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Al-Abbas Notes Physics 2nd year

(Volume-1 chapter 12 to 16)

An Easy approach to objective as well Subjective

This booklet contain

 Short and Extensive Questions/Answers from topics

 Solved exercise short questions
 Solved numerical problems
 Solved BISE past papers mcqs

Asad Abbas
(Gold medalist)

(Subject Specialist Physics)

GOVT.MLWHSSM (MIANWALI)

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PHYSICS 2ND YEAR CHAPTER 12 ELECTROSTATICS

INTRODUCTION
*Electrostatics: The branch of Physics which deals with the study of charges at rest under the action of electric force
is called Electrostatics.
Electric charge:
An intrinsic property of fundamental particles which takes parts in conduction process is called electric charge. Either
they repel or attract each other.
Kinds of charges
There are two types of charge, positive and negative, charge on proton is positive and charge on electron is negative.
SI unit of charge: SI unit of charge is coulomb
How many electrons one Coulomb: 6.25*1018 electrons
Electric force
The force which hold the positive and negative charges to make up atoms and molecules is called electric force.
*Types of electric force
Repulsive force: The force b/w two same charges (The force b/w two electrons)
Attractive force: The force b/w two different charges(The force b/w electron and proton)
*Basic law of electrostatics for knowing the nature of charge
“Like/same charges repel each other, while unlike/different charges attract each other”

*Q. STATE AND EXPLAIN COLOMB LAW. DISCUSS ITS VECTORIAL FORM AND GIVE EFFECT OF MEDIUM ON IT.
In 1784, French military engineer Charles Coulomb deduced a law known as Colomb law which measure the force
b/w two charges.
Statement:- The force of attraction or repulsion b/w two charges is directly proportional to the product of the
magnitude of charges and inversely proportional to the square of distance b/w them.
1 qq
Mathematically: - F  q1q2 and F  2 ……..> F  K 1 2 2
r r
K (Colomb Constant): K is called Colomb constant, whose value is 9*109 Nm2C-2.
The value of K depends upon: - a) the system of units b) Nature of medium b/w charges
If medium is free space then K  1 , εo is permittivity of free space its value in SI unit is
4 o
1 q1q 2
8.85 *10 12 N 1m2c 2 , so Colomb law becomes F= ,
4 o r 2
This is mathematical form of Colomb law.
Vectorial form of Colomb law: let us consider two point charges q1 and q2,
if q1 exert a for on q2 then q2 also exert a force on q1 which is equal in magnitude
but opposite in direction as shown in fig
 q1 q 2
1
F12  rˆ12      (1
4 o r 2
 1 q1 q 2
F21  rˆ21      (2
4 o r 2
Both forces are equal but oppositein direction so
 
F12   F21
This is called Vectorial form of Colomb Law.
Effect of medium on Colomb force: Coulomb force is reduced when medium is placed b/w two charges.
The insulating medium placed b/w two charges is called dielectric like Teflon etc. so formula for Colomb force
becomes
1 q1 q 2
F= εr is relative permittivity, its value is different for different dielectrics, and its value is greater than
4 o  r r 2
one other than vacuum. For air εr=1.0006, for vacuum εr=1.
Limitation of Colomb law: Colomb law is applied only on point charges.

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*What is point charge, source charge and test charge?

The charges whose sizes are very small as compared to the distance between them are called point charges. The charge
which produce field is called source and charge which detect the presence of field is called test charge.

What is Electric field and electric field intensity? Derive its formula.
*Electric field: “The space or region around a charge within which another charge experience a force is called electric
field”.
Michal Faraday introduced the concept of electric field.
*Electric field intensity:
The force experience by unit positive charge placed a point in electric field is called electric field strength or field

 F
intensity, its unit N/C and formula E  it is vector quantity and its direction along the direction of force.
q
*Electric field intensity due to a point charge q:
The force experienced by test charge qo placed in the field of charge q is calculated by Colomb law and electric field
intensity is calculated by putting in formula of field intensity.

 F
E      (1
qo
 1 qq o
F rˆ - - - (2 put this value in equation (1)
4o r 2
 1 1 qq o 1 q  q
E * ˆ
r  ˆ
r also written as E  K 2 rˆ
q o 4o r 2
4o r 2
r
Electric field intensity depends upon a) magnitude of charge b) medium c) distance from charge
What are Electric field lines? Write its properties.
Definition: “The direction of electric field intensity is represented by lines which are called electric field lines”.
o Michal Faraday introduced the concept of field lines.
o The field due to positive point charge is directed radially outward
o The field due to negative charge is directed radially inward
o The middle region b/w two same charges has no field due to repulsion of like charges, is called zero field
sport or neutral zone.
Properties of Electric field lines:There are following properties field lines
i) Electric field lines starts from positive charges and end on negative charges.
ii) The tangent to a field line at any point gives the direction of the electric field intensity at that point.
iii) The lines are closer where the field is strong, the lines are farther apart where the field is weak.
iv) No two lines cross each other because at a single point electric field has only one direction.

What is inkjet printer? Write principle and working.

Inkjet printer: Such a printer which uses electric charge in its working is called inkjet printer.
Principle:
“It eject a thin stream of ink when shuttling back and forth across the paper and ink is ejected from small nozzle and
break into small droplets”.
Working:
An inkjet print head eject a steady flow
Of ink droplets. The charging electrodes are used
To charge the droplet that are not need on the paper
Charged droplets are deflected into a gutter by the
Deflection plates, while uncharged droplets fly straight
Onto the paper.
Inkjet printer also produce colored images.

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Q. Write A Note On Xerography?

There are two applications of Electrostatics: a) Xerography b) Inkjet printers
Xerography (Photo copier): It is Greek word, Xero mean dry, graphos mean writing, and Xerography mean dry
writing. The copying process is called Xerography.
Photocopier works on the following principle:
“The lamp transfer image of page to the drum which leaves the static charge. The drum collects the toner dust and
transfer it to the paper, the toner is melted on page”.
Main parts of photocopier: 1) Drum 2) toner 3) heated rollers
Drum is the heart of photocopier machine. Dum is an aluminum cylinder coated with layer of selenium.
Such materials which show conduction only when light falls on them, otherwise they are insulators in absence of light
are called photoconductors like selenium.
Working:
If the drum is exposed to an image of document to be copied, the dark and light areas of document produce same dark
and light areas on the drum.
The dark areas retain their positive charge but light areas becomes conducting, in this way a positive charge image of
document remains on the selenium surface, then a special dry black powder called “Toner” is given a negative charge
and spread over the drum, where it sticks to the positive charge areas, the toner from the drum is transferred on to a
sheet of paper on which document is to be copied, heated pressure rollers then melt the toner into the paper to produce
permanent image of document.

Q. DEFINE ELECTRIC FLUX. CALCULATE THE ELECTRIC FLUX THROUGH A SURFACE

ENCLOSING A CHARGE
Definition: Total number of electric field line passing normally through certain area is called electric flux.
OR: The scalar or dot product of electric field intensity and vector area is called electric flux
Equation with unit: e  E. A ,= EA cos  its unit is Nm2C-1, it is scalar quantity. ɸ is Greek letter.
Cases of electric flux: When angle b/w electric field and vector area ɵ=0° ɸ=EAcos0°=𝐸A= maximum electric
flux
When angle b/w electric field and vector area ɵ=90°,ɸ=EAcos90°=0= minimum electric flux
Vector area: An area whose magnitude is equal to surface area A of the element but its direction is normal to this
area is called vector area.
ELECTRIC FLUX THROUGH A SURFACE ENCLOSING A CHARGE
Consider a closed surface in the form of sphere of radius r having charge q. The surface is divided into n small
patches of vector area are ΔA1, ΔA2,ΔA3…..ΔAn so that each patch is a flat. Electric intensity for each patch are E1,

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E2, E3,En respectively.

 
for first patch e1  E1.ΔA1 ,
 
for 2nd patch e 2  E 2 .ΔA 2
 
for 3rd patch e3  E3 .ΔA3
and so on...similarly
 
for nth patch e n  E n .ΔA n
Total electric flux through closed surface will be
 total  1  2  3  ..................n putting values
       
 total  E1.ΔA1  E 2 .ΔA 2  E3.ΔA3  ...........E n .ΔA n
 total  E1ΔA1 cos   E 2ΔA2 cos   E3ΔA3 cos   ...........E n ΔAn cos 
As the direction of electric intensity and vector area is same at each patch so   0o
 total  E1ΔA1 cos 0o  E 2ΔA2 cos 0o  E3ΔA3 cos 0o  ...........E n ΔAn cos 0o cos0o  1
 total  E1ΔA1  E 2ΔA2  E3ΔA3  ...........E n ΔAn As we know that E1  E 2  E3...  E n  E for each patch
 total  EΔΔ 1  EΔΔ 2  EΔΔ 3  ...........EΔΔ n
 total  E(Δ( 1  ΔA2  ΔA3  ...........ΔAn )  E ( Total Area of sphere)
1 q
As E  surface Area of sphere  4 r 2
4 o r 2
1 q q
e  (4 r 2 ) 
4 o r 2
o
q
e  ...........Req Result, shows that electric flux through closed surface depends upon medium and charge enclosed.
o

State and prove Gauss’s law?

Statement: “Electric flux through any closed surface is equal to 1/εo times the total charge enclosed in it”
1
e  *Q
o
Proof: consider a closed surface having n point charges q1,q2,…on, total electric flux is calculated as
q1
flux due to first point charge q 1   1       (1)
o
q2
flux due to2nd point charge q 2   2       (2)
o
q3
flux due to 3rd point charge q 3   3       (3)
o
qn
flux due to nth point charge q n   n       ( n)
o
 total  1   2   3  .................. n
q1 q2 q3 qn
 total     .......
o o o o
1
 total  * (q1  q 2  q 3  ..........q n )
o
1 1
 total  * (Total charge enclosed surface)  * Q  Req result
o o

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Applications of Gauss law

To calculate the electric field intensity we take following steps.
Step 01: Construct a Gaussian surface and charge enclosed by it.
“An Imaginary closed surface which passes through point we want to calculate field is called Gaussian surface”.
Step 02: Calculate the electric flux through the surface
Step 03: Calculate the electric field by applying Gauss’s law.

Q.Calculate the Intensity of field inside a hollow charged sphere?

To calculate the field intensity inside a charged sphere.
Step 01: Construct a Gaussian surface of R’ inside the sphere in which there is no charge q=0
 
Step 02: To calculate the flux use formula  e  E.A ---------------- (1
1
Step 03: Using Gauss’s law  total  * q as there is no charge in surface so flux is zero then
o
 
Equation 1)  e  E.A -=0 so this result into ⃗𝑬=0 inside the sphere.

Q. CALCULATE THE ELECTRIC INTENSITY DUE TO AN INFINITE SHEET OF CHARGE.

Consider an infinite sheet on which positive charge is uniformly distributed.
To calculate the electric intensity at any point
Step 01: consider a Gaussian surface in the form of cylinder passing through sheet having Area A and σ is uniform
surface charge density, so the charge enclosed by it is q=σA
Step 02: For calculation of electric flux through each surface of Gaussian cylinder
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 + 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑡 + 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝜑 = 𝐸⃗ . 𝐴 + 𝐸⃗ . 𝐴 + 𝑛𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑐𝑢𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝜑 = 𝐸𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐸𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 0 as E and A are parallel so angle Ɵ=0°

𝜑𝑒 = 𝐸𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠0° + 𝐸𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠0° = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐸𝐴 =2EA ---------- (1

1
Step 03: According to Gauss’s law  total  * q ------------- (2
o
Comparing both eqs.

1
2EA= * q putting the value of q so
o
1   
2EA = ( σA) E in vectorial form E rˆ
o 2 o 2 o

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Q. CALCULATE THE ELECTRIC INTENSITY B/W TWO OPPOSITELY CHARGED PARALLEL

PLATES
Consider two parallel plate of closely spaced having opposite uniform distributed charge.. Electric field lines start
from positive plate and end on negative plate
Step01: Consider a Gaussian surface in the form of hollow box having Area A and σ is uniform surface charge
density, so the charge enclosed by it is q=σA
Step 02: For Calculating electric flux through each surface of hollow box we follow
Total electric flux= flux through upper surface of box+flux through lower surface of box+ flux through sides of
box
As there is no field through upper end of box so flux through it will be zero
Flux through lower surface= 𝜑 = 𝐸𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐸𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠0° = 𝐸𝐴
Flux through side of box is zero because they are parallel to field lines
So total electric flux becomes= 𝜑𝑒 =0+EA+0=EA ------------(1)
1
Step 03: According to Gauss’s law  total  * q ----(2)
o
comparing both eqs to get the result
1 1 σ
EA  * q  EA  * σA E
εo εo εo
 σ
in vectorial for E  rˆ
εo

What is Electric potential and potential difference? Write SI unit with formula.
Electric potential: The electric potential energy per unit charge is called electric potential. Its unit is volt.
Potential difference: The amount of work done in moving a charge from one point to other against electric field
keeping the charge in equilibrium is called potential difference. OR The difference of potential energy per unit
charge b/w two points is called potential difference V  U and unit is volt.
q
Volt: SI unit of electric potential and potential difference
Definition: If one joule of work is done in carrying a unit positive charge of 1 coulomb from one point to other
keeping the charge in rest position, then potential difference will be one volt. 1 joule/Coulomb=1 volt
Q. What is Potential gradient? Derive its relation.
 V
Definition: The quantity gives the maximum rate of change of potential with respect to distance which is called
r
the potential gradient. Its unit is V/m.
Relation: consider uniform Electric field E b/w two oppositely charged parallel plates and charge is moved again
field
The potential difference b/w two points
 
W AB F .d qoEd cos  qoEd cos 180 o
VB - VA       Ed cos180 o  -1
qo qo qo qo
as the distance b/w plates is small so d  r then above equation becomes
VB - VA  V   E (r)
V
E
r

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1 newton 1 Volt
Prove that 
1 colomb 1 meter
ΔV V
E  
Δr m as we know that 1volt= 1J/C, and joule= Nm
V J/C J Nm N
    
m m Cm Cm C
Required result

Q. What is absolute potential? Calculate the Electric potential due to a point charge.
Defintion:The work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to that point keeping electrostatic
equilibrium is called absolute potential or electric potential at a point.
Calculation of potential: Consider a positive point charge q is moved from infinity to that point keeping it in
equilibrium, since electric field intensity changes inversely to square of distance, so it does not remains same so
taken two points A and B close to each other so that E remains same
The distance of point A from charge q  rA
The distance of point B from charge q  rB
r  rB - rA                (1)
rA  rB
The mid point b/w A and B is given as r  , and the magnitude of field at this point
2
1 q
E , since the points are close to each other so we take approximations
4 o r 2
rA  rB  r so we can say that r 2  rxr  rA rB so the field becomes
1 q
E
4 o rA rB
now using the formula of potential gradient V  -Er
VB - VA   E (rB - rA ) it may also written as
VA - VB   E (rA - rB ) , applyingminus inside the bracket
VA - VB  E (rB - rA ) putting the value of field
1 q q rB - rA
VA - VB  (rB - rA )  ( )
4 o rA rB 4 o rA rB
q rB r q 1 1
VA - VB  (  A ) (  )
4 o rA rB rA rB 4 o rA rB
1 1
As the point B is at infinity so rB   and VB  0 and  0
rB 
q 1 q 1
VA - 0  (  0) 
4 o rA 4 o rA
q 1
in general V  , this is electric potential due to a point charge.
4 o r

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What is eV? Prove that 1eV=1.6*10-19 J.

The amount of energy acquired or lost by an electron as it moves through a potential difference of one volt is called
electron volt. This change in potential energy appears as kinetic energy q=e=1.6*10-19 C
Δ(K.E)=qΔV=(1.6*10 C)(1volt)
-19

Δ(K.E)=1.6*10-19(CV) =1.6*10-19 J
1eV=1.6*10-19 J is required proof. eV is the unit of energy

Q. Write two similarities b/w electric force and gravitational force.

1) Both forces are conservative
2) Both obey inverse square law
Q. Write four differences b/w electric and gravitational force.
Electric force Gravitational force
q1 q 2 m1 m 2
Formula F  K Formula F  G
r2 r2
It is explained by Coulomb law It is explained by Gravitation law
It is stronger than gravitational force It is weaker than electric force
It may be attractive or repulsive It is attractive force only
It is medium dependent It is medium independent
It is short range It is long range

Q. DESCRIBE EXPERIMENT FOR FINDING THE CHARGE ON ELECTRON BY MILLIKAN OIL

DROP METHOD.
Definition: Such a technique which is used for finding the charge on electron devised by Millikan in 1909.
Construction: The apparatus of this experiment consists of a evacuated chamber in which two parallel plates P and
P’ are placed at separation d, upper plate has small hole H. A potential difference is applied b/w plates to produce
E. An atomizer is used for spraying oil drops into the chamber and light source S make the drops visible.

Working: The tiny oil droplets are sprayed into the chamber through small nozzle of atomizer which get charged
negatively due to friction b/w walls of atomizer and oil drops. A potential difference is applied in such a way that
electric force F=qE becomes equal to gravitational force(mg).
Charge on droplet: When electric force is equal to weight of droplet then
Fe  Fg  also we know Fe  qE, Fg  mg
V
qE  mg also we know that E 
d
V
q  mg
d
mgd
q which is the result for charge on droplet
V
Mass and radius of droplet: For calculation of mass of droplet the electric field is switched off so droplet falls
under the action of gravity through air with terminal speed Vt. In this case weight must equal to drag force so

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F  6 rvt  mg    (1), where r is radius of droplet, if  is density then   m/volume

m   * volume   * 4/3 π r 3 putting the value in equation (1)
6 rvt   * 4/3 π r 3 g
18vt 9vt
r2  
4 g 2 g
9vt
r , this is the value of radius by knowing it we can find the mass of droplet
2 g
Conclusion: Millikan measured the charge on many droplets and found each droplet is the integral multiple of
1.6*10-19C and concluded that the minimum value of charge in nature is the charge on an electron
Q. WHAT IS CAPACITOR? CALCULAT THE CAPACITANCE OF PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR.
Definition: A Device which is used to store charge as well as electrical energy is called capacitor.
Construction: A capacitor consists of two parallel plates having opposite charge connected to potential difference
V. let the Q charge on either of plate. So
Q V  Q  CV, C is constant of proportionality called capacitance of capacitance
Capacitance: The ability of capacitor to store charge is called capacitance. C=Q/V, its unit is farad.
Farad: If a charge of one coulomb given to plates of capacitor produces a potential difference of one volt b/w them
then capacitance is 1 farad.1 Farad= 1C/1V.
Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor: Let us consider a parallel plate capacitor consisting of two metal plates
each of area A separated by small distance d as shown in fig
Case A: When medium is air or vacuum b/w plates
If Q is the charge on the capacitor and V is the potential difference then
Q
C vac  - - - (1) , the magnitude of electric intensity E is related with distance and potential
V
also we know that Electric field intensity b/w two oppositelyplates is E  
V
E , V  Ed
d o
 Q
V d also we know 
o A
Q  A putting these values in eq (1)
A
C vac  ,

d
o
A o
C vac  this is the capacitance of parallel plate capacitor when air is placed b/w plates
d
case B : If insulating medium called dielectric of relative permitivity  r is placed b/w plates then capacitance is
A o  r
increased by thefactor  r and the formula for this is C med 
d
Dielectric constant: The ratio of capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with dielectric as medium to its capacitance
when air as medium b/w plates is called dielectric constant.
A o  r
C med C med
Its formula is  r  having no unit.  d  r
C vac C vac A o
d

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11

Q.What is ELECTRIC POLARIZATION OF DIELECTRIC and also define electric dipole.

Electric Dipole: Two equal and opposite charges placed at small distance d formed an electric dipole.
Polarization and polarized: A process in which the molecules of the dielectric under the action of external electric
field becomes dipoles is called electric polarization and dielectric is called polarized.
OR The phenomenon in which negative and positive charges of atoms/molecules of dielectric are slightly
displaced when a dielectric is placed in an electric field is called polarization.
Q. What is the effect of polarization on capacitance of capacitor?
Ans: When the dielectric is placed b/w plates then capacitance of capacitor is increased. Because dielectric material
decrease surface charge density on plates which decrease electric field intensity E  
 o , with this potential
difference V is decreased V=Ed and capacitance is increased C=Q/V.

