CHAPTER 2

Setting Out Survey

Contents:

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Highway Curves and Setting Out

2.2 Horizontal curve setting out

 2.0 Introduction

• Setting Out is the establishment of the marks and

lines to define the position and level of the elements
for the construction work so that works may proceed
with reference to them.

• This process may be contrasted with the purpose of

surveying which is to determine by measurement the
positions of existing features.

3
 2.1 Highway Curves and Setting Out
• Whenever the direction of a road or railway line is to be
changed, curves are provided between the intersecting
straights.

• This is necessary for smooth and safe movement of the

vehicles and for the comfort of passengers.

• The curves required may be in the horizontal planes or

in the vertical planes.

4
 Cont’d
• The design and construction of the road progress include
design of the curves.
• The initial design on the route is generally based on the
serious of connected straight lines.
• In the final design, a curve is provided at intersections if
the straight line to affect the gradual change in the
direction.

January 1, 2024 5
Cont’d

• Curves are geometrical figures that insert between two

alignment intersections.

• This alignment intersection derived from certain directions

and deflects to each other for some degree called deflection
angle.

• When the vehicle goes from the first straight to the second
straight, the change in direction is so difficult for the vehicle
to go up and turn.
January 1, 2024 6
Cont’d

• However, if these two lines joined by a curve, the change

can comfortable and easily negotiable.

❖Based on their objectives two types curve are there:

▪ Horizontal curves

▪ Vertical curves

1/1/2024 7
 2.1.1 Horizontal curves

✓Curves provided on the horizontal plane to provide change in

the direction.
✓Their alignments requires some changes in direction due to the
nature of the terrain, cultural features or other
unavoidable reasons.
✓The curves used to connect the tangents can be simple
circular, multiple circular with two different radii, or circular
curves joined to the tangents by spirals.

January 1, 2024 8
Cont’d

❖Types of Horizontal curve are:-

1.simple circular curve
2. reverse curve
3. compound curve
4. transition curve

January 1, 2024 9
 a. Simple circular curve

• It consists of a single arc of the circular curve tangential to two straights

lines of the route.

• When a curve consists of a single arc with a constant radius connection the
two tangents, it is said to be a circular curve.

January 1, 2024 10
 Elements of the simple circular curve:

January 1, 2024 11
 Designation of Curve

✓A simple circular curve may be designated either by

radius or by degree of the curve.

✓To have a radius of a curve:

• calculate the radius using design speed and comparing
with recommended result by local authority take the
safe radius between the two result and
• calculate the radius by using degree of curvature

1/1/2024 12
Cont’d
• The degree of a curve defines the sharpness or flatness of the
curve that can be defined based on either an arc or a chord.

• According to the arc definition, the degree of a curve is defined as

the central angle subtended by an arc of 30 or 20 m length (Fig.
2.3(a)).

• This definition is used primarily for highways.

❖Notice that the larger the degree of curve the sharper the curve
and the shorter the radius.

• The chord definition is used primarily for civilian railroad

construction and is used by the military for both roads and railroads.
1/1/2024 13
 Cont’d

1/1/2024 14
 Cont’d

Relationship between Degree and Radius of Curve

• Arc definition If R is the radius of a curve and D is its degree

for a 30m arc, then

RD 30  180 
= 30 R=
180 
D 

1718.9 1719
R= 
D D

1/1/2024 15
Cont’d • Chord definition For a 30m chord, from triangle T1OM

D T1 M 15 15
R =
sin = = D
2 OT1 R sin
2

D D Hence,
Since D is very small, therefore, sin 
2 2

R=
15
or R =
15  2  180 1718.9 1719
D   
or
R = 
    D   D D
  
2 180 
1/1/2024 16
 Cont’d
2.1.2 Stationing
• On route surveys, the surveyor numbers the stations forward
from the beginning of the project.

• For example, 0+00 indicates the beginning of the project.

• The 15+52.96 would indicate a point 1, 552.96 feet from the

beginning.

