1

2021 HCI Prelim Paper 2 Suggested Solutions

Section A: Pure Mathematics [40 marks]

1 A curve C has parametric equations

4 
x  a  t  sin 2t   2a,
 
y  a cos t ,
 
where   t  and a is a positive constant.
2 2
(i) Sketch C. State clearly the coordinates of any points where C meets the x-axis. [2]
Suggested Solutions

Note that the curve is symmetric when t  0

When t  0, x  2a and y  a cos 0  a

When y  0, cos t  0  t   .
2
 4   
When t   , x  a      sin     2a  0
2   2  
  4   
When t  , x  a     sin    2a  4a
2   2  

(ii) Show that the area enclosed by C and the x-axis is given by
2  4 
a2   cos t  2cos t cos 2t  dt,
1 
 
where 1 and 2 are values to be stated. [3]

Suggested Solutions
Area enclosed by the curve and the x-axis

dx
  2 y dt

2 dt

4
 2
  a cos t   a  
 2 cos 2t  dt

2  
 2


4
 a 2  2  cos t    
 2 cos 2t  dt

2  

2 2 4 
a 
  cos t  2 cos t cos 2t  dt (Shown)

2  
 
where 1   and  2 
2 2

(iii) Hence find, in terms of a, the exact area enclosed by C and the axes. [3]

Suggested Solutions
Area enclosed by the curve and the x-axis

2 2  4 
 a    cos t  2cos t cos 2t  dt
  
2

4 
 a 2  2  cos t  cos 3t  cos t  dt
  
2

2 2
 4  
a       1  cos t  cos 3t  dt

2   

 4 
2 sin 3t  2
 a   1 sin t 
   3   
2

 4 1  4 1 
 a 2   1       1   
  3   3 
 8 4
    a 2 units 2
 3
 3

2 Clear workings and explanations are required for this question.

x2 y2
(a) An ellipse of equation   1 , where 0  b  a , has two points called foci
a 2 b2

F1   c,0  and F2  c,0 . The definition of the ellipse is such that for every point P

on the ellipse, the sum of the distance of P to F1 and F2 is always a constant k.

O x

(i) By considering one of the x-intercepts of the ellipse, determine the value of k in
terms of a and/or b. [2]

Solution

O x

Given that d1  d2  k
d1  a  c
d2  a  c
d1  d 2  2 a
 k  2a

(ii) By considering another suitable point on the ellipse, find c in terms of a and b.
[2]
 4

Solution

O x

d1  c2  b2
d2  c2  b2
From (i) d1  d2  2a , d1  d2  d1  d2  a
 c2  b2  a
c2  b2  a2
c  a 2  b2

2 1 2 1 3
(b) A hyperbola with equation  y  h   1   x  k  has y  x  as one of its
4 2 2
asymptotes, and the point 1,3 is on the hyperbola. Find the values of h and k. [4]

Solution
Method 1
1 3
h  k  ----- (1)
2 2
2 1 2
 3  h   1  1  k  ----- (2)
4
2
 1 3 1 2
 3  k    1  1  k 
 2 2 4
2
3 1  1 2
  k   1  1  k 
2 2  4
1 2 4 1 2
 3  k    1  k 
4 4 4
2 2
3  k   4  1  k 
9  6k  k 2  4  1  2k  k 2
k  1
1 3
h  2
2 2
Method 2
 5

2
2 x  k
 y  h  1
4
2

y  h 1
x k
4
When x 
xk
y h
2
xk xk
y h or y  h 
2 2
1 k 1 k
y  x  h  or y   x  h 
2 2 2 2
k 3
h 
2 2
k  2h  3 --------- (1)

2 1 2
Sub (1) into  3  h   1  1   2h  3 
4
1 2
8  6h  h 2   2 h  4 
4
2
8  6h  h 2   h  2 
8  6 h  h 2  h 2  4h  4
4  2h
h2
k  4  3 1
 6

4 x 2 3 1
3 (i) Show that    . [1]
x  x  1 x  2 x x  1 x  2

Solution
2 3 1
 
x x 1 x  2


  
2 x 2  3x  2  3 x 2  2 x  x 2  x   
x  x  1 x  2 
4 x

x  x  1 x  2 

N
4 x
(ii) Hence find  x  x 1 x  2 in terms of N, giving your answer in the form
x 4

f  N   k , where k is a constant to be determined. [3]

