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    Ex05 Ex

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    This document provides exercises on calculating various thermodynamic properties of metals, semiconductors, and graphene. Exercise 1 asks to calculate the specific heat of (a) a metal, (b) an undoped semiconductor, and (c) graphene. Exercise 2 asks to calculate the Pauli spin susceptibility of (a) a metal, (b) a semiconductor, and (c) graphene. Exercise 3 asks to calculate the compressibility of (a) a free electron gas, (b) an electron gas with Coulomb interactions, (c) show electrons in an insulator are incompressible, and (d) graphene. The exercises involve using approximations of the band structures and thermodynamic relations to derive expressions for these

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    Ex05 Ex

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    This document provides exercises on calculating various thermodynamic properties of metals, semiconductors, and graphene. Exercise 1 asks to calculate the specific heat of (a) a metal, (b) an undoped semiconductor, and (c) graphene. Exercise 2 asks to calculate the Pauli spin susceptibility of (a) a metal, (b) a semiconductor, and (c) graphene. Exercise 3 asks to calculate the compressibility of (a) a free electron gas, (b) an electron gas with Coulomb interactions, (c) show electrons in an insulator are incompressible, and (d) graphene. The exercises involve using approximations of the band structures and thermodynamic relations to derive expressions for these

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    This document provides exercises on calculating various thermodynamic properties of metals, semiconductors, and graphene. Exercise 1 asks to calculate the specific heat of (a) a metal, (b) an undoped semiconductor, and (c) graphene. Exercise 2 asks to calculate the Pauli spin susceptibility of (a) a metal, (b) a semiconductor, and (c) graphene. Exercise 3 asks to calculate the compressibility of (a) a free electron gas, (b) an electron gas with Coulomb interactions, (c) show electrons in an insulator are incompressible, and (d) graphene. The exercises involve using approximations of the band structures and thermodynamic relations to derive expressions for these

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    7 views2 pages

    Ex05 Ex

    Uploaded by

    reilyshawn
    This document provides exercises on calculating various thermodynamic properties of metals, semiconductors, and graphene. Exercise 1 asks to calculate the specific heat of (a) a metal, (b) an undoped semiconductor, and (c) graphene. Exercise 2 asks to calculate the Pauli spin susceptibility of (a) a metal, (b) a semiconductor, and (c) graphene. Exercise 3 asks to calculate the compressibility of (a) a free electron gas, (b) an electron gas with Coulomb interactions, (c) show electrons in an insulator are incompressible, and (d) graphene. The exercises involve using approximations of the band structures and thermodynamic relations to derive expressions for these

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    of 2

    Solid State Theory FS 2014

    Exercise Sheet 5. Prof. Manfred Sigrist

    Exercise 1. Specific Heat of a Metal, a Semiconductor, and Graphene

    The specific heat at constant volume is defined as


     
    1 ∂U
    cV = (1)
    V ∂T V,N

    where U is the internal energy of the system.

    a) Calculate the specific heat of a metal for small temperatures kB T  µ. Neglect the
    Coulomb interaction and assume there is only one conduction band with a parabolic dis-
    persion relation
    ~2 k2
    εk = . (2)
    2m
    Note that in order to have a fixed number of particles, the chemical potential will shift
    when temperature is changed! You will have to use the Sommerfeld expansion
    Z∞ Zµ ∞
    H(ε) X d2n−1 H(ε)
    dε = dε H(ε) + an (kB T )2n (3)
    e(ε−µ)/kB T + 1 dε2n−1 ε=µ
    −∞ −∞ n=1

    where a1 = π 2 /6, a2 = 7π 4 /360, . . . .

    b) Calculate the specific heat of an undoped semiconductor under the assumption kB T  Eg ,


    where Eg is the band gap. Show that it contains an ideal gas-like contribution (3/2)n(T )kB
    where n(T ) is the number of excitations, and a correction. Is this correction small or large?
    To proceed, use the k · p-approximation for the band spectrum, given by eq. (2.27) in the
    lecture notes. The chemical potential µ(T ) has to be calculated from the condition, that
    the number of electrons in the conduction band (ne (T )) is equal to the number of holes in
    the valence band (nh (T )).

    c) Calculate the specific heat of graphene at half filling. (For the band structure of graphene
    cf. previous exercise sheet.) Note that the perfect particle-hole symmetry fixes chemical
    potential to the Dirac nodes at all temperatures. To simplify the calculation, approximate
    the dispersion around the two Dirac points as

    εk = ±~vF |k|, (4)

    where k is relative to the position of a Dirac node.

    Exercise 2. Spin Susceptibility of a Metal, a Semiconductor, and Graphene

    The Pauli spin susceptibility is defined as


     
    ∂M
    χPauli = (5)
    ∂H H=0 T,V,N

    where M is the net electron magnetization.

    1
    a) Calculate the Pauli spin susceptibility of a metal due to its conduction electrons. Assume
    that the magnetic field couples only to the electron spin.

    b) Calculate the spin susceptibility of a semiconductor with gap Eg > 0 and compare the
    result to an ideal paramagnetic gas.

    c) Calculate the spin susceptibility of graphene

    Use the same assumptions about the electron spectra as in Exercise 1.

    Exercise 3. Compressibility of a Metal, a Semiconductor, and Graphene

    The compressibility of a system with volume V is defined as


       
    1 ∂V 1 ∂n
    κ=− = 2 . (6)
    V ∂p T,N n ∂µ T,V

    a) Show that the two formulas above are equivalent. To do so, you may find useful the
    Gibbs-Duhem relation
    N dµ = V dp − SdT (7)
    which states that the equilibrium parameters µ, p and T cannot be varied independently.

    b) Calculate the compressibility of a gas of free and independent electrons with density n.
    (Coulomb interaction is neglected.)

    c) Calculate compressibility of an electron gas in the jellium model where Coulomb interaction
    are considered. Use that within the Hartree-Fock theory (cf. section 3.1.2 in the lecture
    notes), the energy per electron is given by
     
    2.21 0.916
    εg = − Ry (8)
    rs2 rs

    where 1Ry = e2 /2aB and rs = d/aB with aB the Bohr radius and d the radius of the
    average volume occupied by one electron

    ~2 1
    aB = n= 4 , (9)
    me2 3 πd
    3

    n = kF3 /3π 2 is the number of electrons per unit volume. Compare results (a) and (b).

    d) Show that electrons in an insulator are incompressible.

    e) Calculate compressibility of the delocalized pz -electrons in graphene.

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