CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction and History of SIWES

Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was introduced by the

Federal Government of Nigeria to bridge the gap between theory and practice

among products of tertiary Institutions. It was first initiated and funded by the

Industrial Training Fund (ITF) during the formative years of 1973/1974.

With the increasing number of student enrolment in higher institutions there is a

high demand of resources to fund the scheme, hence, ITF withdrew from the

scheme and the federal government took over the funding in 1997 and passed it

over to the National University Commission (NUC), a regulatory body for the

Universities and its counterfeit, for the Polytechnics, the National Board for

Technical Education (NBTE). However, five years later in 1984, the scheme

was reverted back to the ITF which had continued to manage it to date with

funding being provided by the Federal Government. (Agunwa, 2012)

1.2 Scope and Importance of SIWES

SIWES is strategized for skill acquisition and development. IT is a platform for

the preparation of student for real life work experience. It prepares them for the

work situation that they will encounter after graduation. Therefore, SIWES is

the key factor required to inject industrialization and economic development in

our nation by preparing students for the work requirement after graduation.

(Agunwa, 2012).

1
1.3 Importance of SIWES

 Prepare Students for the real work situation they will meet after graduation.

 Expose Students to work methods and techniques in the handling of

equipment and machinery that may not be available in school.

 Making the transition from academic institution to the labor market smooth

and enhance students contact for later job placement.

 Strengthen employer involvement in the entire educational process and

prepare Students for employment opportunities.

 Promote the desired technological know-how required for the advancement

of the nation. (Agunwa, 2012).

1.4 Role of the Industrial Training Fund (ITF)

 Formulation of guidelines and policies on SIWES.

 Organization of orientation programs for students prior to SIWES

attachment.

 Carry research into operations of SIWES and recommend improvements if

need be.

 Supervise students on SIWES attachment.

 Disburse supervisory and students allowances.

 Provide Insurance cover for students on SIWES attachment. (Agunwa,

2012).

2
1.5 The Role of the Students

 Attend SIWES Orientation Program organized by Institution in conjunction

with ITF.

 Be obedient to constituted authorities.

 Be regular and punctual to work.

 Avoid change of place of SIWES attachment outside the allowed time frame.

 To complete SPE-1 Form and get it endorsed by their employers who will

forward some to ITF.

 To record all training activities and other assignments in the log-book and

complete ITF Form-8 to ensure proper assessments. (Agunwa, 2012).

1.6 The Role of the Institution

 Establishment of SIWES units on Institutions and equipping them.

 Supervise Students on SIWES attachment and sign logbooks.

 Organize orientation courses in collaboration with ITF.

 Assess students Technical Reports and award grades.

 Submit comprehensive reports to supervising Agencies and ITF.

 Submit ITF Form 8 to ITF at the end of each SIWES year. (Agunwa, 2012).

3
 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Overview of the organization of attachment

Established in 1981 by Rajendra S. Pawar and Vijay K. Thadani, NIIT is an

Indian Multinational company that offers learning management and training

delivery solutions to corporations, institutions and individuals in over 40

countries. It has three main lines of business worldwide: Corporate Learning

Group (CLG), Skills and Careers Group (SCG), and School Learning Group

(SLG).

1. Corporate Learning Group - It offers Managed Training Services (MTS),

which include custom curriculum design and content development,

learning administration, learning delivery, strategic sourcing, learning

technology and advisory services.

2. Skills and Careers Group - This focuses on providing employability skills

to learners. It includes learning programs in soft skills, business process

excellence, retail sales enablement, vocational skills, digital media

marketing, new age IT, Banking, Insurance and Financial services

(through IFBI), Executive Management (through NIIT Imperia) and

BPO/KPO training (through NIIT Uniqua).

3. School Learning Group - It provides technology based learning to

government and private schools. It offers NIIT nGuru learning solutions

4
 for schools, which include Interactive classrooms with digital content,

Math Lab, IT Wizard programs and Quick School software.

NIIT has alliances with global leaders such as Adobe, Cisco, Citrix, EMC, Intel,

Microsoft, Oracle, SAS, Sun and provides training on their platforms. For its

academic alliance, the company has collaborated with 100 leading educational

institutes across India, China, New Zealand, UK, Malaysia, Australia, USA,

Canada and Ireland.

2.2 Awards

NIIT was ranked among the Top 20 Companies in the IT Training Industry in

2008 by TainingOutsourcing.com.

NIIT was acknowledged for its innovation in ICT in Education by UNESCO in

2008.

NIITs brand HiWEL received Digital Opportunity Award by World Information

Technology Services Alliance (WITSA) in 2008.

In 2011

i. Ranked among the Top 20 Best IT Employers, in DQ–CMRs Best

Employers Survey.

ii. Conferred with the Excellence in Training Award at ASIAs Best

Employer Brand Awards.

iii. Best IT Implementation of the year award conferred to three projects by

PC Quest.