17
 2.1.3 Equations for Circular Curves

1.T - tangent distance T = R tan /2

2. E – Apex/external distance E = R [(sec /2 - 1)]

3. L - curve length L =  R ∏/ 180

4. M - middle ordinate M = R (1-cos /2)

5. C -chord length C = 2R sin /2

6. P.C - Chainage on point of curvature P.C = P.I – T

7. P.T - Chainage on point of Tangency P.C + L

1/1/2024 18
 Cont’d
2.1.4 Stations of PI, PC and PT
• The location of a planned highway or railway or a canal is
first located on the map sheet to fit the existing
conditions of man-made and natural features, culture
and topography.

• The coordinates of the PIs, PCs and PTs are carefully

scaled from the map.

19
 Cont’d
• The coordinates can be used to determine the tangent
lengths and deflection angles.

• Once the lengths of tangents and deflection angles are

known, the lines can be staked out and stationed by using
a theodolite.

• The net result of the field location of the tangents is a set

of lines from the point of beginning, throughout the project,
together with the deflection angles between the lines.
20
 Cont’d
• The station of the first PC is obtained by

PC1 = PI1 - T1

Where T is the tangent length

• The PT station is computed by

PT1 = PC1 + L1

In which L is the length of the first curve

21
 2.1.5 Setting out a simple circular curve
• Setting out a curve means locating various points at equal and
convenient distances along the length of a curve.
• After aligning the road/railway along AA’, when curve is to be
inserted, alignment of B’B is laid on the field by carefully going
through the alignment map and field notes.
•

1/1/2024 22
 Cont’d
• By ranging from AA’ and BB’, the vertex point I is determined.

• Setting a theodolite at I, the deflection angle is measured carefully.

• The tangent distance 𝑇1 is calculated.

• Subtracting this value from chainage of I, chainage of point of curve 𝑇1

is found.

• Adding length of curve to this chainage of 𝑇2 can be easily found.

23
 Cont’d
• Now pegs are to be fixed along the required curve at suitable intervals.

• It is impossible to measure along the curve.

• Hence, for fixing curve, chord lengths are taken as curved length.

• In practice, pegs are fixed at full chain distances.

• For example, if 20 m chain is used, chainage of 𝑇1 is 521.4 m and that of

𝑇2 is 695.8 m, the pegs are fixed at chainage 540, 560, 580 …, 660, 680 m.

24
 Cont’d
• Thus, the chord length of first chord is 18.6 m while that
of last one is 15.8 m.

• All intermediate chords are of 20 m.

• The first and last peg stations are known as sub-chord

station while the others are full chord stations.

25
 ❑ Methods of Setting out a simple circular curve
• The methods of setting out curves can be mainly divided into two heads
depending upon instruments used.

a) Linear methods: In the linear methods, only a chain or tape is used. Linear
methods are used when:

• A high degree of accuracy is not required,

• The curve is short.

b) Angular methods: In this method, an instrument such as a

theodolite is used with or without a chain (or tape).
1/1/2024 26
a) Linear methods
i) Offsets from the long chord

• Let it be required to set out a curve T1CT2 between the two

intersecting straights T1I and T2I (see next slide figure ).

• R is the radius of the curve,

• O0 the mid-ordinate, and

• Ox the offset at a point P at a distance x from the mid-point (M) of

the long chord.

1/1/2024 27
i) Offsets from the long chord
OM = (OT1
2
− MT1
2
)
or
 2 L 
2

OM = R −
  
  2 
 
Now,
 
CM = OC − OM R 1 - cos 
 2
or
O0 = R − OM
2
L
O0 = R − R2 −  
2
In triangle OP’G,
OG = R 2 − x 2 and
OM = R − O0
PP = OG − OM
'

O x = R − x − ( R − O0 )
The required offset, 2 2
Hence, Ox
1/1/2024 28
Example: It is required to set out a curve of radius 100 m with pegs at
approximately 10 m centers. The deflection angle is 60°. Draw up the data
necessary for setting out the curve by offsets from long chord.
Example: It is required to set out a curve of radius 100 m with pegs at
approximately 10 m centers. The deflection angle is 60°. Draw up the data
necessary for setting out the curve by offsets from long chord.