Solution
N
4 x
 x  x  1 x  2 
x 4
N
2 3 1
  x  x 1  x  2
x4
 2 3 1
 4 3 
2

 2 3 
1
 5 4 3

 2 
3

1
 6 5 4
 2 3 1
  
 7 6 5
 

 2  3  1
N 2 N 3 N 4

 2  3  1
 N 1 N  2 N  3
 2 3 1
  
 N N  1 N  2
2 1 1
  
N N 1 6
N 2 1
 
N  N  1 6
 7

N
4 x 1
(iii) Show that, for all integers N  4 ,  x  x  1 x  2   6 . [2]
x 4

Solution
N
4x 2 1 1
 x  x 1 x  2  N  N  1  6
x 4
N 2 1
 
N  N  1 6
N 2
Since N  4, then  0.
N  N  1
N
4 x 1
 x  x  1 x  2   6 (Shown)
x 4
2a
3 x
(iv) Using your answer in part (ii), find  , where a is an integer greater
xa x  x  1 x  1

than 4, giving your answer in terms of a. (There is no need to express your answer as
a single algebraic fraction.) [4]
Solution
2a
3 x
 x  x  1 x  1
x a
Replace x  x 1:
2a
3 x
 x  x  1 x  1
xa
x 1 2 a 3   x  1
 
x 1 a  x  1 x  x  2 
2 a 1
4 x
 
x  a 1 x  x  1 x  2 
2 a 1 a
4 x 4x
  
x  x  1 x  2  x  4 x  x  1 x  2 
   (*)
x4
 2 1 1 2 1 1
      
 2a  1 2a  1  1 6   a a  1 6 
2 5 1
  
2a  1 2a a  1

Or from (*)
 8

 2a  1  2 1  a  2 1
    
  2a  1 2a  6   a  a  1 6 
2a  1 a2
 
 2a  1 2a  a  a  1

4 Taking the point O as the origin, the diagram below shows a right pyramid with rectangular
base OABC , and the base has its centre at M. The vertex of the pyramid is at V . The
perpendicular unit vectors i, j and k are parallel to OA , OC and MV respectively. The
length of OA , OC and MV are 8 units, 6 units and 10 units respectively.

C B

k M
j

O i A

y z 1
(i) A line l with equations  , x  1 , cuts the plane OABC at the point P. Find the
4 3
coordinates of P. [3]
Solution
y z 1
l:  , x 1
4 3
1 0
   
 l : r   0     4,   
    3
 1  
Point P:
z  0  1  3  0
1
 =
3
 4 
Coordinates of P is 1, ,0  .
 3 

(ii) Find a vector that is perpendicular to the plane OCV. [1]

Solution
 9

Normal to plane OCV:

 4   0  5 
       
OV  OC   3    1   2  0 
10   0  2
     

(iii) Find the shortest distance from P to the plane OCV. Hence, or otherwise, find
shortest the distance from P to the plane ABV. [4]
Solution
Distance from P to OCV
1
 5 
 5   4   
     . 0
OP.  0   3   
 
 2  0  2 
    5 5 29
   or units
29 29 29 29

Method 1:
Consider a vertical plane containing P and parallel to i .
Using similar triangles:
a 7

5 1
29
5
35 29 a
a
29 1 7
35 35 29
Distance from P to ABV= or units
29 29
Method 2:
Normal to plane ABV:
 4   0   10 
       
AV  AB   3    1    0 
 10   0   4 
     
Distance from P to ABV
 7 
 10 
 10   4   
    . 0 
AP.  0   3  
 
 4   0   4 
    70 35 35 29
    or
116 116 116 29 29
units

(iv) Write down the equation of the line where plane OCV meets plane ABV. [1]
Solution
Note that the line passes through V and parallel to j
 10

4 0
   
r   3    1,  
   0
 10   

(v) A point Q with coordinates  a, b, c  lies on the plane OCV, what can you say about

the values of a, b and c? [2]

Solution
a
 
 b  n  0
c
 
 a   5 
  
  b  0   0
c  2 
  
 5a  2c  0, b  

(vi) A point R with coordinates  h, k ,3  lies on the line segment CV, find the values of h

and k. [3]
Solution
Method 1: C, R, V collinear,
 h 0  h 
      
CR   k    6    k  6 
 3 0  3 
     
4
  
CV   3 
 10 
 
 
CR   CV
 h  4
k  6  3
3  10
3 6 51
  ,h  ,k 
10 5 10
Method 2:
Equation of line CV:
 11

