PLANNING 3

WF 3:00-4:30 PM
AR. JAMES TIPAY

RESEARCH WORK NO: 02

“PLANNING CONCEPTS”

DATE ISSUED: SEPT. 27, 2023

DATE DUE: OCT. 04, 2023
DATE SUBMITTED: OCT. 04, 2023

BOGNOT, JOBERT 2020300191

DAUS, DARYL CHARLES 2020300244
DIZON, CRAIG EMMANUEL 2020300300
MANALUNGSUNG, NEIL 2019300100
SANGUYO, JAKE 2014300554

BS ARCHITECTURE 4A
Architecture involves a lot of strategy and planning. From the beginning, business owners,
architects, and construction management must work together to find a cohesive project that fits
everyone’s standards. While it may seem like a given to put thought behind the planning
process, some don’t realize how helpful the art of master planning can be to any given project.
Architectural master planning is the critical first step in any design process. It is the creation of
a framework in which the whole project proceeds. Headed by a lead architect, a project’s
planning phase considers the entire picture through detailed work. The process involves
examining the design and style of the building, surrounding infrastructure, local government
requirements, and so on. It should also include determining the purpose of the structure, goals
of the project, and other essential elements. By creating a master plan, the entire project is
likely to go as planned and lead to an exciting development.
Urban Planning is a design and regulation of the uses of space that focus on the physical form,
economic functions, and social impacts of the urban environment and on the location of
different activities within it. Because urban planning draws upon engineering, architectural,
and social and political concerns, it is variously a technical profession, an endeavor involving
political will and public participation, and an academic discipline. Urban planning concerns
itself with both the development of open land (“Greenfields sites”) and the revitalization of
existing parts of the city, thereby involving goal setting, data collection and analysis,
forecasting, design, strategic thinking, and public consultation.
Garden City is the ideal of a planned residential community, as devised by the English town
planner Ebenezer Howard and promoted by him in Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Social
Reform (1898). Howard’s plan for garden cities was a response to the need for improvement
in the quality of urban life, which had become marred by overcrowding and congestion due to
uncontrolled growth since the Industrial Revolution.
EBENEZER HOWARD’S PLANNING CONCEPT:
The Three Magnets, in which Ebenezer
Howard brilliantly summarized his concept
of a ‘joyous union’ of town and country.
This ‘perfect combination’ which would
include high-quality, affordable homes in
well-planned communities, he believed that
a better quality of life could be achieved for
all. His design model for this new type of
settlement was based on a circular pattern.
At the center was to be a park with public
buildings bordered by a circular ‘crystal
palace’ for shopping and commerce. He
envisaged crescents and terraces strung
along this broad circular ‘Grand Avenue’
with housing quadrangles elsewhere. The
avenue’s central greensward would contain
schools and churches. His idea was that each
garden city would be limited to 32,000
residents and self-sufficient as far as
possible.
PRINCIPLES OF GARDEN CITY
• Co-operative holding of land to ensure that the advantage of appreciation of land values
goes to the community, not the private individuals
• Economic and social advantages of large-scale planning
• Establishment of cities of limited size, but at the same time possessing a balanced
agricultural industrial economy
• Urban decentralization
• Use of a surrounding green belt to serve as an agricultural recreational area

MAIN COMPONENTS OF HOWARD’S GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT

1) PLANNED DISPERSAL
The organized outward migration of industries and people to towns of sufficient size to provide
the services, variety of occupations and level of culture needed by a balanced cross – section
of modern society.
2) LIMIT OF TOWN SIZE
The growth of towns to be limited, in order that their inhabitants may live near work, shops,
social centers and each other and near open country.
3) AMENITIES
The internal texture of towns to be open enough to permit of houses with private gardens,
adequate space for schools and other functional purposes, and pleasant parks and parkways.
4) TOWN AND COUNTRY RELATIONSHIP
The town area to be defined and a large area around it reserved permanently for agriculture;
thus, enabling the farm people to be assured of a nearby market and cultural center, and the
town people to have the benefit of a country situation.
5) PLANNING CONTROL
Pre – planning of the whole town framework, including the road – scheme and functional
zoning; the fixing of maximum densities; the control of building as to quality and design, but
allowing for individual variety; skillful planting and landscape garden design.
6) NEIGHBORHOODS
The town to be divided into wards, each to some extent a developmental and social entity. Two
garden cities were built using Howard’s Garden city movement concept are Letchworth Garden
City and Welwyn Garden City, both in Hertfordshire, England.
 CANBERRA CITY GARDEN

One of the greatest examples of a planned city in the entire world is Canberra, the Garden City
and Capital of Australia. It provides allées, avenues, parks, public gardens, and open spaces,
all against a backdrop of enclosing hills, establishing the special character of Canberra. It
contains millions of mature trees and other plants in what was a harsh limestone plain. The
gardens that the citizens of Canberra have created, whether large and little, add to this beauty
and are an essential component of the city.
Planned by Walter Burley Griffin and his partner and wife Marion Mahony Griffin (who won
a competition). The plans reflected the two main strands of planning popular in the early
1900’s, the immutability of the City Beautiful movement and capturing the landscape and
social engineering of the Garden City movement. Max Bourke, who was the president of the
Canberra chapter at the time, supported and assisted longtime AGHS member Brian Voce in
the conception, writing, and production of "A Gardener's City, Canberra's Garden Heritage."
Architectural Style/qualities:
• Arts and Crafts
• Spanish Mission Style (1927)
Settlement/development timeline
• 1912 Plan submitted to a competition.
• 1913 (12 March) Canberra was established during a naming celebration.
• 1920 Griffin was removed.
• 1960s-1970’s there was very little emphasis on garden city principles.
• 1990’s More densely built housing.
Settlement Size:
Currently 814.2 km2 (314.4 sq mi)
Original master planner and any other critical master planning, design, and architects:
Sir John Sulman (architect) who was president of the Town Planning Association of New
South Wales laid groundwork advocating several fundamental ideas.
• Preference for single-family housing
• Rejection of terraced housings
• Abolishment of back lanes and front fences
• Use of rounded street intersections
• Extensive tree planting and generous provisions for parks and playgrounds.
URBAN PLANNING
The original concept and vision for the city conceived by Walter Burley Griffin was
largely based on principles of grand boulevards with public. transport, high-density
development, mixed use, a walkable scale, and integration with the natural landscape. In other
words, the fundamental components of a sustainable urban design. However, significant urban
expansion in the 20th century concentrated on creating ‘sub urbanism' in the suburbs, with cars
serving as the main mode of transportation. Building expressways, parkways, and a road were
prioritized. mechanism made for moving cars at great speeds. Instead of concentrating the
center metropolitan region, this development, known as the "Y" plan, attempted to decentralize
urban growth. To create a more sustainable national capital, the "Griffin Legacy" original goals
are being revisited in the city's urban planning today. The goal of this article is to examine
contemporary planning initiatives and development projects in the nation's capital city while
highlighting the paradigm shift toward the original idea of a sustainable city. The study's
findings indicate. that the Griffins' idea of multimodal boulevards has an innate energy and
dynamic that is propelling the urban structure and framework. the process of achieving
sustainable city goals. Without sacrificing the original Griffin Plan's strong emphasis on the
landscape, these steps toward a more sustainable city are being taken.
Other notable features that reflect Garden City Principles:
• Well-connected and biodiversity rich public parks, and a mix of public and private
networks of well-managed, high-quality gardens, tree-lined streets, and open spaces.
• Distinct separation of the residential, industrial, and civic areas and in the use of parks
to screen residential neighborhoods from roads and other undesirable things.
• Strong local jobs are offered in the Garden City itself, with a variety of employment
opportunities within easy commuting distance of homes.
 WELWYN GARDEN CITY

