12th Bio Topic Wise Long Questions by Youth Academy

YOUTH ACADEMY
USAMA KHALID KAMBOH 0347-2782177 (9TH, 10TH) 0342-1016201(11TH, 12TH) WHATSAPP
‫اکیالھکوٹسڈسٹنوکآنالنئایتریرکواےنواالوادحادارہ‬
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12TH BIOLOGY
TOPIC WISE LONG QS
YOUTH PAID SERVICE
FOR ALL PUNJAB BOARDS
BY USAMA KHALID KAMBOH
CEO YOUTH ACADEMY
‫ اڈیکیم‬ONLINE ‫اپاتسکنیکبسےسڑبی‬
YOUTH ACADEMY
‫ ااحتمانتیکایتریرھگاھٹب‬ONLINE ‫ویھتاڈیکیمےکاسھتاجری‬
YOUTH ACADEMY 0342-1016201 YOUTUBE CHANNEL
12TH BIOLOGY TOPIC WISE LONG QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 15
1. Discuss major homeostatic functions of the liver. (4-times)
2 Describe briefly the structure of human nephrons (2-times)
3. Account the excretory system in earthworm. (4-times)
4. Draw and labeled diagram of nephron of kidney. Explain its function.
5. Highlight the role of liver as an excretory organ. (4-times)
6. Explain excretion in Planaria.
7. Define osmoregulation. How the animal osmoregulation in different environments? (2-times)
8. Give various adaptations of plants to low and high temperature.
9. Draw a labeled diagram and explain the thermostat function of hypothalamus in human thermoregulation.
10. Explain thermoregulation in mammals.
11. Explain osmoregulation in marine animals. (2-times)
12. Describe excretion in plants in details. (3-times)
13. Explain the adaptation in plants to low and high temperature (3-times)
14. Give osmoregulatory adaptations in terrestrial animals. (3-times)
15. Elaborate adaptations in plants to high and low temperature.
16. Write note on renal failure and its treatment.
17. Discuss Kidney problems and cures. (3-times)
18. Discuss excretion in Cockroach. (3-times)
19. Explain Urinary System of Human.
20. Describe osmoregulation in plants.
2022
21. Discuss the nature of excretory products in relation to the habitat of animals.
22. How is concentration of excretory products maintained? Explain.
23. Discuss the temperature classification of animals.
2023
24. Discuss kidney stone formation and its treatment.
25. Draw Labelled diagram of vertebrate Nephron. State the function of each part.
26. What is dialysis? Explain procedures of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
‫دمہایگروہںیاورابروہںیےکےئلڈاٹیرفامہرکےنواالوادحادارہ‬،‫اچروںالکزسمہن‬
‫سیگرپیپزاورریپگنمیکسےکےیلویھتاڈیکیمویویٹبلنیچوزٹرکںی‬
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‫‪MOST IMORTANT TOPICS OF CHAPTER 15‬‬

