Review of Grade 9 Chemistry

Date: ________________________________________
Review of Grade 9 Chemistry
Part A: Classification of Matter
Matteris anything that has ________ and takes up _______________.

- Matter can be classified according to its composition, e.g., as a mixture or a pure
substance
- Matter can be described by its physical and chemical properties
- Matter can undergo a physical or chemical change
Pure substance: A substance in which all particles making up the substance are the same.
An element is a pure substance that is made of atoms, and thus cannot be broken down
into simpler substances.
e.g., gold, carbon, hydrogen, etc. (see periodic table of elements)
A compound is a pure substance that is made of two or more atoms combined in a fixed
proportion.
e.g. H2O (is always 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen)
e.g. CO2 (is always 1 carbon and 2 oxygens)
Mixture: A substance in which there are two or more types of particles

- A mixture can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the particles are uniformly scattered.

Only one phase is visible (e.g., solutions such as Kool-Aid)
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the particles are not uniformly scattered
and therefore have more than one phase. (e.g., oil and water, or trail mix)
SNC-2D1 Grade 9 Review

Physical property: a characteristic of a substance, observed using either one of the five senses,
or a scientific instrument. May be either qualitative or quantitative. (e.g.,
physical state; colour; odour; taste; lustre; freezing/boiling point;
electrical conductivity)
Chemical property: a characteristic of a substance that describes its ability to react with other
substances (e.g., reaction with water; combustibility; toxicity; stability)
Physical change: involves a substance changing its physical properties. No new substances
are formed, and the change may be reversible. (e.g., freezing water,
dissolving salt in water)
Chemical change: involves a change in matter in which at least one new substance, having new
properties, is formed.
Clues a chemical change has occurred:

1. _______________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________
Types of Elements:
Metals Metalloids Non-metals
 conduct electricity and  properties of both metals  poor conductors of
heat and non-metals electricity and heat
 malleable  adjacent to staircase line  brittle
 ductile on periodic table  may be solid, gas, or liquid
 usually solid at room (exception: Aluminum is (bromine) at room temp.
temperature (except a metal)  right side of periodic table
mercury)
 left side of periodic table
Part B: Atomic structure

Subatomic particles
Particle Charge Mass Location in atom

Activity #1: Find the numbers of subatomic particles:
Rules: 1. Atomic number = Number of protons

2. Mass number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons
3. Number of protons = Number of electrons (in a neutral atom)
Element Symbol Atomic Mass # of # of # of

Number Number protons electrons neutrons
a. Oxygen
b. Mn
c. Barium
d. 79
e. 14
f. 18 18
g. Fe
h. 29
i. 19
j. 16
The Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom

 protons and neutrons in the nucleus
 electrons in shells, orbiting the nucleus
1st shell: ____ electrons 3rd shell: ____ electrons

2nd shell: ____ electrons 4th shell: ____electrons
Bohr-Rutherford diagrams
 can be drawn for the first 20 elements only
 #protons and #neutrons in nucleus; electrons placed in shells
Example: Bohr-Rutherford diagram of a Boron atom

Boron has ____ protons, ____ electrons, and ____ neutrons.
Complete diagram: Simplified diagram:

Activity #2: Draw Bohr-Rutherford diagrams for:
a. hydrogen b. carbon
c. magnesium d. calcium
Lewis dot diagrams (a.k.a. electron dot diagrams)

Show only the valence electrons, placed around the element symbol:
 Dots should be paired up, and there should never be more than eight
 There should be an electron on all four sides before pairing
Activity #3: Draw Lewis dot diagrams for:

a. hydrogen b. carbon c. magnesium d. calcium
Standard Atomic Notation
Mass number This notation tells us that