Solution
 ii). Perpendicular offsets from the tangent
This method is suitable for small values of the radius, length of curve and deflection angle.
In Figure 2.5, Ox is offset perpendicular to the tangent at a distance x from the point of curve
T1 ,
Refer to Fig. and derive the formula for calculating
perpendicular offsets from the tangent.
In the triangle OEP
Example: It is required to set out a curve of radius 100 m with pegs at
approximately 10 m centers. The deflection angle is 60°. Draw up the data
necessary for setting out the curve by offsets from tangent.

Solution
 b). By angular methods:
i). Rankine's method of deflection angle (one-theodolite method)

• This method is useful for setting out a circular curve of long length and of
large radius.

• It yields good results except when the chords are long as compared to the
radius, so that the variation between the length of an arc and its chord
becomes considerable.

• It is quite accurate and is frequently used on highways and railways.

✓ A deflection angle to any point on the curve is the angle
at P.C. between the tangent and the chord from P.C. to
that point.

✓ According to Rankine's method, this deflection angle is

equal to half the angle subtended by the arc at the
center.
❖ From the property of a circle that the angle subtended by a chord at the center
is twice the angle between the tangent and the chord. Then,
 T1Oa = 2  IT1a = 21

R  21 = T1a = C1
Example. Two tangents intersect at chainage 1190 m, the deflection angle being 360.
Calculate all the data necessary for setting out a curve with a radius of 300 m by deflection
angle method (Rankine's). The peg interval is 30 m.
Example: Tabulate data needed to set out by a theodolite and tape for a circular curve of
radius 600m to connect two straights having a deflection angle of 18024. The through
chainage of the PI is 2140.00m and a normal chord length of 20m is to used.

Solution: Given  =18024, R=600m,normal chord c=20m

Check that c R/20R/20=30m>c Hence, OK!

➢ Tangent distance, T=R tan (/2)=600 tan9912=97.20m

➢ Chainage of PI=2140.00m=21+40.00
T=97.20m =0+97.20
➢ Chainage of PC=2042.80m=20+42.80
➢ Next full station on the curve (@20-m intervals)=
2042.80/20= 102.14 take 103
then, 103*20=2060
 Next full station on the curve (@20-m intervals)= 20+60.00
Therefore, length of initial subchord c=20+60.00-20+42.80=17.20m
➢ Length of curve=R/180=600*18.24*/180=192.68m
Chainage of PC=2042.80m=20+42.80
Length of curve L=192.68m=1+92.68
Chainage of PT =2235.48m= 22+35.48

➢ Last full station on the curve (@ 20-m intervals)

2235.48/20=111.774 take 111
then, 111*20=2220
Therefore, length of final subchord c2=22+35.48-22+20.00=15.48m
 The curve has an initial subchord of 17.20
and a final subchord of 15.48m.
No. of normal chords = 192.68 - (15.48+17.20) /20=8
 ➢ Calculation of deflection angles
Given the cord length c, the deflection angle from station
to station on the is given by
=1718.873c/R minutes

Hence, 1=1718.873c/R=1718.873*17.20/600=49.27’

=1718.873c/R=1718.873*20/600=57.30’

2=1718.873c2/R=1718.873*15.48/600=44.35’

Calculate the chainage of each station and the cumulative deflection angles from the back tangent to
each station on the curve (tabulated below)
Chainage Chord, m Deflection Total deflection. Total def. Angle on 20
Angle Angle theodolite
PC=20+42.80 0 0 0 0
20+60.00 17.20 49.27' 0049.27'
+80.00 20.00 57.30' 1046.57'
21+00.00 20.00 57.30' 2043.87'
+20.00 20.00 57.30' 3041.17'
+40.00 20.00 57.30' 4038.47'
+60.00 20.00 57.30' 5035.77'
+80.00 20.00 57.30' 6033.07'
22+00.00 20.00 57.30' 7030.37'
+20.00 20.00 57.30' 8027.67'
+35.48 15.48 44.35' 9012.00'
9012’00"=/2 (check)
 Quiz 5.5%
Write the appropriate name of the parts of a simple circular curve in
the given boxes provided on the following Fig.2.8.
1
2
10 3