Q. CALCULATE THE ENERGY STORED IN CAPACITOR IN TERMS OF ELECTRIC FIELD.

Capacitor is device which is used for storing charge as well as electric energy.
When a capacitor is uncharged, the potential difference b/w plates is zero and finally it becomes V when charge q is
deposited on each plate.
0V V
Average potential  
2 2
electric potential energy  Average potential x charge
V
P.E  q Also we know that q  CV
2
V 1
Energy  (CV )  CV 2            (1)
2 2
Energy stored in an electric field
A o  r
As we know that capacitance of capacitance C when medium is placed C  , V  Ed
d
1 A o  r 1
then Equation (1) becomes Energy  (Ed) 2  (E 2  o  r )(Ad)
2 d 2
1 2
Energy  (E  o  r )( volume)
2
1 2
Energy/Vol ume  Energy density  E  o  r , This is required result
2

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12

Q. DISCUSS CHARGING AND DISCHARGING OF CAPACITOR

RC circuit: The circuit consist of capacitor of capacitance C and resistor of resistance R is called RC circuit.
Charging of capacitor: When the switch S is set at terminal A connected to battery V which starts charging the
capacitor through R. capacitor is not charged immediately and charges take some time to attain maximum value on
capacitor qo=CVo

.
Time constant: The time required by capacitor to charge 63% of its maximum value is called time constant. OR the
product of resistance and capacitance is called time constant t=RC. Its unit is second.
For small value of time constant capacitor rapidly/fastly charge and discharge.
Discharging of capacitor: When switch is set at a point B, charge on positive plate start to discharge through R
and neutralize the negative plate and graph of discharging is shown in fig

Graph of charging and discharging of capacitor is exponential

Useful information and tid bits

 Write the principle of working of windshield wipers of cars?
Charging and discharging of capacitor enable windshield wipers to be used. The time of the on-off cycle is found by
the time constant of resistor capacitor combination.
 If a surface encloses a positive as well as negative charge of same value. Then what is the value net
flux?
The net value of flux will be zero
 Why electronic circuits such as T.V and computer are often enclosed within metal boxes?
To eliminate stray electric field interference circuits of such devices are enclosed within metal boxes.
 What is ECG?
ECG stands for electro cardio gram. An ECG records the voltage b/w points on human skin generated by electrical
process in the heart.
 What is EEG?
EEG stands for electro enephalo graph, in this potential difference created by the electrical activity of brain are used
for diagnosing abnormal behavior.
 What is ERG?
ERG stands for Electro retino graphy, in which electrical activity of the retina of eye generates the potential difference.
 How shark and other sea creatures locate their prey very precisely?
Fish and other sea creatures produces electric field in variety of ways, sharks have special organ called ampullae of
lorezini that are sensitive to field and can detect potential difference of nanovolt and can locate their prey very
precisely

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13

EXERCISE SHORT QUESTIONS

1. The potential is constant throughout a given region of space. Is the electric field zero or non-zero in this
region? Explain
 V
Electric field will be zero in this region, because E= for constant potential ΔV=0 then E=0
r
2. Suppose that you follow an electric field line due to a positive point charge. Do electric field and the
potential increases or decreases

Both electric field and potential will decrease as we know that when we move away r increase
and E and V will be decreased.
3. How can you identify that which plate of capacitor is positively charged?
To identify the plate of a capacitor a gold leaf electroscope is used
If the disc is touched with any plate of the charged capacitor and the divergence of the leaves increases, the plate of
capacitor is negatively charged
If the divergence of leaves decreases, then that plate of capacitor is positively charged.
4. Describe the force or forces on a positive point charge when placed between parallel plates: i. with
similar and equal charges
ii. With opposite and equal charges
i. Net force acting on the positive charge is zero as electric field intensity due to equal and opposite plate is
zero so F=qE=0
ii. Net force acting on the positive charge will be maximum due to maximum value of field in this case F=qE
5. Electric lines of force never cross. Why?
Electric lines of force never cross each other. This is because of the reason that electric field intensity has only one
direction at any given pint. If the lines cross, electric intensity could have more than one direction which is physically
impossible.
6. If a point charge of mass m is released in a non-uniform electric field with field lines in the same direction
pointing, will it make a rectilinear motion
Yes it will make a rectilinear motion, If a point charge q of mass m is placed at any point in the field, it will follow
straight or rectilinear path along the field line due to repulsive force.
7. Is E necessarily zero inside a charged rubber balloon if the balloon is spherical.
Yes E is necessarily zero inside a charged rubber balloon. Because there is no charge enclosed by it so electric field
will be zero.
q 0
e   0
εo εo
 e  EA, so EA  0 then E  0 asA  0
8. Is it true that Gauss’s law states that the total number of lines of force crossing any closed surface in the
outward direction is proportional to the net positive charge enclosed within surface?
Yes it is true statement, as Gauss’s law states that number of electric field lines through any closed surface is 1/εo times
the total charge enclosed in it as flux is directly proportional to charge so this statement is true.
Do electrons tends to go to region of high potential or of low potential?
The electrons being negatively charge particle when released in electric field moves from a region of lower potential
(negative end) to a region of high potential (positive end).
Numericals Chapter 12
12.1: Compare magnitudes of electrical and gravitational forces exerted on an object (mass
= 10.0g, charge = 20.0C) by an identical object that is placed 10.0cm from the first.
G  6.67 1011 Nm2kg2 
Given Data : Mass m1  m 2  m  10g  10/1000 kg  0.1 kg, Charge q1  q 2  20C  20 *10-6 C, r  10cm  10/100  0.1m
Kq1q2 Kqq 2 9 6 2
Fe Fe r 2
r 2  Kq  9 *10 (20 *10 )  5.4 *1014
solution : ?  
FG FG Gm1m2 Gmm 2 Gm2 6.67 *1011(0.1) 2
r2 r

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14

8
12.3: A point charge q  8.0  10 C is placed at the origin. Calculate electric field at a
point 2.0m from the origin on the z-axis.
Given Data : Charge  1  -8 * 10 -8 C, r  2m, E  ?
Kq 9 * 10 9 * (8 * 10 8 ) 
solution : E  2  2
 (1.8 * 10 2 K̂)N/C, E is along negative Z - axis
r (2)
12.4: Determine the electric field at the position r  (4iˆ  3 ˆj )m caused by a point charge
q  5.0 106 C placed at origin.

r (4î  3ĵ) (4î  3ĵ) (4î  3ĵ)
Given Data : r  (4î  3ĵ)m, q  5 *10 C, E  ? r̂   
-6
 
r 4 2  32 16  9 5
Kq 9 *10 9 * 5 *10 -6 (4î  3ĵ)
Solution : As E  ˆ
r  *  360 * (4î  3ĵ)  (1440î  1080 ĵ) N/C
r2 52 5
6
12.5: Two point charges, q1  1.0  10 C and q2  4.0 106 C , are separated by a
distance of 3.0m. Find and justify the zero-field location.

Given Data : q 1  -1*10 -6 C, q 2  4 *10 -6 C, r  3m, Location at which E  0  ?
solution : consider P be a point at a distance x from charge q 1 at which E is zero
Kq1 Kq 2 Kq1 Kq 2 q q2
E1  , E2  As E 1  E 2    12 
x 2
(x  3) 2 x 2
(x  3) 2
x (x  3) 2
1 *10 -6 C 4 *10 -6 C 1 4
  2   (x  3) 2  4x 2  x  3  2 x  x  3m
x 2
(x  3) 2
x (x  3) 2

12.6: Find the electric field strength required to hold suspended a particle of mass and
1.0 106 kg charge 1.0c between two plates 10.0cm apart.

Given Data : mass  m  1 * 10 -6 kg, q  1μμ  1 * 10 -6 C, d  10cm  10/100 m  0.1 m , E  ?
    mg 1 * 10 -6 * 9.8
solution : As Fe  Fg  qE  mg  E    9.8N/C or 9.8V/m
q 1 * 10 -6
12.7: A particle having a charge of 20 electrons on it falls through a potential difference of 100 volts.
Calculate the energy acquired by it in electron volts (eV).
Given data : Nof electrons  n  20, charge on electron  1.6 *10 -19 C, q  ne  20 *1.6 *10 -19 C
q  3.2 *10 -18 C , potential difference  V  100V, ( K .E )  ?
3.2 *10 -16
( K .E )  qV  3.2 *10 -18 C *100V  3.2 *10 -16 J  or ( K .E )  19
eV  2 *10 3 eV
1.6 *10
12.8: In Millikan’s experiment, oil droplets are introduced into the space between two flat horizontal
plates, 5.00 mm apart. The plate voltage is adjusted to exactly 780V so that the droplet is held
stationary. The plate voltage is switched off and the selected droplet is observed to fall a measured
distance of 1.50 mm in 11.2s. Given that the density of the oil used is 900kgm-3, and the viscosity of
5
air at laboratory temperature is1.80  10 Nm2 s , calculate...(a) The mass, and (b) The charge
on the droplet (Assume g = 9.8ms-2)

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15

Given Data : d  5mm  5 *10 -3 m, V  780V, S  1.55 *10 -3 m, t  11.2 sec, η  1.8 *10 -5 Nm -2 S, ρ  900kgm -3
m  ? q  ? As we know that ρ  mass/Volum e,  m  ρ * volume  ρ * 4/3 π r 3    (1)
9ηη 9(1.8 *10 -5 )0.13 *10 -3
As v  s/t  1.55 *10 -3 /11.2  0.13 *10 -3 ms -1 , r    0.011 *10  4 m, puttingin (1)
2ρρ 2 * 900 * 9.8
m  ρ * 4/3 π r 3  900 * 4/3 * 3.14 * (0.011 *10  4 ) 3  5.01 *10 15 kg
mgd 5.01 *10 15 * 9.8 * 5 *10 3
charge  q    3.15 *10 19 C
V 780
12.9: A proton placed in a uniform electric field of 5000 NC-1 directed to right is allowed to go a
distance of 10.0cm from A to B. Calculate.
(a) Potential difference between the two points
(b) Work done by the field
(c) The change in P.E. of proton
(d) The change in K.E. of the proton
27
(e) Its velocity (mass of proton is 1.67  10 kg )
Given Data : q  1.6 *10 -19
C, m  1.67 *10 -27
Kg, E  5000 N/C, d  0.1 m,
(a) V  ? V  -Ed  - 5000 * 0.1  - 500 V (b) W  ? W  qV  1.6 *10 -19 C * 500 V  500eV
(c) U  ? U  qV  1.6 *10 -19 C * (-500 V)  -500eV, (d) K.E  ? K.E  qV  1.6 *10 -19 C * 500 V  500eV
1 2K .E 21.6 *10 -19 C * 500 V
(e) v  ? ΔK.E  mv 2  v   - 27
 3.09 *10 5 m / s
2 m 1.67 *10
12.10: Using zero reference point at infinity, determine the amount by which a point charge of
4.0 108 C alters the electric potential at a point 1.2m away, when (a) Charge is positive (b)
Charge is negative.
Given Data : q  4 *10 -8 C , r  1.2 m, V   ? V-  ?
K(q) 9 *10 9 (4 *10 -8 ) K(q) 9 *10 9 (4 *10 -8 )
V    300V , V     300V
r 1.2 r 1.2
12.11 In Bohr’s atomic model of hydrogen atom, the electron is in an orbit around the
5.29 1011 m with a speed of 2.18 106 ms1 .
nuclear proton at a distance of
e  1.60 1019 C, mass of electron  9.10 1031kg.Find
(a) The electric potential that a proton exerts this distance
(b) Total energy of the atom in eV
(c) The ionization energy for the atom in eV
Given Data : r  5.29 *10 -11 m, v  2.18 *10 6 m/s, charge on electron  q  e  1.6 *10 -19 C
mass of electron  m  9.1 *10 -31 kg, V  ? Total energy in eV  ? Ionization energy  ?
Kq 9 *10 *1.6 *10 -19 C
9
Electric potential  V    27.22 V
r 5.29 *10 -11
- Ke 2 9 *10 9 (1.6 *10 -19 ) 2
Total energy    13.6eV
2r 2 * 5.29 *10 -11
Ionization Energy  E  - E ground  0  (13.6eV )  13.6eV
12.12 The electronic flash attachment for a camera contains a capacitor for storing the
energy used to produce the flash. In one such unit, the potential difference between the plates of a
750F capacitor is 330V. Determine the energy that is used to produce the flash.
Given Data : C  750μ5  750 *10 6 F, V  330V, Energy  E  ?
1 1
E  CV 2  (750 *10 6 )(330) 2  40.8 J
2 2

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16

8
12.13: A capacitor has a capacitance of 2.5  10 F . In the charging process, electrons are
removed from one plate and placed on the other one. When the potential difference between the
plates is 450V, how many electrons have been transferred? e  1.60 10 19
C .
Given Data : C  2.5 *10 F, V  450V, e  1.6 *10 C, n  ?
-8 -19

Q  CV  (2.5 *10 -8 )(450)  1125 *10 -8 C

Q 1125 *10 -8 C
no electrons  n    7 *1013
e 1.6 *10 -19 C
MCQs chapter 12

Q# Questions Option A Option B Option C Option D

1 SI unit of energy density of J/C J/V J/m3 J/F3
electric field is
2 The term “RC” has same unit Potential Capacitance Energy Time
as that of
3 The unit of electric field V/A V/m V/C N/V
intensity other than N/C is
4 The force on an electron in a 2.6*10-8 N 2.88*10-11 N 2.6*10-19N 1.6*10-27 N
field of 1.8*108 N/C
5 If potential difference Two times Eight times Four times Remains same
between plates of parallel
plate capacitor is doubled
then energy stored in it will
6 The value of maximum 90˚ 0˚ 270˚ 180˚
electric flux is obtained when
angle between E and A is
7 If the distance between two Half Double Four times One fourth
point charges is doubled then
force between them will
becomes
8 SI unit of Coulomb constant Nm2C-2 C2N-1m2 C2N2m-2 Nm-2C2
9 Sec/ohm is equal to Farad Coulomb Joule Ampere
10 Millikan and Fleter could Thermal Electrical Mechanical Unstable
find the charge on oil equilibrium equilibrium equilibrium equilibrium
droplets in
11 Presence of dielectric other Increase the Decrease the Does not affect Double the
than air or vacuum always electric force electric force electric force electric force
12 The electric field created by Radially Radially inward Circular Zero
positive charge is outward
13 For the computation of Closed Curved Inclined Spherical
electric flux the surface
should be
14 SI unit of electric flux is Nm2C-2 Nm2C-1 NCm-2 Nm-2C-3
15 The unit of electric field Newton Coulomb Joule/coulomb Newton/coulomb
intensity is
16 The electric force of 1.8N 1.5x10-9 N 2.3x10-28 N 2.3x10-30N
repulsion between two
electrons at distance of 1m is
17 The minimum charge on an Zero 1.6x10-19 C -1.6x10-19C ±1.6x10-19C
object in nature cannot be
less than
18 If the distance between two Half One fourth Two times Four times
charges is half then force
becomes

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17

19 An ECG records, between Current Voltage Resistance Capacitance

points on human skin
generated by electrical
process in the heart
20 Two point charges +2C and Zero N 8x109 108x109N 12x109 N
+6C repel each other if a N(attractive) (repulsive) (attractive)
charge of -2C is given to
each of them then electric
force will be
21 SI unit of strength of electric J/C C/V N/C None of these
field is
22 Under the action of electric Begin to vibrate Become electric Are ionized Are charged
field molecule of dielectric dipole
23 A capacitor is perfect AC DC Both A&B None
insulator for
24 SI unit of charge Ampere Volt eV Coulomb
25 The electric field lines Radially outward Radially inward Circular Zero
produced by negative charge
is always
26 When vector area L is held Maximum Minimum Either Negative
perpendicular to electric field maximum or
lines then magnitude of minimum
electric flux is
27 Photo copier and inkjet Electronics Electricity Magnetism Electrostatics
printers are the applications
of
28 An electric field can deflect Neutron Gamma rays Beta particles Gamma particle
29 The name electron was Thomson Rutherford Millikan Stoney
suggested by
30 Electric flux depends upon Electric intensity Area of surface Orientation of All of these
area
31 1 volt is equal to J-1C-1 JC-1 J-1C JC
32 eV is the unit of Electricity Voltage Charge on Energy
electron
33 Farad is the unit of Charge Current Electric flux Capacitance
34 Choose the correct relation C=A/s Watt=C/A V=A/ohm A=C/sec
35 The amount of energy equal One volt One milli volt One electron One mega
to volt electron volt
1.6x10-19J is called
36 Product of resistance and Gas constant Resistivity Boltzman Time constant
capacitance is called constant
37 SI unit of Ɛo is Nm2C-2 C2N-1m-2 C2N2m-2 Nm-2C2
38 The unit of RC is Volt Second Coulomb Ampere
39 What does Nm2C-1 stands for Electric field Electric potential Electric flux Electric force
quantity
40 One of the practical Laser x-ray machine Photo copier WC chamber
application of electrostatic
induction is
41 The value of relative Less than unity Greater then Equal to unity Zero
permittivity for all the unity
dielectrics other than air or
vacuum is unit:
42 Electric potential at mid 0V 5V 1V 1.5 V
point in an electric dipole
43 Electrical energy is measured Watt Horse power Killo watt Killo watt hour
in
44 Electric flux is a: Vector, Nm2C-1 Scalar, Nm2C Scalar ,Nm2C-1 Vector,Nm2C-2

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18

45 N/C is the unit of Electric flux Charge Electric Current

intensity
46 Energy stored per unit Electric intensity Electric flux Energy Electrical energy
volume inside capacitor is density
called
47 If the magnitude of charge Doubled Halved Unaffected One fourth
and distance are both
doubled then intensity of
field
48 The increase in capacitance Electric Electrification Ionization Electrolysis
of a capacitor due to polarization
presence of dielectric is due
to ------ of dielectric
49 A particle having charge 2e 2.5eV 20eV 0.4eV 10eV
falls through a potential
difference of 5V. energy
acquired by it is
50 The force between two ½N 2N 4N 8N
charges separated by air is
4N. When separated by a
medium of relative
permittivity 2. The force
between them becomes
51 In the time constant of RC 0.37qo 0.51qo 0.63qo 0.90qo
circuit, how much charge is
stored out of maximum
charge qo
52 Energy density in case of E2 Ɛo V2 C
capacitor is always
proportional to
53 If an electron of charge is Ve V/2 E/2 Ve2
accelerated through a
potential difference V, it will
acquire energy
53 Which one is photo Copper Selenium Mercury Aluminum
conductor
54 In capacitor, energy is stored Magnetic field Electric field Gravitational Nuclear field
in the field
55 The expression of energy E=cV2 E=1/2 CV2 E=1/2 C2V E=1/2(CV)2
stored in a capacitor is given
by
56 Dielectric constant for 1 2 2.1 2.94
Teflon is
57 Farad is defined as C/V A/V C/J J/C
58 Potential gradient is defined −∆𝑽 −∆𝐸 −∆𝑉 None of these
as ∆𝒓 ∆𝑟 ∆𝐸
59 The force experienced by Coulomb force Faraday force Lorentz force Electric field
unit positive charge placed at intensity
a point in an electric field is
called
60 word” Xerography “ means Writing by left Writing be Dry writing Writing by water
hand children colors
61 Presence of dielectric always Increase the Decrease the not affect the Double the
electric force electric force electric force electric force
62 The force b/w two charges is 10 N 20 N 30 N 40 N
28N, if dielectric of value 2.8
is kept then force becomes

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19

63 A charge of 10-10C b/w two 10 100V 1000V 1V

parallel plates 1cm apart
experience a force of 10-5N,
the P.D is
64 A particle carrying a charge 9.6x10-16J 9.6x10-20J 9.6x10-15J 9.6x10-19J
of 2e falls through a potential
difference of 3V, energy
acquired by it is
65 Equation Ø=E.A is Spherical Cylindrical Conical Flat
applicable to surface
66 The amount of energy 3.2x10-19J 6.4x10-19J 1.6x10-19J Zero
acquired or lost by an alpha
particle as it moves through
potential difference of 1V is
67 If time constant in RC circuit Rapidly Slowly At constant rate Nil
is small, then capacitor is
charged or discharged
68 Charge on electron was Maxwell Ampere Bohr Millikan
determined by
69 One coulomb charge is 10 electron 1.6x10-19 electron 6.25x1018 6.25x1021
created by electrons electron
70 The electric force per unit Electric flux Electric Electric eV
charge intensity potential
71 The capacitance of a parallel 𝑨∈𝟎 𝐴∈0 𝑞∈0 None of these
plate capacitor is given by 𝒅 𝑞 𝑑
C=?
72 The lines which provide Magnetic field Electric field Tangent lines Curved lines
information about the lines lines
electric force exerted on
charged particle are
73 Absolute potential difference 9x106 V 9x107V 9x108V 9x109V
due to point charge of 1C at
a distance of 1m
74 Electric flux is defined as A.B ExA E.A E/A
Ø=?
75 1 joule is equal to 6.25x1018eV 6.25x10-18eV 1.6x10-19eV 9.1x10-31eV
76 A 5Mega ohm resistor is 0.1 sec 1 sec 2.5 sec 10 sec
connected with 2 micro farad
capacitor. Time constant
77 A particle carrying a charge 1.5 eV 0.66eV 6eV 3eV
of 2e falls through a potential
difference of 3V, energy
acquired by it is
78 The energy stored in 1 1 1 1
capacitor is given by the  o r E 2  o r E 2 ( Ad )  o r E 2 ( A) rE2
2 2 2 2
relation
79 The product of resistance and Force Time Constant Velocity Current constant
capacitance is called
80 Concept of electric field & Coulomb Faraday Henry Einstein
electric field lines introduced
81 Two opposite point charge of 1V 2V 0.5V 0V
same magnitude separated by
distance 2d, electric potential
mid way between them is
82 Which one of the following F e qA  e o
can be taken as measure of
electric field intensity
A A o A

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20

83 Electric field intensity inside   Zero None

a hollow charge sphere
o 2 o
84 Photocopying process is photography Xerography Scanning Holography
called
85 Special organ called Bats Cats Dogs Sharks
ampullae of lonrenzini that
are sensitive to E
86 The value of permittivity of 6.25x10-18 8.85x10-12 9x109 1.6x10-19
free space in SI
87 In Electroene Heart Liver Brain Hands
Phalography the P.D by the
electrical activity of --- are
used for diagnose
88 The electrical activity of Current Potential Resistance Capacitance
retina of eye generate—used difference
in electro ritino graphy
89 Wind shield wipers of car to Charging/ Potential effect Compton effect Ohm law
be used Discharging
90 The value of coulomb 6.25x10-18 8.85x10-12 9x109 1.6x10-19
constant in SI
91 Net charge on a capacitor is Infinity q 2q 0
92 In photocopier special black Positive charge Negative charge Neutral charge none
powder called toner gives
93 A charge of 4 C is in the 8N 16N 4N 1N
field of 4 N/C, the force on
charge is

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21

CHAPTER 13 CURRENT ELECTRICITY

CURRENT ELECTRICITY: The branch of physics which deals with the study of charges in motion through
conductors is called current electricity. It is also called Electrodynamics.
WHAT IS ELECTRIC CURRENT? GIVE ITS FORMULA, UNIT.
ELECTRIC CURRENT: The time rate of flow of charges through any cross section of conductor is called electric
current.
Q
I  And SI unit is ampere. It is scalar quantity.
t
Definition of “ampere”: When one coulomb charge passes through any cross section of a conductor in one second, the
current will be one ampere. 1 ampere= 1 Coulomb/ 1sec.
Charge carriers: Electric current is due to flow of charge particles, these charged particles are called charge carriers.
Charge carriers in metals: Negatively charged particle i.e electrons
Charge carriers in electrolyte: Positive and negative ions
Charge carriers in gases: Electrons and ions
Charge carriers in semiconductor: Free electrons and holes

What is difference b/w electronic flow and conventional flow of electric current?