0 4
r   6     3  ,   
 
    10 
0  
 h   4 
   
  k    6  3 
 3   10 
   
3 12 6 9 51
  ,h   ,k  6 
10 10 5 10 10

Section B: Probability and Statistics [60 marks]

5 Singapore’s total population comprises residents and non-residents. The resident
population comprises Singapore citizens and permanent residents. The non-resident
population, which excludes tourists and short-term visitors, comprises foreigners who are
working, studying or living in Singapore but not granted permanent residence.
The 1table below shows the total population for Singapore from 1960 to 2020.
Year ( Y ) 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020
Total
population 1,646,400 2,074,507 2,413,945 3,047,132 4,027,887 5,685,807
( P)

(i) Sketch a scatter diagram of the data. Use your diagram to explain whether the
relationship between Y and P is likely to be well modelled by an equation of the
form P  aY  b where a and b are constants. [2]
Solutions

1 Department of Statistics of Singapore, Title: M810001-Indicators On Population, Annual. https://www.singstat.gov.sg

 12

The linear model P  aY  b is not appropriate because from the

scatter diagram, the points do not lie close to a straight line.
OR
The linear model P  aY  b is not appropriate because from the
scatter diagram, P increases at an increasing rate as Y increases.

(ii) A student wishes to determine whether the relationship between Y and P is modelled
better by P  aY  b or ln P  aY  b .
(a) By calculating the relevant product moment correlation coefficients, correct to
4 significant figures, explain how the student can decide which model is better.
[3]
Solutions
For P  aY  b ,
product moment correlation coefficient is 0.9942 (4 s.f.)
For ln P  aY  b
product moment correlation coefficient is 0.9973 (4 s.f.)

Since 0.9973 > 0.9942 which is closer to 1

Hence ln P  aY  b is a more appropriate model

(b) Use the model identified in part (ii)(a) to estimate the population in 2010. [2]
Solutions
From GC,
ln P  0.0209528974Y  26.75174675

ln P  0.0210Y  26.8
When Y = 2010
P = 4702368.888
P = 4.70  10 6 (to 3 sf)
 13

6 Tom has a bag of wooden rectangular blocks of identical size. The bag contains 1 blue
block, m red blocks and  m  1 yellow blocks, where m  2 . Tom and Jerry play a game

using Tom’s bag of wooden blocks. Jerry draws 2 blocks at random, one at a time, without
replacement. 3 points will be awarded if a yellow block is drawn, 2 points will be awarded
if a red block is drawn, but no points will be awarded if a blue block is drawn. Jerry’s final
score is the product of the points awarded for the 2 blocks drawn.
Let the random variable X denote Jerry’s final score.
1
(i) Show that P  X  0   and hence, find the probability distribution of X. [4]
m
Solutions
Let X be Jerry’s final score:
0, 2  2  4 , 2  3  6 , 3 3  9

P  X  0   P  R, B   P  B, R   P Y , B   P  B, Y 
m 1  m  11  2
 2
2 m  2 m  1 2 m  2 m  1
4m  2

2m  2m  1
1

m
P  X  4   P  R, R 
m  m  1

2 m  2 m  1
m 1

2  2m  1
P  X  6   P  R, Y   P  Y , R 
m  m  1
 2
2 m  2 m  1
m 1

2m  1
P  X  9   P Y , Y 


 m  1 m  2 
2m  2m  1

x 0 4 6 9
1 m 1 m 1  m  1 m  2 
P(X = x) 2  2 m  1 2 m  2 m  1
m 2m 1
 14

(ii) Find the value of m if Jerry’s expected final score is 5 . [2]

Solutions
E  X    xP  X  x 
6m  6 9  m  3m  2 
2
4  m  1
  
2  2m  1 2m  1 2m  2m  1
25m 2  43m  18

2m  2 m  1
Using GC, m  6 when E  X   5 .

Tom pays Jerry $5 if Jerry’s final score is at least 5 and Jerry pays Tom $a if his final score
is less than 5.
(iii) Using the value of m found in (ii), find the range of values of a if Tom is expected to
make a profit. [2]
Solutions
Let W be Tom’s winnings (in $).

