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Mec 2023-24 Cbse

The document discusses magnetic effects of electric current. It explains Oersted's experiment which showed that electric current produces a magnetic field. It also describes Biot-Savart's law which gives the magnetic field produced by a current-carrying wire. Formulas are provided for calculating the magnetic field due to straight wires and circular loops of wire.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
43 views32 pages

Mec 2023-24 Cbse

The document discusses magnetic effects of electric current. It explains Oersted's experiment which showed that electric current produces a magnetic field. It also describes Biot-Savart's law which gives the magnetic field produced by a current-carrying wire. Formulas are provided for calculating the magnetic field due to straight wires and circular loops of wire.

Uploaded by

agarwalritu8229
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Magnetic Effects of current:

1. Oersted experiment:

- It was observed by OERSTED that a current carrying wire produces magnetic eld nearly it.
It can be tested by placing a magnet in the near by space, it will show some movement
(de ection or rotation of displacement). This observation shows that current or moving
charge produces magnetic eld.

2. Biot-savart’s law:

- It is an experimental law. A current ‘i’ ows in a wire (may be straight or


curved). Due to ‘dL’ length of the wire the magnetic eld at ‘P’ is dB
where dB is given by the following expression

μ0 i (dl × r )
- dB = × Also hear r represent position vector of point P w.r.t.element.
4π r3

3. B due to a straight wire :

- Due to a straight wire ‘PQ’ carrying a current ‘i’ the B at A is given by the
formula

( 4π ) ( r ) (
μ0 i
- B= sinθ1 + sinθ2)

- Due to every element of PQ , dB at A is directed in wards. So its resultant is


also directed inwards. It is represented by (x) The direction of B at various points is shown
in the gure shown.

- At points ‘C’ and ‘D’ B = 0 (since their dB ↑ ↑ r or dB ↑ ↓ r ).

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( 4π ) ( r ) (
μ0 i
- Also B at A is given by, B = sinθ2 − sinθ1)

- Shortcut for Direction of eld due to straight wire: The


i i
direction of the magnetic eld at a point P due to a straight wire
can be found by the following way. If we stretch the thumb of the
right hand along the current and curl our ngers to pass through P Q

the point P, the direction of the ngers at P gives the direction of


the magnetic eld there.

- We can draw magnetic field lines on the pattern of electric field


lines. A tangent to a magnetic field line given the direction of the
magnetic field existing at that point. For a straight wire, the field
lines are concentric circles with their centers on the wire and in the
plane perpendicular to the wire. There will be infinite number of
such lines in the planes parallel to the above mentioned plane.

- Special cases :

(a) If the wire is in nitely long then the magnetic eld at ‘P’ (as shown in
the gure) is given by (using θ1 = θ2 = 90º and the formula of ‘B’ due to
straight wire)

( 4π ) ( r ) ( ) (
4π ) ( r )
μ0 i 0 0
μ0 2i
B= sin 90 + sin90 =

(b) If the wire is in nitely long but ‘P’ is as shown in the gure. The
!
direction of B at various points is as shown in the gure. At ‘P’

( 4π ) ( r ) ( 4π ) ( r )
μ0 i μ0 i
B= ( sin 900 + sin00) =

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4. B due to a circular arc :

- Due to each dl element of the loop dB at


centre O is out wards (in this case).

( 4π ) ( R 2 ) ∫ ( 4π ) ( R 2 ) ( 4π ) ( R )
μ0 i dl sin 90 μ0 i μ0 i μ0 i
∫ 4π
B= × = dl = (Rϕ) = ϕ
R2
μ0
- Special case of Center of Ring: For ring we have ϕ = 2π thus we get, B = i
2R
- Direction of field for ring : The direction of the magnetic eld at the centre of a circular
wire can be obtained using the right-hand thumb rule. If the ngers are curled along the
current, the stretched thumb will point towards the magnetic eld ( gure).

B
i

i
B

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INE-1

1. A current of 5 A is owing from south to north in a straight


wire. Find the magnetic eld due to a 1 cm piece of wire at a
point 1 m north east from the piece of wire.
[3.54 × 10–9 downwards]

2. An element dl = dxi (where dx =1 cm) is placed at the origin


caries a large Current i = 10 A. What is the magnetic eld on the Y-
axis at a distance of 0.5 m? [4 × 10–6 k T]

INE-2 (B due to straight conductor of long length)

1. A long straight wire carries a current of 35 A. What is the magnitude of the eld B at a point
20 cm from the wire?

2. A long straight wire in the horizontal plane carries a current of 50 A in north to south
direction. Give the magnitude and direction of B at a point 2.5 m east of the wire.

