Mechanical Notes 1

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Mechanical Properties of Fluids Class 11 Notes Physics Chapter 10
• Fluids are the sustances which can flow e.g., liquids and gases. It does not possess definite shape.
• When an object is submerged in a liquid at rest, the fluid exerts a force on its surface normally. It is called thrust of the liquid.
• Pressure
The thrust experienced per unit area of the surface of a liquid at rest is called pressure.
• When a liquid is in equilibrium, the force acting on its surface is perpendicular everywhere. The pressure is the same at the same horizontal level.
• The pressure at any point in the liquid depends on the depth (h) below the surface, density of liquid and acceleration due to gravity.
• Pascal’s Law
According to Pascal’s Law, the pressure applied to an enclosed liquid is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the liquid and the walls of the containing vessel.
• Hydraulic system works on Pascal’s law. Force exerted to area, ratio will be same at all cross¬sections.
Note: A large force is experienced in larger cross-section it a smaller force 4cross is applied in smaller by the relation section.
• A column of height h of a liquid of density p exerts a pressure P given
• If Pa be the atmospheric pressure then pressure in a liquid at a depth h from its free surface is given by P = Pa+ hρg. Relation is true for incompressible fluids only.
• The gauge pressure (Pg), is the difference of the absolute pressure (P) and the atmospheric pressure (Pa).
Absolute pressure (P) = Gauge pressure (Pg) + Atmospheric pressure (Pa)
Pg=P-Pa
• Archimedes Principle
When a body is partially or completely immersed in a liquid, it loses some of its weight. The loss
in weight of the body in the liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed
part of the body.
• The upward force excerted by the liquid displaced when a body is immersed is called buoyancy. Due to this, there is apparent loss in the weight experienced by the body.
• Law of Floatation
“A body floats in a liquid if weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed portion of the body is equal to the weight of the body.”
. When a body is immersed partially or wholly in a liquid, then the various forces acting on the body are
(i) upward thrust (T) acting at the centre of buoyancy and whose magnitude is equal to the
weight of the liquid displaced and
• (ii) the weight of the body (W) which acts vertically downward through its centre of gravity.
(a) When W > T, the body will sink in the liquid;
(b) When W = T, then the body will remain in equilibrium inside the liquid;
(c) When W < T, then the body will come upto the surface of the liquid in such a way that the weight of the liquid displaced due to its immersed portion equals the weight of the body. Thus the body will float with only a part of it immersed inside the liquid.
• The flow of a liquid is said to be steady or stream line flow if such particle of the fluid passing
through a given point travels along the same path and with same speed as the preceding particle passing through that very point.
• If the liquid flows over a horizontal surface in the form of layers of different velocities, then the flow of the liquid is called laminar flow.
• The flow of fluid in which velocity of all particles crossing a given point is not same and the motion of fluid becomes irregular or disordered is called turbulent flow.
• Equation of Continuity
According to equation of continuity, if there is no fluid source or sink along the length of a pipe, then mass of the fluid crossing any section of the pipe per unit time remains constant. i.e„ a1 v1ρ1 = a2v2 ρ2
For incompressible liquids (i.e., fluids) ρ1 = ρ2 and hence the equation is given as
a1v1=a2v2
– It means that speed of flow of liquid is more where the pipe is narrower and speed of flow is less
where the cross-section of pipe is more.
• Energy of a liquid
A liquid can possess three types of energies: (i) kinetic energy, (ii) potential energy and (iii) pressure energy
The energy possessed by a liquid due to its motion is called kinetic energy i.e., 1/2mv2.
The potential energy of a liquid of mass m at a height h is given by P.E. = mgh
The energy possessed by a liquid by virtue of its pressure is called pressure energy. Pressure energy of liquid in volume dV = PdV
Pressure energy per unit mass of the liquid
• Bernoulli’s Theorem
For an incompressible, non-viscous, irrotational liquid having streamlined flow, the sum of the pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy per unit mass is a constant i.e.,
• For steady flow of a non-viscous fluid along a horizontal pipe, Bernoulli’s equation is simplified as

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CLS 6 SOLU

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