ELECTRONIC FLOW OF ELECTRIC CURRENT CONVENTIONAL FLOW ELECTRIC CURRENT

The current which passes from a point of lower potential The current which passes from a higher potential to lower
to high potential is called electronic flow of current potential is called conventional flow of electric current
It is shown by the motion of negative particles It is shown by motion of positive charges

Current through metals when no battery is connected: Current through the wire is zero in this case because free
electrons passes through it from right to left is same as the rate at which pass from left to right.

Current through metals when battery is connected: In this case Electric field is setup at every point in the wire and
free electrons experience a force in the opposite the field and move with drift velocity and a current begins to flow
through conductor

Drift Velocity: Average constant velocity of free electrons inside the metallic conductors in opposite to electric field
intensity is called drift velocity. Its value is 10-3 m/s.
Steady current: Steady current is maintained in wire when a constant potential difference is applied across it which
produce necessary electric field along the wire.

WHAT ARE SOURCES OF CURRENT? DEFINE THEM.

Sources of current: A source which provides a constant potential difference across the conductor or ends of conductor
is called source of current like generator, cell etc. OR A device which converts non electrical energy into electrical
energy is called source of current. Some sources of current are as follows
 Cell: The device which convert chemical energy into electrical energy is called cell.
 Electric generator: The device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is called electric
generator.
 Thermocouple: The device which converts heat energy into electrical energy is called thermocouple.
 Solar cell: The device which converts light energy into electrical energy is called solar cell.

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22

EFECTS OF CURRENT

The presence of electric current is detected by various effects which are called effects of current namely
 EXPLAIN HEATING EFFECT?
The effect which is produced due to flow of current through metallic wire in which electrons collide with atoms of
metals and give some their K.E to these atoms as result the kinetic energy of vibrations of atoms increased which
generated heat is called heating effect H=I2Rt, this effect is used in electric heater, kettles, toasters and in electrons iron.
 EXPLAIN MAGNETIC EFFECT?
An effect which is produce around the wire or coil when current flows through it is called magnetic effect and it is used
in galvanometers, motors, fans, drill machines etc.
 EXPLAIN CHEMICAL EFFECT?
An effect that is produced by certain liquids like sulphuric acid solution conduct electricity due to some chemical
reactions that placed within them is called chemical effect.
Chemical effect depend: It depends on a) nature of liquid b) quantity of electricity pass through it
Electrolyte: The liquid which conduct electric current is called electrolyte.
Electrode: The material in the form of wire, rod or plate at which electric current enters or leave the electrolyte is called
electrode.
Anode: The electrode connected with positive terminal of battery is called anode.
Cathode: The electrode connected with negative terminal of battery is called cathode
Voltammeter: The vessel containing two electrodes and liquid is called voltammeter.
Electroplating: A process in which a thin layer of an expensive metal (gold, silver)
is deposited on cheap metal is called electroplating.
STATE AND EXPLAIN OHM’S LAW.
Statement Of Ohm’s Law: Current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference
across its ends provided physical state such as temperature remains same. V=IR, 1/R is the constant in Ohm’s law.
Resistance: The opposition to the flow of charge through conductor is called electrical resistance. R=V/I and unit is
ohm.
Ohm: If one ampere current is passed through a conductor by applying one volt potential difference, then resistance
will be one ohm. 1ohm= 1volt/1 ampere
Factors upon resistance depends: Resistance of conductor depends upon nature, dimensions and physical state
(temperature) of conductor.
Ohmic devices: The devices for which Ohm’s law hold good and graph b/w V and I is straight line are called ohmic
devices. For example metallic conductors silver gold etc.

Non ohmic devices: The devices for which Ohm’s law not hold good and graph b/w V and I is not straight line are
called non ohmic devices. For example filament of bulb, semiconductor diode.

Graphical form of Ohm’s law: Graphical form of Ohm law is Straight line

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23

EXPLAIN SERIES COMBINATION OF RESISTORS.

Definition: Such a combination in which resistors are connected end to end such that same current pass through it
is called series combination of resistors. Re=R1+R2+R3+…………… They have following properties
i. In series combination total resistance is increased
ii. Current is same through each R
iii. Voltage is different through each R

EXPLAIN PARALLEL COMBINATION OF RESISTORS

Such a combination in which resistors are connected side by side with their end connected together at common point to
voltage source is called parallel combination of resistor. 1/Re=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+……… They have following properties

i. In parallel combination, total resistance is decreased

ii. Voltage is same through each R
iii. Current is different through each R

Write a note on RESISTIVITY AND ITS DEPENDANCE UPON TEMPERATURE

Resistivity or specific resistance: The resistance of a meter cube of material is called resistivity or specific resistance.
1 L
RL R R
Mathematically
A A its unit is ohm m (Ωm).
L A
R R
A L
Difference b/w Resistance and Resistivity
Resistance Resistivity
The measure of opposition to flow charge Resistance of one meter of cube of wire
Unit of resistance is ohm(Ω) Unit of resistivity is ohm meter (Ωm)
Resistance depends upon nature, temperature and Resistivity depends upon nature and temperature only
geometry of wire
Conductance: The reciprocal of resistance is called conductance. Its formula is G=1/R and unit is mho or Siemen
Conductivity: The reciprocal of resistivity is called conductivity, its formula is σ=1/ƍ and its unit is mho m-1.
Effect of temperature on resistance of conductor: The resistance of conductor increased as the temperature of
conductor rises, K.E of atoms increases and they vibrate with greater amplitude so electrons find it more difficult to pass
through them.
R o  Resistance of material at 0 o C
R t  Resistance of material at t o C
Rt  Ro  Ro Rt  Ro  t Rt  Ro  Ro t
Rt  Ro
Rt  Ro  Ro t  α is temperature co - efficient of resistance
Ro t

Temperature co-efficient of resistance: The fractional change in resistance per kelvin is called temperature co-efficient
Rt - Ro
of resistance. Its formula is   and unit is k-1
Rot
Temperature co-efficient of resistivity: The fractional change in resistivity per kelvin is called temperature co-efficient
t - o
of resistivity. Its formula is   and unit is K-1.
o t
Positive and Negative temperature co-efficient of resistance α:
If resistance of conductor increase with increase of temperature then α is positive
If resistance of conductor decrease with increase of temperature then α is negative. Like Si, Ge etc

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24

Explain COLOR CODE FOR CARBON RESISTOR

Carbon resistor: It consist of high grade ceramic rod or cone known as substrate on which thin resistive film of carbon
is deposited.
Color code of carbon resistor: The numerical value of carbon resistors is indicated by a color code which consist of
bands of different colors printed on body of the resistors.
Bands in color code of resistor: There are four bands 1st band: indicates 1st digit. 2nd band: indicates 2nd digit 3rd band:
indicates no of zeroes. 4th band: show tolerance
Tolerance: Possible variation from the marked value of resistance is called tolerance. Tolerance of silver is ±10% and
gold is ±5%. If there is no 4th band then tolerance will ±20%
The color code
Color Value Color Value
Black 0 Green 5
Brown 1 Blue 6
Red 2 Violet 7
Orange 3 Gray 8
Yellow 4 White 9

What is RHEOSTAT? Give its uses.

Rheostat: A wire wound variable resistors which consist of bare mangnin wire over an insulating cylinder and its
resistance can be changed is called Rheostat.
Uses of Rheostat: Rheostat can be used as
i. Variable resistor: A rheostat acts as variable resistor when terminal A and sliding terminal C are connected in
circuit are used and this sliding terminal shifted increase or decrease the resistance. As shown in fig a
ii. Potential divider: A potential difference V is applied across the ends A and B of rheostat and R is the resistance
of wire and r is the resistance b/w B and C then potential b/w the portion BC of wire AB will be
VBC= V/R*r or VBC=r/R*V this can be shown in fig b

b
What is THERMISTOR? Write construction, advantage and uses.
Thermistor: A heat sensitive resistor is called thermistor. It is resistor whose resistance changes with temperature.
It has positive as well as negative temp. Co-efficient.
Construction: Thermistor are made from ceramics which are mixture of metallic oxides, magnese, nickel, cobalt,
copper and iron etc. by heating them under high pressure.
Shapes of thermistor: They may be in the form of beads, rods or washers

Advantage of thermistor: Thermistor with high negative temperature co-efficient are very accurate for measuring low
temperature especially near 10K.
Application/Use of thermistor: Thermistor are temperature sensors so they convert change in temperature into
electrical voltage.

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25

What is ELECTRICAL POWER AND POWER DISSIPATION IN RESISTORS

Electrical power: The rate at which battery is supplying energy is called electrical power. Its unit watt.
Power dissipations in Resistors: If a circuit consisting of battery and Resistance R the work done in moving a charge
through potential difference V in time Δt.
W  V * ΔQ
W V * ΔQ ΔQ
Electrical power  P   V *  VI
t t t
P  (IR)I  I 2 R or P  V(V/R)  V 2 /R

Definition of watt
If one ampere current is passed through wire by applying one volt potential then power will be one watt
1 watt= 1 volt x 1ampere

Explain ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

EMF: The energy supplied by the battery to a unit positive charge is called emf.
Consider a battery which is connected across resistance to maintain steady current then
E=Energy supplied/ charge= ΔW/ΔQ, SI unit of emf is J/C also known as volt.
Terminal potential difference: The potential difference across the terminals of cell or battery when current is drawn
from it is called terminal potential difference.
Internal Resistance: The resistance officered by electrolyte present b/w the electrodes of cell is called internal
resistance denoted by r.
Expression b/w terminal potential difference and emf:
Consider a cell of emf E having internal resistance r connected as shown in fig and V is the terminal potential
difference across the external resistance R. The current flowing through circuit is
E
I  E  IR  Ir  E  Vt  Ir
Rr
Vt  E  Ir This is the relation for terminal potential difference
if internal resistance r  0 then Vt  E in special case
Difference b/w emf and potential difference
Emf Potential difference
Emf is cause Potential difference is
effect
Emf is always present Potential difference
even no current passes across the conductor is
through battery zero when no current pass
through it

MAXIMUM POWER OUT PUT

If current I flows through the resistance R, the charges flow from a point of higher potential to lower and loss of potential
energy per second across R is VI. The loss of energy per second appear in the form of power delivered to R by current.
E
Power delivered to R  Pout  VI  (IR)I  I 2 R As we I 
Rr
2
 E  E2R E2R
P  R  as a  b   a  b   4ab
2 2

Rr R  r 2 R  r 2  4 Rr
2
if r  R then maximum power out put relation Pmax  E
R

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26

KIRCHOFF RULES
State Kirchhoff first rule:
Statement “Sum of all the currents meeting at a point in a circuit is zero. ∑I=0”
Proof:
consider four wire carrying current I1 , I 2 , I 3 and I 4
Current flowing towards point A which take as positive
is equal to current flowing away from the point A taken as
negative I1  I 2  (-I 3 )  (- I 4 )  0
I1  I 2  I 3  I 4 , this law is accordance to law of conservation of charge
State Kirchhoff 2nd rule:
Statement: “Algebraic sum of voltage changes in closed circuit or loop is equal to zero ∑V=0”.
Explanation: Consider a circuit which consist of two cell of emf E1 and E2 and two resistors R1 and R2. The
direction of current depends upon the cell of larger emf. If E1 is greater than E2 then current flow in anti clock wise
direction.
First of all for finding potential changes following rules should be applied
i. Potential change is positive if source of emf is traversed from negative to positive terminal otherwise it
negative
ii. Potential change is negative if resistor is traversed in the direction of current
Proof: As Kirchhoff 2nd rule is according to law of conservation of energy so across each terminal we find energy
gain and lost and then adding to get the result
Energy gained across E 1  E 1 Q - - - - - - - - - (1
Energy lost across E 2  -E 2 Q - - - - - - - - - -(2
Energy lost across R 1  - IR 1 Q - - - - - - - - - -(3
Energy lost across R 2  - IR 2 Q - - - - - - - - - -(4
Adding all equations
E 1 Q  (-E 2 Q)  ( - IR 1 Q)  (-IR 2 Q )  0
Q(E1 - E 2 - IR 1 - IR 2 )  0
E 1 - E 2 - IR 1 - IR 2  0 This is required Result

Write PROCEDURE OF SOLUTION OF CIRCUIT PROBLEMS

Following steps should be taken to solve the circuit problem
 Draw the circuit diagram
 Choose the loop which contain at least one resistance
 Assume a loop current in each loop which may be clock wise or anti clock wise
 Write the loop equations for selected loops according to Kirchhoff voltage rule
 Solve these equations for unknown quantities.

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27

What is WHEAT STONE BRIDGE? Write its construction and working. Derive formula.
Definition: An electrical circuit that is used to measure the value of unknown resistance is called Wheatstone
bridge.
Construction: This circuit consists of four resistance R1, R2,R3 and R4 connected in such a way that form a loop
ABCDA. A battery of emf E is connected b/w A and C and sensitive galvanometer is connected b/w B and D.
Working: If the key is closed a current will flow through galvanometer. We are to find the under which no current
will flow through galvanometer even the key is closed.
Derivation: Using Kirchhoff voltage rule we consider two loop ABDA and BCDB and assume clock wise current
I1 and I2 through the loop
Across the loop ABDA - I 1 R 1 - (I1 - I 2 )R g - I 1 R 3  0 - - - - - - - (1)
Across the loop BCDB - I 2 R 2 - (I 2 - I 1 )R g - I 2 R 4  0 - - - - - - - (2)
under the balance condition I 1 - I 2  0 so I 1  I 2
Eq (1) becomes - I 1 R 1 - (0)R g - I 1 R 3  0  - I 1 R 1 - I 1 R 3  0
- I 1 R 1  I 1 R 3              (3)
Eq (2) becomes - I 2 R 2 - (0)R g - I 2 R 4  0  -I 2 R 2 - I 2 R 4  0
- I 2 R 2  I 2 R 4              (4)
Dividing 3 and 4
- I1 R 1 IR -I R IR R1 R 3
 1 3  1 1  1 3  
- I2R 2 I2R 4 - I1 R 2 I1 R 4 R2 R4
R 2 * R3 R 2 * R3
R4  X 
R1 R1
This is the formula for unknown resistance

TID BITS/USEFUL INFORMATION

 How electric eel save from danger?
When electric eel senses danger, it turns itself into a living battery, anyone who attacks this fish is likely to
get a shock of 600V and eel remains safe.
 What is value of potential difference b/w head and tail of an electric eel: 600 volt
 Which effect is used in electric kettle: Heating effect is used in it.
 How inspectors can easily check the reliability of a concrete bridge made with carbon
fiber?
Because the fiber conduct electricity, if sensors show that electrical resistance is increasing over time the
fibers are separating because of cracks.
 How zero ohm is indicated: A Zero ohm resistor is indicated by single black color band
around the body of conductor
 What measured by voltmeter across the terminals of cell: Emf of a cell on open circuit and
Terminal potential difference on closed circuit

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28

What is POTENTIOMETER? Explain its construction and working.

Definition: It is an electrical instrument which is used to measure and compare the potential difference b/w two
points without drawing any current from the circuit is called potentiometer.
Principle: When a steady current flow through a wire then potential difference across any length of wire is directly
proportional to its length Vαl.
Construction: A potentiometer consists of a resistor R in the form of wire on which terminal C can slide. As the
sliding contact moves from A to B, the resistance b/w A and C changes from 0 to R.
Working as Potential divider: Let emf of cell is E, and current flowing through resistor R is I=E/R ----(1)
If r is the resistance b/w A and C then potential drop b/w these points will be VAC=Ir putting the value of current
𝐸 𝑟
VAC= 𝑅 r = 𝑅 E
Potential drop can be changed by change the value of r.
Measurement of unknown emf:
A potentiometer is used to measure the unknown emf of a cell by using
The relation
r
VAC    E
R
r
Ex    E
R
As resistance is directly proportional to length R  L and r  l so above equation can be written as
l
Ex    E as (R  L/A r  l/A ....r/R  l/L)
L
L is the length of total wire and l is length of wire b/w A and C.
Comparison of emf of cells: let l1 and l2 are balancing lengths for emf of two cells E1 and E2 respectively then

Uses of potentiometer: There are following uses of potentiometer

 To measure the emf of a cell
 To compare the emf of two cells
 As potential divider
 To measure the internal resistance of cell

Why potentiometer is preferred instead of voltmeter?

Because it draws no current from the circuit and potential difference is measured accurately with this so it is used.

Exercise short Questions

1.A potential difference is applied across the ends of a copper wire. What is the effect on the drift velocity of
free electrons by i. increasing the potential difference ii. Decreasing the length and the temperature of the wire
i. Drift velocity of electron increases with increase in potential difference
ii. Drift velocity of electron also increases by decreasing the length and temperature of wire.
2.**Do bends in a wire affect its electrical resistance? Explain
The resistance of the conductor is described by the formula: R   L ,Where L is the length and A is the cross-section
A
area of conductor. the electrical resistivity of the material which depends upon the nature of conductor. Hence the
resistance of conductor depends upon the geometry and nature of conductor. Hence the bends in conducting wires
don’t affect its electrical resistance.
3. What are the resistances of the resistors given in the figure A and B. What is the tolerance of each?

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29

Fig A Fig B
Brown 1 (First Digit) Yellow 4 (First Digit)
Green 5 (Second Digit) White 9 (Second Digit)
Red 2 (Number of Zero) Orange 3 (Number of
Resistance = 1500 And Zero) therefore
Tolerance = T = 5% Resistance = 49000 And
Actual R= 1500±5% Tolerance = T = 10%
Actual R= 49000±10%
4.** Why does the resistance of conductor rise with temperature?
The resistance offered by a conductor to the flow of electric current is due to collisions which the free
electrons encounter with atoms of the lattice. As the temperature of the conductor rises, the amplitude of
vibration of atoms increases and hence the probability of their collision with free electrons also increases
which result increase of resistance of conductor
5. **What are the difficulties in testing whether the filament of a lighted bulb obeys ohm’s law?
The main difficulty is the rise of temperature of filament with increase of in current. Because for obeying Ohm’s law
temperature must be remained constant and in filament temperature is changed so ohm’s law is not applied on it.
6.**Is the filament resistance lower or higher in a 500 W, 220 V bulb than in a 100 W, 220 V bulb?
V 2 (220) 2
1st case R    96.8
P 500
V 2 (220) 2
2nd case R    484
P 100
so 100watt bulb has greater resistance
7.**Describe a circuit which will give a continuously varying potential.
A potentiometer can be used as potential divider to give a
Continuously varying potential. It consists of resistor R in the Form of wire on which terminal C
Can slide and battery is connected In which current I=E/RSo VAC=Ir
Er/R .it varies from 0 to R

8. ** Explain why the terminal potential difference of a battery decreases when current drawn from it is
increases.
The terminal potential difference of the battery of emf is described by the formula: Vt  E  IR Where is the internal
resistance of the battery and I is the current flowing through outer circuit. It is clear from equation that when I is large,
the factor becomes large and becomes small. Hence terminal potential difference of a battery decreases when current
drawn from it is increased.
9. **What is Wheatstone bridge? How can it be used to determine unknown resistance?
It is an electrical circuit which can be used to find the unknown resistance of a wire. By the following formula
R1 R3 R2 * R3
 , X  X is unknown resistance.
R2 R4 R1
Numericals

13.1: How many electrons pass through an electric bulb in one minute if the 300mA current is
passing through it?
Given Data : charge on an electron  e  1.6 *10 19 C, time  t  1min  60sec, I  300m  300 *10 -3 A, n  ?
Q ne I * t 300 *10 -3 * 60
As we know that I   n   19
 1.125 *10 20 electrons
t t e 1.6 *10
13.2: A charge of 90C passes through a wire in 1 hour and 15 minutes. What is the current in the
Given data : Charge  Q  90C, time  t  1 hr 15 min  3600 sec  900sec  4500 sec, Current  I  ?
wire? Q 90
I   0.02A  2 *10  2  2 *10 2 A also written as I  20mA
t 4500
13.3: Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit (Fig.P.13.3), total current drawn from the source
and the current through each resistor.

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30

Data : R 1  6ΩΩR 2  6ΩΩR 3  3ΩΩV  6V, Re'  ?, I  ?, I1 , I 2 , I 3  ?

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Eq.Resistance for first two R           Re  3Ω
Re R 1 R 2 Re 6 6 Re 6 Re 3
Re'  Re  R 3  3  3  6Ω
V 6
Total Current  I    1 ampere
Re' 6
V 3 V 3 V 3
I1    0.5A , I 2    0.5 A , I 3   1 A
R1 6 R2 6 R3 3

13.4: A rectangular bar of iron is 2.0cm by 2.0cm in cross section and 40cm long. Calculate its
8
resistance if the resistivity of iron is11 10 m .
Given Data : Length  L  40 cm  40/100  0.4 m, Area  A  2 * 2 cm 2  4 *10 -4 m 2 ,   11 *10 8 m
L 11 *10 8 * 0.4
Solution : R   -4
 1.1 *10 4 ohm
A 4 *10

13.5: The resistance of an iron wire at0C is1104  . What is the resistance at 500C the
3 1
temperature coefficient of resistance of iron is 5.2  10 K ?

Given Data : Ro  1 *10 4 Ω, t 1  0 o C  273K , t 2  500 o C  773K, t  t 2  t 1  773  273  500K,

R t  ? α  5.2 *10 -3 K -1
Rt - Ro
As we know that α   αRot  Rt - Ro  αRot  Ro  Rt  Rt  Ro(αo  1)
Rot
Rt  1 *10 4 Ω(5.2 *10 -3 * 500  1)  3.6 *10 4 ohm
MCQs chapter 13

Q# Questions Option A Option B Option C Option D

1 If fourth band on a carbon ±1% ±5% ±10% ±20%
resistor is of silver color then
its tolerance is
2 A rheostat can be used as Variable resistor Potential divider Both A&B None of these
3 Maximum power delivered by E2/4R 4r2E Vit V2R
battery is
4 If resistance is traversed in the Positive Negative Remains same None
direction of current, the
change in potential
5 The substance having negative Germanium Aluminum Copper Cobalt
temperature co-efficient is

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31

6 Kirchoff first rule is based on Energy Voltage Charge Mass

conservation o f
7 1 ohm is defined as 1 V/C V/A C/V VA
8 SI unit of electric power is Watt Killo watt sec Joule KWh
9 The resistance of open circuit Zero Infinity 100 ohm None of these
is
10 Temperature co-efficient of Ohm-K Ohm-m Kelvin Per kelvin
resistivity of a material is
measured in
11 Which of the following convert Electric motor Electric Transformer Galvanometer
mechanical energy into generator
electrical energy
12 The terminal potential 2E E E/2 0
difference of battery of short
circuit of emf E is equal
13 The graphical representation Hyperbola Ellipse Parabola Straight line
of Ohm law is
14 The color code for carbon 2 bands 4 bands 5 bands 7 bands
resistor usually consist of
15
16 Ohm law is V=IR V=R/I V=I2R I=VR
17 Resistivity is reciprocal of Conductance Conductivity Induction None of these
18 Tolerance for gold color is ±1% ±5% ±10% ±20%
19 In open circuit the current Infinite Finite Maximum Zero
flowing through circuit will be
20 A source of 10V is applied 1A 2A 10A 15A
across 5ohm wire, the current
through wire will be
21 The numerical value of violet 0 3 5 7
color in color code represents
22 A wire of uniform area of cross Doubled Remain same Half Increase three
section A and length L cut into times
two equal parts the resistivity
of each part is
23 The emf is always --- even no Zero Present Absent Maximum
current is drawn through the
battery or cell
24 Siemen is the unit of Resistance Conductance Resistivity Conductivity
25 Resistivity of conductor Increase in Increase in area Increase in its Decrease in
increase with Length temperature length
26 Current flow in gases due to Electron only Electrons and Positive and Electrons and
ions negative ions holes
27 A student has five resistance 1/50 ohm 1/25 ohm 1/10 ohm 5 ohm
each of value 1/5 ohm. The
minimum resistance that can
be obtained by combining
them in parallel is
28 Electromotive force is closely Electric intensity Magnetic Potential Inductance
related to intensity difference
29 Which one is used to find the Ammeter Voltmeter Galvanometer Potentiometer
internal resistance of cell?
30 The power output of a lamp is 3J 12J 120J 720J
6W. how much energy does

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32

the lamp gives out in 2

minutes
31 The proportionality constant P R 1/R V
between current and potential
difference is
32 A wire of resistance R is cut Double Same Half One fourth
into two equal parts its
resistance become R/2 what
happens to resistivity?
33 In liquid and gases current is Negative charges Positive charges Neutral charges Electrons and
due to motion of positive and
negative ions
34 In which of these heating Electric heater Kettles Electric iron All of these
effect used
35 The substance having negative Carbon Iron Tungsten Gold
temperature co-efficient is
36 Resistivity at a given Area of cross Length Nature of Both length and
temperature depends on section material area
37 If the conductivity of a Conductor A poor A good An insulator
material is small then it is conductor conductor
38 A thermistor is A resistor Thermal An adiabatic An isothermal
sensitive resistor resistor
resistor
39 Three resistances 5000,500 1A 100mA 10mA 1mA
and 50 ohms are connected in
series across 550V mains, the
current through them
40 Color code for green color is 2 3 4 5
41 Power output is given by E2R E2R I2R All of these
(R + r)2 (R − r)2 + 4Rr
42 Mho m-1 is the SI unit of Conductivity Conductance Resistance Capacitance
43 A rheostat can be used as Potential divider Conductance Rectifier Amplifier
44 The magnitude of drift velocity 10-3 m/s 106 m/s 10-6 m/s 107 m/s
is order
45 A battery of 50V is attached to 2A 5A 10A 20A
a series combination of
5,10,10ohm , the current in
circuit is
46 The flow of charge through a Current charge Power Ampere
uniform cross section wire in a
unit time is called
47 100W bulb is operated by 0.5A 1A 2A 2.5A
200V, the current flowing
through bulb is
48 The numerical value of orange 0 3 5 8
color in color code carbon
resistor is
49 When conductivity of material An insulator A A good A
is high then it is semiconductor conductor superconductor
50 Electrical analog of mass in Capacitance Inductance Charge Resistance
electricity is
51 A thermistor is a heat sensitive Capacitor Diode Resistor Inductor
52 A wire of uniform area of cross Double Half 4 times One fourth
section A and length L is cut

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33

into two equal parts, the

resistance of each part
becomes
53 The smallest resistance 200 ohm 1/200 ohm 50/4 ohm 4/50 ohm
obtained by connected 50
resistance each of ¼ ohm
53 The color of strips on a carbon 4 killo ohm 400 ohm 40 ohm 40 killo ohm
resistor from extreme left are
yellow, black and red
respectively its resistance will
be
54 The numerical value of black 1 0 2 3
color is
55 When temperature increases, Increases Decreases Remains same Vanish
the resistance of conductor
56 Kirchoff first rule is ƩV=0 ƩI=0 ƩR=0 ƩB=0
57 Terminal potential difference V=E+Ir V=E-Ir V=E-r/l None
of battery of internal
resistance r and emf E is
58 Heat sensitive resistor is Resistor Capacitor Thermistor Inductor
called
59 The heat produced by the I2Rt IR2t I/TR HIR
passage of current through a
resistor H=?
60 The potential difference 400 V 500V 600V 700V
between head and tail of
electric eel is
61 A current of 1 A ampere 60C 30C 1c 0.016 C
passes through a wire in in 1
min, charge flowing
62 SI unit of emf is Newton Pascal Volt Ampere
63 If resistance is 500 ohm have 600 ohm 450 ohm 550 ohm 400 ohm
fourth band of silver color
then its upper maximum
resistance will be
64 Specific resistance of material Length Area Temperature Both A&B
depends
65 The current which flow from Electronic Conventional Directional Either of these
higher potential to lower current current current
potential is called
66 If there is no fourth band in ±1% ±5% ±10% ±20%
carbon resistor then tolerance
will be
67 A zero ohm resistor is Single black color Single red color Single blue color Single green
indicated by a color
68 What is resistance of carbon 100 ohm 150 ohm 200 ohm 250 ohm
resistor which bands brown,
black and brown
69 What is the color code for Green,red,blue Green, blue, red Yellow,green, Violet,
52MΩ±5%? Gold Violet blue, yellow red,green, gray
70 Kirchoff 2nd rule is accordance Energy Mass Charge Momentum
to law of conservation of

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34

CHAPTER 14 ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electromagnetism: The branch of Physics which deals with observation and laws relating to electricity and magnetism
is called electromagnetism.
Magnetic field: The space or region around a magnet where the effect of its magnetism can be detected is called
magnetic field. Its SI unit is tesla.
Hans Oersted was discovered magnetic field around moving charge in 1820
The magnetic field due to current in a long wire
To find the existence of magnetic field due to moving charge consider a thick copper wire that passed vertically through
a hole inside a cardboard and Compass needle is placed around the conductor. When current I is passed through wire
the needles are deflected along the tangent to the circle. Which show the existence of field. We can conclude from this
i. Magnetic field is setup only in the region around the current carrying wire
ii. Magnetic lines of force are circular and direction depends on current
iii. Magnetic field exists as long as the current is passing through wire
iv. Strength of field is larger near the wire.
Right hand rule for find direction of magnetic field: If wire is grasped in right hand with the thumb pointing in the
direction of current and the curled finger indicate the direction of magnetic field.
Explain and calculate Force On A Current Carrying Conductor In A Uniform Magnetic Field
Let us consider a current carrying wire that is moving on a pair of conducting copper rails lying b/w the poles of horse
shoe magnet inside a field pointing vertically upward. When the current is passed through the copper rod, it start
moving under the action of magnetic force which is perpendicular to plane containing rod and field. Following results
can be made from it.

Copper rod experience a force when it is placed at right angle to magnetic field
so Force is directly proportional to sin
F  sin - - - - - (1)
Force is directly proportional to current flowing
F  I - - - - - - - -(2)
Force is directly proportional to lenght of conductor
F  L - - - - - - - -(3)
Also Force is proportional to field
F  B - - - - - - - -(4)
by combining all the equations we can write
F  ILBsin , which is also written as
F  ILBsin and in vector form it can be written as
  
F  ILBsinα n̂  I(Lx B). - - - - - - - - - - - - - -(A)
Case 01: If α=0° or 180° i.e. rod is parallel or anti parallel to field then force acting on it zero, F=0
Case 02: If α=90° i.e. when rod is perpendicular to field then force will maximum. F=ILB
Equation (A) also provide the definition of strength of magnetic induction
Magnetic Induction: The magnetic force on one meter length of a conductor carrying one meter length of a conductor,
carrying one ampere current placed at right angle to the magnetic field is called magnetic induction. Its SI unit is tesla.
If I=1A, L=1m and α=90°, then F=B
Tesla: A magnetic field is said to be one tesla if it exert one newton force on conductor of length one meter placed at
right angle to the field, when one ampere current passes through it. B=F/IL= 1 tesla= 1 NA-1m-1, 1 tesla=104 gauss.
Right hand rule for finding the direction of magnetic force: Curl the fingers of right hand L to B through smaller
possible angle. Then erect thumb will be point in the direction of force.
Convention: It is convention to represent current flowing towards the reader by small dot (.) and flowing away from
him by (x).

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35

What is Magnetic Flux and Flux Density?

Magnetic flux: Total number of magnetic field lines passing through certain area is called magnetic flux.
OR scalar product of magnetic field and vector area is called magnetic flux
Formula: ɸm=BAcosɵ, Unit of magnetic flux is weber, 1 weber= Nm/A= NmA-1
At ɵ=0° ɸ=BAcos0°=EA= maximum angle is b/vector area and field At ɵ=90°, ɸ=BAcos90°=0= minimum
Magnetic flux density: The magnetic flux per unit area of a surface perpendicular to magnetic field is called magnetic
flux density. B=ɸm/A its SI unit is NA-1m-1=webm-2= tesla.

State Ampere Law And Determination Of Flux Density.

⃗ .Δ𝐿⃗ for all path elements into which the complete loop has been
Statement of Ampere law: The sum of quantities 𝐵
n  
divided equal to µo times the total current enclosed by the loop.  ( B.L)  
i 1
o I This is called Ampere law.
Permeability of free space: µo is called permeability of free space, whose value is 4πx10-7 WbA-1m-1.

Calculate the Magnetic field inside a current carrying solenoid.

Solenoid: A long tightly cylindrical coil of wire is called solenoid, field due to solenoid. B=µonI
Field due to solenoid: When the current passes through solenoid, then it behave as bar magnet. The field inside the
solenoid is strong and uniform as compared to the field outside the solenoid is weak so neglected.
Let us consider a rectangula r loop abcd as shown in fig. divide it into four elements of length
ab  l1 , bc  l 2 , cd  l 3 and da  l 4

Using Ampere Law, we get ∑4𝑖(𝐵. ∆𝐿)=𝜇𝑜 (current enclosed)

4  
Using Ampere law we can find magnetic field  (B.ΔL)  μ o x (Current enclosed)
i
       
(B.ΔL) 1  (B.ΔL) 2  (B.ΔL) 3  (B.ΔL) 4  μ o x (Current enclosed) also written as
       
(B.ΔL) ab  (B.ΔL) bc  (B.ΔL) cd  (B.ΔL) da  μ o x (Current enclosed) - - - (1)
 
(B.ΔL) ab  Bl1 cos   Bl1 cos 0 o  Bl1
 
(B.ΔL) bc  Bl 2 cos   Bl 2 cos 90 o  0
 
(B.ΔL) cd  Bl 3 cos   (0)l 3 cos 0 o  0 As this lenght lies outside the solenoid
 
(B.ΔL) da  Bl 4 cos   Bl 4 cos 90 o  0
Putting these values in equation (1)
Bl1  0  0  0  μ o x (Current enclosed)
Bl1  μ o x (Current enclosed) - - - - - - - - - - - - - (2)
as Number of turns per unit length of solenoid  n
Number of turns in length l1 of solenoid  n l1
current enclosed by theloop  I
current enclosed by n l1 loops  n l1 I puttingin eq(2)
Bl1  μ o x (n l1 I)  also written as as n  N/L
B  μo n I OR B  μ o (N/L) I This is the value of field due to solenoid

Right hand rule: Hold the solenoid in right hand with fingers curling in the direction of current, the thumb will point
in the direction of field.

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36

Calculate the formula for Force on moving charge placed in a magnetic field
A force is experienced by current carrying conductor placed in uniform magnetic field. As this is the force which is
acted upon by magnetic field on charged particles moving in conductor.
To calculate this force consider a wire of length L and area of cross section A
Then no charge carriers in unit volume=n
Length of wire=L, area of wire=A volume of wire of length L and Area A=AL
Total no of charge carriers in the wire of volume AL= nAL
Charge on a single charge carrier=q total charge moving due to nAL charge carriers=nALq
Let v is the velocity of single charge q and Δt is the time by charge b/w two ends of wire then S=vΔt or L=v/Δt

Q nALq
Current flowinig through wire is I    nAqv
t L/v
    
using the formula for force on current carrying conductor F  I(LxB)  nAqv(LxB) - - - -(1)
Since the direction of segment L of wire is along the direction of velocity of charge carriers therefore
  
L̂  v̂ so we can write vL  vLLˆ  vLvˆ  Lv as we know that (v  vv̂)
        
puttingin eq (1) eq (1)  F  nAqv(LxB)  nAq(vLxB)  nAq(LvxB)  nALq(vxB)
 
This is the magnetic force acting on conductor due to nAL charge carriers. The force on single is F'  F/nAL.
   
so F'  nALq(vxB)/nAL  q(vxB)  qvBsin
This is the force on a moving charge placed in magnetic field
 
Case 01 : If charge is electron then q  -e then F  -e(v x B)

and electron is deflected vertically downward into B
 
Case 02 : If charge is proton then q  e then F  e(v x B)

and proton is deflected in verticall upward into B
M inimum Force : When charge is moving parallel to field then   0 o F  qvB sin 0 o  0 M inimum force
M aximum Force : When charge is moving perpendicular to field then   90 o then F  qvBsin90 o  qvB M ax force

Direction of Force: Direction of force is found by right hand rule “Rotate the fingers of your right hand through 𝑣
⃗ through smallest possible angle then erect thumb will show the direction of force.
towards 𝐵

Explain Motion of charge particle in electric and magnetic field. What is Lorentz force & formula.
Acceleration of charge particle: When a charge q is placed in electric field b/w two oppositely charged plates then the
force acting on it will 𝐹 =q𝐸⃗ then by using Newton 2nd law a=F/m= q𝐸⃗ /𝑚, this is uniform acceleration.
Lorentz force: When a charge particle q is moving with velocity v in region having electric field E and field B,
⃗ ) is called Lorentz force. F  q(v * B)  q E
Sum of electric force q𝐸⃗ and magnetic force q(𝑣 𝑥𝐵
Only electric force work, magnetic force is simply deflecting force.

Explain the Determination of e/m of an electron

JJ Thomson was first person who determined the charge to mass ratio of an electron in 1897.
Principle: When a beam of electron is deflected when it passed through magnetic field.
⃗ with velocity𝑣 .
Explanation: let us consider a beam of electrons moving through uniform magnetic field 𝐵
⃗ ) and in magnitude form it is F=evBsinƟ
The force acting on the electron is 𝐹 =-e(𝑣 x𝐵
As v and B are perpendicular to each other so Ɵ=90°, so F=evBsin90°=evB ------- (1)

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37

This force provides necessary centripetal force Fc=mv2/r ------------------- (2)

𝑒 𝑣
Comparing both equations Fe=Fc evB= mv2/r 𝑚
= 𝐵𝑟 --------- (3)

Determination of radius: We can measured the radius of circular path followed by electron by making its path visible
by filling the glass tube with hydrogen gas at low pressure placed in known uniform magnetic field. When electrons
are projected inside the tube and they began to move along a circle and collide with gas thus the atom become excited,
on de excitation of the atoms emit light to make the path of electron visible and it looks like a glowing circle. The
diameter of ring can be measured easily.
Determination of velocity by potential difference method: In this method, the electron is accelerated through a
potential difference Vo. The energy gained during this acceleration is eVo which appear as K.E of electrons.

1 2𝑒𝑉𝑜
K.E=eVo ……> 2
mv2=eVo ……….> v=√ 𝑚
putting in eq (3)

𝑒 1 2𝑒𝑉𝑜 𝑒2 1 2𝑒𝑉𝑜
𝑚
= 𝐵𝑟 (√ 𝑚
) squaring both sides we get 𝑚2
= (
𝐵2 𝑟 2 𝑚
)

e 2V
 2 o2 Value of e/m for electron=1.7588*1011 C/kg
m B r
Write a note on Cathode ray oscilloscope
Definition: An electronic device which is used for plotting the graphs at a very high speed is called CRO.
Principle of working of CRO: A beam of electrons is deflected while passing through uniform electric field present
b/w two sets of plates. This beam falls on screen and makes a spot.
Construction: A CRO consist of following parts and their functions is as follows
Electron gun: Electron gun consist of an indirectly heated cathode, a grid and three anodes and it provides beam of
electrons.
Cathode provide electronic beam when heated and anodes cause the electronic beam to accelerate.
Grid: It is at negative potential relative to cathode. It control number of electrons and brightness of spot on screen.
Sweep or time base generator: The voltage that is applied across X-plates provided by a circuit that is built in CRO is
called time base generator. It display saw tooth wave.
Trace on CRO if voltage is applied across y plates: Sinusoidal trace will appear when voltage is applied across y
plates.
Screen: This is fluorescent screen where it makes a visible spot of deflected beam.
Synchronization control: The frequency of voltage at y plates is adjusted by synchronization control provided on the
front panel of the CRO
Uses of CRO: There are following uses of CRO
i. It display the waveform of given voltage
ii. It measure the voltage, frequency and phase of input signal
iii. It measure time period of AC signal and phase difference b/w two phase

Calculate the Torque on current carrying coil in uniform magnetic field

Consider a rectangular coil of length L and width a carrying current I is placed inside a magnetic field B.Coil is
capable of rotating about an axis due to which torque is produced which is calculated here.

Force acting on conductor of length L is 𝐹 =I(𝐿⃗x𝐵

⃗ ) =ILB sinƟ, where Ɵ is angle b/w 𝐿⃗ and𝐵
⃗.

As there are four sides of rectangular coil AB, BC, CD, DA and first of all we calculate the force on each side
In case of side AB and CD of the coil angle Ɵ=0° or 180° so the force acting these sides
F= ILB sin0° or sin180°=0

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38

In case of sides DA and BC the angle is 90° and force on these sides is
F1=F2= ILB sin90°=ILB
Both forces F1 and F2 are equal and opposite form a couple
Which rotate the coil due to which torque is produced
Torque=Force x moment arm= ILB x a=IB (Lxa)
As L x a=area of coil=A
Ʈ= IBA, if the field makes angle α with plane of the coil as shown in fig cosα
Ʈ= IBA cosα, this is the formula for torque on current carrying coil in uniform magnetic field.

What is Galvanometer? Explain its principle, construction and working.

Galvanometer: Such an electrical instrument which is used to detect the passage of current through circuit is called
galvanometer.
Working Principle of galvanometer: It works on “torque acts on a current coil when placed in uniform magnetic field
  NIBA cos  ”.
Construction: A galvanometer consists of a rectangular coil C suspended b/w the concave pole piece magnet of U
shaped by suspension wire made enameled copper wire. The suspension wire F acts as one current lead while the other
terminal of coil is connected to loosely spiral spring E which act as 2nd current lead. The mirror M attached to suspension
wire used to find angle of deflection.

Working: When the current is passed through the coil, two equal and opposite forces acting on different points of coil
which form couple due to magnetic force. Such couple is known as deflecting couple and its produce torque due to
number of turns N and A is the area of coil Deflecting torque= Ʈ= NIBA cosα= NIBA cos0°=NIAB ---(1)
As the coil turns und the action of deflecting torque then couple produced is restoring couple which is proportional to
angle of deflection Ɵ, so by using Hook’s law Restoring torque ∝ Ɵ so Restoring torque=CƟ------(2)
C is called torsional or twisting constant defined as Restoring Couple per unit twist produced in coil of galvanometer
Comparing equation (1) and (2)
NIAB= CƟ
𝐶𝜃 𝐶
I=𝑁𝐵𝐴 or I∝ Ɵ as 𝑁𝐵𝐴 = constant
This shows that current passing through the coil of galvanometer is proportional to angle of deflection.

How can we Measure of angle of deflection?

: There are two methods for measuring angle of deflection
i. Lamp and scale arrangement: In this method a beam of light from the lamp is directed towards the mirror M
attached to the coil of galvanometer. After reflecting from the mirror, it produce a sport on transparent scale
placed at 1m distance from galvanometer. When the coil rotates the attached to the coil also rotates and spot of
light on scale is proportional to angle of deflection.
ii. Pivoted type galvanometer: In this type of galvanometer coil is rotated b/w two jeweled bearings. The restoring
torque is provided by two hair springs which also act as current lead. An aluminum pointer is attached to the
coil which moves over a scale such galvanometer is called Weston type galvanometer.

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39

What is Current sensitivity of galvanometer and the factors upon which it depends
A galvanometer is said to be sensitive if it give one millimeter deflection on scale when microampere current is passed
C C
through it. For galvanometer I  , galvanometer can made more sensitive if is made small
NAB NAB
Sensitivity of galvanometer can be increased by:
i. Increasing number of turns and area of coil
ii. Increasing flux density B
iii. Decreasing C by using wire of large length and small radius
Types of galvanometer/ What is dead beat galvanometer and unstable galvanometer?
Stable or dead beat galvanometer: A galvanometer in which the coil comes to rest quickly after passage of current
through it is called stable or deadbeat galvanometer.
unstable galvanometer: Such a galvanometer in which the coil of galvanometer is not come to rest and keep on
oscillating about its mean position or shoot beyond its fixed position if current is suddenly passed through it is called
unstable galvanometer.
What is ammeter? How galvanometer is converted into ammeter?

Ammeter: An electrical device which is used to measure the current in amperes is called ammeter. It is low resistance
galvanometer.
Meter movement: The portion of galvanometer whose motion cause the needle to move across the scale is called meter
movement.
Conversion: A galvanometer is converted into ammeter by connecting a low resistance Rs shunt in parallel with
galvanometer.
Shunt/bypass resistor:
Small value of resistance connected in parallel with galvanometer to convert into ammeter is called shunt.
Calculation of shunt resistance: shunt resistance is adjusted so that current which give full scale deflection pass through
galvanometer and remaining current passes through shunt, so
Potential difference across galvanometer Rg=Vg=IgRg ---- (1)
Potential difference across shunt Rs=Vs= (I-Ig)Rs --------(2)
Since the both resistances are parallel so have same P.D so, Vs =Vg
Putting the values
(I-Ig)Rs= IgRg
IgRg
Rs= (I−Ig), this is the formula for shunt resistance which of few ohm.
Ammeter is connected in series with circuit so that maximum current can be measured by it.
What is voltmeter? How galvanometer is converted into voltmeter?
Voltmeter: An electrical device which is used to measure the potential difference b/w two points is called voltmeter.
It is high resistance galvanometer. An ideal voltmeter has infinite resistance.
Conversion of Galvanometer: Galvanometer is converted into voltmeter by connecting high resistance Rh in series
with coil of galvanometer which give a full scale deflection when connected across P.D V.
As same current Ig is flowing through Rg and Rh so by applying Ohm’s law
V=Ig(Rg+Rh)
𝑉
𝐼
= Rg+Rh
𝑔
𝑉
Rh= 𝐼 -Rg,
𝑔
By connecting the proper value of Rh in series with meter movement,
Voltage can be measured. Voltmeter is connected in parallel with circuit.

What is Ohmmeter? How galvanometer is converted into ohmmeter?

Ohmmeter: An electrical device which is used for rapid measurement of resistance is called ohmmeter.
It consists of a galvanometer, an adjustable resistance rs and cell in series.
Conversion: A galvanometer is converted into ohmmeter by connecting
An adjustable resistance r and a cell in series with galvanometer.
To measure the unknown resistance, it is connected b/w two terminals c and d
And deflection of scale give R.

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40

What is AVO METER/MULTIMETER?

Definition: An electrical device which can measure current in ampere, potential difference in volt and resistance in ohm
is called AVO meter or multi meter.
Function switch: It is Function selector switch which connects the galvanometer with relevant measuring circuit.
Voltage measuring part of AVO meter: It is actually multi range voltmeter which consist of Number of resistances
each connected in series with moving coil galvanometer with function switch. The value of each resistance depends
upon the range of Voltmeter which it control.
Alternating voltages are also measured by AVO meter. AC voltage is first converted into DC voltage by using diode as
rectifier and then measured.
Current measuring part of AVO meter: It is actually called multi range ammeter consists of a number of low
resistances connected in parallel with galvanometer.
Resistance measuring part of AVO meter: It is multi range ohmmeter for each range of this. Meter consists of a
battery of emf Vo and variable resistance rs connected in series with Galvanometer of resistance Rg.

Voltage measuring part current measuring part Resistance measuring part

Digital multimeter (DMM): An electronic instrument which is used to measure the current, resistance and voltage in
circuit. It is digital version of an AVO meter.
Advantages of DMM: There are following advantages of DMM
i. It is digital version of AVO meter
ii. It is very accurate device
iii. It is easy to operate
iv. It removes the reading error

Exercise short Questions

1.**A plane-conducting loop is located in a uniform magnetic field that is directed along the x-axis. For what
orientation of the loop is the flux a maximum? For what orientation is the flux a minimum?
Case 1 When vector area of the conducting loop is in the direction of magnetic field strength ɵ=0° then the magnetic
flux will maximum:
At ɵ=0° ɸ=BAcos0°=EA= maximum
Case 2 When vector area of the conducting loop is perpendicular to magnetic field strength then the magnetic flux will
minimum:
At ɵ=90°, ɸ=BAcos90°=0= minimum
2. A current in a conductor produces a magnetic field, which can be calculated using Ampere’s law. Since current
is defined as the rate of flow of charge, what can you conclude about the magnetic field due to stationary charges?
What about moving charges?
a.Magnetic field due to stationary charges is zero: because in this case the value of current is zero so field will be zero.
oI o(0)
B  0
2r 2r
b.Moving charge produce magnetic field: because moving charge produce current which produces magnetic field
3. Describe the change in the magnetic field inside a solenoid carrying a steady current I, if (a) the length of the
solenoid is doubled, but the number of turns remains the same and (b) the number of turns is doubled, but the
length remains the same.
a..In this case magnetic field is reduced to half
μoNI μoNI 1
As magnetic field due to solenoid B  as in this case L'  2L so B'  , B'  B
L 2L 2
b. In this case magnetic field increased to double:
μoNI μo2NI
B as in this case N'  2Nso B'  , B'  2 B
L L

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4. At a given instant, a proton moves in the positive x direction in a region where there is magnetic field in the
negative z direction. What is the direction of the magnetic force? Will the proton continue to move in the positive
x direction? Explain
a.Magnetic force is directed along positive y-axis: Because magnetic force on proton is F  q(v * B) , according to
right hand rule F is perpendicular to v and B along y axis
b. No, the proton will not continue to move in the positive x-direction. Since the magnetic force is acting
at the right angle to motion of conductor, therefore it will move along a circular path in xy-plane
5. Two charged particles are projected into a region where there is a magnetic field perpendicular to their
velocities. If the charges are deflected in opposite directions, what can you say about them?
The two particles are oppositely charged: Because the magnetic force acting on charged particle is F  e(v * B) for
positive charge and F  e(v * B) for negative charge and force is deflecting so if q is positive it is deflected in one
direction and q is negative then it will be deflected in other direction.
6.** Suppose that a charge q is moving in a uniform magnetic field with a velocity V. Why is there no work done
by the magnetic force that acts on the charge q?
As we know that magnetic force acting on charge particle F  q(v * B) is always perpendicular to velocity so angle
b/w F and d is 90°, W=Fdcos90°=0 so no work is done by magnetic force.
7.** If a charged particle moves in a straight line through some region of space, can you say that the magnetic
field in the region is zero?
No, it may or may not be zero: Because the magnetic force acting on a charge particle F  q(v * B) =qvBsinɵ, Force
will be zero in the following cases
i. If field is zero
ii. Charge particle move parallel to field ɵ=0°
iii. Charge particle movie anti parallel/opposite to field ɵ=90°
8. **Why does the picture on a TV screen become distorted when a magnet is brought near the screen?
As the picture on TV screen is formed due to the beam of electrons. When a magnet is brought near the screen the path
of electrons is disturbed due to magnetic force so the picture on TV screen is distorted
9. Is it possible to orient a current loop in a uniform magnetic field such that the loop will not tend to rotate?
Explain.
Yes it is possible: we know that torque acting on current loop in uniform magnetic field is   NIBA cos  It is clear
from expression that when plane of the coil makes an angle of 90° with magnetic field, the torque on the coil will be
zero. In this condition, the coil will not tend to rotate.
10.** How can a current loop be used to determine the presence of a magnetic field in a given region of space?

We know that torque acting on current carrying loop is   NIBA cos  so, if current loop is deflected in given region
of space then it shows the presence of magnetic field otherwise not.
11.** How can you use a magnetic field to separate isotopes of chemical element?
For this purpose the ions of elements are passed through a uniform and perpendicular field, magnetic force act on them
so under the action of this force the ions move along circular path of different radii due to their different masses and
mv 2
qvB  , and r  m
r
12.** What should be the orientation of a current carrying coil in a magnetic field so that torque acting upon the
coil is (a) maximum (b) minimum?
As we know that   NIBA cos 
When plane of the coil is parallel to magnetic field, the torque acting on the coil will be maximum given by:
  NIBA cos 0 =NIBA= maximum
When plane of the coil is perpendicular to magnetic field, and the torque acting on the coil will be minimum,
  NIBA cos 90 =0= minimum
13. A loop of wire is suspended between the poles of a magnet with its plane parallel to the pole faces. What
happens if a direct current is put through the coil? What happens if an alternating current is used instead?
As the plane of the coil is parallel to the pole faces, therefore, it is perpendicular to the magnetic field,
i.e. α = 90°. Torque acting on coil   NIBA cos 90 =0. Therefore, for both A.C. and D.C., the coil will not rotate.

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14. **Why the resistance of an ammeter should be very low?

An ammeter is connected in series with a circuit to measure the current. It is connected in series so that
total current passing through the circuit should pass through it. If the resistance of the ammeter will be large, it will
decrease the current of the circuit that’s why resistance of ammeter should be very low so maximum and accurate current
measured by it.
15. **Why the voltmeter should have a very high resistance
A voltmeter is connected in parallel with circuit to measure potential difference across it. It should
have very high resistance so that practically, a very little current should pass through it and the current of the circuit
should almost remain constant, so that it might measure the potential difference across a circuit
accurately.
Chapter 14

14.1: Find the value of the magnetic field that will cause a maximum force of 7.0 103 N on a
20.0cm straight wire carrying a current of 10.0A.

Given : F  7 *10 -3 N, L  20cm  20/100  0.20 m, I  10A, B  ?

F 7 *10 -3
F  ILB  B    3.5 *10 3 T
IL 10 * 0.20

14.2: How fast must a proton move in a magnetic field of 2.50 103 T such that the magnetic
force is equal to its weight?

Given Data : M agnetic field  B  2.5 *10 -3 T, mp  1.673 *10 -27 Kg, q  1.6 *10 -19 C v  ?
as M agnetic force is equal to weight so F  W  qvB  mg
mg 1.673 *10 -27 * 9.8
v  -19 -3
 4 *10 5 m/s
qB 1.6 *10 * 2.5 *10

14.3: A velocity selector has a magnetic field of 0.30T. If a perpendicular electric field of 10,000 Vm-1
is applied, what will be the speed of the particle that will pass through the selector?

Given Data : Magnetic field  B  0.30 T, E  10,000 V/m, speed  v  ?

As Magnetic force  electric force, qvB  qE  vB  E
E 10000
v   3.3 *10 4 m/s
B 0.30

14.4: A coil of 0.1m  0.01m and of 200 turns carrying a current of 1.0mA is placed in a uniform
magnetic field of 0.1T. Calculate the maximum torque that acts on the coil.

Given Data : Area  A  0.1 * 0.1  0.01 m, N  200, I  1mA  1 *10 -3 A, B  0.1 T,  ?
  NIAB  200 *1 *10 -3 * 0.01 * 0.  2 *10 4 Nm
14.5: A power line 10.0m high carries a current 200A. Find the magnetic field of the wire at the
ground.

Given Data : Height of power line  h  r  10m, I  200A, B  ?

 o I 4 *10 7 * 200
Using Ampere law B    4 *10 6 T
2r 2 * 3.14 *10
14.6: You are asked to design a solenoid that will give a magnetic field of 0.10T, yet the current
must not exceed 10.0A.Find the number of turns per unit length that the solenoid should have.

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43

Given Data : B  0.1T, I  10A, n  ?

B 0.1
Using B  μ o nI  n    7.96 *10 3 turn/lengt h
μ o I 4π *10 *10
-7

14.7: What current should pass through a solenoid that is 0.5m long with 10,000 turns of copper
wire so that it will have a magnetic field of 0.4T?

Given Data : Length  L  0.5 m, B  0.4 T, N  10000, n  N/L  10000/0.5  20000 , current  I  ?
B 0.4
Using B  μ o nI  I    15.9 ampere
μ o n 4π *10 -7 * 20000

14.8: A galvanometer having an internal resistance Rg= 15.0 gives full scale deflection with
current Ig= 20.0mA. It is to be converted into an ammeter of range 10.0A. Find the value of shunt
resistance Rs.

Given Data : Rg  15Ω Ig  20 mA  20 *10 -3 A, I  10 A, Rs  ?

IgRg 20 *10 -3 *15
Rs    0.03 ohm
I - Ig 10 - 20 *10 -3

14.9: The resistance of a galvanometer coil is 50.0 and reads full scale deflection with a current of
2.0mA. Show by a diagram how to convert this galvanometer into voltmeter reading 200V full scale.

Given Data : Rg  50Ω Ig  2mA  2 *10 -3 A, V  200V, R h  ?

V 200
Rh   Rg   50  99950 ohm
Ig 2 *10 -3

14.10: The resistance of a galvanometer coil is 10.0 and reads full scale with a current of 1.0 mA.
What should be the values of resistances R1, R2 and R 3 to convert this galvanometer into a multi
range ammeter of 100, 10.0 and 1.0A?

Given Data : Rg  10Ω Ig  mA  1 *10 -3 A, Ranges of current  I1  100A, I 2  10A, I 3  1A

IgRg 1 *10 3 *10
R1    0.0001 ohm
I1 - Ig 100  10 *10 3
IgRg 1 * 10 3 *10
R2    0.001 ohm
I 2 - Ig 10  10 *10 3
IgRg 1 *10 3 * 10
R3    0.01 ohm
I 3 - Ig 1  10 *10 3
Mcqs chapter 14
Q# Questions Option A Option B Option C Option D
1 Unit of magnetic flux is Weber Gauss Tesla Amper/m2
2 High resistance Rh that connected V 𝐕 V None of these
+Rg - Rg +IRg
Ig 𝐈𝐠 Ig
in series with galvanometer of
resistance Rg to convert into
voltmeter of range V volts is
givenby
3 Galvonometer can be made more Made large Made small Remains None of these
sensitive if the value of factor constant
C/NAB is
4 In order to increase the range of Kept constant Decreased Increased Made zero
voltmeter the series resistance is

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44

5 Magnetic flux through an area A Ø=E.A Ø=ExA Ø=B.A Ø=BxA

is
6 Which of the following is likely to Ammeter Galvanometer VTVM Voltmeter
have least resistance
7 Voltmeter is always connected in Parallel Series Both A&B None
circuit
8 1 tesla is equal to 1 NA-1m-1 1NA-1m 1NAm-1 1Nam
9 Magnetic force is simply a Deflecting force Reflecting force Restoring Gravitational
force force
10 Right hand palm rule is used to Current Emf Force Temperature
find the direction of
11 Magnetic induction in a solenoid B=μonI B=μoNI B=μon None
is
12 In CRO the output waveform of Circular Square Sinusoidal Saw tooth
time base generator is
13 e/m of an electron B2r2/2V Br2/2V 2V/B2r2 2V2/B2r2
14 To measure the current ammeter Parallel Series Both A&B None
is always connected
15 The mathematical expression Lenz law Ampere law Gauss’s law Faraday law
Ʃ(B.dl)= μoI is known as
16 The maximum torque on a NIBA IBA IBAsinƟ NIBAcosƟ
current carrying coil of N turns is
t=?
17 The value of e/m of electron is 1.75x1011 1.75x10-11 1.6x10-19 Zero
C/kg
18 Brightness of the spot of the CRO Cathode Anode Grid Plate
on the screen is controlled by
19 Magnetic force on a moving Magnetic field Electric field Velocity of Both A&C
charged particle is perpendicular particle
to the
20 Resistance of voltmeter should be Low Very high High Very low
21 Sensitivity of galvanometer is Decreasing the Decreasing the Increasing the Using a fine
increased by area of coil no. of turns of magnetic field suspension
coil
22 A magnetic field acts on a Speed Energy Direction of All of these
charged particle so as to change motion
its
23 A current carrying coil placed in a 0˚ 90 ˚ 180 ˚ 45˚
magnetic field experience torque
maximum when angle is
24 Magnetic field B=4i^+18k^ webm- 20 web 90x10-4 web 90 web Zero
2
passes through 5k^m2 area net
flux is
25 An AVO meter is also called An ammeter A voltmeter A multimeter An ohmmeter
26 For a current carrying conductor No unit m-1 m-2 m-3
the term “n” has unti as
27 For an electron e/m is given by B/Vr V/Br Br/V VBr
28 Magnetic field inside the turns of μo 2πr/NI μoNI/2πr μonI/2πr None
toroid of radius r and N turns
carrying current I is given by
29 Two parallel wires current in No effect Repel each Attract each Neither attract
opposite direction other other no repel

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30 A 5m wire carrying current 2A at 5N 10N 20N 25N

right angle to field 0.5T, the force

31 The anode in CRO Control the no. Control the Accelerate At negative
of waves brightness of and focus potential w.r.t
spot formed beam cathode
32 Instrument used for the detection Galvanometer Ammeter Voltemeter Ohmmeter
of current is
33 Best magnetic material is made Alnico V Iron Nickel Cobalt
up of
34 The direction of vector LxB is Force Mag. Field Electric field Length
same as
35 Electric current produces Faraday Oersted Henry Lenz
magnetic field was suggested by
36 Torque on current carrying coil is NIABcosƟ BILsinƟ NIABsinƟ BIL
t=?
37 When a small resistance is Voltmeter Ammeter Wheatstone Potentiometer
connected parallel to the bridge
galvanometer the result is
38 One weber is equal to N/A Nm-1A Nm/A N/Am
39 CRO works by deflecting beam of Neutrons Protons Electrons Positrons
40 If magnetic field is doubled then Four times Two times Three times Six times
magnetic energy density becomes
41 An instrument that gives pointer Voltmeter Galvanometer Wattmeter Potentiometer
deflection proportional to the
current through itself is called a
42 The deflection in galvanometer 10 ohm 20 ohm 30 ohm 40ohm
falls 50 division to 25 division
when a 20 ohm shunt is applied
the galvanometer resistance is
43 The magnetic force acting on a Magnetic flux Induced emf Motional emf Magnetic
unit positive charge moving at induction
right angle to the magnetic field
with unit velocity is called
44 SI unit of magnetic induction is Weber Tesla Gauss Farad
45 In CRO the number of electrons is anodes Cathode Grid Filament
controlled by operating
46 The unit of E is N/C and B is N/Am ms-2 Ms ms-1 m-1s-1
the unit of E/B is
47 Two long parallel wires carrying Repel Attract Remains at Start rotating
current to same direction will --- rest
each other
48 A charged particle moving in a Field Motion Opposite to its Perpendicular
magnetic field experience a motion to field and its
resulting force in the direction of motion
49 Grid in CRO Control the Control the Has positive Accelerate
number of brightness potential w.r.t electrons
waves cathode
50 To convert galvanometer into IgRg/I-Ig I-Ig/IgRg IR None
ammeter the parallel shunt
resistance Rs equal
51 Which one is correct relation? Webm2=N/Am 1 tesla=104gauss 1 webm2=1 tesla All of these

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46

52 Galvanometer constant in a NB/CA C/NAB NAB/C CA/NB

moving coil galvanometer is given
by K=?
53 The unit of magnetic field in SI is Weber Tesla Gauss Newton
54 Beam of electron is also called Positive rays X-rays Cathode rays Cosmic rays
55 Ammeter is used to measure Resistance Voltage Current Capacitance
56 An electron of mass m and charge r proportional r proportional r proportional r proportional
e is moving in circle of radius r to m to B to 1/v to 1/m
with speed v in uniform magnetic
field B then
57 Voltmeter is used to measure Current Resistance Temperature Voltage
58 Force on a moving charge in a 0˚ 90 ˚ 60 ˚ 30˚
uniform magnetic field will be
maximum when angle between v
and B is
59 Relation between current and Direct Inverse Both A&B None
deflection is
60 Shunt resistance is also called By pass resistor Specific Reactance Impedance
resistance
61 Shunted galvanometer is called Ammeter Voltmeter Ohmmeter Potentiometer
62 If 0.5T field over an area of 2m2 0.50 T 0.50 Web 0.25Web 0.25T
which lies at an angle of 60ᵒ with
field, then resulting flux
63 The sum of electric and magnetic Maxwell force Lorentz force Newton force Centripetal
force is force
64 In case of conversion of In parallel In series Neither series Both A&B
galvanometer into ammeter the nor parallel
shunt resistance is connected
65 Work done on charge particle Maximum Zero Negative Infinity
moving in uniform magnetic field
66 If the number of turns become Half Double Remains same Zero
doubled but length remains
same, then magnetic field in the
solenoid become
67 e/m of neutron Less than Greater then Zero The same as
electron electron electron
68 In current carrying solenoid the Radius of Number of turns Current All of these
magnetic field does not depends solenoid per unit length
upon
69 Magnetic lines of force are Imaginary Real Perpendicular Plane to field
70 Ampere law is magnetic Newton law Gauss law Faraday law Ohm law
equivalent of
71 The pointer of dead beat Variable Steady Continuous Slow
galvanometer gives a ----
deflection because of eddy
current
72 If current flowing through Becomes half Becomes four No effect Becomes zero
solenoid becomes double then times
magnetic field inside
73 The magnetic force on electron 16*1012 N 1.6*10-13 N 0N Infinity
travelling at 106 m/s parallel to
the field of strength 1T is
74 A 50mH coil carries a current of 0.05 J 0.1 J 10 J 50 J
2A. The energy stored in B is

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CHAPTER 15 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

In 1820 Oerested discovered the electric current produce magnetic field.