3. A horizontal overhead power line carries a current of 90 A in east to west direction. What is
the magnitude and direction of the magnetic eld due to the current 1.5 m below the line?

4. A current of 10 A is owing east to west in a long wire kept horizontally in the east-west
direction. Find magnetic eld in a horizontal plane at distance of (i) 10 cm north (ii) 20cm
south from the wire; and in the vertical plane at a distance of (iii) 40 cm downward and (iv)
50 cm upward.

5. A long straight wire carrying a current of 30 A is placed in an external uniform magnetic eld
of 4.0 ×10 T parallel to the current. Find the magnitude of the resultant magnetic eld at a
point 2.0 cm away from the wire.

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6. Two straight long conductors AOB and COD are
perpendicular to each other and carry currents li and
l2. Find the magnitude of magnetic induction at a point
P at a distance a from the point o in a direction
perpendicular to ABCD?

7. Fig. shows two current-carrying wires 1 and 2.


Find the magnitudes and directions of the
magnetic eld at points P, Q and R.

8. Two parallel wires P and Q placed at a


separation of r=6 cm carry electric currents I1=5 A and I2=2A in opposite directions as
shown in gure. Find the point on the line PQ where the resultant magnetic eld is zero.

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9. Figure shows a right-angled isosceles ∆PQR
having its base equal to a. A current of I ampere is
passing downwards along a thin straight wire
cutting the plane of paper normally as shown at Q.
Likewise a similar wire carries an equal current
passing normally upwards at R. Find the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic induction
B at P. Assume the wires to be in nitely long.

INE-3 (B due to straight conductor of nite length)

1. The g. shows a straight wire carrying a current I. What is the magnitude of magnetic
induction produced by the current at P which is lying perpendicular distance a from one end
of wire?

2. Obtain an expression for the magnetic eld at the centre of a coil bent in the form of a
square of side 2a carrying current I.

3. Figure shows a square loop made from a uniform wire. If a battery is


connected b/w points A and C. What will be the magnetic eld at the
Centre of the square?

4. Obtain an expression for the magnetic eld at the centre of a regular


polygon of radius R carrying current I.

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INE-4 (B due to an arc & circular coil)

1. In hydrogen atom, the electron is making 6.6 × 10–15 revolutions per second in a circular
path of radius 0.53 A. What is the magnetic induction produced at the center of the orbit?
[12.5 Wb/m2]

2. A tightly wound 100 turn coil of radius 10 cm, carrying current of 1 A. What is the magnitude
of the magnetic eld at the Centre of the coil? [6.28 × 10–4 T]

3. Find the magnetic induction of two concentric circles each of radius r1 and radius r2 each
having n turns

4. Two wire loops PQRSP formed by joining two semicircular wires of radii R1 and R2 carries a
current. Find the magnetic eld at C?

5. A circular segment of radius 10cm, subtends an angle of 600 at its centre. A current of 9A is
owing through it .Find the magnitude and direction of eld at centre. [9.42 × 10–6 T
downwards]

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6. A straight wire carrying a current of 12 A is bent into a semi– circular arc of radius 2.0 cm as
shown in g. Consider the magnetic eld B at the centre of the arc (a) What is the magnetic
eld due to straight segments (b) In what way the contribution to B from the semicircle
differs from that of a circular loop and in what way does it resemble (c) Would you answer
be different if the wire were bent into a semicircle arc of the same radius but in the opposite
way as shown in g?

7. Find the magnetic eld at centre of circle: [2 × 10–5 T normal to the plane and upwards]

8. If a long horizontal conductor is bent as shown. Find the magnitude and direction of
magnetic eld at centre of circle?

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9. A current I is owing in a conductor shaped as shown .The radius of curved part is r and the
length of straight part is very large. Find the magnetic induction at centre O?

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Ampere’s law:


- The line integral B . dl on a closed curve of any shape is equal to µ0 (permeability of

free space) times the net current Ι piercing through the curve.


- B . dl = μ0 ithreding

- Note:

(a) Line integral is independent of the shape of path and position of wire with in it.