5
 iv. In 2012

v. Featured in the Leaders category in 2012 Global Outsourcing 100 service

providers list.

vi. Received Award for Excellence in HR through Technology and Training

at ASIA's Best Employer Brand Awards.

vii. NIIT Technologies' Intranet Prahari bags Skoch Digital Inclusion Award

2012 for the Best Process Automation Recognized as a Special Category

Winner.

viii. Ranked No.3 in Best Companies in Career Growth category in Great

Place to work study.

ix. Ranked No. 6 in DQ–CMR Best IT Employer Survey.

x. Ranked No.1 across all industries globally in the 2012 ASTD (American

Society for Training and Development).

2.3 BEST Awards

i. 2013 – Listed in the Forbes Asia's 200 Best Under a Billion companies.

ii. Ranked 6th in Top Employer category at Asia's Best Employer Brand

Awards.

iii. Conferred with Best in HR Strategy in line with Business at Asia's Best

Employer Brand Awards.

iv. Recognized for Excellence in Training at Asia's Best Employer Brand

Awards, 2013

6
 CHAPTER THREE

Web Development

Web development is a broad term for the work involved in developing a

website. It involves the use of a markup language, scripting language, scripting

language, database management and network security configuration.

3.1 Web Development Using HTML

As an outgrowth of SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), HTML is

generally viewed as nothing more than a document formatting, or tagging,

language. The tags (inside <> delimiter characters) instruct a viewer program

(the browser or, more generically, the client) how to display chunks of text or

images (Goodman & Morrison, 2007)

HTML is a markup language for describing web documents (web pages).

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. A markup language is a set of

markup tags. HTML documents are described by HTML tags. Each HTML tag

describes different document content.

Web browsers can read HTML files and render them into visible or audible web

pages. HTML describes the structure of a website semantically along with cues

for presentation, making it a markup language, rather than a programming

language.

HTML was developed in 1980 by an English physicist Tim Berners-Lee.

What is HTML?

HTML is a markup language for describing web documents (web pages).

7
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

A markup language is a set of markup tags

HTML documents are described by HTML tags

Each HTML tag describes different document content

HTML Example

A small HTML document:

<! DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Page Title</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

Example Explained

The DOCTYPE declaration defines the document type to be HTML

The text between <html> and </html> describes an HTML document

The text between <head> and </head> provides information about the document

The text between <title> and </title> provides a title for the document

The text between <body> and </body> describes the visible page content
8
The text between <h1> and </h1> describes a heading

The text between <p> and </p> describes a paragraph

Using this description, a web browser can display a document with a heading

and a paragraph.

HTML Tags

HTML tags are keywords (tag names) surrounded by angle brackets:

<tagname>content</tagname>

HTML tags normally come in pairs like <p> and </p>

The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag

The end tag is written like the start tag, but with a slash before the tag name

The start tag is often called the opening tag. The end tag is often called the

closing tag.

Web Browsers

The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, IE, Firefox, Safari) is to read HTML

documents and display them.

The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses them to determine how

to display the document:

HTML Page Structure

Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:

<html>

<head>

9
<title>Page title</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

Only the <body> area (the white area) is displayed by the browser.

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration helps the browser to display a web page

correctly.

There are different document types on the web.

To display a document correctly, the browser must know both type and version.

The doctype declaration is not case sensitive. All cases are acceptable:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<!doctype html>

<!Doctype Html>

10
3.1.1 HTML - TEXT FORMATTING TAGS
As you begin to place more and more text elements onto your website, you may
find yourself wanting to incorporate bold or italic properties in your text
elements. HTML offers a handful of special tags that can be utilized to do just
that:
HTML TEXT FORMATTING TAGS:
<p>An example of <b>Bold Text</b></p>
<p>An example of <em>Emphasized Text</em></p>
<p>An example of <strong>Strong Text</strong></p>
<p>An example of <i>Italic Text</i></p>
<p>An example of ^{superscripted Text}</p>
<p>An example of _{subscripted Text}</p>
<p>An example of <del>struckthrough Text</del></p>
3.1.2 HTML - WEB COLORS

Below is a table of the 16 basic HTML color values that are available to HTML
web designers.
HTML BASIC COLORS:
Black Gray Silver White
Yellow Lime Aqua Fuchsia
Red Green Blue Purple
Maroon Olive Navy Teal
Fig 3.0 Basic Html Colors
HTML CODE:
<table bgcolor="#ff0000" border="1"><tr>
<td>A red colored table background using hexadecimal values "#FF0000".</td>
</tr></table>

<table bgcolor="rgb(0, 0, 255)" border="1"><tr>

11
<td>A blue colored table background using numeric, RGB values "rgb(0, 0,
255)".</td>
</tr></table>
<table bgcolor="lime" border="1"><tr>
<td>A lime colored table background using color names.</td>
</tr></table>
Table Bgcolor Values:

A lime colored table background using color names.

A red colored table background using hexadecimal values "#FF0000".

A blue colored table background using numeric, RGB values "rgb(0, 0, 255)".
Fig. 3.1 Html Table
3.1.3 HTML - WEB FORMS

HTML web forms are a composition of buttons, checkboxes, and text input
fields embedded inside of HTML documents with one goal in mind: to capture
user input. By doing things such as providing fields for user data such as names,
phone number, and email addresses, web forms give users the opportunity to
interact directly with a webpage.