When m = 6,
w a –5
P W  w P  X  0  P  X  4 P  X  6  P  X  9
1 5 5 5
   
6 22 11 33
13 20
 
33 33

If Tom is expected to make a profit, then

13 20  5 
a 0
33 33
13a  100
a  7.6923
Hence, a  7.70  to 2dp  in order for Tom to make a profit.
 15

7 A toy factory manufactures gel beads which are polymer beads that increase in size when
soaked in water. On average, 8% of the gel beads are defective. The gel beads are packed
in bags of 500. A significant number of customers recently gave feedback that many of the
gel beads they bought could not expand in water or cracked while expanding. The quality
control department decides to take a random sample of 20 gel beads from each bag to test.
If more than 4 gel beads are found to be defective in the sample of 20, the bag is rejected.
Otherwise the bag is accepted.
(i) State, in context, two assumptions needed for the number of defective gel beads in
the sample to be well modelled by a binomial distribution. [2]
Solutions
Assumptions
 The event that a gel bead is defective is independent of other
gel beads.
 The probability that a gel bead is defective is a constant at
0.08.

Assume now that the number of defective gel beads in a sample of 20 is modelled by a
binomial distribution.
(ii) Find the probability that a randomly chosen bag of gel beads is rejected. [1]
Solutions
Let X be the number of gel beads that are defective, out of 20.
X ~ B  20,0.08
P  X  5  1  P  X  4 
 0.018344
 0.0183  to 3 sf 

(iii) An officer from the quality control department is in charge of inspecting 10 randomly
chosen bags of gel beads. Find the probability that the last bag inspected is the second
bag that is being rejected. [2]
Solutions
Method 1
Required probability
8
 9C1  0.018344  1  0.018344   0.018344
 0.00261  to 3sf 
Method 2
Let Y be the number of bags that is being rejected, out of 10.
Required probability  P Y  1  P 10th bag is rejected 
 0.14236  0.018344
 0.00261  to 3sf 
 16

(iv) A random sample of 20 gel beads is taken from a particular bag. Given that the bag
is rejected, find the probability that there are more than 13 gel beads with no defects
in the random sample of 20 gel beads. [3]
Solutions
P  X '  13 | X  5
P  X '  14  X  5 

P  X  5
P  X  6  X  5

P  X  5
P 5  X  6

P  X  5
 0.965245
 0.965 (to 3 sf)

(v) The quality control department now decides to test 50 randomly chosen bags of gel
beads. Find the probability that the mean number of defective gel beads found in the
sample of each bag will not exceed 1.5. [2]

Solutions
Method 1
E  X   20  0.08  1.6
Var  X   20  0.08  0.92  1.472
Since n  50 is large, by Central Limit Theorem,
 1.472 
X ~ N 1.6,  approximately.
 50 
 
P X  1.5  0.280 (3 s.f.)

Method 2
Let T be the number of gel beads that are defective, out of 1000.
T ~ B 1000, 0.08 
T 
P   1.5   P T  75  0.304  to 3 sf 
 50 
 17

8 Mr Wong works as the Information Technology manager at a company. To boost the

security of the network used by the company, he bought a breach detection system (BDS)
which is a defensive tool designed to detect the activity of malware inside a network. The
BDS sends out an alert to indicate that a breach has occurred. If there is malicious activity,
there is a 90% chance that the BDS will correctly identify the activity as malicious. If the
activity is not malicious, there is a 1% chance that the BDS will incorrectly identify the
activity as malicious.

It is known that the BDS sends out alerts identifying 109 activities as malicious out of
10000 activities for a particular network system at a particular instance.
(i) Find the probability of an activity being malicious. [2]
Solutions

0.9 Positive Correct

M
p Negative

1 p 0.01 Positive
M'
Negative Correct

Let the probability of an activity being malicious be p.