9 4

8
5
7
 2.1.7 COMPOUND CURVES
• A compound curve consists of two or more arcs of circles of
different radii that deviate in the same direction and join at a
common tangent point.
• When two or more simple circular curves, of different radii,
turning in the same direction join two intersecting straights, the
resultant curve is known as a compound curve with two simple
circular curves of two radii
• TWO CENTERED COMPOUND CURVE

▪ Two straights AI and BI (when produced)

intersect at I, the point of intersection. A
two centered compound curve T1CT2 is
inserted between them.
▪ Two circular arcs T1C and CT2 have O1 and
O2 as their centers.
▪ T1and T2 are point of commencement and
point of tangency of the curve respectively.
➢ The essential components of a compound curve are :

∆ = total deflection angle

∆1 = deflection angle IKL
∆2 = deflection angle ILK
Rs=radius of arc (small) T1C
RL=radius of arc (large) T2C.
Ts=total tangent length (small), T1I
TL= total tangent length (large), T2I.
Angle T1O1C = 180° - angle T1KC = ∆1
Angle CO2T2 = 180° - angle CLT2 = ∆2
T1K = KC = t1 and CL = LT2 = t2
KL = t1 + t2
Applying sine rule to ∆ IKL, we get

Hence, total tangent lengeth Ts= T1 K + KI

 ✓ Relationship between different parts of a compound curve
There are seven essential parts of a two centered compound curve i.e. TS TL RS , , , , , ∆ ∆1 ∆2 and
RL . If any four of these quantities including at least one angle are known, the remaining
quantities may be calculated.
Calculation of the rest of three quantities is made as
under :
In all, five cases may arise and the formulae for each
case are detailed below :
Case I.
Given : ∆,RS , RL ,∆1 or ( ∆2 )
Required : TS, TL, ∆2 or ( ∆1 )

Or
Example: Two straights AB BC are intersected by a line D1D2. the straights are to be joined by a two –center compound
curve with radii of 600m and 800m each. If the Chainage of the PI is 8248.10m, calculate the chainages of the PC,PT
and PCC. Also compute the defection angles required to set out the entire curve taking a normal chord of 20m. The
angle BD1D2and BD2D1are 40030’ and 36024’ respectively.
vertical curve
Introduction
• Vertical curves are curves, in a vertical plane, used to join
two intersecting grade lines.
• The reduced level of these curves change from point to point
in a gradual and systematic manner
• It is used to provide smooth transition between grade lines
in roads or railways.
• They help the vehicle to negotiate the curve smoothly.
• The parabola is most commonly used for connecting two
different grades in order to provide the transition.
Cont

• A parabolic curve also provides the best riding qualities as the

rate of change in grade is uniform throughout along a parabola
having its axis vertical i.e., the rate of change of slope of a
parabola is constant.
• It is easy to compute the elevation of points on a parabola.
• The results of the vertical curve computation are the elevations
at selected points along the route from the beginning of the
curve to its end.
TYPES OF VERTICAL CURVES
Two types of vertical curves exist:
(a) Crest Curves (summit curve)
(b) Sag Curves (valley curve)
Cont

❖ A sag curve are used where the change in grade is positive, such as valleys,
❖ Crest curves are used when the change in grade is negative, such as hills.
✓ Both types of curves have three defined points:
1. PVC (Point of Vertical Curve),
2. PVI (Point of Vertical Intersection), and
3. PVT (Point of Vertical Tangency)
PARABOLIC VERTICAL CURVES

❖ Vertical curves are usually parabolic since parabola curves provide constant rate
of change of Curvature.
Unsymmetrical parabolic curve:- is a vertical curve which the
Symmetrical parabola curve curve length from PVC to PVI and from PVI to PVT is not
equal.
the curve length from PVC to PVI
and from PVI to PVT are equal.
ELEMENTS OF PARABOLIC VERTICAL CURVE

a. Vertex (V) the point of intersection of the grade line

b. (PVI) point of V. Curvature(PVC)- The pt of tangency where the parabolic V. curve
leaves initial grade.
c. Point of Vertical tangency(PVT)- The pt of tangency where the parabolic V. curve
meets the forward grade.
d. Length of vertical curve (L)- the horizontal distance b/n PVC to PVT.
 Equations of symmetrical parabolic vertical curve