HTML forms are placed on a web page using the <form> tag. This tag should
encapsulate a series of other form elements, identifying them as a single
cohesive web form.
HTML FORM ELEMENT:
<form name="myWebForm" action="myServerSideScript.php"
method="post">
<input type="checkbox" /> Checkbox 1<br />
<input type="text" /> Text Field 1<br />

12
 <input type="submit" value="SUBMIT" />
</form>
HTML WEB FORM:

Checkbox

Text Field 1
HTML form elements rely on action and method attributes to identify where to
send the form data for processing (action) and how to process the data (method).
3.1.4 HTML - INPUT ELEMENT(S)

HTML input elements are form elements such as text fields, checkboxes, and
buttons. The name comes from the <input> tag, which is the mark-up that
identifies web form components. The <input> tag relies upon a few attributes to
classify and name each form item, providing the web developer with a means to
manipulate each element individually.

The type attribute determines what kind of input element to render to the screen.
Options here include: text, checkbox, radio, button, submit, reset, password, and
hidden form elements. Each has its own unique functionality and customizable
presentation.
HTML INPUT ELEMENT CODE:
<form name="myWebForm" action="mailto:youremail@email.com"
method="post">
Check Me: <input type="checkbox" /><br />
Name: <input type="text" /><br />
Yes: <input type="radio" /> No: <input type="radio" /><br />
<input type="submit" value="SUBMIT" />
<input type="reset" value="RESET" />
</form>
HTML INPUT ELEMENTS:

13
CheckMe:

Name:

Yes: No:
HTML - TEXT FIELDS

Text fields offer a small rectangular box that's always ready to receive
information from viewers. Users will notice that when they click these fields,
the cursor will change from the typical arrow to a pipe character ( | ), allowing
for text entries to be typed inside each input field.

A text field is placed on a web page using the <input> tag, with the type
attribute set with a value of "text".
HTML TEXT FIELD CODE:
<form name="myWebForm" action="mailto:youremail@email.com"
method="post">
First: <input title="Please Enter Your First Name" id="first" name="first"
type="text" /> Last: <input title="Please Enter Your Last Name" id="last"
name="last" type="text" />
<input type="submit" value="SUBMIT" />
</form>
HTML TEXT FIELDS:

First: Last:
Text fields are designed to capture single words or phrases from the user. That
information may then be processed through some kind of client/server side
script (PHP, PERL, JavaScript).

HTML - SUBMIT BUTTONS

14
Submit buttons send form data to a back-end process or application. The back-
end process then verifies and processes the data, eventually passing the
information into some database application.
Set the type attribute of the <input> tag to "submit" in order to place a submit
button on a web page.
HTML SUBMIT BUTTONS:
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
<br /> <input type="submit" value="Send" />
<br /> <input type="submit" value="Submit Form" /><br />
3.1.5 HTML - FORM SUBMISSION - ACTION
Submission buttons send form data to whatever action has been designated by
the action attribute of the encapsulating <form> element. The code below will
send the form data’s to an email address (youremail@youremail.com).
HTML CODE:
<form method="post" action="mailto:youremail@youremail.com" >
First:<input type="text" name="First" size="12" maxlength="12" />
Last:<input type="text" name="Last" size="24" maxlength="24" />
<input type="submit" value="Send Email" />
</form>
3.1.6 HTML - UPLOAD FORMS
Upload fields provide the interface that allows users to select a local file and
upload it to the web server. An upload field renders as two parts -- an empty
text field and a Browse button that opens up a local window explorer on the
user's computer. This allows them to quickly browse to the local file and
automatically fills in the file path inside of the text field.

Setting the type attribute of the <input> to "file" places the upload element on a
web page.

15
HTML UPLOAD FIELD CODE:
<form name="myWebForm" action="mailto:youremail@email.com"
method="post">
<input type="file" name="uploadField" />
</form>
HTML - TEXTAREAS

An HTML textarea is an oversized Text Field capable of capturing "blurb" type

information from a user. If you've ever posted on a forum or left feedback on
your favorite blog, you probably do so using an HTML textarea.

Embed textareas in HTML documents using the <textarea> tag.

HTML TEXTAREA CODE
<textarea name="myTextArea"cols="20" rows="10">Please limit your
response to 100 characters.</textarea><br />
<textarea name="myTextArea" cols="40" rows="2">Please limit your
response to 200 characters.</textarea><br />
<textarea name="myTextArea" cols="45" rows="5">Please limit your
response to 500 characters.</textarea><br />

16
HTML TEXTAREA FORM ELEMENT:

3.1.7 HTML - DIV ELEMENT(S)

Web developers use <div> elements to group together HTML elements and
apply CSS styles to many elements at once. For instance, by wrapping a set of
paragraph elements into a <div> element, the developer can take advantage of
CSS styles and apply a font to all paragraphs at once by applying a font style to
the <div> tag instead of coding the same style for each paragraph element.
HTML DIV ELEMENT CODE:
<div id="myDiv" name="myDiv" title="Example Div Element">
<h5>Subtitle</h5>
<p>This paragraph would be your content paragraph...</p>
<p>Here's another content article right here.</p>
</div>

With these text elements now grouped together under a <div> element, we can
alter the appearance of each underlying element collectively by applying a style
attribute to the <div> tag.