‫‪1) Osmoregulation in plants/Animals‬‬
‫‪2) Excretion in plants‬‬
‫‪3) Excretion in cockroach‬‬
‫‪4) Role of liver‬‬
‫‪5) Nephron‬‬
‫‪6) Thermoregulation in animals/ Plants‬‬
‫اچروںالکزسمہن‪،‬دمہایگروہںیاورابروہںیےکےئلڈاٹیرفامہرکےنواالوادحادارہ‬
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CHAPTER 16
1. Explain sliding filament model of muscle contraction. (4-times)
2. Explain some major functions of skeletal system. (2-times)
3. Explain ultra structure of mayofilaments of skeletal muscle fibers. (5-times)
4. Describe significance of secondary growth in plants. (2-times)
5. Describe locomotion in Paramecium (2-times)
6. Explain the process of repairing of broken bones.
7. Write a note on hydrostatic skeleton. (2-times)
8. Describe paratonic movements in plants. (3-times)
9. What are joints? Describe their types.
10. Describe locomotion in earthworm. (2-times)
11. Explain bones of human skull with diagram.
12. Define joints. How are they classified?
13. Give an account of autonomic movements in plants.
14. What are growth movements? Give its types.
15. What is endoskeleton? Describe bone and cartilage.
16. Write note on human appendicular skeleton.
2022
17. How is support provided to those animals which lack a hard skeleton? Explain your answer with two examples.
18. Compare locomotion in amphibians with locomotion in reptiles.
19. Relate the concept of turgor movements in plants with turgor pressure change by giving examples?
20. How is human skeleton deformed by trauma? Justify your answer using special reference of disc slip.
21. How does the process of Ecdysis take place? Give its various steps and its significance body?
22. Compare sclerenchyma cells with collenchyma cells.
23. Demonstrate the antagonistic working of hinge joint of elbow.
2023
24. Describe the structure of axial skeleton.
25. Highlight the types of directional responses in plants which are caused due to external stimuli.
26. Describe a Hinge Joint and explain how it is moved by antagonistic muscles?
27. Explain in detail the adaptations in birds for flight.
28. How does Secondary Growth occurs? Give its significance. Describe their importance.
29. Relate the concept of turgor movements in plants with turgor pressure change by giving examples.
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‫‪MOST IMORTANT TOPICS OF CHAPTER 16‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪SIgnificance of Secondary Growth‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Exoskeleton‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Human Skelton‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Types of joints‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Repair of Broken bone‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Muscles‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Movement of bones‬‬
‫اچروںالکزسمہن‪،‬دمہایگروہںیاورابروہںیےکےئلڈاٹیرفامہرکےنواالوادحادارہ‬
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CHAPTER 17
1. Explain posterior lob of pituitary gland as an endocrine gland. (2-times)
2. Give sensory receptors and their function in detail.
3. Describe transmission of nerve impulse through synapse. (2-times)
4. Compare nervous system of hydra and planaria. /Differentiate between nervous system of hydra and planaria
(4-times)
5. Define nerve impulse. How it is transmitted from one neuron to another neuron.
6. Discuss the role and commercial application of auxins. (3-times)
7. What are biological clocks? How are they caused? Give their types.
8. Write brief note on conditioned reflex type I. (3-times)
9. What is synapse? How do neurotransmitters help in passage of nerve impulse from one neuron to another?
10. Nervous system of Planaria is better developed than hydra. (2-times)
11. What are receptors? Describe various types of receptors found in humans. / (4-times)
What are receptors? Classify and explain each class.
12. Write a note on thyroid gland.
13. Elaborate latent learning and insight learning. (2-times)
14. Describe briefly the function of different parts of human brain. (2-times)
15. What is reflex arc? Describe the flow of information through the nervous system. (3-times)
16. What is resting membrane potential? How is it maintained? / Give detail of major factors which are involved in
resting membrane potential (2-times)
17. Discuss working of sensory receptors with special reference to skin. (2-times)
18. Describe the role of Pancreas as an endocrine gland.
19. Sketch and label the nervous system of cockroach.
20. What are neurons? Give their types and functions.
21. Describe four different types of learning behaviour.
22. Write note on adrenal gland. (2-times)
2022
23. Explain how reflex action prevent the body damage during emergency.
24. How does diffused type of nervous system differ from central nervous system? List the differences by taking example
of one animal with diffused nervous system and other with central nervous system.
25. How is growth affected by STH, thyroxin and adrenal hormones of human endocrine system?
26. Describe co-relation between G.H. ACTH and thyroxin hormones regarding growth of an individual.
27. Explain the steps of that mechanism which maintains the concentration of secretions in the body.
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28. Discuss the role of Insulin and explain how Diabetes Mellitus is caused?
29. Suggest the various commercial applications of auxins & gibberellins.
30. How action potential is produced in a neuron? Discuss different factors involved in action potential.
2023
31. How is nervous system of planaria better developed than that of Hydra?
32. Explain types and functions of hormones released from cortex of Adrenal gland.
33. Describe Hypothalamus as an endocrine gland.
34. Describe the Feedback Mechanism. Also draw the diagram.
35. Why is anterior lobe of pituitary gland referred as Master Gland? Explain how does anterior lobe control thyroids,
adrenals and gonads?
36. How can you distinguish between conditioned reflex type - I and conditioned reflex type - II ? Explain these two types
by taking examples.
MOST IMORTANT TOPICS OF CHAPTER 17