(b) The statement B . dl = 0 does not necessarily mean that B = 0 everywhere along

the path but only that no net current is passing through the path.

(c) Sign of current : If we take direction of dl to be anticlockwise tangent than out ward
current is (+) ive & inward current is (-) ive.

Application of Ampere’s law:

(a) To nd out magnetic eld due to in nite current carrying wire:

- Consider a concentric circular loop as Amperian loop & apply


Ampere’s law to it, we get

μ0 i

- B . dl = μ0 ithreding ⇒ B (2πR) = μ0 i ⇒ B =
2πR

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(b) Hollow current carrying infinitely long cylinder : (Ι is uniformly distributed on the
whole circumference)

A. for r > R, By symmetry the amperian loop is a circle.

μ0 i

B . dl = μ0 ithreding ⇒ B (2πr) = μ0 i ⇒ B =
2πr

B. for r < R, By symmetry the amperian loop is a circle.


B . dl = μ0 ithreding ⇒ B (2πr) = μ0 (0) ⇒ B = 0

(c) Solid infinite current carrying cylinder :

- Assume current is uniformly distributed on the whole cross


I
section area & thus current density = J =
πR 2
Case (I) : r ≤ R,

- Take an amperian loop inside the cylinder. By symmetry it should


be a circle whose centre is on the axis of cylinder and its axis
also coincides with the cylinder axis on the loop.

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( πR 2 ) ( 2πR 2 )
I μ0 I
- ∮
2
B . dl = μ0 ithreding ⇒ B (2πr) = μ0 πr ⇒ B = r

- Case (Ii) : for r > R, By symmetry the amperian loop is a circle.

μ0 i
- ∮ B . dl = μ0 ithreding ⇒ B (2πr) = μ0 i ⇒ B =
2πr

(d) To nd out magnetic eld due to in nite ideal solenoid:

R
B B

Axis of
the solenoid
!

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(d) To nd out magnetic eld due to in nite ideal solenoid:

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INE-5 (AMP LAW)


1. Find the values of B . dl = ? for the loops L1, L2, L3 in the gure shown. The sense of dl

is mentioned in the gure.


2. What is the value of B . dl = ? for closed paths a and b as shown in the gure?

3. A long straight wire of circular cross section (radius a) Carrying steady current I. The
current is uniformly distributed across this cross section. Calculate the magnetic eld in the
region r < A and R > a? [Bαr, Ba1/r]

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4. A long straight solid metal rod of radius 4cm carries a current 2A, uniformly distributed over
its circular cross section .Find the magnetic eld at a distance of 3cm from the axis of the
wire? [7.5 × 10–6T]

5. A solenoid 50 cm long has 4 layers of windings 350 turns each. The radius of the lowest
layer is 1.4 cm. If the current carried is 6.0 a, estimate the magnitude of magnetic ux
density (a) near the centre of the solenoid on its axis (b) Near the ends of its axis (c)
Outside the solenoid near its centre. [2.11 × 10–2T, 1.05 × 10–2T, almost Zero]

6. A solenoid of length 0.5m has a radius of 1cm and is made up of 500 turns .It carries a
current of 5A .Find the magnitude of eld inside the solenoid? [6.28 × 10–3T]

7. A toroid has a core (non-ferromagnetic) of inner radius 25 cm and outer radius 26 cm,
around which 3500 turns of a wire are wound. If the current in the wire is 11 A, what is the
magnetic eld (a) outside the toroid, (b) inside the core of the toroid, and (c) in the empty
space surrounded by the toroid?

8. Consider a coaxial cable which consists of an inner wire of radius a surrounded by an outer
shell of inner and outer radii b and c respectively. The inner wire carries an electric current
i0 and the outer shell carries an equal current in same direction. Find the magnetic eld at a
distance x from the axis where (a) x < a, (b) a < x < b (c) b < x < c and (d) x > c. Assume
that the current density is uniform in the inner wire and also uniform in the outer shell.

9. A wire of radius 0.5 cm carries a current of 100A, which is uniformly distributed over its
cross-section. Find the magnetic eld (i) at 0.1 cm from the axis of the wire, (ii) at the
surface of the wire and (iii) at a point outside the wire 0.2 cm from the surface of the wire.

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Force due to magnetic eld on a moving charge:

- Force that a magnetic eld apply on a moving charge is given by F = q ( v × B ). Here


one must put q with sign.