Let e and Y be the coordinates of pont p on the curve point A.

e= the vertical offset (m) from the vertex (PVI) to the middle of the curve.
Y= the vertical offset (m) from the tangent to any point on the curve.
Cont

METHOD- I Method II-

BASED ON THE RATE OF CHANGE OF GRADE (r) Based on the rule of offsets
EPC = EPVC + g1X +(r/2)X2 The entire curve may be established by offsets
Where:- from the initial tangent or the lst half may be
x = the distance of a point on curve from PVC referred to the 1st & the 2nd half to the second
g1 =the initial grade per station tangent
EPC= elevation of pts on curve 2
 x
EPT= elevation on tangent. y = 4e  
EPVC= elevation of PVC
L
Where :-
e= offset from the tangent to the curve
Cont

2
 x
y = 4e  
L
Example
A vertical curve is to connect two tangents that intersect at station 5 + 000 &
elevation 500m. The back tangent gradient is - 4 percent, the forward tangent
gradient is 2 percent. The length of the curve is 160m. setup a table that shows
elevations at PVC,PVT and at full stations along the curve. The vertical curve is
symmetrical parabolic curve.
Cont
Cont
Equation of Unsymmetrical parabolic Vertical Curve
Example
A 5% grade meets a -2% grade at station 1+ 810 and elevation 1125.00m the tangents
are unequal l1=80m, l2=120m. Compute the elevations at each full station on the curve.
Cont
Cont
Station Xm Elevation on curve Remark
1+730 0 1121.000 PVC
+740 10 1121.474
+760 30 1122.264
+780 50 1122.844
+800 70 1123.214
+810 80,120 1123.32 PVI
+820 110 1123.388
+840 90 1123.455
+860 70 1123.428
+880 50 1123.308
+900 30 1123.095
+920 10 1122.788
PVT1+930 0 1122.600 PVT
Cont
Types of vertical curve
Cont Types of vertical curve
 The two methods for computing the elements of the vertical curve are
1. Using the equation of the parabola
2. Using the geometric properties of the parabola
1. Vertical curve by equation of the parabola

• The equation of a parabola with the axis in the y- direction is

Y=ax2+bx+c
➢ When x= 0, y= c, the elevation of the
BVC. The above equation becomes
Y=ax2+bx+elevation of BVC
 2. Using the geometric properties of the parabola
The three properties of an equal- tangent parabolic vertical curve are as
follows (fig below):

1. The offsets from the tangent to the curve at a point are proportional to the
squares of the horizontal distances from the point.
2. Offsets from the two grade lines are symmetrical with respect to the point
of vertical intersection of the two grade lines.
3. The curve lies midway between the point of intersection of the grade lines
and the middle point of the chord joining the BVC and EVC.
 Computation of a vertical curve
Procedures for computing a vertical curve (tangent grade line method):
1. Compute the algebraic difference in grades A= g1-g2
2. Compute he station of BVC and EVC:
Station of BVC = station of PVI – L/2
Station of EVC = station of PVI +L/2
3. Compute the distance from the BVC to the high or low point; x= -g1(L/A)
4. Compute the tangent grade line elevation of the BVC and EVC
Tangent grade line elevation of the BVC = Elevation of PVI  g1*L/2
Tangent grade line elevation of the EVC = Elevation of PVI  g2*L/2
5. Compute the tangent grade line elevation for each required station using the give interval
6. Compute the midpoint of the chord elevation: (Elevation of BVC + Elevation of EVC)/2
7. Compute tangent offset d at PVI, d = (Elevation of PVI - Elevation of Mid chord)/2
8. Compute the tangent offset for each individual station :
Tangent offset = (x/L/2)2d
Where x is the distance from the BVC or EVC which is closer to the required station
9. Compute the elevation on the curve at each required station by combining the tangent offsets with the
appropriate tangent grade line elevations. Add for sag curves and subtract for rest curves.
a = (g2 – g1)/ 2L / 100
b= -g1
 Ex.2: A 200m vertical curve is to join two grade lines g1and g2 which are –5% and -3%
respectively. The vertex of the intersection of the grades is at a station of 62+00 and the
elevation sis 1000.00m. Compute the grade elevations at 20-m intervals throughout the
curve. Use both methods.