In 1831, Joseph Henry and Michal Faraday observed that when field is changed then emf is produced.
Electromagnetic induction: If the magnetic field through a circuit changes, an emf and current are induced in the
circuit, this phenomenon is called Electromagnetic induction.
Induced current and induced emf: If a conductor moves through a magnetic field then due to change of magnetic flux
current flows through circuit which is called induced current and emf produced is called induced emf
Factors induced current depends: Induced current depends upon
i. Speed of loop
ii. Resistance of loop
Factors which increased the induced current: Induced current can be increased by
i. Using a stronger field
ii. Moving the loop faster
iii. Using a coil of many turn
iv. Increasing the area of loop
Induced current can be produced: The induced current can be produced by the relative motion of the magnet or loop
i.e. by moving either the loop or the magnet.
Methods to produce induced emf: There are following methods to produce induced emf
i. Relative motion of bar magnet and coil of wire:
ii. Changing area of coil
iii. Rotating the coil
iv. Mutual induction and electromagnet
What is Motional emf? Derive its relation.
Definition: The emf induced by the motion of conductor across the magnetic field is called motional emf.
Formula:   vBL sin  .
Explanation: Consider a conducting rod of length ‘L’ placed on two parallel metals rails separated by a distance L.
A galvanometer is connected b/w its ends of rails. This forms a complete conducting loop as shown in fig.
A uniform magnetic field is applied directed into the paper,
when the rod is pulled to the right with constant velocity v,
the galvanometer indicates a current flowing through loop.
Moving rod is acting as a source of emf E=Vb-Va=ΔV.
When the rod moves, a charge q within rod also moves with same velocity v
and experience force
⃗ ) =qvB sinƟ= qvBsin90°=qvB, by using right hand rule,
𝐹 =q(𝑣 x𝐵
Force is directed from a to b in rod
𝐹 𝑞𝑣𝐵
And electric field is induced along the rod 𝐸 = 𝑞 = 𝑞 =vB ……………….. (1)
−∆𝑉 −∆𝑉 −𝜀
Also we know that electric field intensity E = ∆𝑟
= 𝐿
= 𝐿
……………….(2)
−𝜀
Comparing eq(1) and eq(2) 𝐿
= vB
We get ε = -vBL, if Ɵ is angle b/w v and B then ε = -vBLsinƟ, this the relation for motional emf.
Motional emf can be increased by: (a) increasing the speed of rod (b) Using the stronger magnetic field

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48

State and explain Faraday Law of Electromagnetic induction

Statement: “The average emf induced in a conducting coil of N loops is equal to the negative of the rate at which

magnetic flux through the coil is changing with time” Equation:    N .
t
Explanation: Consider a conducting rod of length L moves from a position 1 to position 2 and covers a distance
x  x 2 - x 1
x
the velocity of rod is given v 
t
the emf produced in rod is   -vBL, putting the value of v
x (x.L)
  - BL   B as we x.L  A
t t
(A) ( BA)
  B   BA
t t
 
  , if coil has N turns then emf is    N  Faraday law of electromag netic induction
t t
Reason of negative sign in Faraday law: Negative sign shows that the direction of induced emf is such that it oppose
the change it.
State and explain Lenz’s law.

Statement: The direction of induced current is always such as to oppose the change which causes the current.
Lenz’s law is used to find the direction of induced current which was given by Heinrich Lenz in 1834.
Experiment: let us consider a coil in which current is induced by the movement of bar magnet due to magnetic effect
of current. One face of the coil acts as North Pole while the other one as the South Pole. If the coil is to oppose the
motion of bar magnet, the face of the coil towards the magnet must become a north pole, the two north poles will repel
each other, and then by using right hand rule direction of induced current is anti-clock wise.
According to Lenz law the “push” of magnet is the “Change” that produces the induced current which tend to oppose
the “push”. Similarly if we “pull” the magnet away from the coil, the induced current oppose the “pull” by creating
South Pole towards the bar magnet. As shown in fig a
Lenz’s law and law of conservation of Energy: Let us consider rod moves towards right in uniform magnetic field,
emf is induced it and induced current flows through the loop in anti-clock direction and rod experience a magnetic force
whose direction is opposite to v, so it tend to stop the rod. If we consider the direction of current in clock wise direction
then magnetic force will in the direction of v so this force would accelerate the rod increasingly. Hence the process
becomes self-perpetuating which is against the law of conservation of energy. As shown in fig b and c
Lenz’s law is in accordance to law of conservation of energy.

What is Mutual Induction and derive the relation for mutual inductance.

Definition: The phenomenon in which changing the current in one coil induces an emf in another coil, is called mutual
induction.
Explanation: Lets us consider two coils placed to each other as shown in fig
Primary coil and Secondary coil: A coil connected with a battery through a switch and rheostat is called primary coil
and the coil connected to a galvanometer is called secondary coil.

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49

If the current in primary coil is changed by the changing the resistance by rheostat then magnetic flux through primary
 s
coil changes and emf is induced in secondary coil whose value is  s   N s
t
Mutual inductance: If s  flux across secondary and N s  No of turns across secondary

M agnetic fluxs and N s is directly proportional to I p

Nss  I p
Nss  M I p
Where M  Constant of proportionality known as mutual inductance
s ( Nss)
Now by Using Faraday law   -Ns -
t t
Δ(M Ip) Ip)
εs  -  M , This shows that induced emf is proportional to rate of change of current current in primary coil
Δt Δt
ε
M  s  M utual inductance
ΔIp
Δt
Mutual inductance: The ratio of average of induced emf in the secondary to the time rate of change of current in the
primary coil is called mutual inductance. M   s Its unit is henry.
I p
t
Henry: If the rate of change current one ampere per second in primary coil produces the emf of one volt in the secondary
then mutual inductance will be one henry. VsA-1= henry (H).
Factors on which mutual inductance depend:
i. No of turns of the coils
ii. Area of cross section of coils
iii. Closeness and orientation of coils
iv. Nature of core material

What is Self-induction? Derive its relation.

Self-induction: The phenomenon in which changing current in a coil induce an emf in itself is called self-induction.
Explanation: Consider a coil connected in series with a battery and a rheostat as shown in fig. when a current pass
passes through the coil, magnetic flux is produce. If the current is changed by varying the rheostat, magnetic flux through
coil changes that caused an induced emf in coil such an emf is called self-induced emf or back emf.
M agnetic flux and N is directly proportional to I
N  I
N  L I
Where L  Constant of proportionality known as self inductance
 ( N )
Now by Using Faraday law   -N -
t t
Δ(L I) (I)
ε-  L , This shows that induced emf is proportional to rate of change of current current in primary coil
Δt Δt
ε
L  Self inductance
ΔI
Δt

Self-inductance: The ratio of induced emf produced in a coil to the rate of change of current in the same coil
L
L Its unit is henry (VsA-1).
I
t
As induced emf must oppose the change that produced it, so according to Lenz’s law self-induced emf is called back
emf. By winding the coil around a ferromagnetic (iron) core, the magnetic flux and inductance can be increased.

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Calculate the Energy stored in an Inductor in terms of magnetic field.

Inductor: Such a device which store energy in magnetic field is called inductor.
Derivation: Consider a coil connected to a battery and a switch in series as shown in fig. when the switch is turned on
voltage is applied across the ends of coil and current increases from zero to maximum value. Due to change of current,
an emf is induced, which is opposite to that of battery, work is done by battery to move charges against the induced emf.
Work done by thebattery in moving small charge q
W
W   L q - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (1) as  L 
q
I
As  L  L puttingin eq (1)
t
I q
W  L q  L I      (2)
t t
Δq I max  I min I  0 I
As average current is I    
Δt 2 2 2
I  I max  I min  I  0  I puttingin eq (2)
I 1
W  L( )( I )  LI 2 This work is stored in form of P.E inductor which is
2 2
1
U m  LI 2 - - - - - - - -(a) This is energy stored in inductor
2
Energy in terms of magnetic field/Energy density: As inductor stored energy in magnetic field so the above equation
(a) can be written in form of magnetic field B. As inductor is like solenoid of n turn per unit length of area A
For calculatio n of L consider M agnetic field inside solenoid  B  μ o nI, n  N/L
flux throu gh coil is    BA  μ o nI A
as we know that N  LI
N N μ o n I A
L   (nL) μ o n A  μ o n 2 (AL) - - - -(2)
I I
B
and I for solenoid I  - - - - - (3) putting the values of 2 and 3 in (a)
μon
1 B 2 1 B2 1 B2 
Um  μ o n 2 (AL)( )  μ o n 2 (AL)( 2 2 )  (AL)  Energy stored in terms of B
2 μon 2 μo n 2 μo
Energy density : Energy stored in inductor per unit volume is called energy density.
U m 1 B2 1 B2
 u this is the formula for energy density in magnetic field
AL 2 μ o 2 μo

What is AC Generator? Describe its principle construction and working. Also derive equation of induced
current and induced emf.
Definition: A device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and output is in alternating current form
is called AC generator.
Principle of AC generator: AC generator works on the principle of Faraday law of electromagnetic induction.
When a coil is rotated in magnetic field, magnetic flux through coil changes so an emf is induced in coil.
Construction: let us consider a rectangular wire of AC generator which has three major parts of AC generator
Armature: Number of coils wounded on an iron cylinder is called armature. The magnetic field is usually provided by
an electromagnet.
Slip rings: slip rings are concentric with axis of loop and rotate with it.
Carbon brushes: carbon brush connected the slips rings to external circuit.

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Working and Expression for induced emf and induced current of AC generator: consider the position of coil which
⃗ and angle b/w
is rotating anti clock wise. The vertical side ab and cd of loop is moving with velocity 𝑣 and and field 𝐵
is Ɵ, same value of current is flowing through both sides.
 ab  vBLsin ,  cd  vBLsin
And no contribution of sides  bc   da  0 because the force acting on the charges is not along the wire
   ab   cd  vBLsin  vBLsin  2vBLsin
If the loop is replaced by N turns, the total emf in coil is
  2 NvBLsin
The linear speed of vertical wire is related to angular speed  , v  r
  2 N (r )BLsin  N (2rL)Bsin As A  2rL
  NABsin   t
  NABsin(t) - - - - - -(1)
This show that induced emf changes sinusoidally with time
for maximum value sin90 o  1   NABsin90 o  NAB
 o  NAB
equation (1) is    o sin (t) ,
if the resistance of coil then by Ohm.' s law induced current will be
  sin (t)  o
I  o  sin (t)  I o sin (t) if angular speed   2f
R R R
   o sin (2ft), I  I o sin (2ft) shows that variation of emf and current as function of   2ft
As current alternates its direction once in one cycle so such current is called alternating current.

What is DC generator? Write its principle, construction and working.

DC generator: A device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and gives direct current at its output
is called DC generator.
Principle of DC generator: DC generator works on the principle of Faraday law of electromagnetic induction.
Major parts of DC generator: There are following major parts
i. Armature
ii. Split rings (commutator):
Two halves of a rings/split rings which prevents
The direction of current from changing is called commutator.
William Sturgeon Invented the commutator In 1834
iii. Carbon brushes
Working: When the current in the coil is zero and is about to change the direction, the split rings also changes the
contact with carbon brushes, in this way the output remains in same direction although the current is not constant in
magnitude, the curve is similar to sine curve with lower half inverted.
Fluctuations in output of DC can be reduced by: It can be reduced by using many coils rather than a single coil and
each coil is connected to separate commutator to get maximum output.

What is Difference b/w AC generator and DC generator?

Both generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy differences are following
AC generator DC generator
Its output in AC form Its output in DC form
It uses slip rings It uses split rings
Both work on same principle “Faraday law of electromagnetic induction”.

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52

What is Back motor effect in generator?

How a turbine run: In order to run a turbine, the shaft of turbine is attached to the coil which rotates in magnetic field,
it converts the mechanical energy of driven turbine to electrical energy. the generator supplies current to external circuit.
Back motor effect:
An effect produced by the forces acting on the coil placed in the magnetic field that opposes the rotational motion of
coil is called back motor effect.
Load:
The generators supplies current to devices in external circuit is called load, greater the load, larger is the current supplied
by generator.
For open circuit generator does not supply electrical energy, for closed circuit current is drawn.

Write a note on DC Motor.

DC motor: An electrical device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy is called DC motor.
Principle: DC motor works on the principle “A current carrying conductor placed in magnetic field experience a force”.
Construction: A DC motor is similar to DC generator in construction having magnetic field, commutator and armature,
instead of rotating coil electric current is applied to coil which rotate in magnetic field. In DC motor, the brushes are
connected to DC supply or battery.
Working: When current flows in the coil the force on the conductor produce a torque that rotate the coil. The amount
of torque depends upon the current, the strength of field, the area of coil and number of turns. The magnetic field in
motor is provided by a permanent magnet or electromagnet.
Field coils: The windings of electromagnet are called field coils. It may be series or in parallel to armature coils.
How jerks in smooth running of armature can be reduced: It is overcome by using more than one coil wrapped
around a soft iron core which produce more steady torque.
What is DIFFERENCE B/W MOTOR AND GENERATOR?

Generator Motor
It converts mechanical into electrical energy It converts electrical into mechanical energy
It may uses slip and split rings It uses only split rings
Mechanical work is input Mechanical work is output
Electric current is output Electric current is input

What is BACK EMF IN MOTOR

Back emf in motor: An emf induced in the motor which opposes the actual emf is called back emf in motor.

Relation b/w back emf and current: Since V and ε are opposite in polarity, then net emf will be V-ε so the value of
Vε
current will be I  , IR  V -  , V    IR
R
Why induced emf is called back emf of motor: When the coil of motor rotates across the magnetic field by applied
potential difference, an emf induced in it, this induced emf is in such a direction to oppose the applied emf, that’s why
induced emf is called back emf.
Important points about back emf:
 If motor is just started back emf is almost zero and large current pass through coil.
 If motor is running at normal speed back emf becomes maximum and current becomes minimum.
 If motor is overloaded back emf decreases and allow the motor to draw more current
 If motor is overloaded beyond its limit the current could be so high that it may burn out the motor.

What is Transformer? Explain its principle, construction and working.

Definition: An electrical device which changes a given AC voltage into larger or smaller AC voltage is called
transformer.
Principle of transformer: Transformer works on the principle of Mutual induction b/w two coils. A changing current
in the primary coil induce an emf in the secondary coil.

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Construction: There are two coils used in transformer

Primary coil: The coil to which AC power is supplied
Secondary coil: The coil which delivers power to output. Both coils are magnetically linked.
Working: When an alternating emf is supplied to primary the, if at the some instant t the flux in primary is change then
there will be back emf induced in primary which oppose the applied voltage.

Self induced emf  -N p , If resistance of coil is negligible then
t
Vp  -back emf
     
Vp  - - N p   Vp   N p           (1)
 t   t 
As change of flux in primary coil and secondary coil is same so
  
Vs   N s                 (2)
 t 
For transformation ratio dividing (2) by (1)
  
 Np 
Vp  t  Np Vs Ns
   or  , This is transformation ratio equation
Vs    Ns VP Np
 Ns 
 t 
Types of Transformer: There are following types of transformer
Step-up transformer: Such a transformer in which voltage across the secondary is greater than primary voltage is
called step up transformer as Ns>Np so Vs>Vp.
Step-down transformer: Such a transformer in which voltage across the secondary is less then primary voltage is called
step down transformer. Ns<Np, Vs<Vp.
In Ideal transformer: The out power is equal to input power Power input= power output VpIp=VsIs Vp/Vs=Is/Ip
For an actual transformer the output power is always less than input power due to power losses.
Main causes of power loss in transformer: There are two main causes of power loss in transformer.
Eddy currents: The induced current which is setup in direction perpendicular to flux so as oppose the cause that produce
them is called eddy current Eddy current cause the energy loss in core due to heat produced in it.
Such a loss can be reduced by using laminated core with insulation b/w layers of lamination sheets
Hysteresis loss: The energy used to magnetize and demagnetize the core material in each cycle of Ac is called hysteresis
loss. This loss can be reduced by using soft iron core
output power
Efficiency of transformer: E  *100
input power
EXERCISE SHORT QUESTIONS
1. **Does the induced emf in a circuit depend on the resistance of the circuit? Does the induced current depend
on the resistance of the circuit?

a) No, induced emf does not depend upon the resistance of circuit. Because According to Faraday law    N
t
induced emf depends upon rate of change of flux.
b) Yes, induced current depends upon resistance of circuit, as I=ε/R so induced current is inversely proportional to
resistance.
2. A square loop of wire is moving through a uniform magnetic field. The normal to the loop is oriented parallel
to the magnetic field. Is a emf induced in the loop? Give a reason for your answer.
No, emf is not induced in square loop. Because in this case the magnetic flux through loop is constant so rate of change
of flux is zero and induced emf is directly proportional to rate of change of flux, so it will be zero.
 (0)
  N = N =0
t t
3. A light metallic ring is released from above into vertical bar magnet viewed for above for above, does the
current flow clockwise or anticlockwise in the ring?
When viewed from above, the current in the ring is clockwise: and according to Lenz’s law direction of induced current
is opposing the downward motion of ring so face of ring towards magnet acts as north pole, so according to right hand
rule induced current must be clock wise

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54

4. *What is the direction of the current through resistor R when switch S is (a) closed (b) opened
a) The direction of current through Resistor R is from left to right when switch is closed the primary coil increases from
zero to maximum steady value.
b) In this case direction of current through R from right to left.
5. **Does the induced emf always act to decrease the magnetic flux through a circuit?
No, it always opposes the change in magnetic flux through a circuit. According to Lenz’s law the induced emf always
opposes the cause that produces it. So if magnetic flux is decreasing through circuit induced emf acts to increase the
magnetic flux through circuit and vice versa.
6. When the switch in the circuit is closed a current is established in the coil and the metal ring jumps upward
why? Describe what would happen to the ring if the battery polarity were reversed?
The induced magnetic field in the ring opposes the magnetic field of the coil (according to Lenz’s law). Therefore the
ring experience a force of repulsion and jumps up. The same event occurs even if the polarity of the battery is reversed.
7. The Fig shows a coil of wire in the xy plane with a magnetic field directed along the y-axis. Around which of
the three coordinate axes the coil should be rotated in order to generate an emf and a current in the coil?
If the coil is rotated about x-axis, then there is a change of magnetic flux passing through a coil. So only in this case, an
emf is induced in the coil.
8. **How would you position a flat loop of wire in a changing magnetic field so that there is no emf induced in
the loop?
If the plane of loop of wire is placed parallel to changing magnetic field i.e.,, then no flux through it will change. Hence
no emf will be induced through the loop as
 (0)
  N = N =0
t t
9.**In a certain region the earth’s magnetic field point vertically down. When a plane flies due north, which
wingtip is positively charged?
When the plane flies due north in the earth magnetic field directed vertically downward, then electrons will experience
force in east direction. Thus west wingtip of the plane is positively charged.
10. **Show that  and  have the same units?
t
J
unit of ε  volt     (1)
C
Δφ web NmA 1 Nm J
unit of      (2)
Δt sec sec A sec C
As Nm  J and Asec  C Hence, proved.
11. When an electric motor, such as an electric drill, is being used, does it also act as a generator? If so what is
the consequence of this?
Yes it acts like a generator.
When the coil of motor rotates in magnetic field, the magnetic flux through coil changes so emf is induced which oppose
the applied emf. It limits the current flowing through coil of motor.
12.** Can a D.C motor be turned into a D.C generator? What changes are required to be done?
Yes, a DC motor be turned into a DC generator
In order to convert DC motor into a DC generator, two changes are to be done
i. Electromagnet is replaced by permanent magnet
ii. An arrangement to rotate the coil armature should be provided
13. Is it possible to change both the area of the loop and the magnetic field passing through the loop
and still not have an induced emf in the loop?
Yes. If the plane of the loop is kept parallel to the direction of the magnetic field, no emf will be induced
in the loop either by changing its area or by changing the magnetic field.
14.** Can an electric motor be used to drive an electric generator with the output from the generator being used
to operate the motor?
No it is not possible. Because if it is possible, it will be a self-operating system without getting energy from some
external source and this is against the law of conservation of energy.

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55

15. A suspended magnet is oscillating freely in a horizontal plane. The oscillations are strongly damped
when a metal plate is placed under the magnet. Explain why this occurs?
When the metal plate is placed under the magnet, a changing magnetic flux passes through the plate which produces an
emf, according to Lenz law these eddy current oppose the free oscillations of magnet hence the oscillations of magnets
are damped strongly.
16.** Four unmarked wires emerge from a transformer. What steps would you take to determine the turn’s
ratio?
There are following steps to find turn ratio
i. Coils are separated as primary and secondary by ohmmeter
ii. AC voltage is supplied to primary coil and induced emf is measured
Ns Vs
iii. The turn ratio is determined by 
Np Vp
15.17 (a)** Can a step-up transformer increase the power level?
No it cannot increase power level. In case of an ideal transformer, the power output is equal to the power input. In actual
transformer, due of dissipation of energy in the coil, the output power is always less than input power. Therefore, a step-
up transformer can’t increase power level
b) Transformer, there is no transfer of charge from the primary to the secondary. How is, then the power
transferred?
The two coils of transformer are magnetically linked i.e., the change of flux through one coil is linked with the other
coil.
18. When the primary of a transformer is connected to a.c mains the current in it. (a) Is very small if the secondary
circuit is open, but (b) increases when the secondary circuit is closed. Explain these facts.
a) In a transformer power input=power output
VpIp=VsIs if secondary circuit is open Is=0 then Vp=0.
a) When the secondary circuit is closed, the output power increases. To produce this power, transformer will draw
large current from the A.C. mains to increase its primary power (VpIp).

Chapter 15

15.1: An emf of 0.45V is induced between the ends of a metal bar moving through amagnetic field of
0.22T. What field strength would be needed to produce an emf of 1.5V between the ends of the bar,
assuming that all other factors remain the same?

Given Data : ε 1  0.45V, B1  0.22T, ε 2  1.5V, B 2  ?

Using the formula ε 1  vB1 Lsinθ      (1) ε 2  vB 2 Lsinθ      (2) Dividing both eqs.
ε 1 vB1 Lsinθ B1 B *ε 0.22 *1.5
   B2  1 2   0.73T
ε 2 vB 2 Lsinθ B 2 ε1 0.45

15.2: The flux density B in a region between the pole faces of a horseshoe magnet is 0.5 Wbm-2
directed vertically downward. Find the emf induced in a straight wire 5.0 cm long, perpendicular to
B when it is moved in a direction at an angle of 60o with the horizontal with a speed of 100 cms-1.

Given data : B  0.5 web/m 2 , L  5 cm  5 *10 -2 m, Angle   h  60 o , v  90 o  60 o  30 o , v  100cm / s  1m / s

  vBL sin     (1)(0.5)(5 *10 2 ) sin 30 o  1.25 *10 2 V

3 2
15.3: A coil of wire has 10 loops. Each loop has an area of 1.5 10 m
. A magnetic field is
perpendicular to the surface of each loop at all times. If the magnetic field is changed from 0.05T to
0.06T in 0.1, find the average emf induced in the coil during this time.

