Lecture 8

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College of Engineering

Dept. of Architectural Engineering

Environment and Sustainable Architecture


Lecture 8

Riman Mohammed Said Bashir


What is Passive Design?
• Passive design is design that works with the local climate to
maintain a comfortable temperature in the home. Good passive
design should reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical
heating or cooling. A passively designed home can deliver a
lifetime of thermal comfort, low energy bills, and low greenhouse
gas emissions.

• Examples of passive design include: optimizing spatial planning


and orientation to control solar gains and maximize daylighting,
manipulating the building form and fabric to facilitate natural
ventilation strategies and making effective use of thermal mass to
help reduce peak internal temperatures.
What Are The Passive Design Strategies?
• Emphasize Natural Ventilation.
• Keep Interior Spaces Organized.
• Rethink Mechanical Systems.
• Control Heat Exchange.
• Have Optimal Insulation.
• Use High-performance Windows and Doors.
• Have Proper Building Orientation.
• Design an Airtight Envelope.
Some Passive Design Elements of Traditional Buildings:

• Courtyard:
✓ Courtyards is an appropriate place in old buildings and first have
been seen in traditional Iranian architecture.

✓ Courtyard is a space that surrounded by walls or buildings with no


ceiling or shelter, completely open to the sky. Courtyard have been
used in buildings to reach the thermal of human being and
support to create a satisfaction environment using nature
elements.
✓ Courtyards most of the time have a trees and green areas to
create shading and cooling the hot air coming from the
environment around, with water fountains in courtyard to create
evaporation in air and have humidity to softness the air specially
in deserted areas.

✓ Courtyard is not just a technique to reach thermal comfort but it


is a social spaces for gathering, activities and sitting.
• Materials:

✓ Materials in traditional houses have different features and the


most known material was Mud. Mudbricks was used to build
the walls and these walls were acting as structure system to
carry out the load.

✓ Mud and Straw were mixed to be more durable, because this


material was used for constructing walls up to 70-80cm meter
thick, thus, this thickness was helping prevent exchanging of
heat between outside and inside of building.
• Green Surfaces:

✓ Trees and plants have major effects on environment around us


all time. In traditional buildings trees and plants located in
many spaces within the building.

✓ Courtyard consists many trees and plants either in the ground


or on the walls to cool down the air and to clean the air from
dust if the building in desert region. Also, it acts as shading
elements for both close and open spaces.
What is Active Design?
Active design strategies use purchased energy (including electricity
and natural gas) to keep buildings comfortable. These strategies
include mechanical system components such as air-
conditioning, heat pumps, radiant heating, heat recovery ventilators,
and electric lighting.

What is HVAC System?


An HVAC system refers to mechanical systems for Heating,
Ventilation & Air Conditioning to maintain the desired environmental
conditions within a space. There are many different systems available
but should be tuned to the building’s needs.
• Due to the HVAC achievements over the course of the 20th
century, the mechanical air conditioning industry led the
market in growth in energy use in buildings.

• While the advent of air conditioning made it possible to have


a comfortable indoor environment in any climate, it also led to
design that completely ignored varying climatic conditions.

• For example, New York-style townhomes were built in New


Orleans. This caused buildings that had functioned efficiently
in one environment to consume excessive amounts of energy
in another. Essentially, we began to build less efficient
buildings that used more energy.
• After the 1970s energy crisis, stringent building codes began
to arise through the Energy Policy Act to improve building
efficiency.

• The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air


Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 90 Energy
Standard for Buildings addressed energy efficiency, Standard
62 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality addressed
ventilation, and Standard 55 addressed issues of thermal
comfort.
• These more stringent codes also required that mechanical
equipment become more energy efficient. With these codes in
place, an unintended consequence was that equipment
continued to be optimized for sensible cooling.

• Factors emerged from these developed standards and changes


made to the manner in which we designed and constructed
our buildings.

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