Solution: An equal –tangent parabolic curve is provided

1. A= g2 – g1 = -3 – (-5) = 2
2. Station of BVC = PVI – L/2 = 6200 - 100 = 6100 OR 61+00
Station of EVC= PVI + L/2 = 6200 + 100 = 6300 OR 63+ 00
3. Location of H or L point = -g1(L/A) = 5*200/2 = 500m from BVC
4. Elevation of BVC = Elv of PVI + (100 in 5%) = 1000 + 100*0.05 = 1000 + 5 = 1005m
Elevation of EVC = Elv of PVI - (100 in 3%) = 1000 - 100 * 0.03

The elements for setting out are tabulated below

5. Tangent grade line elevation
For station 61+20 = 1005 – 0.05 *20 = 1004
For station 61+40 = 1005 – 0.05 * 40 = 1003 …
6. Mid- chord elevation = 1/ 2 Elv of BVC + Elv of EVC = 1005 + 997 / 2= 1001
For station 62+20 = 1000 – 0.03 * 20 = 999.4
• Tangent offset d = ½ (Elv of PVI – Elv of M)= 1000 -1001 / 2 = 0.5
• Offsets from Tangent = (x/ L/2)2 d
For 61+20 =( 20/200/2) = 0.02 stations Elevation on Offsets from grade line, Elev. On curve, y,
Tangent grade m m
line
1005.00
BVC 61+00 1005.00 0.00
1004.02
61 + 20 1004.00 0.02
1003.08
61 + 40 1003.00 0.08
1002.18
60 1002.00 0.18
1001.32
80 1001.00 0.32
1000.50
PVI 62+00 1000.00 0.50
999.72
62+ 20 999.40 0.32
998.98
40 998.80 0.18
998.28
60 998.20 0.08
997.62
Exercise using Equation of parabola 80 997.60 0.02
997.00
EVC 63+00 997.00 0.00
 2.4 Building Setting out

.
• Setting out is all about transferring measurements from working
drawings to the building plot.

• Setting out is simply the physical transfer into the ground what was
initially on plan or in paperwork.

• Transferring the building professionals drawing (the architect) plan

onto the ground is a process of setting out.

80
 Cont’d
• Plan or drawing where a projected building is drawn and numeric values of
setting out
. elements are written.

• Pegs and profiles are set out to mark the positions of corners, walls and
foundations.

• The grid is established using a total station and marking the grid line
intersections with pegs.

• One the grid has been set out, offset pegs or profiles can be fixed clear of
any subsequent excavation work.

81
 Cont’d
• Undertaken once the site has been cleared of any details and any
.
reduced level excavation work is finished.

• Accurate setting out is of principal importance and should therefore

only be carried out by a competent person and all their work
thoroughly checked.

• The first task in setting out the building is to establish a base line to
which all the setting out can be related.

82
 Cont’d
• A temporary
. bench mark is a fix point on site to which all levels
related and should be established at an early stage.

• Frame buildings are usually related to a grid, the intersections of the

grid lines being the centre point of an isolated or pad foundation.

83
 Cont’d
• The overall
. outline of the reduced level area can be set out using a total
station, ranging rods, tape and pegs working from a base line.

• To control the depth of excavation, sight rails are set up at a convenient

height and at positions which will enable a traveler to be used.

84
 Cont’d
.

85
 Cont’d
• A block plan will show where a building will be positioned on
site. and the shape and size of the building on plan.
• Measurements are marked on the plan to show distances of
the building from the boundaries or other fixed points and the
measurements of the building itself.
• To mark out the site wooden pegs are driven into the ground at
corners.
• Nails are fixed on the tops of the pegs and a builder’s line
pulled taut from nail to nail to show the position of the wall.