Given Data : N  10, A  1.5 *10 -3 m 2 , B1  0.05T, B 2  0.06T, B  0.06 - 0.05  0.01T, t  0.1 sec,   ?
N NBA 10 * 0.01 *1.5 *10 3
    1.5 *10 3 V
t t 0.1

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15.4: A Circular coil has 15 turns of radius 2cm each. The plane of the coil lies at 40oto a uniform
magnetic field of 0.2 T. If the field is increased by 0.5T in 0.2s, find the magnitude of the induced
emf.

Given Data : N  15, r  2cm  2 *10 -2 m, Angle b/w B and plane of coil  θ  40 o , Angle b/w A and B  90 o - 40 o  50 o
B1  0.2T, B 2  0.5T, ΔB  0.5  0.2  0.3T, Δt  0.2sec, induced emf  ε  ?
NΔ NΔΔB NB(π r 2 ) NΔΔB(r 2 ) 15 * 0.3(3.14 * (2 *10  2 ) 2 )
ε      1.8 *10 2 V
Δt Δt Δt Δt 0.2
15.5: Two coils are placed side by side. An emf of 0.8 V is observed in one coil when the current is
changing at the rate of 200 As-1 in the other coil. What is the mutual inductance of the coils?

ΔIp
Given Data : emf  ε s  0.8V, Rate of change of current   200A/sec, M  ?
Δt
 0.8
M   40 *10 3 H  4mH
ΔIp 200
Δt
15.6: A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 0.75 H. If the current in the primary
changes from 0 to 10A in 0.025 s, what is the average induced emf in the secondary? What is the
change in flux in it if the secondary has 500 turns?

Given Data : M  0.75 H, ΔIp  10A - 0A  10A, Δt  0.025sec, N  500, ε s  ?Δ  ?

ΔIp 10
εs  M  0.75 *  300V
Δt 0.025
Δ ε * Δt 0.025
Using Faraday's law, ε  N  Δ   300 *  0.015web  1.5 *10  2 weber
Δt N 500
15.7: A solenoid has 250 turns and its self-inductance is 2.4 mH. What is the flux through each turn
when the current is 2 A? What is the induced emf when the current changes at 20As-1?

ΔI
Given Data : N  250, Self inductance  L  2.5mH  2.5 *10 -3 H, I  2A,  20A/sec,   ?, ε  ?
Δt
LI 2.5 *10 -3 * 2
Using equation N  LI      1.92 *10 5 web
N 250
ΔI
 L  2.5 *10 -3 * 20  48 *10 -3 V  48mV
Δt
15.8: A solenoid of length 8.0cm and cross sectional area 0.5cm2 has 520 turns. Find the self-
inductance of the solenoid when the core is air. If the current in the solenoid increases through
1.5A in 0.2s, find the magnitude of induced emf in it.

Given Data : length  l  8 cm  8 *10 -2 m, A  0.5cm 2  0.5 *10 -4, m 2 N  520, ΔI  1.5A, Δt  0.2 sec, L  ? ε  ?
Using Equation L  μ o n 2 lA  μ o (N/l) 2 lA  μ o (N 2 /l)A  4π *10 -7 (520) 2 * 0.5 *10 -4, /8 *10 2  2.12 *10 4 H
ΔI 1.5
εL  2.12 *10 4 *  1.6 *10 3 volt
Δt 0.2
15.9: When current through a coil changes from 100 mA to 200 mA in 0.005s, an induced emf of 40
mV is produced in the coil. (a) What is the self-inductance of the coil? (b) Find the increase in the
energy stored in the coil.

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57

Given Data : I1  100mA, I 2  200mA, ΔI  200mA - 100mA  100 *10 -3 A, ε  40mV  40 *10 3 V, Δt  0.005sec
Self inductance  L  ? Increase in energy stored  E  ?
 40 *10 - 3
L   2 *10 -3 H  2mH
I 0.1
t 0.005
1 1
E  L(E ) 2  2 *10 3 (100 *10 3 ) 2  0.03 *10  3J  0.03mJ
2 2
15.10: Like any field, the earth’s magnetic field stores energy. Find the magnetic energy stored in a
5
space where strength of earth’s fields is 7 10 T , if the space occupies an area of

10 10 m 8 2
and has a height of 750m.

Given Data : B  7 *10 -5 T, A  10 *10 8 m 2 , L  750m,Um  ?

1 B2 1 (7 *10 -5 )2
Um  ( AL )  (10 *10 8 * 750)  1.5 *10 9 J
2 o 2 4 *10 7

15.11: A square coil of side 16cm has 200 turns and rotates in a uniform magnetic field of
magnitude 0.05T. If the peak emf is 12V, what is the angular velocity of the coil?

Given Data : Side of square coil  16cm, Area  A  16 *16cm 2  256 *10 -4 m 2 , N  200, B  0.05T, ε o  12V, ω  ?
εo 12
ε o  NωωA  ω    46.9rad/sec  47rad/sec
NAB 200 * 256 *10 -4 * 0.05

15.12: A generator has a rectangular coil consisting of 360 turns. The coil rotates at 420 rev per min
in 0.14 T magnetic field. The peak value of emf produced by the generator is 50V. If the coil is 5.0 cm
wide, find the length of the side of the coil.

420 * 2π
given Data : N  360, ω   43.96 rad/sec, B  0.14T, ε o  50V, width  b  5cm  5/100  0.05m
60
length of coil  L  ? using the formula ε o  NωωA  Nωω( * b)B
εo 50
L   0.45m
Nω bB 0.14 * 360 * 43.96 * 0.05
15.13: It is desired to make an a.c generator that can produce an emf of maximum value 5kV with 50
Hz frequency. A coil of area 1m2 having 200 turns is used as armature. What should be the
magnitude of the magnetic field in which the coil rotates?

Given Data : emf   o  5KV  5000V, f  50Hz, A  1m 2 , N  200, B  ?

o o 5000
 o  NAB  B     0.08T
NA N (2f ) A 200(2 * 50) *1

15.14: The back emf in motor is 120 V when the motor is turning at 1680 rev per min.What is the
back emf when the motor turns 3360 rev per min?

Given Data :  1  120V, 1  1680rev/mi n,  2  3360 rev/min,  2  ?

As ε 1  Nω1 AB    (1) ε 2  Nω 2 AB    (1) Dividing both eqs
ε 1 Nω1 AB ε ω ω 3360
  1  1  ε 2  2 * ε1  *120  240V
ε 2 Nω 2 AB ε 2 ω2 ω1 1680

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58

15.15: A D.C motor operates at 240 V and has a resistance of 0.5. When the motor is running at
normal speed, the armature current is 15A. Find the back emf in the armature.

Given Data : V  240V, R  0.5, I  15A,   ?

  V - IR  240 - (15(0.5)  232.5 V
15.16: A copper ring has a radius of 4.0 cm and resistance of 1.0m. A magnetic field is applied
over the ring, perpendicular to its plane. If the magnetic field increases from 0.2T to 0.4T in a time
interval of, what is the current in the ring during this interval?

Given Data : radius  r  4cm  4 *10 -2 m, R  1mΩ  1 *10 -3 Ω, B1  0.2T, B 2  0.4T, Δt  5 *10 3 sec
ε
N  1, ΔB  B 2  B1  0.4  0.2  0.2T, I  ? As I       (1)
R
Δ ΔBA ΔB(πr 2 ) 0.2 * (3.14 * (4 *10  4 ) 2 )
εN N N  1* 3
 2.01 *10 1 V, put in(1)
Δt Δt Δt 5 *10
1
ε 2.01 *10
I   201A
R 1 *10 -3
15.17: A coil of 10 turns and 35cm2 area is in a perpendicular magnetic field of 0.5T.The coil is 1.0s.
Find the induced emf in the coil as it pulled out of the field.

Given Data : N  10, A  35cm 2  35 *10 -4 m 2 , B  0.5  0  0.5T , t  1sec,   ?

 BA 0.5 * 35 *10 -4
N N  10 *  175 *10 4 V  1.75 *10 2 V
t t 1
15.18: An ideal step down transformer is connected to main supply of 240V. It is desired to operate
a 12V, 30W lamp. Find the current in the primary and the transformation ratio?

Given Data : Vp  240 V, Vs  12V, powerPo  30W, Ip  ?, Ns/Np  ?

Ns/Np  Vs/Vp  12/240  1/20
For an ideal transformer input power  output power  so Po  IpVp  Ip  Po/Vp  30/240  0.125A
Mcqs
Q# Questions Option A Option B Option C Option D
1 If an inductor has N turns of a coil and Ø I/N Ø N Ø/I NI/ Ø Ø/NI
is magnetic flux through each turn when
current I is flowing in it, then self
inductance is given by
2 The value of emf induced in armature of 2πfNIAB 2πfN2AB NIfAB 4πf2NAB
N turns and area A rotating in magnetic
field B with frequency f is given by
3 In choke of inductance L and resistance L is large and L is small and Both R&L are Both R&L are
R R is small R is large large small
4 Inductance is measured in volt Ampere Henry Ohm
5 A 50mH coil carries current of 2A the 0.05J 0.1J 10J 100J
energy stored in its magnetic field is
6 Energy stored in inductor is given by ½ cV2 ½ LI2 ½ BL2 None
7 An ideal transformer obey the law of Flux Momentum Energy Charge
conservation of
8 The device which converts electrical Transformer Galvanometer Ac generator D.C motor
energy into mechanical energy is called
9 The core of transformer is made of iron High melting Good Good Magnetic
because of point conductor of conductor of material
electricity heat

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59

10 Lenz law is actually the law of Charge Mass Energy Momentum

conservation of
11 Which converts the mechanical energy Transformer Galvanometer Ac generator D.C motor
into electrical energy
12 An inductor may store energy in its Electric field Magnetic field Coils Neighboring
circuit
13 The ratio of average induced emf to rate Self- Mutual Self-induction Mutual
of change of current in a coil is called inductance inductance induction
14 One henry is equal to VSA VSA2 VSA-1 None
15 The frequency of AC in Pakistan is 30Hz 40Hz 50Hz 100Hz
16 Which one is correct relation for Ns/Np=Vp/Vs Is/Ip=Vs/Vp Ns/Np=Ip/Is Is/Ip=Vp/Vs
transformer is
17 Maximum value of induced emf in the NBA/W NωAB BA NIAB
coil of A.C generator is
18 The power loss in transformer due to Eddy current Magnetic field Hysteresis Both A&C
19 Energy density of inductor is B2/2μo2 Μo/2B Μo/2B2 B2/2 μo
20 The principle of AC generator is Coulomb law Ampere law Faraday law Lenz law
21 If velocity of a conductor moving -vBL -v/BL -BL/v Zero
through a magnetic field B is made zero
then motional emf is
22 Energy stored per unit volume inside a Electric flux Energy Work Volume
solenoid is called density charge density
23 Mutual inductance depends upon Density of coil Material Geometry Stiffness
24 When motor is just started, back emf is Maximum zero Minimum Infinite
almost
25 Turn ratio of transformer is 50 if the 44V 4.4V 220V 1100V
220V is applied to its primary coil .
voltage in secondary coil will be
26 A transformer works on A.C only D.C only Both A&B Has no loss
27 Self inductance of long solenoid with n μonA/l μon2A/l μon2Al μon2l/A
turns per unit length is L=?
28 Alternating current generator converts Mechanical Chemical Solar energy Potential
which type of energy into electrical energy energy energy
energy
29 Eddy current produced in the core of Heat loss Step up Step down Induction
transformer are responsible for process process phenomenon
30 Magnetic potential energy stored in an Under root of Cube root of Square of None
inductor depends upon current current current
31 In non ideal transformer, which quantity Power Frequency Current Voltage
remains unchanged?
32 The work stored in inductor as a Kinetic energy Elastic Magnetic Gravitational
potential potential potential
energy energy energy
33 The practical application mutual Electric motor Transformer Generator None
induction is
34 SI unit of mutual and self-induction are Same Different No unit None of these
35 Inductance is more in self-induction in Air cored coil Iron cored coil Tungsten Steel cored
cored
36 To construct a step down transformer Ns<Np Ns>Np Ns=Np None
37 Mutual induction between two coils Area of coils Number of Distance All of these
depends upon turns between coils
38 Inductance of coil in transformer is Paramagnetic Diamagnetic Ferromagneti Anti-
increased by using core core c core ferromagnetic
core

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60

39 Hysteresis produced in transformer is Energy loss Step up Step down EM induction

responsible for process process
40 “The direction of induced current is Faraday law Lenz law Ohm law None
always so as to oppose the change
which causes the current” is statement
of
41 If motor is overloaded then the Increases Decrease Constant Becomes zero
magnitude of back emf
42 Which of the following is not present in Armature Magnet Slip rings Commutator
alternating current generator
43 The most common source of AC voltage Motor Cell Generator Thermocouple
is
44 If magnetic field is doubled then Four times Two times Three times Six times
magnetic energy density becomes
45 The inductance can be increased by Copper Silicon Iron Aluminum
winding the wire around a core made of
46 If we make the magnetic field stronger Decreased Increased Vanished Kept constant
then value of induced current is
47 AC generator uses Coiled rings Split rings Slip rings Solenoid rings
48 Inductance is more in self-induction in Air cored coil Iron cored Tungsten Steel cored
cored
49 When back emf is zero it draws current Minimum Maximum Zero Steady
50 A metal rod of length 1m is moving at a 0.25N 0.25V 2.5V 25V
speed of 1m/s in a direction making an
angle of 30˚with 0.5T the emf produced
51 Henry is the SI unit of Current Resistance Flux Self-
inductance
52 The most common source of alternating Motor Transformer Ac generator All of these
voltage is
53 When back emf in the generator is Maximum Steady Zero current None
maximum it draw current current
54 Eddy current are produced in a material Time varying Moving At rest None
when it is placed in field
55 In AC inductor behaves as Capacitor Resistor Commutator Transistor
56 Which of the following is correct step up Np>Ns Np<Ns Np=Ns None
transformer?
57 When a loop of wire is moved across a Eddy current DC current Photo electric Induced
magnetic field. The current produced in current current
it which is called
58 A rod of length 20m is moving with 2000V 4000V 6000V 8000V
velocity 20m/s in a direction
perpendicular to magnetic field of 20T
what is value of emf
59 When constant current flows in primary Zero Constant Alternating Irregular
of transformer then emf induced across
secondary is
60 SI unit of induced emf is Ohm Tesla Henry Volt
61 When the motor is just started, back Maximum Minimum Almost zero Equal to
emf is current
62 SI unit of mutual inductance is VSA VSA2 VSA-1 None
63 Commutators are used in DC generator AC generator AC motor AC rotator
64 Commutator was invented in 1736 1834 1935 1885
65 Working principle of transformer is Self induction Faraday law Mutual EM induction
induction

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61

66 The winding of electromagnet in motor Magnetic coils Field coils Electric coils None
are usually called
67 The self-induction is given by NL=φI NI=Lφ Nφ=LI N=LI
68 A simple device which prevents the Capacitor Resistor Commutator Inductor
direction of current from changing is
69 When a conductor is moved across Variable emf Constant emf Induced emf Back emf
magnetic field then emf produced is
called
70 Heater operates on the principle of conduction Electrostatic Electromagnetic None
Induction Induction

71 If a step up transformer were 100% Current Power voltage Direction

efficient, the primary and secondary
windings would have same

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62

CHAPTER 16 ALTERNATING CURRENT

Alternating Current: Such a current whose polarity keeps on reversing with time is called alternating current.
Why AC is widely used?: It is widely used because it can be transmitted to long distance easily and at a very low rate.
Main common source of AC voltage: AC generator is most common source of AC voltage
Time period of AC: The time interval T during which the voltage source change its polarity once is called time period
Frequency of AC: The number of cycles completed in one second is called frequency of AC. f=1/T its unit is Hz.
The frequency of AC in Pakistan is 50 Hz.
Instantaneous value of AC: The value of AC current or voltage that exist in circuit at any instant of time t is called
instantaneous value. V  Vo sin(2ft ) .
Peak value of AC: The highest value reached by the voltage or current in one cycle is called peak value.
Peak to peak value: Sum of positive and negative peak values is called p-p value p-p value of voltage is 2Vo.
Root mean square (RMS) value: The effective value of AC over complete cycle OR square root of average values of
0 2  Vo
2 2
V V
V 2 rms   V 2 rms  o  Vrms  o  Vrms  0.707Vo
2 2 2
V2 and I2 is called rms value.
02  I o
2 2
I I
I 2
rms   I 2 rms  o  I rms  o  I rms  0.707 I o
2 2 2
Most of the meters measured Rms values of current and voltage. Average value of current or voltage over a cycle is
zero. AC change its polarity one time in one cycle.

Phase of AC: The angle which specifies the instantaneous value of alternating voltage or current is called phase. The
formula for this V  Vo sin  = Vo sin(t ) .
Phase lag and phase lead: The phase difference b/w two alternating quantities is called phase lag or phase lead.
Vector representation of Alternating quantity: Alternating voltage or current can be graphically represented by counter
clock rotating vector and satisfies following conditions
1. Its length on scale show peak value of quantity
2. When the alternating quantity is zero, it is in horizontal position.
3. Angular frequency of rotating vector is same as angular frequency of alternating quantity.
What are the basic elements of AC& DC circuits?

Basic element of DC circuit: Resistor is the basic element of DC circuit.

Basic elements of AC circuit: There are three components of AC circuits.
i. Resistor R
ii. Inductor L
iii. Capacitor C
AC through Resistor

Consider a resistor of resistance R connected with an alternating voltage source as shown in fig.
Instantaneous voltage: At any instant of time the potential difference across the terminals
Of resistors is given by V=Vosinωt where VO is the peak value of alternating voltage
Instantaneous current: This is given by the relation by using Ohm’s law
V Vo sinωi V
I   I o sinωin As I o  o , I o  peak value of current ,
R R R
Graphical representation: both instantaneous voltage and current values can be shown graphically in fig. So in purely
resistive AC circuit, instantaneous values of voltage and current are in phase. So phase difference is zero.
Resistance: The measure of opposition of to flow of current is called resistance,
R=V/I, its unit is ohm.
Electrical power: The electrical power supplied by the source or power dissipated
in resistor is given as
P=VI=(IR)I=I2R or P=V2/R. SI unit power is watt.

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63

Explain the behavior of AC through capacitor?

Let us consider a capacitor of capacitance C is connected in series with voltage source, alternating current flows in
circuit and plates are continuously charged and discharged.
Charge: At any instant of time charged stored in capacitor due to voltage V is q=CV
Also we know that V=Vosinωt, so charge q=CVosinωt,
q and V are sine function and in phase.
q
Electric current: As the rate of flow of charge is equal to current which is I  .
t
So at any instant the slope of q-t curve represent electric current.
When slope of q-t curve is maximum it means current is maximum across capacitor.
Phase: In AC through capacitor current is leading the voltage by 90° or π/2.
Reactance: The measure of opposition offered by capacitor to flow of AC is called reactance of capacitor.
Vrms
Xc 
I rms
Vrms 1
Xc  
CVrms ω ωC
1 1
Xc   Xc  , this is the relation of reactance, SI unit of reactance is ohm.
2ππ C f
Reactance depends upon frequency, when frequency is large reactance will be small and vice versa.
q CV CVo sin t 
I     (CVo sin t )  CVo ( cos t )  CVo , as cos t  1
t t t t
Explain the behavior of AC through Inductor?
A coil or solenoid wound form a thick wire having large of self-inductance and negligible resistance is called inductor.
Flow of AC through inductor: Let us consider an inductor which is connected with alternating voltage source, As the
self-inductance of coil oppose the change of current, so inductor must oppose the flow of AC which is continuously
changing.
Electric current: current flowing through inductor is I  I o sin t  I o sin(2f )t .
Voltage: If L is the inductance of coil, the changing current setup a back emf in coil which is
I
L  L . To maintain the current,
t
I I
Applied voltage must be equal to back emf so applied voltage V  L , so V  , thus slope of I-t curve at any
t t
instant of time gives the value of voltage. It means when slope of I-t curve is maximum V is maximum.
Phase: In AC through inductor voltage is leading the current by 90° or π/2.
Inductive Reactance: The measure of opposition offered by inductance coil to flow of AC is called inductive reactance.
Vrms
XL 
I rms
LI rms ω
XL   ωL
I rms
X L  2fL  X L  f , this is the relation of reactance, SI unit of inductive reactance is ohm.
Inductive Reactance depends upon frequency, when frequency is large inductive reactance is large.
Power in inductor: No power is dissipated in inductor, so inductor does not consume energy.
I I sin t LI o sin t 
V  L L o   ( LI o sin t )  LI o ( cos t )  LI o , as cos t  1
t t t t

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64

What is Impedance. Write its formula and unit.

Definition: The combined effect of resistance and reactance’s in AC circuit is called impedance.
Vrms
Its unit is ohm. Its formula is Z  . Admittance: Reciprocal of impedance is called Admittance. Y=1/Z, its unit
I rms
is Ω-1
Write a note on RC and RL Series Circuit.
RC series circuit: A circuit in which resistor and a capacitor are connected in series combination across an alternating
voltage is called RC series circuit.
Consider a circuit in which resistor R and capacitor C in series with voltage source, if I is the value of current then
potential difference across resistance is VR=IR, but potential difference across the capacitor will be Vc=IXc.
Impedance: Impedance can be calculated by using the formula
I rms 2
Vrms  VR  Vc 2  ( I rms R) 2  (
2
)
C
1 2 1 2
Vrms  I rms [( R) 2  ( ) ]  I rms ( R) 2  (
2
)
C C
Vrms 1 2
 ( R) 2  ( )
I rms C
1 2
Z  ( R) 2  ( )
C
Which is required relation for the impedance of RC circuit as shown in fig.
Phase: voltage and current are not in phase, Current leads the applied voltage 90° or π/2.
Xc
Tan 
R
1 
 Xc  1  C 
  Tan    Tan 
1

 R   R 
 
 1 
  Tan 1  
 CR 

RL series circuit: A circuit in which resistor and an inductor are connected in series combination across an alternating
voltage source is called RL series circuit.
Consider a circuit in which resistor R and inductor L in series with voltage source, if I is the value of current then
potential difference across resistance is VR=IR, but potential difference across the capacitor will be VL=IXL.
Impedance: Impedance can be calculated by using the formula
Vrms  VR  VL  ( I rms R) 2  ( I rmsL) 2
2 2

Vrms  I rms [( R) 2  (L) 2 ]  I rms ( R) 2  (L) 2

2

Vrms
 ( R) 2  (L) 2
I rms
Z  ( R) 2  (L) 2
Phase: voltage and current are not in phase, voltage leads the current by 90° or π/2.
XL
Tan 
R
1  X L  1  X 
  Tan    Tan  L 
 R   R 
X   L 
  Tan 1  L   Tan 1  
 R   R 

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65

What is Power in AC circuit?

