7 - 8 - Q3 Sci
7 - 8 - Q3 Sci
7 - 8 - Q3 Sci
SCIENCE
(CONSTELLATIONS)
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Science - Grade 9
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Junior High School
Science 9
Quarter 3-Module 7 & 8
Week 7 & 8
(CONSTELLATIONS)
In this module, you will learn about the characteristics of stars. You will also learn the
patterns that form from groups of stars. These patterns in the night sky appear to
move in the course of the night because of Earth’s rotation. Different star patterns are
seen at different times of the year because of the Earth’s movement around the Sun.
Learning Competency:
Before you start with the Lesson, be sure to answer the Pre-assessment.
What I Know?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pre-Assessment
Directions: Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of your answer in a sheet of paper.
2. The following are the ways which the stars differ from each other EXCEPT
A. Brightness B. Color C. Shape D. Size
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3.Which of the following stars closest to the Earth?
A. Alnilam B. Sirius C. Sun D. Vega
5.Stars can be found in large group throughout the universe. What are these
group called?
A. Asteroids B. Comets C. Constellations D. Solar system
6.How do stars appear to move in the night sky? It moves from _________________.
A. East to West C. West to East
B. North to South D. South to North
8. The star Algol is estimated to be as bright as the star Aldebaran and have
approximately the same temperature as the star Rigel. Which of the following
statement is correct? Algol and Rigel have the same
____________________________.
A. brightness C. color
B. brightness and color D. size
For numbers 9 - 11, use the table below that presents the color and surface temperature of
the stars.
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12. By observing the Sun’s movement and position in the sky, we can tell the time of the day.
What time is it when the Sun is above us?
A. 8:00 A.M C. 12:00 Noon
B. 10:00 A.M D. 3:00 P.M
13. Sirius which appears bigger than Rigel, is actually very small compared to Rigel.
Why does Sirius appear larger than Rigel? It is because Sirius _________.
A. is closer to us
B. reflects more lights
C. triple its size as it reflects more
D. double its size as it reflects more lights
14. Why can we see different parts of the sky at different times of the year? It is due to the
___________________.
A. rotation of the earth
B. tilt of the earth’s axis
C. revolution of the earth
D. revolution of the moon
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What’s In
Characteristics of Stars
Are the stars same in size? Are the stars same in color? Are the stars equally
bright? When we can see only about 3,000 stars on the average. Look at the sky, we
see thousands of stars. In reality, there are approximately 400 billion stars in our
galaxy, and there are about 170 billion galaxies. A person can see only about 3,000
stars on the average.
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These stars differ in many ways. We see stars of different sizes, brightness,
and color.
Using Figure 1, which is bigger-Sirius or Rigel? Can you really tell the size of
the star just by looking at it?
Figure 2 shows the size of the Sun, the closest star to the Earth, as compared
to some other stars that we see at night. As we can see, the Sun is so small compared
to other nearby stars. Also, Sirius, which appears bigger than Rigel, is actually very
small compared to Rigel. It appears larger only because it is closer to us.
Figure 2. The size and color of the Sun compared to other stars
Photocredit: Quantrek,Inc.
http://www.quantrek.org/size_comparison.htm
What does the color of the star mean? Why do stars differ in
brightness? Do the following activities to find out .
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What’s New?
_____________________________
Activity 1
Characteristics of Stars
Objectives:
Materials:
Paper, pen
Procedure:
Star color ranges from red to blue. The color of the star indicates its surface
temperature. The table shows the surface temperature and color of different nearby
stars, including the sun.
Table 1. Color and Temperature of selected stars
Star Color Surface Temperature in
Celcius
Sun Yellow 5,700
Proxima Centuari Red 2,300
Epsilon Iridani Orange 4,600
Vega White 9,900
Sirius White 10,000
Alnilam Blue 27,000
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What is It?
Characteristics of a Star
• Stars are space energy engines that produce heat, light, x-rays, ultraviolet rays and
other forms of radiation. Although stars might look like they’re solid objects in the sky,
they’re actually huge balls of extremely hot gas. This gas is called plasma.
• Generally, the more massive the star, the faster it burns up its fuel supply and the
shorter its life. The most massive stars can burn out and explode in a supernova after
only a few million years of fusion. A star with a mass like our sun, on the other hand,
can continue fusing hydrogen for about 10 billion years.