- F ⊥ v and also F ⊥ B .

- ∵F⊥ v ∴ power due to magnetic force on a charged particle is zero. (Use the
formula of power P = F . v for its proof).

- Since work done by magnetic force is zero in every part of the motion. The magnetic
force cannot increase or decrease the speed (or kinetic energy) of a charged particle. Its
can only change the direction of velocity.

- On a stationary charged particle, magnetic force is zero.

- If v ⇈ B , then also magnetic force on charged particle is zero. It moves along a straight
line if only magnetic eld is acting.

INE-6 (Magnetic force on moving charge)

1. An electron beam projected along +X axis experiences a force due to a magnetic eld
along +Y axis .What is the direction of the magnetic eld? [Field is along +Z]

2. If a particle of charge q is moving with velocity v along the y axis and the magnetic eld B
is acting along the z axis, nd the direction of force acting on it? [X axis]

3. A proton moving with a velocity v = 2 i ̂ + 3j +̂ 8k̂ enters a magnetic eld


B = i ̂ + j +̂ bk̂ . If the experienced is given by F = a i ̂ + 10j +̂ 4k̂ . Find the value of a
and b?

4. An electron is moving southwards with a velocity 1.5 × 107 m/s in a magnetic eld of 2T,
directed westwards. Calculate the instantaneous force on the electron. Given, the charge
on an electron = 1.6 × 10–19 C [Ans. 4.8 * 10–12 N, vertically down]
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Motion of charge particle in magnetic eld:

A. Particle released if v = 0 then fm = 0 ∴ particle will remain at rest

B. If V ⇈ B or V ↑ ↓ B here θ = 0 or θ = 180º ⇒ FB = 0 ⇒ a = 0 ⇒ V = const so


particle will move in a straight line with constant velocity

C. If u ⊥ B then,

- If Initial velocity u ⊥ B and B = uniform. In this case B is in z direction so the

magnetic force in z-direction will be zero ( ∵ FB ⊥ B )

- Now there is no initial velocity in z-direction. thus particle will always move in xy plane.
Also velocity vector is always ⊥ B thus Fm = B q u = constant

mu 2 mu
- Now Bqu = ⇒R= = constant. The
R Bq
particle moves in a curved path whose radius of
curvature is same every where, such curve in a
plane is only a circle thus path of the particle is
circular.

mu p 2m E
- Here R = = = where P = Momentum ; E = kinetic energy. Also
Bq Bq Bq
2πR 2π m
T = = which is independent of speed.
V Bq

2π Bq
- ω = = = 2πf where f is frequency f = qB/2πm
T m

- ω, f, T are independent of velocity.

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INE-6 (Based on Force on Moving Charges in a Magnetic Field)

1. A proton (p), α-particle and deuteron (D) are moving in circular paths with same kinetic
energies in the same magnetic eld. Find the ratio of their radii and time periods. (Neglect
interaction between particles).

2. A proton, a deuteron and α particle, whose kinetic energies are same, enter perpendicularly
a uniform magnetic eld. Compare the radii of their circular paths: [Ans. l :( 2)1/2:1]

3. A long straight wire AB carries a current of 4A. A proton P travels at 4 * 10 ms–1 parallel t the
wire, 0.2 m from it and in a direction opposite to the current. Calculate the force which the
magnetic eld of current exerts on the proton. Also specify the direction of the force.[Ans.
2.56 × 10–18, In the plane of paper towards right]

4. What is the radius of the path of an electron (mass 9 × 10–31 kg and charge 1.6 * 10 19 C)
moving at a speed of 3 × 107 ms–1 in a magnetic eld of 6 × 10 T perpendicular to it? What
is its frequency? Calculate its energy in keV. [Ans. 2.53 keV]

5. A proton an α particle enter a uniform magnetic eld at right angles to it with same
velocity .Find the ratio of time period of revolution of a particle and the proton? [2:1]

6. A charged particle enters into a uniform magnetic eld and experiences an upward
magnetic force as indicated in the diagram. What is the sign on the par

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INE-7 (Based on Force on Moving Charges in a Magnetic Field)

1. A positive charge particle of charge q, mass m enters into a uniform magnetic eld with
velocity v as shown in the gure. There is no magnetic eld to the left of PQ. Find (i) time
spent, (ii) distance travelled in the magnetic eld (iii) impulse of magnetic force.