17
HTML DIV ELEMENT CODE:
<div id="myDiv" name="myDiv" title="Example Div Element" style="color:
#0900C4; font: Helvetica 12pt;border: 1px solid black;">
<h5>Subtitle</h5>
<p>This paragraph would be your content paragraph...</p>
<p>Here's another content article right here.</p>
</div>
HTML DIV ELEMENT IN ACTION:

Subtitle

This paragraph would be your content paragraph...

Here's another content article right here.

Elements housed within a <div> tag acquire any styles or properties applied to
the master div element. Therefore the paragraph and heading elements should
now be rendered blue in a Helvetica font. In addition, we've applied a border to
the <div> element just to help visualize the grouping of elements together.
HTML uses start tags and end tags to markup web page elements: In the
example above, the <p> tag marks the start of a paragraph, and </p> marks the
end of the paragraph.
By using simple HTML tags, web designers can add headers, paragraphs, text,
tables, images, lists, programming code, etc., to a web page (HTML document).

Web browsers (IE, Firefox, Chrome, etc.) read HTML documents, interpret the
HTML tags, and display the proper output (without displaying the HTML tags):

According to the HTML standard, HTML should be used to define the content
of web pages.
18
To define the visual style (color, size, appearance, layout, etc.), CSS (Cascading
Style Sheets) should be used
3.2 CASCADING STYLE SHEET
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style language used for describing the
presentation of a document written in a markup language. CSS was developed
by Hakon Wium Lee in the year 1996.

CSS defines how HTML elements are to be displayed.

CSS describes the visual style (appearance, layout, color, fonts) of HTML
elements.
CSS was designed to separate document layout from document content (which
greatly improved HTML flexibility and reduced HTML complexity).
CSS is easy to learn. You can use HTML element names as selectors, and list
the style properties inside curly brackets:
3.2.1 Selector
In CSS, selectors are used to declare which part of the markup a style applies to
by matching tags and attributes in the markup itself. Selectors may apply to:

 all elements of a specific type, e.g. the second-level headers h2

 elements specified by attribute, in particular:
o id: an identifier unique to the document
o class: an identifier that groups multiple elements in a document
 Elements depending on how they are placed relative to others in the
document tree.

Classes and IDs are case-sensitive, start with letters, and can include
alphanumeric characters and underscores. Any number of instances of any
number of elements may have the same class. Conventionally, IDs only apply to
one instance of one element.

19
Pseudo-classes are used in CSS selectors to permit formatting based on
information that is not contained in the document tree. One example of a widely
used pseudo-class is: hover, which identifies content only when the user "points
to" the visible element, usually by holding the mouse cursor over it. It is
appended to a selector as in a:hover or #elementid:hover. A pseudo-class
classifies document elements, such as :link or :visited, whereas a pseudo-
element makes a selection that may consist of partial elements, such as :first-
line or :first-letter.
Selectors may be combined in many ways to achieve great specificity and
flexibility.[6] Multiple selectors may be joined in a spaced list to specify
elements by location, element type, id, class, or any combination thereof. The
order of the selectors is important. For example, div .myClass {color:red;}
applies to all elements of class myClass that are inside div elements, whereas
.myClass div{color:red;} applies to all div elements that are in elements of class
myClass.

3.2.2 CSS Example

body, div, ul, ol, li, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, a{
margin: 0px;
padding: 0px;
}

#wrapper{
width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
#header{
width: 100%;
height: 50px;
background-color: #333333;
20
 position: fixed;
z-index: 20; /*change the value of section-bar's top anytime you change this
value*/
}
ul#nav-bar{
list-style-type: none;
float: right;
}
ul#nav-bar li{
float: left;
}
ul#nav-bar li a{
display: block;
margin: 0px 15px;
color: #ffffff;
text-decoration: none;
line-height: 50px;
}
ul#nav-bar li a:hover{
color: #666666;
}
The CSS definitions are normally stored in external files. This enables a web
developer to change the appearance and layout of every page in a web site, just
by editing one single file!
If you have ever tried to change the style of all elements in all your HTML
pages, you understand how you can save a lot of work by storing the style
definitions in an external file.
To link a CSS to the HTML we use the link tag for example:

21
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="test.css" />
</head>
<body>
<h3> A White Header </h3>
<p> This paragraph has a blue font.
The background color of this page is gray because
we changed it with CSS! </p>
</body>
</html>
Here the relationship is “stylesheet”, the type being the ‘’text/css” file and the
css page is test.css. All css documents have the ‘.css’ extension.

Project Embarked on During SIWES IT

I designed a static webpage using HTML and CSS. The design incorporates lots
of features like color codes, positioning, display, margin, padding and adding
images by specifying the relative and absolute paths etc.

22
Fig 3.2 Static Webpage
3.3 JAVASCRIPT
JavaScript is a high-level, dynamic, untyped, and interpreted programming
language.
This language which was developed by Brendan Eich in 1995 under the name
Mocha but was officially called Livescript before it was later called Javascript is
the client side scripting language of the Web.
JavaScript is used in billions of Web pages to add functionality, validate forms,
communicate with the server, and much more.
JavaScript is easy to learn.
JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages
3.3.1 ADVANTAGES OF JAVASCRIPT
• JavaScript can react to events – A JavaScript can be set to execute when
something happens, like when a page has finished loading or when a user clicks
on an HTML element.

23
• JavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be used to validate
form data before it is submitted to a server. This saves the server from extra
processing.
• A JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser, and load another page
specifically designed for that browser.
• JavaScript can be used to create cookies - A JavaScript can be used to store
and retrieve information on the visitor's computer.
• JavaScript can read/write/modify HTML elements - A JavaScript can read and
change the content of an HTML element.
Any time you include JavaScript verbiage in an HTML document, you must
enclose those lines inside a <script>...</script> tag pair. These tags alert the
browser program to begin interpreting all the text between these tags as a script,
rather than HTML to render. Because other scripting languages (such as
Microsoft VBScript) can take advantage of these script tags, you must specify
the kind of language in which the enclosed code is written. Therefore, when the
browser receives the signal that your script is of the type text/javascript, it
employs its built-in JavaScript interpreter to handle the code (Goodman et al,
2007).
JavaScript can be written in the same page with the HTML but for clarity some
developers prefer writing the scripting language on a separate page. To link
JavaScript to a HTML page we use the script tag. For example:

<head>

<script type="text/javascript" src="validate.js"></script>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<title></title>

</head>

24
In the example above the <script></script> tells the web browser that is a
JavaScript document, the type ‘’text/javascript’’ specifies it is a JavaScipt type
document and the validate.js is the relative part of the JavaScript document. All
JavaScript document has the “.js” extension.

3.3.2 JAVASCRIPT DATA TYPES

TYPES SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

String “Nuggets” Series of alphanumeric characters in quotes

Number 27.3 Any number that is not in quotes

Boolean False A logical true or false

Object -- An entity that is define by properties and methods

Function -- A function definition

Null Null A value that is totally devoid of content

3.3.3 JAVASCRIPT OPERATORS

Operators are words or expressions that perform on one or two values to get
another value.

Operators perform actions on operands [unary and binary]

TYPES SYMBOL

Comparison ==, !=, >, >=, <, <=,

Assignment =, +=, -=, *=, /=

Connubial +, -, *, /

Boolean && AND, OR, ! NOT

25
DATA CONVERSION
If your first operand is a string and then you add it to a number, JavaScript will
convert the string value to number and then add them up. For example.

4+4=8, 4+”4”=44, 4+4+“4”=84. We can also use a function ‘ParsInt’, it convert

numeric strings to numbers. E.G 4+4+ParsInt(“4”)=12. We can also convert
numbers to strings. E.G (“” +44) = “44”.

3.3.4 KEYWORDS AND RESERVE WORDS

Keywords are special words used by JavaScript engine to perform some tasks.

It can be used as objects, variable names, function names or methods.

Some keywords are ‘Reserved’ words for future use and not presently
interpreted.

3.3.5 JAVASCRIPT FUNCTIONS

JavaScript function: A collection of JavaScript statement built-in to perform a
particular task (i.e. declare variables).

Function must be named and can be called (or invoke) by other parts of the
script.

It can be called as often as necessary. Example of a function,

function FName() {

//statements

A Simple Code to Show Input Form Validation Using JavaScript

<html>

<head>

26
 <script type="text/javascript" src="validate.js"></script>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<title></title>

</head>

<body>

<font color="red"><b id="text"></b></font><br>

<form method="post" action="validate.php" onsubmit="return

verification()">

<font color="red">*</font>&nbsp;Username <input id="uname"

type="text" name="username" value=""
oninvalid="this.setCustomValidity('Please enter your username')"
required/><br>

<font color="red">*</font>&nbsp;Password &nbsp;<input id="pword"

type="password" name="password" required/><p>

Confirm Password &nbsp;<input id="cpword" type="password"

name="cpassword" required onforminput="setCustomValidity(value !=
pword.value ? 'Passwords do not match.' : '')"/><br>

<input id="male" type="radio" name="gender" value="male" />male

<input id="fmale" type="radio" name="gender" value="female"

/>female<p>

Town <select id="town" name="town" >

<option>--select--</option>

<option>Awka</option>

27
 <option>Aba</option>

<option>Asaba</option>

<option>Onitsha</option>

<option>Warri</option>

<option>Owerri</option>

<option>Abakiliki</option>

</select><p>

<a href="#">Terms and Condition</a>

<input id="accept" type="checkbox" name="" value="ON" /> I

Agree<p>

<input type="submit" value="submit" />

</form>

Javascript Form Validation Code

function verification(){

var username = document.getElementById("uname").value;

var password = document.getElementById("pword").value;

var male = document.getElementById("male").checked;

var female = document.getElementById("fmale").checked;

var location = document.getElementById("town").value;

var terms = document.getElementById("accept").checked;

var errorMsg = document.getElementById("text");

28
if(username.length < 1){

errorMsg.innerHTML ="Sorry, Username cannot be empty";

return false;

}else if(password.length < 1){

errorMsg.innerHTML ="Sorry, Password cannot be empty";

return false;

}else if(male===false && female===false){

errorMsg.innerHTML = "Please select gender";

return false;

}else if(location==="--select--"){

errorMsg.innerHTML = "Please enter location";

return false;

}else if(terms===false){

errorMsg.innerHTML = "You cannot Sign Up without agreeing our terms

and condition";

return false;

}else{

return true; } }

29
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO PHP (HYPERTEXT PREPROCESSOR)

PHP is an acronym for “PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor” PHP is a widely-used,
open source scripting language which can also be used as a general purpose
programming language. Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994, the
reference implementation of PHP (powered by the Zend Engine) is now
produced by The PHP Group. While PHP originally stood for Personal Home
Page, it now stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, which is a recursive
backronym.

The PHP interpreter only executes PHP code within its delimiters. Anything
outside its delimiters is not processed by PHP (although non-PHP text is still
subject to control structures described in PHP code). The most common
delimiters are <?php to open and ?> to close PHP sections. There are also the
shortened forms <? or <?= (which is used to echo back a string or variable) and
?>. Short delimiters make script files less portable, since support for them can
be disabled in the local PHP configuration, and they are therefore discouraged.
The purpose of all these delimiters is to separate PHP code from non-PHP code,
including HTML.

PHP files have extension ".php".

PHP was develop in 1994 by Rasmus Lerdorf, Andi Gutmans and Zeev Suraski.

4.2 COMMON USES OF PHP

PHP performs system functions, i.e. from files on a system it can create, open,
read, write, and close them. The other uses of PHP are:

 PHP can handle forms, i.e. gather data from files, save data to a file, thru
email you can send data, return data to the user.

30
  You add, delete, modify elements within your database thru PHP.
 Access cookies variables and set cookies.
 Using PHP, you can restrict users to access some pages of your website.
 It can encrypt data.

PHP is embedded in HTML. Its code is enclosed inside the PHP special markup
tag that is being recognized by the PHP parser.

A Simple PHP Code to Display “Hello World”.

<html>

<head>

<title>Hello World</title>

<body>

<?php echo "Hello, World!";?>

</body>

</html>

It will produce following result:

Hello, World!

Environment Setup

In order to develop and run PHP Web pages, three vital components need to be
installed on your computer system.

Web Server - PHP will work with virtually all Web Server software, including
Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) but then most often used is freely
available Apache Server. Download Apache for free here:
http://httpd.apache.org/download.cgi

31
Database - PHP will work with virtually all database software, including Oracle
and Sybase but most commonly used is freely available MySQL database.
Download MySQL for free here: http://www.mysql.com/downloads/index.html

PHP Parser - In order to process PHP script instructions, a parser must be

installed to generate HTML output that can be sent to the Web Browser. This
tutorial will guide you how to install PHP parser on your computer.

PHP Parser Installation

Before you proceed, it is important to make sure that you have a proper
environment setup on your machine to develop your web programs using PHP.

Type the following address into your browser's address box.

http://127.0.0.1/info.php

If this displays a page showing your PHP installation related information then it
means you have PHP and Webserver installed properly. Otherwise you have to
follow given procedure to install PHP on your computer.

4.3 PHP SYNTAX OVERVIEW

This chapter will give you an idea of very basic syntax of PHP and very
important to make your PHP foundation strong.

Escaping to PHP
The PHP parsing engine needs a way to differentiate PHP code from other
elements in the page. The mechanism for doing so is known as 'escaping to
PHP.' There are four ways to do this:

Canonical PHP tags

The most universally effective PHP tag style is:

<?php...?>

32
If you use this style, you can be positive that your tags will always be correctly
interpreted.

Short-open (SGML-style) tags

Short or short-open tags look like this:

<?...?>

Short tags are, as one might expect, the shortest option You must do one of two
things to enable PHP to recognize the tags:

 Choose the --enable-short-tags configuration option when you're building

PHP.
 Set the short_open_tag setting in your php.ini file to on. This option must
be disabled to parse XML with PHP because the same syntax is used for
XML tags.

ASP-style tags
ASP-style tags mimic the tags used by Active Server Pages to delineate code
blocks. ASP- style tags look like this:

<%...%>

To use ASP-style tags, you will need to set the configuration option in your
php.ini file.

HTML script tags

HTML script tags look like this:

<script language="PHP">...</script>

Commenting PHP Code

A comment is the portion of a program that exists only for the human reader
and stripped out before displaying the programs result. There are two
commenting formats in PHP:
33
Single-line comments:
They are generally used for short explanations or notes relevant to the local
code. Here are the examples of single line comments.

<?

# This is a comment, and # This is the second line of the comment

// This is a comment too. Each style comments only

print "An example with single line comments"; ?>

Multi-lines printing:
Here are the examples to print multiple lines in a single print statement:

<? # First Example

print <<<END

This uses the "here document" syntax to output multiple lines with $variable
interpolation. Note that the here document terminator must appear on a line with
just a semicolon no extra whitespace! END;

# Second Example print "This spans multiple lines.

The newlines will be output as well"; ?>

Multi-lines comments:
They are generally used to provide pseudocode algorithms and more detailed
explanations when necessary. The multiline style of commenting is the same as
in C. Here are the example of multi lines comments.

<?

/* This is a comment with multiline

Author : Mohammad Mohtashim

34
Purpose: Multiline Comments Demo

Subject: PHP */

print "An example with multi line comments";

?>

PHP is whitespace insensitive

Whitespace is the stuff you type that is typically invisible on the screen,
including spaces, tabs, and carriage returns (end-of-line characters).

PHP whitespace insensitive means that it almost never matters how many
whitespace characters you have in a row.one whitespace character is the same
as many such characters.

For example, each of the following PHP statements that assigns the sum of 2 +
2 to the variable $four is equivalent:

$four = 2 + 2; // single spaces

$four <tab>=<tab2<tab>+<tab>2 ; // spaces and tabs

$four = 2+ 2;

// multiple lines

PHP is case sensitive

Yeah it is true that PHP is a case sensitive language. Try out following example:

<html>

<body>

<? $capital = 67; print("Variable capital is $capital<br>");

print("Variable CaPiTaL is $CaPiTaL<br>");

35
?>

</body>

</html>

This will produce following result:

Variable capital is 67

Variable CaPiTaL is

Statements are expressions terminated by semicolons

A statement in PHP is any expression that is followed by a semicolon (;).Any
sequence of valid PHP statements that is enclosed by the PHP tags is a valid
PHP program. Here is a typical statement in PHP, which in this case assigns a
string of characters to a variable called $greeting:

$greeting = "Welcome to PHP!";

Expressions are combinations of tokens

The smallest building blocks of PHP are the indivisible tokens, such as numbers
(3.14159), strings (.two.), variables ($two), constants (TRUE), and the special
words that make up the syntax of PHP itself like if, else, while, for and so forth

Braces make blocks

Although statements cannot be combined like expressions, you can always put a
sequence of statements anywhere a statement can go by enclosing them in a set
of curly braces. Here both statements are equivalent:

if

(3 == 2 + 1)

print("Good - I haven't totally lost my mind.<br>");

36
if

(3 == 2 + 1) {

print("Good - I haven't totally");

print("lost my mind.<br>");

4.4 VARIABLE TYPES

The main way to store information in the middle of a PHP program is by using a
variable.

Here are the most important things to know about variables in PHP.

 All variables in PHP are denoted with a leading dollar sign ($).
 The value of a variable is the value of its most recent assignment.
 Variables are assigned with the = operator, with the variable on the left-
hand side and the expression to be evaluated on the right.
 Variables can, but do not need, to be declared before assignment.
 Variables in PHP do not have intrinsic types - a variable does not know in
advance whether it will be used to store a number or a string of
characters.
 Variables used before they are assigned have default values.
 PHP does a good job of automatically converting types from one to
another when necessary.
 PHP variables are Perl-like.

PHP has a total of eight data types which we use to construct our variables:

 Integers: are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4195.

 Doubles: are floating-point numbers, like 3.14159 or 49.1.
 Booleans: have only two possible values either true or false.

37
  NULL: is a special type that only has one value: NULL.
 Strings: are sequences of characters, like 'PHP supports string operations.'
 Arrays: are named and indexed collections of other values.
 Objects: are instances of programmer-defined classes, which can package
up both other kinds of values and functions that are specific to the class.
 Resources: are special variables that hold references to resources external
to PHP (such as database connections).

The first five are simple types, and the next two (arrays and objects) are
compound - the compound types can package up other arbitrary values of
arbitrary type, whereas the simple types cannot.

PHP – Variables
 Local variables
 Function parameters
 Global variables
 Static variables

4.5 A SIMPLE PHP PROGRAM FOR FORM VALIDATION

<?php

session_start();

include 'universal.php';

if($connected){

if(mysql_select_db($databasename)){

if ((isset($_POST['Username']))&&(!empty($_POST['Username']))){

$Username = $_POST['Username'];

$_SESSION['Username'] = $Username;

38
if((isset($_POST['password']))&&(!empty($_POST['password']))){

$Password = $_POST['password'];

$query = "SELECT Username, Password FROM

studentdetail WHERE Username = '$Username'";

if($query){

$qREtrieved = mysql_query($query);

$row = mysql_fetch_assoc($qREtrieved);

$db_username = $row['Username'];

$db_password = $row['Password'];

if(($Username ==
$db_username)&&($Password==$db_password)){

header('location:webpage.php');

} else {

echo 'Username or password is incorrect<br><br><a href

= "forgetpassword.php">Forget Password?</a>';
}
}
} else {
echo 'Please enter Password. Text Field cannot be empty';
}
}else{
echo 'please enter username. Text field cannot be empty';
}
}

39
 }
4.6 INTRODUCTION TO MYSQL/PHPMYADMIN
PHP has the ability to connect to and manipulate databases. The most popular
database system that is used with PHP is called MySQL. This is a free database
system.

MySQL (pronounced My-Ess-Que-Ell) is a relational database management

system (RDBMS).
A Relational DataBase Management System (RDBMS) is a software that:
Enables you to implement a database with tables, columns, and indexes.