 Plant hormones (Gibberellins, Auxins)
 Nerve impulse
 Synapse
 Evolution of Nervous system
 Spinal cord
 Peripheral Nervous system
 Hormones
 Feedback Mechanism
 Comparison of nervous and chemical coordination
 Comparison of instinctive and learning behavior
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CHAPTER 18
1 Discuss the role of hormones secreted by ovary.
2. Write a note on sexually transmitted disease in human. (3-times)
3. Write down male reproductive system in humans. (8-times)
4. What is the role of phytochrome in flowering?
5. Describe various method of sexual reproduction in animals.
6. Describe human female menstrual cycle. (4-times)
7. What is reproduction? Explain about the cloning.
8. Discuss the effect of quality of light on photoperiodism.
9. Elaborate the child birth in humans. (5-times)
10. Compare asexual reproduction with sexual reproduction.
11. What is parthenogenesis? Describe its types. (4-times)
12. What is apomixes?
13. Define photoperiodism. Give classification of plants according to photoperiodic requirements for flowering.
14. Write a note on test tube babies and identical twins.
2022
15. Sketch the life cycle of Angiospermic plant?
16. Describe the parts of human female reproductive system and mechanism of oogenesis.
17. Discuss role of phytochromes in photoperiodism.
18. Describe the phenomena of fruit set and fruit ripening.
19. Write down a note on seed dormancy.
2023
20. Explain different physiological and structural changes occurring during the process of birth in human being females.
21. How sexual reproduction is different from asexual reproduction? Give a detailed answer.
22. Describe vernalization in plants by giving its significance.
23. State the techniques of raising genetically identical plants and animals.
25. How do birds, reptiles and mammals protect the developing embryos in terrestrial conditions? Discuss in details.

1)Reproduction in plants (life cycle)
2)Vernalization
3)Male and female reproductive system
4)Birth
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CHAPTER 19
1. Describe internal factors that affect the rate of growth in plants.
2. Define aging and explain this process. (4-times)
3. Describe the role of nucleus in development by giving example of Acetabularia (unicellular alga). (8-times)
4. Discuss the effect of quality of light on photoperiodism.
5. What is regeneration? Explain the process of regeneration in animals. (6-times)
6. Write a note on abnormal development. (2-times)
7. Explain embryonic induction. (4-times)
2022
8. Write a note on conditions of growth in plants.
9. Discuss mechanism of development in Animals with reference to Spemann's experiments.
10. What is differentiation? Explain its phenomenon in the formation of different structure of the body. (2-times)
2023
11. Describe the phases of growth in plants.
12. Explain in detail the phenomenon of Growth Correlation with example. Write its commercial application.
13. Write down the process of development of nervous system from ectoderm in chick.
14. How External and Internal Factors play their role in Plant Growth Rate?
15. Define meristem. Discuss its various types.
16. Why did Spemann designated the dorsal lip area as primary organizer? Explain with his experiment.
17. Explain the mechanism of gastrulation during embryonic development in chick.
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CHAPTER 20
1. How did Hershey and Chase demonstrate that DNA is the hereditary material?
2. Explain the one gene one polypeptide hypothesis.
3. How DNA replicates? (5-times)
4. Describe the process of transcription and draw the model of transcription bubble. (4-times)
5. How Morgan experimentally proved the theory of heredity? (2-times)
6. Write a note on mutation. (2-times)
7. What is karyotpe? Write down types of chromosomes with respect to centromeric position diagrammatically.
8. Describe the function of DNA polymerase III in the process of replication.
9. How did Meselson and Stahl prove that DNA replication is semi conservative? /
How would you prove that DNA replicates by semi conservative method. (5-times)
10. Describe the chemical composition of chromosome. / Give the chemical nature of DNA. (4-times)
11. Describe the process of transformation. / Describe Griffith's experiment to prove DNA as hereditary material.
12. What is genetic code? Describe its characteristics. (2-times)
13. How the cells use RNA to make protein? (3-times)
14. Describe different types of RNA with their roles.
15. Sketch DNA replication fork and label. (No description)
16. What are chromosomes? What do you know about their types?
17. Explain Watson and Crick's Model of DNA. (2-times)
18. Discuss the process of initiation of translation along charging or tRNA.
2022
19. Write a note on Transcription along with a neat diagram.
20. Discuss how DNA encodes protein structure with reference to the central dogma of molecular biology?
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CHAPTER 21
1. What is cell cycle? Diagrammatically mention its different stages.
2. Write a note on cancer (Uncontrolled cell division).
3. In what respect can cell death be regarded beneficial.
4. What is mitosis? How does mitosis take place in animal cell? Give its importance (2-times)
5. What is non-disjunction? Discuss Down's syndrome and Turner's syndrome as the consequences of non-disjunction.
(3-times)
6. What is Interphase? Describe the details of Sub phases of Interphase. (2-times)
7. Write events of interne in different organisms.