ARCHITECT: LOUIS DE SOISSONS FOUNDER: EBENEZER HOWARD

YEAR BUILT: 1920 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE: NEO-
GEORGIAN STYLE
BRIEF HISTORY:
The world’s second Garden City was founded by Ebenezer Howard in 1920 and
designed by Louis De Soissons. It was subsequently designated as a New Town under the 1946
New Towns Act. Welwyn Garden City, also called Welwyn, new town, and urban area (from
2011 built-up area) in Welwyn Hatfield district, administrative and historic county of
Hertfordshire, southeast-central England. It is located on the northern periphery of London.
It was founded in 1920 by Sir Ebenezer Howard as a planned town to provide for both
industry and pleasant living conditions. Across a main railway line, a large concentration of
light industrial factories has developed, but many of the inhabitants commute daily to London,
which is 23 miles (37 km) away. After World War II Welwyn was designated and administered
as a new town and grew rapidly. Pop. (2001) urban area, 46,812; (2011) built-up area
subdivision, 48,380.
WELWYN GARDEN CITY MASTERPLAN:
Notable features that reflect Garden City Principles:
• Separate factory sites, like Letch worth.
• Cultural activities important for community development – Festival Hall built.
• Mixed-tenure homes and housing types that are affordable for ordinary people; strong
local jobs offered in the Garden City itself, with a variety of employment opportunities
within easy commuting distance of homes.
• Strong local cultural, recreational, and shopping facilities in walkable neighborhood.
• Integrated and accessible transport systems – with a series of settlements linked by rapid
transport providing a full range of employment opportunities.
• Beautifully and imaginatively designed homes with gardens, combining the very best
of town and country living to create healthy homes in vibrant communities.
•
URBAN PLANNING:

Louis de Soissons was appointed as architect and town planner, and he laid the town
out along tree-lined boulevards with a neo-Georgian town center. The spine of the town is the
almost mile-long Parkway, a central mall or scenic parkway. Older houses are on the west side
of Parkway, newer houses on the east side. Every road in Welwyn has a wide grass verge.
A wide variety of housing was built – modest terraces, cottages and maisonettes and
imposing detached houses – as well as civic and community buildings, industrial buildings,
churches, schools, shops, a theatre, and of course open spaces. To the east the town bordered
the railway line, across which lay the industrial are. Residents of Welwyn therefore lived within
a short distance of where they worked. Residential streets radiated out further beyond the
industrial area. A garden city concept befitting, Welwyn was encircled by an agricultural belt.
The original planners intended that all the residents of the garden city would shop in
just one shop and created the Welwyn Stores, a monopoly on the Campus, north of the Parkway.
Since then, there's much more competition and variety. The Welwyn Stores were taken over by
the John Lewis Partnership in 1984.
 ARDIM AMERICA

Location: Sao Paulo, Brazil

Garden City type: Mixed (housing association / municipality).
Architectural Style/qualities:
• Arts and Crafts
• Colonial style
• Local vernacular
Initiator/ client: City of Sao Paulo Improvements and Freehold Company Limited
Architect: Raymond Unwin
English engineer, architect, and town planner Raymond Unwin (1863–1940) was well-
known and very influential, emphasizing the improvement of working-class housing. He and
Barry served as Letchworth and Hampstead's principal consulting architects.
Settlement/development timeline
• 1911 City of Sao Paulo Improvements and Freehold Co Ltd founded.
• 1913 Land acquired.
• 1916 Raymond Unwin completes initial layout plan.
• 1917-1919 Barry Parker refines the layout, designing many houses, re-landscaping a
major park, and providing advice on the planned extension of São Paulo and other
regional cities.
• 1929 construction of Jardim America is completed.
• 1929 ban on any non-residential building within neighborhood.
• 1986 area listed by CONDEPHAAT to protect heritage.
 JARDIM AMERICA CITY MASTERPLAN:

BRIEF HISTORY:
The rapid expansion of So Paulo's urban landscape in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries was largely driven by the flourishing coffee industry in its hinterland. The city's
population surged from 65,000 in 1890 to a staggering 580,000 by 1920. During this period of
urban growth, the City of So Paulo Improvements and Freehold Company Limited, established
in 1911, was entrusted with the task of creating South America's first garden city.
Jardim América, the inaugural garden city of South America, was meticulously
designed by Raymond Unwin and Richard Barry Parker, who had previously conceived
Letchworth, the world's first garden city. However, it's essential to note that Jardim América
was primarily tailored for the upper middle-class residents and did not prioritize low-income
families. This residential enclave featured minimum lot sizes of 900 square meters, and notably
departed from the original garden city concept by lacking shared communal gardens.
To generate additional revenue, the City of So Paulo Company made slight adjustments
to the original plans, converting semi-public gardens into new streets, or subdividing them into
lots for constructing new homes. As a result, Jardim América can be seen as more of a garden
suburb, closely tied to the existing city, rather than a true garden city, which traditionally stands
as an independent urban center with embedded social reform objectives, as noted by author
Silvia Wolf. Today, Jardim América stands as one of So Paulo's most affluent and exclusive
residential areas, known for its high property values and prestigious living standards.
Architecture / Urban planning
In Jardim América, there are jacaranda-lined, curved streets and avenues with names of
American states, lots of green areas, and low-density homes. Barry Parker personally designed
some of the first houses constructed in Jardim América to figuratively set an example. More
than 400 housing layouts were employed to build the neighborhood, which demonstrates the
variety of the architecture.
Other notable features that reflect Garden City Principles:
Well-connected and biodiversity rich public parks, and a mix of public and private
networks of well-managed, high-quality gardens, tree-lined streets, and open spaces.
 LETCHWORTH GARDEN CITY

Founder: Ebenezer Howard Location: Hertfordshire, United Kingdom

Settlement Size: 5,500 acres (7.7 sq. miles) Population: Estimated 45,000 (2023)
BRIEF HISTORY:
Letchworth Garden City is the world’s first garden city, and it was founded in the late
nineteenth century by Ebenezer Howard as a response to an unpleasant and poverty of urban
life in Britain.
Letchworth became the world's first Garden City in 1904. It was part of a movement
started by Ebenezer Howard in the early twentieth century to establish self-sustaining
settlements that provided the benefits of both city and country living.
First Garden City Ltd purchased 4,000 acres of land for the new development in 1902.
Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin, architects, created a masterplan in 1904. The project
included three communities (Letchworth, Willian, and Norton) and was designed to house
32,000 people.
Architect / Designer
The Master Plan of Letchworth Garden City was
drawn up by Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin.
Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin were half-
cousins. Parker created middle-class homes as well
as idealized working-class homes for Unwin. By
1901, the pair had hired three workers, all of whom
opened offices in Letchworth, and they had also
produced a book titled "The Art of Building a
Home."
 MASTER PLAN OF LETCHWORTH GARDEN CITY

Architectural Style/qualities:
• 'Letchworth Look' housing inspired by Arts & Crafts movement, consisting of:
• Roughcast render cladding over bricks.
• Red roof tiles
• Green drainpipes, water butts, doors, etc.
• Gables and dormer windows
• Based on Sir Christopher Wren's (never-built) proposal for London after the Great Fire
of 1666, the street arrangement is axial, with roadways spreading out from a central
square.
• Tree-lined streets, each with a different variety of tree
• Zoning of different types of building - industrial, commercial, middle-class and
worker's housing.
• Planned green spaces throughout
• Surrounded by a rural belt.
Notable features that reflect Garden City Principles:
• It has well-connected public parks, a mix of public and private gardens, tree-lined
streets, and open areas that are all managed to high standards.
• Residential, industrial, and civic districts are clearly separated, with parks used to
screen residential neighborhoods from traffic and other unpleasant aspects.
• Walkable neighborhoods with substantial local cultural, recreational, and shopping
facilities.
• Homes with gardens that are beautifully and ingeniously built, blending the best of city
and rural living to create healthy homes in dynamic communities.
 STOCKFELD GARDEN CITY