To bring up phpMyAdmin type the following address in your browser:

‘http://localhost/phpMyAdmin/’ or ‘127.0.0.1’.

You should see the phpMyAdmin page display:

Fig. 4.1 PHP MyAdmin Page

40
4.7 MySQL
MySQL is an open source relational database management system (RDBMS)
based on Structured Query Language (SQL). MySQL runs on virtually all
platforms, including Linux, UNIX, and Windows. MySQL, which was
originally conceived by the Swedish company MySQL AB, was acquired by
Oracle in 2008. MySQL is named after co-founder Monty Widenius's daughter:
My.

The data in a MySQL database are stored in tables. A table is a collection of

related data, and it consists of columns and rows.

To store and retrieve data from database (MySQL), Structured Query Language
(SQL) is required.

Fig 4.2 MySQL Page

41
4.8 Structured Query Language (SQL)
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a special-purpose programming language
designed for managing data held in a relational database management system
(RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data stream management
system (RDSMS).

SQL was developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce

in the early 1970s.

A query is a question or a request.

We can query a database for specific information and have a recordset returned.

e.g.: SELECT LastName FROM Employees

We can insert into database specific information.

e.g.: INSERT INTO Employees values (‘somebody’)

We can update information on our database

e.g.: UPDATE Employees SET LastName = ‘somebody’ WHERE UserName =

‘thatperson’

We can delete specific information from our database

e.g.: DELETE FROM Employee WHERE Username = ‘somebody’

The example above falls under DML (Data Manipulation Language) which is a
subset of SQL used of adding, updating and deleting data from database.

42
 CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Problems Encountered During SIWES IT
Despite the fact that my Industrial Training was a success, there were some
factors that restricted the fluidity of my internship.
 Lack of a suitable accommodation
 Distance Barrier
 Financial Constraint
 Time Factor

Owing to the fact that I could not afford suitable accommodation, I had to resort
to public transport so as to convey myself to work daily. It proved so difficult
financing the high cost of transportation for the duration of the internship. The
high demand of the Industry of attachment of Interns made adaptation difficult
for me. The office hours for interns range between 8am – 6pm and for that
reason getting a means of transportation and beating the crazy traffic in the
evening most time becomes a big problem. Sometimes I end up getting to my
house late at night weary and worn out.

5.2 Summary

Web Development.
Web development is a broad term for the work involved in developing a website
for the internet.
A web developer is a programmer who specializes in the development of World
Wide Web or World Wide Web applications.
Programming and scripting languages such as Html, JavaScript, php and Mysql
database are used to develop websites and web applications.
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is the main markup language for
creating web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web
browser.

43
Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) it’s a style sheet language used in controlling the
look and feel of your HTML documents in an organized and efficient manner.
NetBeans IDE 8.0 is a powerful application created and developed by Oracle
for the creation of web pages.
JAVASCRIPT is a dynamic computer programming language. It is most
commonly used as part of web browsers, whose implementations allow client-
side scripts to interact with the user, control the browser and alter the document.
PHP is a server-sided Scripting language designed for web development.
MySQL (pronounced My-Ess-Que-Ell) is a relational database management
system (RDBMS).
A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is software that enables
you to implement a database with tables, columns, and indexes.
5.3 Conclusion
In conclusion, there were many things that I have experience and learned during
the six month of my Industrial Training at NIIT. The whole training period was
very interesting, instructive and challenging. Through this training I was able to
gain new insights and more comprehensive understanding about the real
industry working condition and practice. The six month placement also has
provided me the opportunities to develop and improve my soft and functional
skills. All of this valuable experience and knowledge that I have gained were
not only acquired through the direct involvement in task given but also through
other aspect of the training such as work observation, interaction with
colleagues, superior, and other people related to the field. From what I have
undergone, I am very sure that the industrial training program has achieved its
entire primary objectives. It’s also the best way to prepare students to face the
real working life. As a result of the program now I am more confident to build
my future career.

44
5.4 Relevance of SIWES Program
It prepares students for the real life work experience and gives them the
opportunity to implement the theories they have learnt in school. SIWES
program is a stepping stone to the life after school and it is a huge foundation to
career, national and economic development since the students are exposed to the
nations’ economic and industrial demands.
5.5 Ways of Improving the SIWES Program
In my own humble opinion I would suggest that some measures be meted out
for Organizations in the management of interns so as to ensure that students are
tolerated and protected and at some cases given preferential treatment.
5.6 Advice for Future Participants
 Industrial Training application to firms and organizations should be done in
time since most firms look into tiny details a lot which makes which
sometimes make processing of submitted applications take a longer period of
time. In most cases leaves the applicant stranded due to time factor.
 Being punctual, hardworking, cultivating good moral value and ethics can
improve the chances of the organization of attachment wanting to work with
the student in the near future.
 Always be a great team player. It will help your adaptation and relationship
with fellow interns, staffs and workers.

45
 REFERENCES

Agwuna, R. N. (2012). Detailed Manual on Siwes Guideline and Operation for

tertiary
institution. Nimo, Anambra: Rex Charles and Patrick Ltd.
Goodman D. & Morrison M. (2007). Javascript Bible. Indiana, Canada: Wiley
Publishing Inc.

46