• SURFACETEMPERATURE
Astronomers calculate a star’s temperature on the Kelvin scale. Zero degrees on the
Kelvin scale is theoretically absolute and is equal to -273.15 degrees Celsius. The
coolest stars are approximately 2,500 K, while the hottest can reach 50,000 K.
Comparably, the sun, the closest star to Earth, is about 5,500 K.
• COLOR
The color of a star depends on its surface temperature. Hotter stars’ appearance are
blue, whereas cooler stars appear to have orange or red hues. Also, stars in the mid-
range, like our sun, are white or yellow in color. Moreover, stars can blend colors, such
as red-orange stars or blue-white stars.
• BRIGHTNESS
Some stars have always stood out from the rest. Their brightness is a factor of how
much energy they emit, known as luminosity. A star’s apparent magnitude is its
perceived brightness, factoring in size and distance, while its total magnitude is its true
brightness irrespective of its distance from Earth.
• SIZE
Stars come in huge range of sizes, which are classified in a range from dwarfs to super
giants. Neutron stars can be just 20 to 40 km in diameter, whereas a white dwarf is
almost similar to the Earth’s size. The largest super giants, on the other hand, can be
more than 1500 times larger than our sun.
• MASS
A star’s mass is also measured in terms of our own sun, with 1 equal to the size of our
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sun. For instance, Rigel, which is much larger than our sun, has a mass of 3.5 solar
masses. Two stars of a similar size may not necessarily have the same mass, as stars
can vary greatly in density.
The brightness of a star as seen from the Earth depends on two factors –
distance and actual brightness (or absolute brightness) of the star. The star’s
brightness as seen from Earth is its apparent brightness. Based on the activity,
apparent brightness depends on how far star is from the Earth.
Let us take Sirius and Rigel (refer to figure 1) to illustrate the effect of distance
to apparent brightness. Compared to the Sun, Sirius is about 27 times as powerful as
the Sun, but Rigel has the power to many thousands of suns. In terms of distance from
the Earth, Rigel is almost 100 times farther away than Sirius. In terms of apparent
brightness, Sirius is about twice as bright as Rigel, Sirius looks very bright when
viewed from Earth because it is closer to Earth.
Astronomers consider the star’s absolute brightness when comparing
stars.
A star’s absolute brightness is the brightness the star would have if all stars were the
same standard distance from Earth.
What is Constellation?
When you look at the sky, what do you see? Do you see images of animals or
objects?
Observers in ancient times also imagined group of stars that form pictures of
animals, objects and people. These imaginary groups of stars are called
constellations.
Activity 2
Patterns in the Sky
Objective:
• Group the stars together in a recognizable pattern.
Materials:
Bond paper Pen Marker
Procedure:
Given a plain map of stars, draw pattern, name it, and tell a story about your
figure. Write your bases for coming up with your figure. Refer figure 3 below and its
story as your guide.
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Figure 3. Mapping of Constellation
Most of the constellation names we know came from the ancient Middle
Eastern, Greek, and Roman cultures. They identified clusters of stars as gods,
goddesses, animals, and objects of their stories. It is important to understand that
these were not the only cultures populating the night sky with characters important to
their lives. Cultures all over the world and throughout time — Native American, Asian,
and African — have made pictures with those same stars. In some cases, the
constellations may have had ceremonial or religious significance. In other cases, the
star groupings helped to mark the passage of time between planting and harvesting.
There are 48 “ancient” constellations and they are the brightest groupings of stars –
those observed easily by the unaided eye.
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“Modern” constellations — like the Peacock, Telescope, and Giraffe — were
identified by later astronomers of the 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s who used telescopes
and who were able to observe the night sky in the southern hemisphere. These
scientists “connected” the dimmer stars between the ancient constellations. There are
38 modern constellations.
All stars, however, fall within the boundaries of one of the 88 constellation
regions. As astronomers studied the night sky with modern telescopes, they were able
to discern stars in the dark spaces around the constellations — stars that were not
part of the original star pictures. You can see some of these stars by observing the
sky on a dark night. If you look at the sky with binoculars, you will see even more stars.
If you have a telescope, you will see even more! All the stars you see belong to one
special group of stars — the stars in our own galaxy, the Milky Way.