Location/Emplacement: Strasbourg, France

Dates: 1910 - present
Designers/Concepteurs: Weber & Keiling
Architectes; Seyler & Lucan Architectes; Edouard Schimpf (original garden city plan)
Clients: Habitat de l’Ill; SOCOLOPO.
BRIEF HISTORY:
Stockfeld garden city is one of the landmark architectural achievements of the first few decades
of the 20th century and stands out through its architectural and environmental features.
In 1907, the Mayor of Strasbourg, Rudolph Schwander, undertook the Grande Percée, a large-
scale urban development designed to make the city center a healthier, better-looking place to
live in. The project involved the demolition of a considerable number of homes and the
subsequent need to find housing for the 460 or so displaced families. The city decided to create
a garden suburb to take in the families and gave the job to the Société cooperative de logements
populaires, which is still today the owner.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The garden city of Stockfeld is one of the first manifestations of this modern and
communitarian urban form, theorized by the Englishman Ebenezer Howard in 1902, on the
European continent. It was built to accommodate families who were dislocated by major
construction projects in the old city center. The garden city model was embraced by Germany
to create garden suburbs that seek to improve new residential developments and to address the
housing crisis.
The city gave 24 hectares of land to the Cooperative Society for Social Housing (SOCOLOPO),
6 km from downtown. As a result of a competition held in April 1910, the project by the
Alsatian architect Edward Schimpf was selected. By the end of 1911, most of the garden city
was inhabited. The plan was organized into eleven blocks of 100 x 100 m2. Buildings
(providing 457 residences of 45 to 55 m² each) surrounded a large central space divided into
vegetable gardens ranging in area between 120 and 150 m². Dirt roads crossed through the
orthogonal vegetable gardens in the core of the blocks, linking the secondary paths of the
district. Each residence was assigned a vegetable garden, to provide a dietary supplement to
everyone.
Stockfeld underwent major rehabilitation between 2003 and 2005, including restoration of its
vegetable gardens, some of which had been transformed into leisure gardens. In this context,
the SOCOLOPO, with Habitat de l’Ill, held a competition in 2010 for a city-owned plot of
about one hectare adjacent to the garden city. The aim of this operation was to show that the
century-old garden city model is still pertinent and can be revived, given the present-day
challenges, new ways of living, and contemporary relations between city and nature. The
project has been initiated, for completion in late 2013, to include 19 units of social housing and
36 rent-to-own units.
PLAN OF STOCKFELD EXTENSION

The master plan adopted by the architects, with a north-south orientation of the
dwellings, also helps maintain view corridors towards the heart of each block, arranged as
individual garden plots and one shared garden, while maintaining a visual link to the nearby
forest. To promote an appropriation of outdoor spaces and a collective lifestyle, a participatory
self-management of the gardens has been proposed. Thus, this project links to the core
principles of a century earlier as applied to both gardens and dwellings.
References

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https://architectuul.com/architecture/letchworth-garden-city.

Australian Garden History Society (2022) A Gardener’s City: Canberra’s Garden Heritage.
Retrieved from https://www.gardenhistorysociety.org.au/publications/a-gardeners-
city-canberras-garden-heritage/.

By Historic England (2016) The story of Welwyn Garden City. Retrieved from
https://heritagecalling.com/2020/12/04/the-story-of-welwyn-garden-city/.

Carrot City (2014) Stockfeld Garden City / Cité-jardin du Stockfeld. Retrieved from
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planning

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https://www.britannica.com/topic/garden-city-urban-planning

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