86
 Cont’d
.

87
 Cont’d
• Pegs are often positioned beyond corners so that
.
the line crosses at the exact corner.

88
Setting Out Procedure
Cont’d
• A theodolite
.
or total station is set up over a control point which has
known co-ordinates.
• The instrument is then pointed at another control point in order to
orientate the instrument to north. If a conventional theodolite is
being used it normal to turn the instrument to north and reset the
horizontal angle to zero.
• The distances and bearings from that control point to those points
which require setting out are now located and fixed with pegs.

89
 Cont’d
• A control point which is located near to the structure to be set out will ensure
.
maximum accuracy.

• If a total station is used the co-ordinates are entered into the software and
the prism target will allow the bearing and distance to be located for each
point.

• If a conventional theodolite is used the co-ordinates of the control point are

compared with those of each point to be set out. This will require whole
circle bearings and distances to be calculated for each point.

90
 Cont’d
• The procedure is then to simply turn to the
.
required bearing and measure the distance
ensuring that the tape is held as near horizontal
as possible

91
 Cont’d
2.5 Setting Out of Bridge and Culvert
. • Setting out of bridge

92
 Setting out of bridge pier Cont’d
Locating pier position:
.
• Lay one base line on each bank exactly at right angle to
center line AB , extending on either side of the centre
line.
• Measure the accurate length of centre line AB by
triangulation.
• Locate the position of the piers on the centered line as
under:

93
 Cont’d
• Calculate the distance BP1, P1P2,P2A between the
.
abutment and piers.

• Measure distances B1,B2 equal to BP1 and BP2

respectively on the base line perpendicular at B on either
side.

• Similarly measure distances A2, A1 equal to AP2 and AP1

on the base line perpendicular at A on either side. The
interacting line 1-1& 2-2 make angle of 45 with base lines
on opposite banks and also with the centre line AB.

94
 Cont’d
• The position
.
of pier 1 may be located by simultaneously sighting at the
interesting of the two intersecting lines 1-1

• Similarly the position of pier 2 may be located by simultaneously

sighting at the intersection of the two intersecting lines 2-2

95
 Cont’d
Setting out of culvert
.

96
 Cont’d
Procedures
.
• Fix a peg at O

• Set up theodolite over O

• Bisect the point B. and fix the number of points along OB.

• Transits the telescope and fix a number of points along

OA.

• Set out the line CD at right angle to AB and fix a number

of points necessary to define the line CD .

97
 Cont’d
.
• Set off the distance O1,O2,O3,O4 etc along CD.
On side of O and 1a,2b,3c,4d, etc along AB on
either side of O. fix arrow at these points.

• In similar manner other corner of the wing walls

and abutments may be marked by their co-
ordinates and pegs are driven.

98
 Cont’d
3.4 Setting Out of Drainage Lines or Pipes
.

99
 Cont’d
• Fix stakes on the ground at the center line of the
. proposed sewer at 20m intervals.
• Set out a parallel line to the proposed center line of
the sewer on one side at a distance apart so that it
may not get disturbed during excavation.
• Excavate the sewer trench of desired width and
depth.
• Erect cross heads at 30meter apart and each change
of gradient and direction.

100
 Cont’d
• Set the top edge of each sight rail truly horizontal
.
with help of a spirit level.

• Drive in a nail on the top edge at the centre of

the sight rail to define the centre line of the
sewer.

• Establish the gradient of the line joining top edge

of two consecutive sight rails as that of the invert
of the sewer.

101
 Cont’d
3.5 Setting out of Underground Survey
.

102
 Cont’d
• Transfer of center line inside tunnel
.
• A theodolite is set up on top of the hill at a suitable
position to maintain the center line of the shaft.

• With the help of leveling instrument, the RL of both

ends of the shaft are determined. Since the bottom
level of the tunnel is already determined, the exact
depth of the shaft is calculated with reference to the
top RL.

103
 Cont’d
• Then the excavation of the shaft is started and
.
verticality is maintained by plumb bob suspended
from wire. Excavation is continued until the
calculated bottom level is reached.

• The center line inside the tunnel should be

maintained by a precise theodolite.

104