 Mitosis
 Meiosis
 Cancer
 Necrosis and apoptosis
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CHAPTER 22
1. Explain sex determination in plants.
2. Compare chromosomal determination of sex between Drosophila and humans.
3. Discuss genetics of color blindness. (2-times)
4. Explain Diabetes mellitus and its genetics basis. (3-times)
5. How sex is determined in man and grasshopper?
6. What is Rh-factor? Describe its role in pregnancy and blood pressure. (3-times)
7. What is Mendel's law of segregation? Illustrate it with an example (3-times)
8. Discuss Mendel's law of independent Assortment. (2-times)
9. What is incomplete dominance? Explain it with an example. (3-times)
10. Discuss the genetic of ABO blood group system. (3-times)
11. Write a note on codominance with an example. (2-times)
12. Discuss MN-Blood group types system in detail.
13. Define erythroblastosis foetails. Explain maternal-fetal Rh-incompatibility. (3-times)
14. Discuss Rh blood group system in man. (3-times)
15. Discuss sex-linkage in humans with one example.
16. Define epistasis and explain it with bombay phenotype. (4-times)
17. Describe the phenomenon of gene linkage.
18. Explain XO-XX and ZZ-ZW types of sex determination. (2-times)
2022
19. Discuss pattern of Sex-determination in animals.
20. Explain the process of crossing over with the help of diagram.
21. Write a note on Sex determination in plants.
2023
22. Define probability. Derive 9:3:3:1 ratio of independent assortment through product rule.
23. How does an allele effect its partner in a gene pair completely and incompletely?
24. Define Haemophilia. Explain its transmission from male parent to offprings.
25. What is Zigzag pattern of inheritance? Explain any one of the trait in human which are inherited in a zig-zag manner.

 Mendel's Law
 Crossing over
 Sex determination
 Diabetes Mellitus and genetic basis
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CHAPTER 23
2023
1. Explain the importance of transgenic plants.
2. What are restriction endonucleases? Give their role in recombinant DNA technology. (3-time)
3. How Severe Combined Immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) children are treated.
4. Write a detailed note on Gene Sequencing.
5. What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? How it is carried out to produce multiple copies of DNA segment?
(3-times)
6. What is genomic library? How would you locate a gene of interest in the library?
7. For what purposes have bacteria been genetically altered?
8. Explain the techniques of micro-injection and vortex-mixing to produce a transgenic animal.
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CHAPTER 24
1. What are the endangered species? What measures could be adopted for their preservation?
2. How fossil record provides evidence in favour of evolution? (3-times)
3. How are prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes? (4-times)
4. Write about any two evidence in favour of evolution.
5. Explain Darwin's theory of natural selection. (4-times)
6. Describe the Hardy Weinberg theorem. (3-times)
7. Describe the various factors affecting gene frequency. (4-times)
8. Write note on Wildlife.
9. Explain Lamarck's theory of Evolution. / Describe the inheritance of acquired characteristics. (4-times)
10. How does comparative anatomy provide evidence of evolution? (3-times)
11. Explain Darwin theory of natural selection. (6-times)
12. Write a short note on Neo-Darwanism. (2-times)
13. Describe comparative embryology and molecular biology as an evidence of evolution. (2-times)
14. Write a note on endangered species with their methods of conservation (4-times)
15. Explain endosymbiont hypothesis for origin of eukaryotic Cells. (2-times)
2022
16. Describe the details of engulfment of Aerobic bacteria and cyanobacteria by a prokaryotic cell to develop a
Eukaryotic cell?
17. Differentiate animal's possess organs with similar structure but with different functions and with different structures
with similar functions. How this does supports the theory of evolution?
18. How Prokaryotes evolved into Eukaryotes? Discuss the different hypothesis in this type of evolution.
19. Give endosymbiont and membrane invagination hypothesis in detail.
2023
20. Discuss the evidences of evolution from comparative embryology and molecular
21. Explain the factors affecting Gene Frequency.
22. Write down a note on endangered species. How they can be protected?
23. Explain two main points that Darwin mentioned in his book," the origin of species".

1) Hard-Weinberg Theorem
2) Factors affecting gene Frequency
3) Evidence of evolution
4) Evolution from prokaryotes to Eukaryotes
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CHAPTER 25
1. Define succession. Explain the different stage of xerosere. (8-times)
2. Describe symbiosis by giving two examples.
3. Explain three major steps of nitrogen cycle. (6-times)
4. Describe parasitism. What is its significance? (3-times)
5. Write note on grazing.
6. Describe predation and parasitism and their significance. (6-times)
7. Define the following terms.
(i) Habitat (ii) Niche (iii) Food web (iv) Succession (v) Climax community.
8. Explain briefly interaction between biotic and A-biotic components in an ecosystem.
9. Define ecosystem. Explain its various components
10. What is a food web? How it is constructed to show various trophic levels? (4 times)
11. Discuss nitrogen depletion and its remedies. (2-times)
12. Explain the biotic components of an ecosystem.
2022
13. Describe the energy flow in the food chain of an ecosystem. (3-times)
14. Write note on synecology and autechology.
15. Define ecosystem. Describe its components.
16. Explain grazing in detail. Discuss ill effects of over-grazing? (2-times)