Power in AC circuit: The formula for power P=VrmsIrms, this relation is true when resistive the voltage V and current I
are in phase. The power dissipation in pure inductive or in a pure capacitive circuit is zero, if the phase difference b/w
applied voltage V and current I is Ɵ, so power dissipation in AC circuit is P= VrmsIrmsCosƟ, CosƟ is power factor.
For pure capacitor or inductor phase is Ɵ=90°, P= VrmsIrmsCos90°=0
Power factor: The ratio of consumed power to applied power is called power factor.

What is Series Resonant circuit/RLC series circuit? Derive formula for resonance frequency and write its
properties.

RLC/Series resonant circuit: Such a circuit in resistor R, capacitor C and inductor L are connected in series with
alternating voltage source is called RLC series or resonant circuit.
Explanation: Let us consider RLC series circuit connected with voltage source in which Resistance R, capacitive
reactance Xc=1/ωC and inductive Reactance XL=ωL. As XL and Xc are opposite in direction.
At high frequency XL >> Xc, so behave as RL circuit, at low frequency Xc >> XL so behave as RC circuit.
Resonance frequency: The frequency at XL=Xc across the circuit and maximum current flow through it called resonance
1
frequency. Its formula is f r  .
2 LC
XL  Xc
1
L 
C
1
2  ,
LC
1
 As   2f
LC
1
2f 
LC
1
fr  , This is the formula for resonance frequency
2 LC
Properties of Series Resonant circuit
1
1. The resonance frequency is given by f r  .
2 LC
2. The impedance of circuit at resonance is resistive so voltage and current are in phase and power factor is 1.
3. The impedance of circuit is minimum at resonance and is equal to R.
4. If source voltage Vo is constant, the current is a maximum at resonance I=Vo/R.
5. At resonance, voltage drop across inductance and capacitance may be larger than source voltage.
It is called acceptor circuit because this circuit accept the maximum flow of current due to minimum impedance.

What is Parallel Resonance circuit/LC parallel circuit. Write its properties.

LC/parallel resonant circuit: Such a circuit in which inductor is connected parallel with capacitor then it is called
parallel resonant circuit.
Let us consider LC parallel circuit in which inductance coil L and negligible resistance r. at resonance frequency XL=Xc
Current drawn from the source is zero. Practically current is not zero but is very small due to small resistance r of coil.
Properties of Parallel resonant circuit

1
1. The resonance frequency is given by f r  .
2 LC
2. At resonance frequency the circuit impedance is maximum whose value is L/CR.
3. At resonance the current is minimum and in phase with applied voltage so power factor is one.
4. At resonance branch current IL and Ic may be larger than the source current Ir.
It is called rejecter circuit because it rejects the maximum flow of current due to maximum impedance.

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66

What is Three phase AC supply? Write is construction and working with advantages.
Three phase AC supply: In three phase AC generator there are three coils inclined at 120° to each other, each connected
to its own pair of slip rings and three alternating voltages are generated across its own pair of slip rings when coil rotate
in field.
Three phase has only four terminals because starting point of all three coils has common junction which is earted to the
shaft of generator and three ends of coils are connected to three separate terminals on the machine.

Advantages of Three phase AC supply: There are following advantages

i. Total load is divided into three parts and none of line is overloaded.
ii. Some special devices operate at 400 V so this supply provides 400V to those
Devices.
What is Principle of Metal detector and uses.

Metal detector: Metal detector consists of two oscillators A and B having inductances LA and LB, the inductances varies
in the presence of metal that change the frequency of oscillator, the difference of frequencies creates beat notes which
can be heard with help of speaker that tells about the presence of metal. This is shown in figure below.
Uses of metal detector: There are following uses of metal detector
i. The detectors are used at security checks
ii. They are used to detect buried metal objects.

What is Choke? Write its uses.

Choke: Such a coil which consists of thick copper wire wound
Closely in Large no of turns over soft iron laminated core is called
Choke. Its inductance is very large and R is very small.
Uses: It is used to control or limits the current with very small
Wastage of energy.

Explain Principle, Generation, Transmission And Reception Of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves: The waves which require no medium for transmission and rapidly propagate through vacuum
are called electromagnetic waves.
Maxwell equations: In 1864 James Clark Maxwell formulated a set of equations which explained the various
electromagnetic phenomenon are called Maxwell equations.
Principle: According to Maxwell equation, a changing magnetic flux creates electric field and changing electric flux
produces magnetic field. It means each field generate the other fields and both the fields’ moves in a direction of its
propagation through space and waves produced are called electromagnetic field.
Generation: The electromagnetic waves are generated when electric or magnetic flux is changing through a region of
space, it means when we accelerate the electrical charges radiate electromagnetic waves.
Transmission: The piece of wire along the charges are made to accelerate is called transmitting antenna. A radio
transmitting antenna is a good example of generating the electromagnetic waves by accelerating charges. It is charged
by alternating source of potential V frequency f, the frequency with which the field alternate is always equal to the
frequency of source generating them in free space with the speed of light.
Reception: The voltage of one particular frequency can be picked up by connecting an inductor L and variable capacitor
C in parallel with one end of receiving antenna as shown in fig. In order to pick the required signal capacitance of
capacitor is so adjusted that natural frequency of LC circuit is same as that of required transmitting station. At this
frequency the circuit will resonate under the driving action of antenna. So, LC circuit will build up a large response to
radio waves to which it is tuned.

What is Modulation and carrier wave?

Modulation: The process of combining the low frequency
Signal with a high frequency is called modulation.
Carrier wave: The high frequency radio wave in modulation
Is Called carrier wave.
Modulation signal: Low frequency signal in modulation is
Called modulation signal.

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What is Difference b/w A.M and F.M

Amplitude modulation (A.M) Frequency modulation (F.M)
In this type of modulation, the amplitude of the carrier In this type of modulation, the frequency of the carrier
wave is increased or decreased as the amplitude of the wave is increased or decreased as the amplitude of the
superposing modulating signal increases or decreases superposing modulating signal increases or decreases.
But the carrier wave amplitude remains constant.
The range of A.M is 540 KHz to 1600 KHz The range of F.M is 88 MHz to 108 MHz
Advantage of A.M is better to transmit the signal for large F.M are less affected by electrical interference then A.M
range. and it provide higher quality transmission of sound
Disadvantage of A.M have low quality transmission of They are less able to travel around obstacles such as hills
sound and high building.
EXERCISE SHORT QUESTIONS
1. **A sinusoidal current has r.m.s value of 10A. What is the maximum or peak value?
I rms  10A Io  ?
Io
Irms  , I o  2I rms
2
Io  1.41(10)  14.14A
maximum current  14.14 A

2.** Name the device that will (a) permit flow direct current but oppose the flow of alternating current (b)
permit flow of alternating current but not the direct current.
a) An inductor (choke) is a device which permits flow of direct current but opposes the flow of alternating
current
b) A capacitor is a device which permits flow of alternating current but not the direct current
3. **How many times per second will an incandescent lamp reach maximum brilliance when connected to a 50
Hz source?
It reaches the maximum brilliance 100 times per second.
The brilliance of the lamp will become maximum twice in one AC cycle because the current also becomes maximum
two times in a cycle so
Maximum brilliance shown by lamp=2f=2*50=100 Hz
4. A circuit contains an iron-cored inductor, a switch and a D.C. source arranged in series. The switch is closed
and after an interval reopened. Explain why a spark jumps across the switch contacts?
When switch is reopened, the current in circuit decreased from its maximum value to zero, this changing current produce
an emf across the inductor which produce spark across the switch contacts.
5.** How does doubling the frequency affect the reactance of (a) an inductor (b) a capacitor?
a) The reactance of b)The reactance of
inductor becomes double capacitor becomes half
X L  L  2fL Xc 
1

1
X ' L  2 (2 f ) L C 2fC
X ' L  2(2fL ) 1
X 'c 
2 (2 f )C
X 'L  2 X L
1
X 'c  X c
2

6.**In a R – L circuit, will the current lag or lend the voltage? Illustrate your answer by a vector diagram.
In R-L circuit curren lags the voltage by an angle ɵ

L
  tan 1 ( )
R

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68

7. A choke coil placed in series with an electric lamp in an A.C. circuit causes the lamp to become dim.
Why is it so? A variable capacitor added in series in this circuit may be adjusted until the lamp glows
with normal brilliance. Explain, how this is possible?
a)When the choke coil is connected in series with an electric lamp in L.C circuit, the impedance Z of circuit is
increased so current is reduce and lamp becomes dim.
b)At resonance XL=Xc, impedance becomes minimum and current becomes maximum and lamp glows with normal
brilliance.
8.** Explain the conditions under which electromagnetic waves are produced from a source?
Electromagnetic waves are generated, when electric or magnetic flux is changing through a certain region of space. This
is possible only when electrical charges are accelerated by AC source. For example when electrons in the radio
transmitting antenna vibrate it produce changing flux which setup electromagnetic waves propagated in space from
antenna.

9.**How the reception of a particular radio station is selected on your radio set?
A particular radio station can be selected on a radio set by tuning it. When the frequency of the LC oscillator in the radio
set is equal to the frequency of the radio wave from a particular radio station, a resonance is produced. The current of
1
this signal becomes maximum and can detected and amplified f r  .
2 LC
10.**What is meant by A.M. and F.M.?
A.M: In this type of modulation, the amplitude of the carrier wave is increased or decreased as the amplitude of the
superposing modulating signal increases or decreases. Range: 540 KHz to 1600 KHz
F.M: In this type of modulation, the frequency of the carrier wave is increased or decreased as the amplitude of the
superposing modulating signal increases or decreases. But the carrier wave amplitude remains constant. Range 88 MHz
to 108 MHz
Chapter 16

16.1: An alternating current is represented by the equation I=20sin100 t. Compute its frequency
and the maximum and r.m.s values of current.

solution : Given Equation, I  20Sin100  t compare with general equation I  I o Sin2π f t

I o  20A 2f  100  f  50Hz, I rms  I o / 2  20 / 2  14 A

16.2: A sinusoidal A.C. has a maximum value of 15A. What are its r.m.s values? If the time is
recorded from the instant the current is zero and is becoming positive, what is the instantaneous
value of the current after 1/300s, given the frequency is 50Hz.

Given Data : I o  15A, t  1/300 sec, f  50Hz, I rms  ? I  ?

Io 15
sol : I rms    10.6A I  I o sin2π f t  15 sin 2 (50)(1 / 300)  15 sin( / 3)  12.96 A
2 2
16.3: Find the value of the current and inductive reactance when A.C. voltage of 220V at 50Hz is
passed through an inductor of 10H.

Given Data : V  220V, f  50 Hz, L  10 H, I  ? X L  ?

V 220
X L  ωL  2ππf  2 * 3.14 * 50 *10  3140ohm, I    0.07 ampere
X L 3140

16.4: A circuit has an inductance of 1/ H and resistance of 2000. A 50 Hz A.C. is supplied to it.
Calculate the reactance and impedance offered by the circuit.

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69

1
Given Data : L  H, R  2000 Ω , f  50Hz, X L  ? Z  ?
π
X L  ωL  2ππf  2 * π * 50 *1/π  100 ohm
Z  R 2  X L  2000 2  100 2  2002.5 ohm
2

16.5: An inductor of 3/ H is connected in series with a resistance of 40. Find (i) the peak value of
the current (ii) the r.m.s value, and (iii) the phase difference between the current and the applied
voltage V=350sin(100 t).

Given Data : L  3/π H, R  40 ohm, V  350sin(100πt), I o  ? I rms  ? θ  ?

compare voltage by orignal eq, V  Vosin(2πos), Vo  350V, f  50Hz
A  R 2  X L  R 2  (2π2π2  40 2  (2 * 3.14 * 50) 2  302.65 ohm
2

Vo 350
Io    1.16A, I rms  0.707 I o  0.707 *1.16  0.81A
Z 302.65
X 2ππf 2 * 3.14 * 50 * 3/3.14
  tan 1 ( L )  tan 1 ( )  tan 1 ( )  82.4 o
R R R
16.6: A 10 mH, 20 coils is connected across 240V and 180/ Hz source. How much power does it
dissipate?

Given Data : L  10mH  10 *10 -3 H, R  20 ohm, Vrms  240 V, f  180/π Hz P  ? P  Vrms I rms cosθ    (1)
X L  ωL  2π f L  2π *180/π *10 *10 -3  3.6 ohm Z  R 2  X L  20 2  3.6 2  20.32ohm
2

240
I rms   11.81A θ  tan -1 (X L /R)  tan -1 (3.6/20.32)  10.2 o puttingin (1)
20.32
P  240 *11.81 Cos10.2o  2778 W

16.7: Find the value of the current flowing through a capacitance 0.5F when connected to a
source of 150V at 50Hz.

Given Data : C  0.5μ.F  0.5 *10 -6 F, V  150 V, f  50 Hz, I  ? As circuit is capacitive so I  V/Xc
1 1 1
Xc     6369.4 ohm I  V/Xc  150 / 6369.4  0.02 A
ωC 2ππf 2 * 3.14 * 50 * 0.5 *10 6
16.8: An alternating source of emf 12V and frequency 50Hz is applied to a capacitor of capacitance
3F in series with a resistor of resistance 1k. Calculate the phase angle.
Given Data : V  12V, f  50Hz, C  3 *10 -6 F, R  1 ohm  ?
(Xc 1 1
  tan -1 )  tan -1  tan -1  46.7 o
R 2f CR 6
2 * 3.14 * 50 * 3 *10 *1
16.9: What is the resonant frequency of a circuit, which includes a coil of inductance 2.5H and a
capacitance 40F ?

Given dAta : L  2.5 H, C  40 *10 -6 F f r ?

1 1
fr    15.9 Hz
2 LC 2 * 3.14 2.5 * 40 *10 -6

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70

16.10: An inductor of inductance 150H is connected in parallel with a variable capacitor whose
capacitance can be changed from 500 F to 20 F . Calculate the maximum frequency and
minimum frequency for which the circuit can be tuned.

Given DAta : L  150H  150 *10 -6 H, C1  500PF  500 *10 -12 F, C 2  20 PF  20 *10 12 F
1 1
f min    2.91 *10 6 Hz  2.91MHz
2 LC1 -6
2 * 3.14 150 *10 * 500 *10 -12

1 1
f max    0.58 *10 6 Hz  0.58MHz
2 LC 2 -6
2 * 3.14 150 *10 * 20 *10 -12

MCQs
Q# Questions Option A Option B Option C Option D
1 The power dissipated in AC circuit is Phase factor Gain factor Loss factor Power factor
given by P=IrmsVrmscosƟ, in relation
cosƟ is called
2 In a choke of inductance L and L is large and R L is small and R Both L and R Both L and R
resistance R is small is large are large are small
3 Power dissipated in pure inductor Large Small Infinite Zero
and pure capacitor is
4 In three phase AC supply the phase 45° 120° 90° 180°
difference between each pair of
coil is
5 Impedance Z can be expressed by Z= Vrms/Irms Z=VrmsIrms Z=RI None
6 A sinusoidal current has rms value 7.7A 10 A 14.14A 20A
of 10A, its maximum value is
7 The average value of AC over one Vo/√2 Vo √2𝑉𝑜 Zero
period with peak value Vo is
8 The rms value of AC supply is 220V 150V 311V 110V 440V
its peak value Vo is
9 In inductor the voltage Leads the Lags current by Is in phase with Changes
current 90° 90° current independently
10 High frequency radio wave is called Fluctuated Carrier wave Matter wave Emerge wave
wave
11 An inductor may store energy in its Magnetic field Electric field In coils Circuit
12 The frequency of AC in Pakistan is 30Hz 40Hz 50Hz 60Hz
13 In RLC series circuit the true XL=Xc XL>Xc XL<Xc None of these
condition for resonance takes place
when
14 The highest value reached by the Peak to peak Peak value Instantaneous Root mean
voltage or current in one cycle is value value square value
called
15 SI unit of impedance is Henry Hertz Ampere Ohm
16 In RLC series circuit the current at Minimum Zero Maximum Infinite
resonance frequency will
17 The formula for resonance 1 1 1 None of these
frequency is fr= T 2 LC 2 C
18 If Io is the peak value of an AC Io/√𝟐 Io/0.707 √2 𝐼𝑜 Io/2
supply then rms value is given as
Irms=?
19 The net reactance of a circuit is An inductor A capacitor only Both inductor None of these
zero the circuit may consist of only and capacitor

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71

20 Which one is in the order of X-rays,. Radio UV rays, visible Yellow, green, Infrared rays,
increasing frequency ? waves, infrared light , X-rays red visible light,
waves X-rays
21 At resonance RLC series circuit Pure resistive Pure inductive Pure capacitive Pure RLC
shows the behavior of circuit circuit circuit
22 The impedance of RC series AC R 2  (wC ) 2
R 2  (wC ) 2 R 2  (wC ) 2 1 2
circuit is given by Z=? R2  ( )
wC

23 Electromagnetic waves emitted Transverse Longitudinal Stationary All of these

from an antenna are
24 The phase angle between the 0ᵒ 45ᵒ 180ᵒ 270ᵒ
voltage and current AC through a
resistor is
25 How many types of modulation is 1 2 3 4
26 Pure dissipation in a pure inductive Infinite Zero Minimum Maximum
or in a pure capacitance circuit is
27 Pure choke consumes Minimum Maximum No power Average
power power power
28 A capacitor is perfect insulator for AC DC Both A&B None
29 Three phase AC supply machine has No terminals Two terminals Four terminals Six terminals
30 At higher frequencies, which of the Resistor Inductor Capacitor Transistor
following plays a dominant role in
RLC series circuit
31 In pure resistive AC circuit, Current lags Current leads Both are in Voltage leads
instantaneous value of voltage or behind voltage voltage by 90ᵒ phase current by 90ᵒ
current
32 At high frequency, the current Large Small Infinite Zero
through a capacitor of AC circuit
will be
33 The basic circuit element in AC Resistor only Capacitor only Inductor only All of these
circuit which controls the current
34 At resonance frequency, the Zero Minimum Maximum Moderate
impedance of RLC series circuit is
35 The impedance of RLC series circuit R 2  ( X L  Xc ) 2 R2  X L
2 Z=R R2  X c
2

at resonance is given as
36 The capacitive reactance to pure Zero Infinite Variable Equal to
DC is inductive
reactance
37 Power factor of an AC series circuit Always greater Always less than Always equal Zero
is than one one to one
38 EM waves have frequency of range 104 Hz 105 Hz 106 Hz 102 Hz
of
39 Resistance of choke is Zero Very small Large Infinite
40 The total reactance of a series RLC Equal to R Zero Infinity 1
circuit at resonance is
41 The process of combining low Modulation Amplification Demodulation Resonance
frequency signal with high
frequency radio wave is called as
42 Main reason for the worldwide use Short distance Long distance at Short distance Long distance
of Ac is that it can be transmitted to at very low very high cost at very high at very low
cost cost cost

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72

43 At resonance the value of current in Vo/R VoR I/2 Zero

RLC series circuit is equal to
44 Which one is most energetic Gamma rays X-rays UV rays Visible light
45 If frequency of AC supply is doubled Half Two times Four times One fourth
then reactance of capacitor is
46 If Vrms=10√2 V the peak value 10 V 20V 40V 10/√2
Vo=?
47 The inductive reactance is XL=Wc XL=ωL Xc=1/Wc XL=1/WL
48 In tunning a circuit if capacitance is Doubled Halved Remain same Increase 4
doubled and inductance is halved times
then frequency
49 The reactance of an inductor at 20 ohm 5 ohm 2.5 ohm 1 ohm
50Hz is 10Ω its reactance at 100Hz
becomes
50 In AC inductor behave like Semiconductor Inductors Resistor Insulator
51 DC cannot flow through Resistor Capacitor Inductor Voltmeter
52 Capacitive reactance Xc=? XL=Wc XL=WL Xc=1/Wc XL=1/WL
53 In pure inductive AC circuit the Lags behind Lead the voltage In phase with Lead the
current voltage 90ᵒ by 90ᵒ voltage voltage 270ᵒ
54 Choke consume extremely small Current Charge Power Potential
55 The velocity of an oscillating charge Changing Constant Infinite Zero
as it moves to and fro along wire is
56 The peak value of AC source is 20A, 14.2 A 10 A 20 A 28.2 A
then rms value will be
57 In pure capacitive circuit current In phase Out of phase Parallel to each None
and charge are other
58 The phase of AC at positive peak π/2 π/3 2π π
from origin
59 XL is low for low frequency but Xc is Low High Zero None
60 AC changes its polarity in once cycle Once Twice Thrice Four time
61 Metal detector consist of circuit LC RL RC RLC
62 All voltmeters and ammeters Rms value Peak value Average value None
measures
63 Reciprocal of impedance is called Resistance Deflection admittance Coherence
64 Shake an electrically charged object Mechanical Transverse Longitudinal EM waves
to and fro and produce waves waves waves
65 When electrons in the transmitting 94 Hz 940 KHz 94 KHz 94 MHz
antenna vibrate 94000 times then
produce radio wave of
66 The unit of √𝐿𝐶 is Second Ampere Hertz Farad
67 Inductive reactance is directly Frequency Resistance Inductance Both A&C
proportional to
68 SI unit of reactance is Joule Ampere Volt Ohm
Note: Errors and omissions are accepted. Give your suggestions to improve these notes.

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