Chapter 1 Statistics

CHAPTER 1:
WHAT IS STATISTICS ?
2
Learning objectives
1-List ways that statistics is used.
2- Know the differences between descriptive
and inferential statistics.
3-Understand the differences between a
sample and a population.
4-Explain the difference between
qualitative and quantitative variables.
5-Compare discrete and continuous
variables.
6-Recognize the levels of measurement in
2
data
1. The use of Statistics
One of the tools used to make decisions in business.

We apply statistical concepts in our lives.
As a student of business or economics, basic knowledge
and skills to organize, analyze, and transform data and to
present the information
3
a. Why study Statistics
Numerical information is everywhere.

Statistical techniques are used to make decisions that
affect our daily lives.
Knowledge of statistical methods will help you understand
how decisions are made and give you a better
understanding of how they affect you.
3
b.Understanding of Statistics Helps us Make Informed
Decisions
Steps Making informed decisions
Determine if the existing information is adequate or additional

1
information is required.
Gather additional information, if needed, in such a way that it does not

2
provide misleading results.
3 Summarize the information in a useful and informative manner.
4 Analyze the available information.
5 Draw conclusions
c. Who use Statistics
Statistical techniques are used extensively by marketers,

accountants, quality control personnel, consumers,
professional sports people, hospital administrators,
educators, politicians, physicians, etc...
3
2. Types of Statistics
a. Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Type of statistics Example
Census: where the government

1 Descriptive Statistics want to know the real number of
population in the country
2 Inferential Statistics Making law ( sample )

3. Population and Sample
Population and Sample
a. Why Take a Sample Instead of Studying Every
Member of the Population
Prohibitive cost of census

Destruction of item being studied may be required
Not possible to test or inspect all members of a
population being studied
3
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
What is statitistics
why is it important?
What are the steps in making informed decisions?
What are the types of statistics?
What is the differnce between sample and Population?
You have 10 MINUTES 53

Types of Variables
01 02
QUALITATIVE / QUANTITATIVE /
CATEGORICAL NUMERICAL
VARIABLES VARIABLES
QUALITATIVE
VARIABLES
Qualitative or categorical variables- the characteristic
being studied is nonnumeric
Example: Gender, ethnicity, eye color

QUANTATIVE
VARIABLES
Quantitative variable -
information is reported
numerically. DISCRETE
Example: Age, Weight, CONTINOUS
number of children in a
familly
quantitative variables
component of quantitative
Example
variables
discrete variables number of children in a familly

1
(whole number) number of student in BBA1
continuous variables Weight

2
(decimal number) amount of income
Arowwai Industries
LEVEL OF MEASURMENT
NOMINAL LEVEL ORDINAL LEVEL

data that is classified into categories and same as nominal level , qualitative
cannot be arranged in any particular characteristics that have a natural
order. rank order.
example: gender or ethnicity Example: income, level of agreement
INTERVAL LEVEL RATIO LEVEL

like the ordinal level, but with the extra the interval level having a naturally
characteristic that It is possible to calculate zero initial value. Ratios and
relevant quantities of variation between data differences have significance at this
values. level of measurement.
No natural zero point exists.
difference between ratio and interval
The difference between interval and ratio data is simple. Ratio data has a defined zero
point. Income, height, weight, annual sales, market share, product defect rates, time to
repurchase, unemployment rate, and crime rate are examples of ratio data
4. Types of Variable
Ethics and Statistics
Practice statistics with integrity and honesty.

Do the right thing” when collecting, organizing,
summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting numerical
information.
The real contribution of statistics to society is a moral one
3
Questions
Explain the difference between qualitative and quantitative variables.
Give an example of qualitative and quantitative variables.
Explain the difference between a sample and a populatiori.
List the four levels of measurement and give an example of each level of
measurement
End of Chapter 1

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CHAPTER 1:

One of the tools used to make decisions in business.

Numerical information is everywhere.

Determine if the existing information is adequate or additional

Gather additional information, if needed, in such a way that it does not

3 Summarize the information in a useful and informative manner.

4 Analyze the available information.

Statistical techniques are used extensively by marketers,

Type of statistics Example

Census: where the government

2 Inferential Statistics Making law ( sample )

Prohibitive cost of census

You have 10 MINUTES 53

Example: Gender, ethnicity, eye color

Example: Age, Weight, CONTINOUS

discrete variables number of children in a familly

continuous variables Weight

NOMINAL LEVEL ORDINAL LEVEL

INTERVAL LEVEL RATIO LEVEL

Practice statistics with integrity and honesty.

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