2. In the gure shown the magnetic eld on the left of ‘PQ’ is zero and on the right of ‘PQ’ it is
uniform. Find the time spent in the magnetic eld.

B=0
⊗B B=0
3. A uniform magnetic eld of strength ‘B’ exists in a region of width
‘d’. A particle of charge ‘q’ and mass ‘m’ is shot perpendicularly
q,m u
(as shown in the gure) into the magnetic eld. Find the time
spend by the particle in the magnetic eld if

d
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4. What should be the speed of charged particle so that it can’t collide with the upper wall? Also
find the coordinate of the point where the particle strikes the lower plate in the limiting case of
velocity. Ignore gravity.

y
wall

x x x
q, m d
⊗B v
x x x
(0, 0)
x

Lorenz force :

- When a charged particle moves with velocity v in an electric eld E and magnetic eld
B , then. Net force experienced by it is given by following equation.

- Fnet = (qE ) + q ( v × B ). This combined force is known as Lorentz force.

- Under the action of both the eld motion of charge particle in general will be complicated
but we will consider few simpler cases.
! ! !
E || B || v
- If In this situation particle passes undeviated but its velocity will change due to
electric eld. Magnetic force on it = 0.

-
E B v

5.

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INE-8 (Velocity selector)

1. An electron beam passes through a magnetic eld of 2 × 10–3 weber/m2 and an electric
eld of 2 × 104V/m, both acting simultaneously .The path of electron remaining undeviated,
calculate the speed of the electrons. If the electric eld is removed, what will be the radius
of electron path. [5 × 106m/s, 7.11 mm]

2. A stream of positively charged particles possessing a


range of speeds enter region I after passing through
a slit S1. In region I, there exists crossed electric and
magnetic elds. The electric eld has a value of
100V/m. We want the particles emerging from slit S2
into region II to have a xed velocity of 1000m/s.
What should be the value of uniform magnetic eld in
region I? [0.1T]

3. Fine pencil of β particles, moving with a


speed v, enters a region (region I)
Where a uniform electric and magnetic
eld are both present. These β
particles then move into region II where
only the magnetic eld (out of the two
elds present in region (I) exists. The
path of the β particles in the two
regions is as shown in the gure (a) State the direction of the magnetic eld (b) State the
relation between E and B in region (I) (c) Derive the expression for the radius of the circular
path of the β particles in region II. If the magnitude of magnetic eld in region II is changed
to n times its earlier value, (without changing the magnetic eld in region I), nd the factor
by which the radius of this circular path would change.

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INE-9 (Force on current caring wire in B eld)

1. The horizontal component of earth's magnetic eld is 3.0 × 10–5 T and direction of eld is
from geographical south to the geographical north. A very long straight conductor is
carrying a steady current of 1A. What is the force per unit length on it when it is placed on a
horizontal table and the direction of current is (a) east to west; (b) south to north? [3 × 10–5
N/m, downwards; 0]

2. A horizontal wire 0.2 m long carries a current of 4 A. Find the magnitude and direction of the
magnetic eld, which can support the weight of the wire. Given, the mass of the wire is 3 ×
10–3 kg/m? [7.35 × 10–3T horizontal and perpendicular to wire]

3. A straight horizontal conducting rod of length 0.60 m and mass 60 g is suspended by two
vertical wires at its ends. A current of 5.0 A is set up in the rod through the wire, (a) What
magnetic eld should be set up normal to the conductor in order that the tension in the wire
is zero (b) What will be total tension in the wires if the direction of current is reversed,
keeping the magnetic eld same as before (Ignore mass of the wire)? [Ans.1.2 N

4. Find the magnitude of force on each


segment of the wire shown below, if a
magnetic eld of 0.03T is applied parallel to
AB and DE. Take the value of the current
owing through the wire as 1A?

5. A long straight conductor PQ, Another long


conductor XY is kept parallel to PQ at a
distance of 4 mm, in air. Conductor XY is free to
move and carries a current I. Calculate the
magnitude and direction of current I for which
the magnetic repulsion just balances the weight
of conductor XY. (Mass per lengths for
conductor XY is 10–2 kg/m [32.67 A current in XY is opposite to that in PQ]
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6. Two long parallel wires × and Y separated by a distance of
5cm in air carry currents of 10A and 5A respectively in
opposite directions, Calculate the magnitude and direction of
force on a 20cm length of the wire Y? [4 × 10–5 N, repulsive]

7. A long straight wire carrying a current of 25A rests


on a table as shown in the gure. Another wire PQ
of length 1m, mass 2.5g carries the same current
but in the opposite direction. The wire PQ is free to
slide up and down. To what height will PQ rise?

8. Fig. shows a rectangular current-carrying loop placed 2


cm away from a long, straight, current carrying
conductor. What is the direction and magnitude of the
net force acting on the loop [7.8175 × 10–4N repulsive
and away]

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Torque on a Current Loop in uniform magnetic eld :

- Consider the rectangular loop kept in uniform magnetic eld


as shown in gure.

- No magnetic force acts on sides 1 & 3 as both wires are


parallel to the eld and thus F = i ( L × B ) = 0.

- There is a force on sides 2 & 4 since they are perpendicular


to the eld. The magnitude of the magnetic force on these
sides will be: F2 = F4 = B i a.

- The direction of F2 is out of the plane of page & the direction

of F4 is going into the plane of page thus these forces are

equal and in opposite directions, but not along the same line
of action.The forces produce a torque around point O.

- The maximum torque is given by the following equation,

( 2) ( 2)
b b
τmax = F2 + F4 = B i ab

- This maximum value occurs only when the eld is parallel to the plane of the loop

C.R. Park of ce: D-773,L.G.F.,Opp. Market-2, C.R. Park, New Delhi-110019


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Torque on a Current Loop in uniform magnetic eld contd :

- For general case consider a rectangular coil in a uniform eld B which is free to rotate
about a vertical axis o and normal to the plane of the coil making an angle with the
eld direction as shown in gure (A).

- Consider the rectangular loop kept in uniform magnetic eld as shown in gure.

- force acts on sides 1 & 3 as both wires are parallel to the eld and thus
F = i ( L × B ) = 0.

- There is a force on sides 2 & 4 since they are perpendicular to the eld. The magnitude
of the magnetic force on these sides will be: F2 = F4 = B i a.

- The direction of F2 is out of the plane of page & the direction of F4 is going into the plane

of page thus these forces are equal and in opposite directions, but not along the same
line of action.The forces produce a torque around point O.

- The maximum torque is given by the following equation,

( 2) ( 2)
b b
τmax = F2 + F4 = B i ab

- This maximum value occurs only when the eld is parallel to the plane of the loop

C.R. Park of ce: D-773,L.G.F.,Opp. Market-2, C.R. Park, New Delhi-110019


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𝞱
Magnetic moment:

C.R. Park of ce: D-773,L.G.F.,Opp. Market-2, C.R. Park, New Delhi-110019


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INE-10 (Force on current caring wire in B eld)

1. A square coil OPQR of side a carrying a current I, is placed in the Y–Z plane as shown in
the Find the magnetic moment associated with coil?

2. A rectangular current carrying loop EFGH is kept in a


uniform magnetic eld as shown in g (i) What is the
direction of the magnetic moment of the current loop(ii)
When is the torque acting on the loop (A) maximum, (B)
zero?

3. Given a uniform magnetic eld of 100 G in an east to


west direction and a 44 cm long wire with a current carrying capacity of at least 10 A, what
is the shape and orientation of the loop made of this wire which yields maximum turning
effect on the loop? What is the magnitude of the maximum torque? [1.54 × 10–3 N-m]

4. A circular coil of 100 turns, radius 10 cm carries a current of 5 A. It is suspended vertically


in a uniform horizontal magnetic eld of 0.5 T, the eld lines making an angle of 60° with the
plane of coil. Calculate the magnitude of the torque that must be applied on it to prevent it
from turning? [3.927 N-m]

C.R. Park of ce: D-773,L.G.F.,Opp. Market-2, C.R. Park, New Delhi-110019


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5. A rectangular coil of sides 8cm and 6cm having 2000 turns and carrying a current of 200mA
is placed in a uniform magnetic eld of 0.2T directed along the positive × axis. (a)What is
the maximum torque the coil can experience? In which orientation does it experience the
maximum torque (b) In which orientation is the torque is zero? When is this equilibrium
stable and unstable?

6. A uniform magnetic eld of 3000 G is established along the positive z–direction. A


rectangular loop of sides 10 cm and 5 cm carries a current of 12 A. What is the torque on
the loop in the different cases shown in gure? What is the force on each case? Which
case corresponds to stable equilibrium? NCERT

C.R. Park of ce: D-773,L.G.F.,Opp. Market-2, C.R. Park, New Delhi-110019


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Galvanometer:

- It is an instrument used for detecting or measuring electric current in a circuit. This


instrument is used in detecting current in the circuits such as wheat-stone bridge, metre
bridge potentiometer circuit, etc.

- In such circuits, the scale of galvanometer is arbitrary marked, e.g. in millimetre divisions,
with zero at the middle. The de ection of needle on either side of zero indicates the
respective direction of current in the circuit.

- The magnitude of de ection is a qualitative measure of the magnitude of current, i.e.


larger the de ection greater the magnitude of current.

- The terminals of the galvanometer are not marked as positive or negative i.e. anyone of
the two may be considered as positive.

(a) Moving coil Galvanometer:

- It consist of a coil wound on a light frame, which is


pivoted about an axis in the plane of the coil so that
it is free to rotate between the poles of a permanent
magnet. T

- When a current passes through the coil a torque


acts on it tending to turn it. The coil, therefore,
rotates until the restoring couple due to the hair-
springs is equal and opposite to the de ecting
couple due to the current.

- A light balanced pointer is attached to the coil,


which moves over a scale.

- In a radial eld, as the coil rotates its plane is always parallel to the eld and thus at all its
positions the maximum torque acts on the coil. Also thus in equilibrium position, we get

C.R. Park of ce: D-773,L.G.F.,Opp. Market-2, C.R. Park, New Delhi-110019


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( C )
NBA
τB = τs ⇒ BiNA = c φ ⇒ ϕ = i thus we get ϕ α i . Thus by measuring

angle ϕ one can measure i.

- Current sensitivity of moving coil galvanometer is angle of de ection per unit current &

( c )
φ NBA
thus current sensitivit y = =
i

- Voltage sensitivity of moving coil galvanometer is angle of de ection per unit applied

V ( cR )
φ NBA
voltage & thus vol . sensitivit y = = where R is resistance of coil.

- Notice that voltage sensitivity does not depends up on N as doubling N will double R as
well.

(b) Ammeter:

- A shunt (small resistance) is connected in parallel with galvanometer to convert it into


ammeter; An ideal ammeter has zero resistance.

- Ammeter is represented as follow -

- If maximum value of current to be measured


by ammeter is I then

C.R. Park of ce: D-773,L.G.F.,Opp. Market-2, C.R. Park, New Delhi-110019


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C.R. Park of ce: D-773,L.G.F.,Opp. Market-2, C.R. Park, New Delhi-110019
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Section : K (Conversion of G in to A / V)

3. A galvanometer with a coil of resistance 12Ω shows a full scale de ection for a current of
2.5mA. How it can be converted into an ammeter of range 7.5A? What will be the
resistance of ammeter found?

4. A resistance of 1980 0 is connected in series with a voltmeter, after which the scale division
becomes 100 times larger. Find the resistance of voltmeter?

5. A galvanometer having 30 divisions has a current sensitivity of 20 µA division. It has a


resistance of 25 Ω. How will you convert it into an ammeter up to 1 ampere? How will you
convert this ammeter into a voltmeter up to 1 volt?

6. What is the value of shunt resistance in order to pass 10% of the man current in the
galvanometer of resistance 99Ω?

7. An ammeter of resistance 0.2 Ω and range 10 m A is to be used to read potential difference


up to 1 V. What is to be done?

8. It is required to convert a galvanometer of current range 15 milli-ampere and voltage range


750 mille–volt into (a) ammeter of range 25 ampere and (b) a voltmeter of range 150 V.
Calculate the values of the necessary resistances.

9. A galvanometer of resistance 3663 Ω gives full scale de ection for a certain current ig.
Calculate the value of the resistance of the shunt which when joined to the galvanometer
coil will result in 1/34 of the total current passing through the galvanometer. Also nd the
total resistance of the galvanometer and shunt

10. The resistance of a pivoted type galvanometer is 8 Ω and current for full scale de ection on
it is 0.01 A. This galvanometer is to be converted into an ammeter of 5 A range. The only
shunt available is 0.02 Ω. Find the value of R to be connected in series with the
galvanometer coil?

C.R. Park of ce: D-773,L.G.F.,Opp. Market-2, C.R. Park, New Delhi-110019


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