(rounded) fluorine has ____ protons,
and ____ neutrons.
Atomic number
Activity #4: Write standard atomic notation for atoms of:

a. nitrogen b. sulphur c. calcium

Part C: The Periodic Table
The periodic table is organized in several ways:
i) according to atomic number
ii) by metals, non-metals, and metalloids
iii) it is divided into 18 columns (called families or _____________)
Group 1 = Alkali metals
Group 2 = Alkaline earth metals
Groups 3-12 = Transition metals
Group 17 = Halogens
Group 18 = Noble gases
iv) it is divided into 7 rows (called _______________)
Activity #5: Periodic table

a) There are 32 elements not named on the periodic table at the front of this package. Fill in
the names on the table.
b) Using the periodic table in your textbook, colour your periodic table so that it is divided
into three sections (metals, non-metals, and metalloids). Colour in your legend to match.
c) Neatly label the names of the groups/families on your periodic table.
d) List the elements found in Period 3: __________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
e) How many valence electrons to the atoms in Group1 have? _____
f) How many valence electrons to the atoms in Group 2 have? _____
g) How many valence electrons to the atoms in Group 13 have? _____
h) How many valence electrons to the atoms in Group 17 have? _____
i) How many valence electrons to the atoms in Group 18 have? _____
j) What is a full valence shell called? ________________
k) How many shells (orbits) do the atoms in Period 1 have? _____
l) How many shells (orbits) do the atoms in Period 2 have? _____
m) How many shells (orbits) do the atoms in Period 3 have? _____
Activity #6: Elements and their symbols

Complete the following chart:
Name Symbol Name Symbol
Boron He
Manganese P
Platinum I
Bromine Hg
Aluminum Ag
Nickel Co
Gold Zn
Hydrogen Pb

Part D: Ions
 Atoms want to achieve stability by either filling their valence shell, or completely emptying it.
o They will either gain or lose electrons to become charged atoms (ions)
 An ion is formed when atoms have an unequal number of protons and electrons.
 If an atom gains an electron it becomes a negatively charged ion (an ____________)

 If an atom loses an electron it becomes a positively charged ion (a ______________)
Activity #7: Ions

1. a) What is the charge of an ion that has 11 protons and 10 electrons? ______
b) Write the symbol of this ion. _____
2. a) What is the charge of an ion that has 15 protons and 18 electrons? ______
b) Write the symbol of this ion. _____
Activity #8: Drawing ions

Draw the Bohr-Rutherford AND Lewis Dot diagrams for the neutral chlorine atom:
a) How many electrons does chlorine need to form a stable outer shell? ____
b) What is the total number of electrons after forming a stable octet? ____
c) What is the total number of protons after forming a stable octet? ____
d) What is the overall charge of chlorine? ____
e) Draw the Bohr-Rutherford and Lewis dot diagrams for the chlorine ION: (make sure to
include the charge!)
f) Draw the Bohr-Rutherford and Lewis dot diagrams for the following:
i) oxygen ion
ii) magnesium ion

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Date: ________________________________________

Review of Grade 9 Chemistry

Part A: Classification of Matter

Matteris anything that has ________ and takes up _______________.

Mixture: A substance in which there are two or more types of particles

A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the particles are uniformly scattered.

SNC-2D1 Grade 9 Review

Clues a chemical change has occurred:

Part B: Atomic structure

SNC-2D1 Grade 9 Review

Rules: 1. Atomic number = Number of protons

Element Symbol Atomic Mass # of # of # of

The Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom

1st shell: ____ electrons 3rd shell: ____ electrons

Example: Bohr-Rutherford diagram of a Boron atom

Complete diagram: Simplified diagram:

SNC-2D1 Grade 9 Review

Lewis dot diagrams (a.k.a. electron dot diagrams)

Activity #3: Draw Lewis dot diagrams for:

Standard Atomic Notation

Mass number This notation tells us that

Activity #4: Write standard atomic notation for atoms of:

SNC-2D1 Grade 9 Review

Activity #5: Periodic table

Activity #6: Elements and their symbols

SNC-2D1 Grade 9 Review

 If an atom gains an electron it becomes a negatively charged ion (an ____________)

Activity #7: Ions

Activity #8: Drawing ions

ii) magnesium ion

SNC-2D1 Grade 9 Review

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Matteris anything that has and takes up _______.

1st shell: electrons 3rd shell: electrons