1)Food web
2)Succession
3) symbiosis
4) Biogeochemical cycles
5)Flow of Energy
1)Food web
2)Succession
3) symbiosis
4) Biogeochemical cycles
5)Flow of Energy
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CHAPTER 27
1. Enlist various measures for energy conservation. (3-times)
2. Write a note on air pollution.
3. What are non-renewable resources? Explain with example.
4. Explain the phenomenon of green house effect. (2-times)
5. Explain flow of energy in an ecosystem.
6. Describe uses and misuses of agrochemicals. (2-times)
7. Briefly explain wildlife and fossils fuels. (2-times)
8. Write a note on green house effect. (5-times)
9. What is acid rain? Give its causes and influences. (3-times)
10. Explain population explosion with its causes and or consequences. (2-times)
11. Write a note on ozone layer depletion. (5-times)
12. State and explain atmospheric pollution.
13. Describe the importance of forests (3-times)
14. Explain the terms deforestation and afforestation. (2-times)
15. Write a short note on 'modification of Environments' (3 times)
2022
16. Write a short not on "Importance of Forests" (2-times)
17. Write a note on wild life. Explain its importance in stability of ecosystem.
18. Explain the phenomenon of eutrophication.
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YOUTH ACADEMY

USAMA KHALID KAMBOH 0347-2782177 (9TH, 10TH) 0342-1016201(11TH, 12TH) WHATSAPP

12TH BIOLOGY TOPIC WISE LONG QUESTIONS

2 Describe briefly the structure of human nephrons (2-times)

3. Account the excretory system in earthworm. (4-times)

4. Draw and labeled diagram of nephron of kidney. Explain its function.

5. Highlight the role of liver as an excretory organ. (4-times)

6. Explain excretion in Planaria.

7. Define osmoregulation. How the animal osmoregulation in different environments? (2-times)

8. Give various adaptations of plants to low and high temperature.

10. Explain thermoregulation in mammals.

11. Explain osmoregulation in marine animals. (2-times)

12. Describe excretion in plants in details. (3-times)

14. Give osmoregulatory adaptations in terrestrial animals. (3-times)

15. Elaborate adaptations in plants to high and low temperature.

16. Write note on renal failure and its treatment.

17. Discuss Kidney problems and cures. (3-times)

18. Discuss excretion in Cockroach. (3-times)

19. Explain Urinary System of Human.

20. Describe osmoregulation in plants.

22. How is concentration of excretory products maintained? Explain.

23. Discuss the temperature classification of animals.

26. What is dialysis? Explain procedures of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

‫‪MOST IMORTANT TOPICS OF CHAPTER 15‬‬

‫‪2) Excretion in plants‬‬

‫‪3) Excretion in cockroach‬‬

‫‪4) Role of liver‬‬

‫‪6) Thermoregulation in animals/ Plants‬‬

2. Explain some major functions of skeletal system. (2-times)

3. Explain ultra structure of mayofilaments of skeletal muscle fibers. (5-times)

4. Describe significance of secondary growth in plants. (2-times)

5. Describe locomotion in Paramecium (2-times)

6. Explain the process of repairing of broken bones.

7. Write a note on hydrostatic skeleton. (2-times)

8. Describe paratonic movements in plants. (3-times)

9. What are joints? Describe their types.

10. Describe locomotion in earthworm. (2-times)

11. Explain bones of human skull with diagram.

12. Define joints. How are they classified?

13. Give an account of autonomic movements in plants.

14. What are growth movements? Give its types.

15. What is endoskeleton? Describe bone and cartilage.

16. Write note on human appendicular skeleton.

18. Compare locomotion in amphibians with locomotion in reptiles.

22. Compare sclerenchyma cells with collenchyma cells.

23. Demonstrate the antagonistic working of hinge joint of elbow.

27. Explain in detail the adaptations in birds for flight.

‫‪MOST IMORTANT TOPICS OF CHAPTER 16‬‬

2. Give sensory receptors and their function in detail.

3. Describe transmission of nerve impulse through synapse. (2-times)

6. Discuss the role and commercial application of auxins. (3-times)

8. Write brief note on conditioned reflex type I. (3-times)

10. Nervous system of Planaria is better developed than hydra. (2-times)

What are receptors? Classify and explain each class.

12. Write a note on thyroid gland.

13. Elaborate latent learning and insight learning. (2-times)

18. Describe the role of Pancreas as an endocrine gland.

19. Sketch and label the nervous system of cockroach.

20. What are neurons? Give their types and functions.