109
0.9 p  1  p  0.01 
10000
4
0.89 p  9  10
p  0.001011236
p  0.00101 (to 3 sf )

(ii) Find the probability that the BDS is correct in detecting the type of activity in the
network. Give your answer correct to 4 significant figures. [2]
Solutions
Probability that the BDS is accurate in detecting the type of activity
in the network
= 0.9 p  1  p 1  0.01
= 0.9899089888
= 0.9899 (to 4 sf)

(iii) Given that the BDS sends out an alert, find the probability that the activity is not
malicious. Give your answer correct to 4 significant figures. [2]
 18

Solutions
Given that the BDS sends out a positive alert, the probability that
the activity is not malicious
=
1  p  0.01
P  BDS sends out positive alert 

=
1  p  0.01
p  0.9  1  p   0.01
= 0.9165034533
= 0.9165 (to 4 sf)

(iv) Comment on the effectiveness of the BDS in the identification of a security breach.
[1]
Solutions
Since the BDS is able to correctly identify a malicious activity
99.99% of the time which is of very high accuracy given the
activity is malicious, the BDS is effective in the identification of a
security breach.
OR
Since there is a 91.65% chance that the activity is not malicious
when the BDS sends out an alert, this may result in the IT team
having to react to alert unnecessary when the activity is not
malicious. Thus the BDS is not very effectiveness in the
identification of a security breach.

(v) The BDS is able to provide daily reports on the activities on the network which can
only be accessible to Mr Wong. During the initial set-up, Mr Wong is required to set
a 4-letter code formed from the letters of the word ‘NINETEEN’ as his password for
authentication. Find the number of possible 4-letter codes that Mr Wong can choose
from to be his password. [4]
Solutions
Number of ways when
(a) All letters distinct = 4! = 24
4!
(b) 3 letters are the same = 2  3C1   24
3!
(c) 2 letters are the same the other 2 distinct =
4!
2  3C 2   72
2!
4!
(d) 2 letters are the same = 6
2!2!
Total number of ways = 126
 19

9 In this question, you should state clearly all the distributions that you use, together
with the values of the appropriate parameters.
Mr Tan manages a stall on his own, selling original egglets. Due to limited budget, he can
only afford one egglet machine. As such, he can only prepare egglets one at a time. The
time needed, in minutes, to make an original egglet follows the distribution N  4, 0.25  .

(i) Sketch the distribution for the time needed to make an original egglet to be between
2 and 6 minutes. [2]
Solutions

2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

(ii) On a particular morning, Mr Tan sold 15 original egglets. Find the probability that
there were exactly 6 original egglets which he took less than 4 minutes to make each
of them. [2]
Solutions
Let W be the number of original egglets, out of 15, that Mr Tan
took less than 4 minutes to make it.
W ~ B 15, 0.5 

P W  6   0.153  to 3 sf 

(iii) Find the probability that the time needed to make 3 randomly chosen original egglets
differs from thrice the time needed to make a randomly chosen original egglet by not
more than 5 minutes. [3]
Solutions
Let X be the time needed to make an original egglet.
X ~ N  4, 0.5 2 

X 1  X 2  X 3  3 X ~ N  0,3
P  X1  X 2  X 3  3 X  5
 P  5  X1  X 2  X 3  3 X  5 
 20

 0.996
Hoping to attract more customers, Mr Tan decides to introduce chicken floss egglets and
soft drinks at his stall. The time needed, in minutes, to make a chicken floss egglet follows
the distribution N  6,1.2 . The time needed, in minutes, to prepare a cup of soft drink is

modelled as 20 % of the time needed to make an original egglet.

(iv) A customer orders an original egglet, a chicken floss egglet and a cup of soft drink.
Given that the probability that the total time taken by Mr Tan to prepare these 3 items,
one after another, in less than m minutes is at most 90% , find the range of possible
values of m. [4]

Solutions
Let Y be the time needed to make a chicken floss egglet.
Y ~ N  6,1.2
Let W be the time needed to prepare a cup of soft drink
W  0.2 X ~ N  0.8, 0.01
Let T be total time taken by Mr Tan to prepare the order.
T  X  Y  W ~ N 10.8,1.46 
P T  m   0.9
Method 1

0  m  12.3485
0  m  12.3  to 3 sf 

Method 2
Using GC, P  T  12.3485  0.9 .
Thus for P T  m   0.9 ,
0  m  12.3485
0  m  12.3  to 3 sf  12.3485
 21

(v) State an assumption needed for your calculations in part (iv) to be valid. [1]
Solutions
The time needed to make an original egglet and the time needed to
make a chicken floss egglet is independent of each other.

The time needed to make an original egglet is independent of the

time needed to prepare a cup of drink.

The time needed to make a chicken floss egglet is independent of

independent of the time needed to prepare a cup of drink.