Hundreds of the brightest stars, those visible with the unaided eye, were given names
in ancient times. These include Eltanin of Draco, the Dragon, and Vega in Lyra, the
Lyre. Many of these stars have multiple names, having been observed by different
cultures.
Today stars are named by their coordinates on the celestial sphere. This is an
imaginary sphere surrounding Earth. Earth’s north and south poles can be extended
in space to this sphere, marking the north and south celestial poles, the poles around
which the sphere spins. Polaris marks the intersection of the extended north pole and
the sphere. Earth’s equator, extended into space, intersects the sphere at the celestial
equator, dividing it into northern and southern hemispheres. All stars and objects in
space, such as constellations, can be mapped relative to the poles and equator of the
celestial sphere. Their position north or south of the celestial equator — essentially
their latitude — is called “declination.” Their position east or west essentially is their
longitude, or right ascension, measured in hours, minutes, and seconds. On Earth, we
measure our longitude east or west from Greenwich, England; right ascension on the
celestial sphere is measured from the intersection of the ecliptic (plane of Earth’s orbit)
and the celestial equator.
Stars close to the celestial poles, the imaginary points where Earth’s north and south
axes point in space, have a very small circle of spin. So, if you find Polaris, Earth’s
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north “pole star,” you will observe it move very, very, very little in the night sky. The
farther from Polaris, the wider the circle the stars trace. Stars that make a full circle
around a celestial pole, like those in the Big and Little Dippers in the northern
hemisphere, are called “circumpolar stars.” They stay in the night sky and do not set.
At the equator, there are no circumpolar stars because the celestial poles are located
at the horizon. All stars observed at the equator rise in the east and set in the west.
If observed through the year, the constellations shift gradually to the west. This is
caused by Earth’s orbit around our Sun. In the summer, viewers are looking in a
different direction in space at night than they are during the winter.
Many of these constellations have names that can be traced back to early Babylonians
and Greek civilizations, but nearly all cultures have different names for the
constellations, but nearly all cultures have different names for the constellations. For
example, the Greeks called the large constellation Orion, which means hunter and is
prominent in the sky all over the world during winter. Early Filipinos visualized the
same group of stars as Balatik, a trap used in hunting wild pigs. Christian Filipinos
named the three stars (Orion’s belt) Tatlong Maria or Tres Marias.
Activity 3
Apparent Movement of the Stars Through the Night
Objective:
• Describe the apparent motion of stars at night.
Procedure:
1. On a clear night sky, look at the stars from 7pm to 11 pm.
2. Focus on one or two constellations like Auriga and Orion which are
best seen in the month of December.
3. Look at the stars clearly every hour of the night, from 7 to 11pm.
Guide Questions:
1. Compare the position of the stars in the sky. What do you notice?
2. Are the stars visible at 7pm still visible at 11pm in their original
position? Why is this so?
3. How do stars move? Describe the movement of the stars in the night
sky.
4. How is the motion of stars similar to the motion of the Sun?
The Polaris
Polaris, commonly known as the North Star, is the brightest star in the
constellation Ursa Minor (Little Dipper). It is very close to the north celestial
pole, making it the current northern pole star. Because it lies nearly in a direct
line with the axis of the Earth’s rotation “above” the North Pole, Polaris stands
almost motionless in the sky, and all the stars of the Northern sky appear to
rotate around it. In Figure 3, Polaris and the star trail are seen. Star trail is a
type of photograph that utilizes long exposure times to capture the apparent
motion of stars in the night sky due to the rotation of the Earth.
In Metro Manila, when you face North Polaris, which is 11.30 from the
horizon, is seen at around 150 due to atmospheric refraction. In some parts of
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the country (i.e. Southern Philippines), it would be very difficult to locate Polaris
since star lights near the horizon are washed out by lights lit by men, and/or
obstructed by man-made or topographical structures and/or trees.
Activity 4
Different Star Patterns Throughout the Year
Objective:
• Explain why some constellations are not seen at certain months.
Materials:
Photographs of the night sky at different months (Manila)
Print-out (or drawings) of Constellations
Procedure:
1. Look at the series of photographs below. This how you see the night
sky in Manila (while facing north) at different months.
Guide Questions:
1. Compare the photographs. What do you notice?
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2. Why are some stars visible in March but not visible in September?
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Figure 5.b June Night Sky (9 PM)
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Figure 5.c September Night Sky (9p.m)
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3. What constellations are prominent during winter? Fall? Summer? Spring?
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The Night Sky is a seasonal constellation guide. While the rotation of the Earth on its
axis causes the apparent nightly movement of the stars across the sky at different parts of the
year. Have you ever noticed that the night sky in winter looks different than the
summer? We see constellations at different times of the year - spring, summer, fall,
& winter. This occurs because the Earth is orbiting the Sun. In winter, we see the
constellation Orion in the south at night and during the day the Sun is in the sky with
the constellation Scorpius. In summer, we see the opposite (we see Scorpius at night
and Orion is in the sky during the day). This is why you cannot see Orion or any one
constellation all year long, unless it is circumpolar. There are 5 constellations in the
sky (at this latitude) all night long every night of the year – Ursa Major, Ursa Minor,
Draco, Cepheus, and Cassiopeia. These are the best constellations to start with
because they are visible all year long. Plus, if you don't know your directions you will
want to start with Polaris (the North Star).
We see constellations at different times of the year - spring, summer, fall, &
winter. This occurs because the Earth is orbiting the Sun. In winter, we see
the constellation Orion in the south at night and during the day the Sun is in the sky
with the constellation Scorpius. During summer in the Philippines, the constellations
of Orion and Taurus are not visible at night. They will be visible again as the cold
season begins. During this time, Scorpius will not be seen in the night sky.
The Earth revolves around its orbit, the stars that were concealed by the
bright light of the Sun in the previous months will appear in the night sky.
What’s More
_____________________________________________________________
While constellations were associated with region, they also have practical uses.
Before the calendars, people had no way of determining when to sow or harvest except
by looking at these patterns in the sky. Ancient people developed a wat to remember
the patterns by giving these patterns names and stories. For example, in the northern
hemispheres, the constellation Orion indicates the coming of cold season. The
constellations made it easier for them to recognize and interpret patterns in the sky.
For example, Gemini is seen in the Philippines during the months of April and May.
Farmers interpreted the appearance of Gemini as the end of planting season and it
signified rich harvest. The table shows how Matigsalug Manobo of Bukidnon used the
stars and constellations in relation to their agriculture.
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Table 2: Stars and Constellations Used by Matigsalug Manobo of Bukidnon
Other Uses
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1.The Big Dipper is part of _____________.
A.Aquarius C. Canis Minor
B.Canis Major D. Ursa Major
2. There are billions of stars. How does the sun fit into the family of stars? The sun is
considered to be ____ in size.
A. giant C. medium
B. large D. small
3.Why do some large stars appear to be the same size as smaller ones? Some
larger stars appear to be the same size as smaller stars because they are ____.
A. near C. farther away
B. closer D. of the same distance away
5. Which of the following factors affect the brightness of the star as seen from the Earth?
A. Color and temperature
B. Temperature and distance
C. Temperature and brightness
D. Distance and actual brightness
8. A constellation is a group of visible ____ that form a pattern when viewed from
Earth.
A. creatures C. planets
B. patterns D. stars
9. The constellation pattern may take the shape of an ___, ___, ____, ___, or object
such as a crown or compass.
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10. Constellations may be only visible during certain seasons due to the Earth’s orbit
around the____.
A. Earth C. Planets
B. Mars D. Sun
13. At the equator, the stars rise in the ___ and set in the ___.
A. east, east C. north, east
B. east, west D. north, south
What I Can Do
________________________________________
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Constellation Making
Rubrics
CATEGORY 4 3 2 1
Presentation The output The output The output The output
clearly communicates indirectly does not
communicates some communicates sufficiently
the main idea important the idea and communicate
and strongly ideas and hardly any idea that
promotes slightly promotes can promote
awareness promotes awareness awareness.
awareness
Creativity and All of the Most of the The graphics The graphics
Originality graphics used graphics used were made by were not made
on the output on the output the student but by the student
reflect an reflect student were copied
exceptional ingenuity in from the
degree of their creation designs or
student ideas of others
ingenuity in the
creation.
Accuracy and All graphics in Most graphics Some graphics
The graphics
Relevance of output are in the output in the output
in the output
the Content accurate and are accurate are accurate
are neither
related to the and related to and related to
accurate nor
topic the topic the topic
related to the
topic
Required The output All required Few required Required
Elements includes all elements are elements are elements are
required included included missing
elements as
well as
additional
information.
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Assessment
Post Assessment
Multiple Choice.
Directions: Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of your answer in a sheet of
paper.
4. The following are the ways which the stars differ from each other EXCEPT
A. Brightness B. Color C. Shape D. Size
5.Stars can be found in large groups throughout the universe. What are these groups
called?
A. Asteroids B. Comets C. Constellations D. Solar system
6.How do stars appear to move in the night sky? It moves from ______________.
A. East to West C. West to East
B. North to South D. South to North
8. If you are located at the North Pole, where will you see the Polaris?
A. Overhead
B. Just above the horizon
C. Around 450 from the horizon
D. Polaris will not be seen in the North Pole
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9. The star Algol is estimated to be as bright as the star Aldebaran and have
approximately the same temperature as the star Rigel. Which of the following
statement is correct? Algol and Rigel have the same __________.
A. brightness C. color
B. brightness and color D. size
13. What local constellation signifies the start of rainy season in the Philippines?
A. Balara B. Balatik C. Buwaya D. Lepu
14.Why can we see different constellations in any parts of the sky at different times of
the year? It is due to the _______________________.
A. revolution of the Earth C. rotation of the Earth
B. revolution of the Moon D. tilt of the Earth’s axis
15. The constellation Pisces changes position during night time. Which motion is
mainly responsible for this change in position?
A. Rotation of Earth on its axis
B. Rotation of Pisces on its axis
C. Revolution of Pisces around the Sun
D. Revolution of the Earth around the Sun
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Activity 3
1. The constellations move from right to left us the night deepens.
2. No, because they move.
3. Stars seem to move from East to East.
4. Like the sun, stars move from east to west during course of the day (for the Sun) and
night (for the stars)
Activity 1
1. Alnilam, Proxima Centuari
2. Red, blue
3. Yellow
4. 10,0000C
5. Epsilon Iridani
6. The higher the temperature is blue while yellow color has the lowest temp.
7. Temperature
Activity 2 – Answers may vary
Quarter 3 – Module 7 and 8
Answer Key
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Activity 4
1. Different patterns are formed in different months
2. This is due to the earth’s revolution.
3. The following Constellations are formed:
A. During winter or cold season
. Canis Major, Cetus, Eridemos, Gemini,Perseus, Taurus, and
Orion
B.During Summer
. Aquila, Cygnus, Hercules,Lyra, Ophuchus, Sagittarius,
Scorpius
C.During Spring
. Boots,Cancer, Crater,Hydra,Leo,and Virgo
D.During Autumn
. Andromeda, Aquarius, Capricornus, Pegasus, and Pisces
What I Have Learned
1. D
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. D
9. D
10. D
11. D
12. D
13. B
14. D
15. B
References
A. Books
B. Links
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_(constellation)
https://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en-
https://www.google.com.ph/search?sa=G&hl=en-PH&tbs=simg:CAQS9wEJu8Ks-\
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/U9DbdDtTpG91zjV6orFBPzLai1B9PDaECMVMW
1oYteJf9fxex2wUMpRnKA0upC5QuFqMWg=s113
https://www.google.com.ph/search?sa=G&hl=en-PH&tbs=simg:CAQShQIJSt446
https://www.google.com.ph/search?sa=G&hl=en-PH&tbs=simg:CAQSggIJqlrca9EB
https://www.google.com.ph/search?sa=G&hl=en-PH&tbs=simg:CAQS-
AEJQxLn7KvWTYAa7AELELCMpwgaOgo4CAQSFNIsmy_1xPocvtT2_
https://www.google.com.ph/search?sa=G&hl=en-
PH&tbs=simg:CAQS9AEJGv8HMeZVEfUa6AELELCMpwgaOgo4CAQSFNIshy_
https://www.google.com.ph/search?sa=G&hl=en-
PH&tbs=simg:CAQS7QEJqtpd8JcMhJYa4QELELCMpwgaOgo4CAQSFNIsmy
quizzizz.com/admin/quiz/584974902/db1e29
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+_+_
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