate of the point where the particle strikes the lower plate in the limiting case of
velocity. Ignore gravity.
y
wall
x x x
q, m d
⊗B v
x x x
(0, 0)
x
Lorenz force :
- When a charged particle moves with velocity v in an electric eld E and magnetic eld
B , then. Net force experienced by it is given by following equation.
- Under the action of both the eld motion of charge particle in general will be complicated
but we will consider few simpler cases.
! ! !
E || B || v
- If In this situation particle passes undeviated but its velocity will change due to
electric eld. Magnetic force on it = 0.
-
E B v
5.
1. An electron beam passes through a magnetic eld of 2 × 10–3 weber/m2 and an electric
eld of 2 × 104V/m, both acting simultaneously .The path of electron remaining undeviated,
calculate the speed of the electrons. If the electric eld is removed, what will be the radius
of electron path. [5 × 106m/s, 7.11 mm]
1. The horizontal component of earth's magnetic eld is 3.0 × 10–5 T and direction of eld is
from geographical south to the geographical north. A very long straight conductor is
carrying a steady current of 1A. What is the force per unit length on it when it is placed on a
horizontal table and the direction of current is (a) east to west; (b) south to north? [3 × 10–5
N/m, downwards; 0]
2. A horizontal wire 0.2 m long carries a current of 4 A. Find the magnitude and direction of the
magnetic eld, which can support the weight of the wire. Given, the mass of the wire is 3 ×
10–3 kg/m? [7.35 × 10–3T horizontal and perpendicular to wire]
3. A straight horizontal conducting rod of length 0.60 m and mass 60 g is suspended by two
vertical wires at its ends. A current of 5.0 A is set up in the rod through the wire, (a) What
magnetic eld should be set up normal to the conductor in order that the tension in the wire
is zero (b) What will be total tension in the wires if the direction of current is reversed,
keeping the magnetic eld same as before (Ignore mass of the wire)? [Ans.1.2 N
equal and in opposite directions, but not along the same line
of action.The forces produce a torque around point O.
( 2) ( 2)
b b
τmax = F2 + F4 = B i ab
- This maximum value occurs only when the eld is parallel to the plane of the loop
- For general case consider a rectangular coil in a uniform eld B which is free to rotate
about a vertical axis o and normal to the plane of the coil making an angle with the
eld direction as shown in gure (A).
- Consider the rectangular loop kept in uniform magnetic eld as shown in gure.
- force acts on sides 1 & 3 as both wires are parallel to the eld and thus
F = i ( L × B ) = 0.
- There is a force on sides 2 & 4 since they are perpendicular to the eld. The magnitude
of the magnetic force on these sides will be: F2 = F4 = B i a.
- The direction of F2 is out of the plane of page & the direction of F4 is going into the plane
of page thus these forces are equal and in opposite directions, but not along the same
line of action.The forces produce a torque around point O.
( 2) ( 2)
b b
τmax = F2 + F4 = B i ab
- This maximum value occurs only when the eld is parallel to the plane of the loop
1. A square coil OPQR of side a carrying a current I, is placed in the Y–Z plane as shown in
the Find the magnetic moment associated with coil?
- In such circuits, the scale of galvanometer is arbitrary marked, e.g. in millimetre divisions,
with zero at the middle. The de ection of needle on either side of zero indicates the
respective direction of current in the circuit.
- The terminals of the galvanometer are not marked as positive or negative i.e. anyone of
the two may be considered as positive.
- In a radial eld, as the coil rotates its plane is always parallel to the eld and thus at all its
positions the maximum torque acts on the coil. Also thus in equilibrium position, we get
- Current sensitivity of moving coil galvanometer is angle of de ection per unit current &
( c )
φ NBA
thus current sensitivit y = =
i
- Voltage sensitivity of moving coil galvanometer is angle of de ection per unit applied
V ( cR )
φ NBA
voltage & thus vol . sensitivit y = = where R is resistance of coil.
- Notice that voltage sensitivity does not depends up on N as doubling N will double R as
well.
(b) Ammeter:
3. A galvanometer with a coil of resistance 12Ω shows a full scale de ection for a current of
2.5mA. How it can be converted into an ammeter of range 7.5A? What will be the
resistance of ammeter found?
4. A resistance of 1980 0 is connected in series with a voltmeter, after which the scale division
becomes 100 times larger. Find the resistance of voltmeter?
6. What is the value of shunt resistance in order to pass 10% of the man current in the
galvanometer of resistance 99Ω?
9. A galvanometer of resistance 3663 Ω gives full scale de ection for a certain current ig.
Calculate the value of the resistance of the shunt which when joined to the galvanometer
coil will result in 1/34 of the total current passing through the galvanometer. Also nd the
total resistance of the galvanometer and shunt
10. The resistance of a pivoted type galvanometer is 8 Ω and current for full scale de ection on
it is 0.01 A. This galvanometer is to be converted into an ammeter of 5 A range. The only
shunt available is 0.02 Ω. Find the value of R to be connected in series with the
galvanometer coil?