10 Disposable face masks undergo the 2Bacterial Filtration Efficiency (BFE) Test to assess
how well a mask filters droplets containing biological agents such as bacteria or viruses. It
is known that the higher the BFE, the more effective a mask is in preventing bacteria-
containing droplets from reaching the wearer. For instance, a mask with a BFE of 95%
will meet the requirements for medical and surgical masks since it blocks 95% of droplets
it is exposed to.

A company that manufactures disposable face masks claimed that their masks are rated
with BFE of at least 95%. An intern from the company wishes to check if the claim made
by the company is valid. He is told that the BFE of the disposable face masks manufactured
is distributed normally and that the standard deviation is 0.99%. He decides to carry out a
hypothesis test at 5% level of significance on a random sample of 10 disposable face masks.

(i) Explain what is meant by a random sample in this context. [1]

Solutions
A random sample is obtained such that
 Every mask manufactured by the company has an equal
chance of being chosen and
 The event of one mask being chosen is independent of the
event of another mask being chosen.

2
A-STAR Explainer: Testing the Efficacy of Protective Face Masks.https://www.a-star.edu.sg/News-and-Events/a-star-news/news/covid-19/
 22

(ii) State the hypotheses for the test, defining any symbols that you used, and find the set
of possible mean BFE of the 10 randomly chosen disposable masks corresponding to
the critical region. [4]
Solutions
Let X (in %) be the BFE of a mask,  be the population mean
BFE and  2 be the population variance
H0 :   95
H1 :   95

n  10 and  2  0.99 2

Method 1
 0.992 
X ~ N  95, 
 10 
Level of significance = 5%
Reject H0 when

95%

5%

95
x  94.48505423
x  94.4  to 3 sf 
 x   : 0  x  94.4

Method 2
 2 
Under H0 , X ~ N   ,  .
 n 
X 
Test statistic Z  ~ N  0,1

n
Level of significance = 5%
Reject H0 when z-value  1.64485
x  95
 1.64485
0.99
10
x  94.48505423
x  94.4  to 3 sf 
 23

 x   : 0  x  94.4
(iii) Given that the null hypothesis is rejected in the test conducted by the intern at 5%
level of significance, comment if the same conclusion is obtained when the test is
conducted at 1% level of significance. [1]

Solutions
Since H0 is rejected at 5% significance level, then p-value ≤ 0.05.
If p-value ≤ 0.01, then H0 is rejected at 1% significance level so
the conclusion remains the same.

If 0.01 < p-value ≤ 0.05, then H0 is not rejected at 1% significance

level so the conclusion has changed.

Thus the same conclusion may or may not be obtained.

The company modified the manufacturing process to increase the BFE of the masks
produced to be more than 98%. A quality control manager decides to perform a hypothesis
test on a random sample of 70 disposable face masks produced by the modified
manufacturing process to find out if this is the case.

The distribution of the BFE, y %, of the random sample of 70 disposable face masks
produced by the modified manufacturing process are given as follows.
BFE, y % 95.8 96.8 97.5 98.3 98.5 98.7 98.8 99.2 99.5 99.8
Number of disposable 3 8 11 10 10 9 5 5 7 2
face masks

(iv) Explain why the quality control manager takes a sample of 70 new masks but the
intern only takes a sample of 10 masks. [2]

Solutions
For the intern, the BFE of each disposable face mask is known to
be normally distributed.

However the BFE of the new batch of disposable face masks is not
known to be normally distributed. Hence, the quality control
manager needs to take a large sample so that the sample mean
BFE can be approximated to follow a normal distribution by
Central Limit Theorem.
 24

(v) Carry out a hypothesis test at 5% level of significance for the quality control manager.
Give your conclusion in context. [4]
Solutions
Let Y (in %) be the BFE of a mask manufactured under the
modified process,
 be the population mean BFE of the masks manufactured under
the modified process and
 2 be the population variance of Y.
H0 :   98
H1 :   98
Under H0 , since sample size = 70 is large, by Central Limit
 2 
Theorem, Y ~ N  ,  approximately.
 n
Y 
Test Statistic Z  ~ N  0,1 approximately.
S2
n
Level of Significance = 5%
From GC, p-value = 0.020053057  0.0201 to 3 sf 
Since p-value = 0.0201  0.05 , then we reject H0 and conclude at
5% level of significance that there is sufficient evidence for the
quality control manager to say that the population mean BFE of
the disposable face masks manufactured by the new process is
more than 98%.
GC Keystrokes: