1

REPORT
ON
IMPORT AND
IMPORT SUBSTITUTING INDUSTRIES

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE BACHELOR’S DEGREE

IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
SUBMITTED TO:

MR. TANKA RAJ PANT

Public youth campus

SUBMITTED BY:

DRISTI RIMAL

BBA 2nd semester,

March 2023
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I took it as a matter of pride to present this report on Import Substituting Industries in Nepal as a
part of the assignment. My sincere acknowledgement goes to the respected lecturer Mr. Tanka
Raj Pant sir for the guidelines and support. I took it as a great opportunity to explore us and learn
a lot. I came to do the task in such an interesting way with joy being his student. Your valuable
input has greatly enhanced the quality and depth of this report.

I would like to thank my colleagues and family members for their hard work and dedication in
completing this report. Without their support and cooperation, this report would not have been
possible. Also, my special thanks go to all my friends and my family members for doing research
and reporting with great dedication on different alarming topics. I really appreciate your
guidance and comments on improving our report too.

Thank you all for your support.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................1

TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................2

LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................4

LIST OF FIGURE...........................................................................................................................5

CHAPTER-1....................................................................................................................................6

INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY..............................................................................................6

1.1 Background................................................................................................................................6

1.2 Hypothesis.................................................................................................................................6

1.3 Objective....................................................................................................................................6

1.4 Limitations of the Study.............................................................................................................7

CHAPTER-2....................................................................................................................................8

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................8

2.1 Secondary Data..........................................................................................................................8

CHAPTER-3....................................................................................................................................9

IMPORT AND IMPORT-RELATED INDUSTRIES IN NEPAL.................................................9

3.1 Overview of Economy and import history................................................................................9

3.2 Top imported goods in Nepal..................................................................................................10

3.2.1 List of most imported goods in first 6 months of the current fiscal year 2079/80...............12

3.2.2 Total import count in billion.................................................................................................13

3.2.3 Import share of different countries.......................................................................................13

3.3 Import-Oriented Industries in Nepal........................................................................................14

3.4 Import Substituting Industries in Nepal...................................................................................14

3.5 Percentage share in GDP.........................................................................................................15

3.6 Five-Month Trade between SAARC Countries.......................................................................15

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CHAPTER-4..................................................................................................................................16

PROCEDURES OF IMPORT AND DUTIES LEVIED...............................................................16

4.2 Legal process for importing.....................................................................................................16

4.3 Excise duty and Custom duty..................................................................................................16

CHAPTER-5..................................................................................................................................17

REASONS, CHALLENGES AND TRADE GAP BALANCE....................................................17

5.1 Reasons for huge trade deficit.................................................................................................17

5.2 Challenges in Importing..........................................................................................................17

5.3 Controlling measures for huge trade gap.................................................................................18

CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................19

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................20
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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Import of goods for first 6 months FY 2079/80.................................................................7

Table 2 Percentage share of GDP in different years......................................................................10
Table 3 Trade data among SAARC countries of last 5 months of FY 2079/89............................10
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LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1 Total import count.............................................................................................................8

Figure 2 Import share in percentage by different countries.............................................................8
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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

This entire project is all about learning ideas on import, import-oriented industries, and
respective topics under it. I have done research on the topic deeply and chosen the APA format
to flex the report. I collected data from different secondary sources like; journals, papers, online
media, and official sites. Besides, I compare and contrast the data from previous years too and
draw the final conclusion about the possibilities and ways to maintain trade balance via import.

1.1 Background

Import refers to the process of bringing goods or services into a country from another country.
These goods and services can include raw materials, finished products, machinery, and
equipment. Imports are an important part of a country's economy as they provide access to goods
and services that may not be available domestically and can also lead to increased competition,
which can drive innovation and lower prices for consumers. Additionally, imports can also play a
role in creating jobs and supporting economic growth. However, they can also have negative
effects such as an increase in the trade deficit, loss of jobs, and impact on domestic industries.

Import-oriented industries are those that rely on importing raw materials, components, or
finished goods in order to produce and sell their own products. These industries are typically
dependent on foreign suppliers and may be vulnerable to changes in exchange rates or trade
policies.
Import-substituting industries, on the other hand, are those that aim to replace imported goods
with domestically produced alternatives. This can be done through government policies such as
tariffs or subsidies, or through the development of domestic manufacturing capabilities. Import-
substituting industries are often seen as a way to promote economic development and reduce a
country's dependence on foreign imports.

1.2 Hypothesis

It is generally based on quantitative analysis of data but I have been given my views on the
reason and causes behind the issues. Those issues provoking reasons and causes might be
considered as hypotheses of the study.

1.3 Objective

 Understanding the role of imports and foreign trade in a country's economy.

 Analyzing the competitiveness of domestic industries.
 Identifying opportunities for economic development.
 Examining the impact of trade policies.
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 Identifying trade-related challenges for policymakers.

 Comparing the data and making a conclusion about possible business ideas.
 To take proper government action plans in maintaining a balance of trade.

1.4 Limitations of the Study

 A bit of difficulty in finding authentic data, so we have to go through different news portals
and authentic sites.
 As there is huge content in my project, I have faced difficulty in researching and finding it
due to limited resources.

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CHAPTER-2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 Secondary Data

Secondary data is information that has been previously collected and recorded by someone other
than the person or organization using the data. It is often used as a starting point for research or
as a way to gain background information on a topic. I followed secondary data sources like web
surfing through various websites and going through various books and journal papers related to
trade and export-import. I also went through the downright absolute trade policy. I surfed
through the official websites of the National Planning Commission Of Nepal (NPC), BEA Trade
AsDepartmen, Custom department, MoF, Ministry and of Trade, Commerce and Industries,
TEPC for collecting the research related information. The valid resources are mentioned in the
resources section of the report.
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CHAPTER-3

IMPORT AND IMPORT-RELATED INDUSTRIES IN NEPAL

3.1 Overview of Economy and import history.

The economy of Nepal is heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for around 27% of
the country's GDP. However, the Nepalese economy has been facing various challenges,
including low productivity, inadequate infrastructure, and political instability. In recent years, the
government has been implementing various economic reforms and policies to promote growth
and development.
The service sector is the second-largest contributor to Nepal's GDP, accounting for around
57.8% of the total. (secretary general, 2022) This sector includes activities such as banking,
insurance, tourism, and telecommunications. The industrial sector, which includes
manufacturing, construction, and mining, accounts for the remaining 15.2% of GDP. Nepal's
trade is heavily dependent on India, with which it shares an open border. India is Nepal's largest
trading partner, accounting for around two-thirds of Nepal's total trade (i.e. about 58% of all
imports). Nepal also has trade relations with other countries, including China, Bangladesh, and
the United States. (Trade and Export promotion centre, 2021)
Among 195 countries, Nepal has trade relations with almost 114 different countries. During the
last fiscal year 2078/79 B.S. it counts worth 1920 Billion. Imports in Nepal averaged 55519.56
NPR Million from 2001 until 2022, reaching an all-time high of 299676.90 NPR Million in
September of 2021 and a record low of 8000.30 NPR Million in October of 2001 (world bank ,
2021). As far as import is concerned, Nepal imports a wide range of goods, including machinery,
gold, pharmaceutical products, vehicles, fuel, and food. The major items imported are machinery
and equipment, mineral fuels, and manufactured goods. India is the largest supplier of imports to
Nepal, followed by China, Singapore, and the United Arab Emirates.
Nepal adopted a liberal trade policy in 1992 and the new Trade Policy is announced in 2014.
Foreign trade in Nepal is being directed toward a wide range of countries in the world after
Nepal became a member of the WTO in 2004.Nepal faces some challenges in terms of trade and
import, including a large trade deficit, inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of export
competitiveness. The government has been implementing various policies and programs to
promote trade and investment and to reduce the trade deficit. These include efforts to improve
infrastructure, promote export-oriented industries, and attract foreign investment.
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3.2 Top imported goods in Nepal

Nepal imports huge amounts of petroleum products, LPG, crude oil, gold, mobile phones,
electrical goods, vehicles, and so on. Mostly the import accounts are from India and China. Some
of the others are China, UAE, America, Argentina, Indonesia, etc. some of them are listed below:
1) Petroleum products.
Nepal is a landlocked country and is heavily dependent on imported petroleum products to meet
its domestic energy demand. The country imports crude oil and petroleum products mainly from
India. The government of Nepal regulates the import and distribution of petroleum products in
the country through the Nepal Oil Corporation (NOC), which is a state-owned enterprise. The
NOC is responsible for importing, storing, and distributing petroleum products in Nepal. It also
sets the retail prices for various petroleum products in the country. Due to the lack of refining
capacity, Nepal imports all of its petroleum products in the form of refined products such as
gasoline, diesel, and aviation fuel. Among which diesel is the most imported and petrol, aviation
fuel respectively. Petroleum products made 16.6 percent of the country’s total imports while
their share in the top import list stood at 26.73 percent (Trade and Export promotion centre,
2021) (custom office,nepal, 2022/2023).
According to NOC, imports of petroleum products escalated due to the soaring price of fossil
fuels in the international market. In addition, the increased economic activities in the post-
COVID period and the rising price of the US dollar against the Nepali currency have also
impacted import expenses.
Citing an increasing financial loss due to excess expenditure on petroleum products, NOC has
been suggesting the government to introduce measures to reduce the consumption of imported
fuels. The state-owned oil monopoly has even recommended the government impose a quota on
petroleum consumption.
2) Liquid Petroleum Gas
Nepal imports a significant amount of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also known as propane or
butane, to meet the country's domestic demand. The majority of LPG imports come from India,
with smaller amounts imported from other countries such as Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.
LPG is used for cooking, heating, and as a fuel for vehicles in Nepal. Due to the increasing
demand for LPG in Nepal, the government has been encouraging the import of LPG to meet the
growing needs of the population
3) Raw palm and soybean oil.
Palm oil and soybean oil are both important imported goods in Nepal. Both are used as cooking
oils and are also used in the production of various food products. Nepal imports palm oil
primarily from India. Nepal imports soybean oil mainly from India, Brazil, and Argentina. These
are mostly used in cooking and industrial use for manufacturing edible goods.
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Both palm oil and soybean oil are important commodities in Nepal's agricultural sector. They are
used as feedstock for the production of vegetable oil and also used as raw materials in various
industries such as soap, cosmetics, and biofuel.
As with crude oil, the amount of palm oil and soybean oil imported by Nepal can fluctuate
depending on factors such as global prices, economic conditions, and government policies. It's
also worth noting that Nepal is also trying to promote the domestic production of oilseeds to
reduce its dependence on imported cooking oil.
4) Gold
Gold is a significant imported item in Nepal and is considered as luxury good. The country does
not have any significant gold mines of its own, so it relies heavily on imports to meet its
domestic demand for the precious metal. Gold is primarily used in Nepal for jewelry and as a
store of wealth. Nepal imports gold mainly from India, Dubai, Singapore, and other countries.
The majority of the gold imported into Nepal is in the form of bullion, coins, and jewelry.
The amount of gold imported by Nepal can fluctuate depending on various factors such as global
gold prices, economic conditions, and government policies. Due to the high value of gold, it is
also one of the most important items in Nepal's trade deficit. The recent Nepali market value for
gold is about 1, 05,000 NPR per tola.
5) Electronic goods
Nepal's Imports of Electrical and electronic equipment were US$1.02 Billion in 2021, according
to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. Nepal is a relatively small
market for consumer electronics, and most devices are imported from neighboring countries such
as India and China. Mobile phones, laptops, speakers, fridges, kitchen electrical appliances, and
TVs are the most popular consumer electronics products in Nepal. Many people rely on these
devices for communication, entertainment, and work. Due to the high demand and limited
domestic production, Nepal imports a large number of electrical goods to meet the needs of its
consumers.
The majority of mobile phones and laptops imported into Nepal are from major international
brands such as Samsung, Apple, Xiaomi, Oppo, Vivo, Lenovo, HP, Dell, and many more. These
products are imported by various companies and distributors through official and unofficial
channels.
The Nepalese government regulates the import of mobile phones and laptops to ensure
compliance with safety and technical standards. NTA and the Nepal Bureau of Standard and
Metrology (NBSM) are the main government agencies responsible for regulating the import of
mobile phones and laptops in Nepal.
6) Pharmaceutical products
Nepal imports most of its pharmaceuticals from India, the USA, Germany, Vietnam, etc. Nepal's
Imports of Pharmaceutical products were US$523.59 Million in 2021, according to the United
Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. Different registered drug companies can
import medicines in Nepal as a group under MIA Nepal.
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Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Product data is updated yearly, averaging 27,631.809 USD from
Dec 1995 to 2021, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 102,823.325 USD
in 2021 and a record low of 6,205.078 USD in 2000. (department of drug administration, 2000-
2022)Nepal imports both generic and brand-name drugs, which are used to treat a wide range of
medical conditions, including infectious diseases, chronic illnesses, and cancer. Some of the
common types of drugs and medicines imported by Nepal include Antibiotics, analgesics, anti-
inflammatory drugs, cardiovascular drugs, different vaccines, etc.
The Nepalese government regulates the import of drugs and medicines to ensure safety and
efficacy. The DDA and the Nepal Food Act are the main laws that govern the import and
distribution of drugs and medicines in Nepal.
7) Vehicles and Machinery
The majority of vehicles and machinery imported into Nepal are from neighboring countries
such as India and China. Vehicles and machinery are among the most important imported goods
in Nepal. According to the Department of Customs, Nepal imported automobiles worth Rs99. 42
billion in the last fiscal year 2021/22, the country has a relatively small domestic manufacturing
industry, so it relies heavily on imports to meet the demands of its growing population and
infrastructure development needs.
The majority of vehicles imported into Nepal are motorcycles, cars, trucks, and buses. The
imported vehicles are mainly used for transportation, commercial and industrial purposes. In
terms of machinery, Nepal imports a wide range of equipment, including construction
equipment, agricultural machinery, and industrial machinery. The Department of Transport
Management (DoTM) and the Department of Industry (DoI) are the main government agencies
responsible for regulating the import of vehicles and machinery in Nepal, respectively. They set
safety and technical standards and also provide import licenses for the importers.
The import of vehicles and machinery can be a significant contributor to Nepal's trade deficit, so
the government has also been implementing policies to promote the domestic production of
vehicles and machinery, and also encouraging the use of electric vehicles to reduce dependence
on fossil fuels.
3.2.1 List of most imported goods in first 6 months of the current fiscal year 2079/80
Table 1 Import of goods for first 6 months FY 2079/80
Imported Goods Worth(in NRS)
Diesel 70 arba 10 cr.
Petrol 33 arba 53 cr.
Gold 29 arba 20 cr.
LP Gas 28 arba 20 cr.
Crude soybean oil 23 arba 75 cr.
Crude Palm Oil 16 arba 71 cr.
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Mobile, Telephone 14 arba 32 cr.

Readymade clothes 12 arba 81 cr.

3.2.2 Total import count in billion

Total Import
16 14.18 14.01
14 13.45
12 10.67 11.41
Billions in US$

10
8
6
4
2
0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Year

Figure 1 Total import count

3.2.3 Import share of different countries

Import share in percentage(2021)

16

33
33

15 61

India China Argnetina U.A.E. U.S.A Others

Figure 2 Import share in percentage by different countries

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3.3 Import-Oriented Industries in Nepal

These are the industries that heavily rely on imported goods for manufacturing and production.
The produced goods are either domestically used or exported to other countries. Some of them
are:
 Textile and Apparel: Nepal imports textile materials such as cotton, polyester, and nylon
from India and China, and then uses these materials to produce garments for export to
other countries.
 Pharmaceuticals: Nepal imports raw materials such as chemicals and active
pharmaceutical ingredients from India, China, and other countries, and then uses these
materials to produce finished pharmaceutical products for export and domestic
consumption.
 Plastic products: Nepal imports raw materials such as plastic granules and resin, and then
uses these materials to produce a wide range of plastic products for export and domestic
consumption.
 Oil refining: Nepal imports huge amounts of crude soybean oil and crude palm oil for
refining. And exports it to other countries which helps in gaining some amount in the
trade balance.

3.4 Import Substituting Industries in Nepal

Nepal is a developing country with a largely agrarian economy. However, in recent years, the
country has been working to diversify its economy and promote the growth of other industries.
Some examples of it can be described below:
 Hydropower: Nepal has significant potential for hydropower development, and the
government has been working to attract investment in this sector. This can be the best
solution for substituting the use of fossil fuels which counts a huge amount in a trade deficit
of Nepal.
 Manufacturing: Nepal has a growing manufacturing sector, particularly in the areas of
textiles, ceramics, and handicrafts.
 Agriculture: Nepal is an agrarian country with a large percentage of the population dependent
on agriculture. The country has been making efforts to improve the productivity of the sector
by providing subsidies, technical assistance, and credit facilities to farmers.
 Electronics and vehicle assembling: Nepal imports electronic components such as
microprocessors, semiconductors, and other electronic components and uses them to produce
electronic goods for both domestic and export markets. Similarly, vehicles part can be
imported and assembled here for making new products rather than importing the finished
products.
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3.5 Percentage share in GDP

Table 2 percentage share of GDP in different years

Year % of GDP
2021 38.60%
2020 34.11%
2019 41.47%
2018 40.63%
2017 36.83%

3.6 Five-Month Trade between SAARC Countries

Table 3 Trade data among SAARC countries for last 5 months of FY 2079/89
Country Import Export Profit-Loss

India 4 Kharba 17 cr. 47 Arba 37 cr. -3 Kharba 52 Arba

China 94 Arba 58 cr. 24 cr. -94 Arba 33 cr.

Bangladesh 3 Arba 27 cr. 15 cr. -3 Arba 11 cr.

Bhutan 46 cr. 21 cr. -24 cr.

Maldives 6 lakhs - - 6 lakhs

Pakistan 20 cr. 3 cr. -17 cr.

Srilanka 12 cr. 2 cr. -10 cr.

Afghanistan 48 thousand 28 lakhs 99000 38 lakhs 51000

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CHAPTER-4

PROCEDURES OF IMPORT AND DUTIES LEVIED

4.2 Legal process for importing

Here is the series of task to be performed in order to import any goods legally. (ministry of
industry, commerce and trade, 2007 A.D)
1) Registering a manufacturing company or trading firm in the company registrar office.
2) Obtaining permanent bank account number in the name of company.
3) Registering for VAT according to excise duty rule 2002.
4) Obtaining excise license.
5) Obtaining certificate for import according to custom rule 2007.

4.3 Excise duty and Custom duty

Excise duty and custom duty are both types of taxes that are imposed on imported goods by the
government of a country. Also VAT and road development tax should be paid by any imported
goods in Nepal.
Excise duty, also known as excise tax, is a tax that is imposed on specific goods that are
produced or manufactured within a country. It is a type of indirect tax that is typically imposed
on goods such as tobacco, alcohol, and gasoline. The excise duty is typically based on the
quantity or volume of the goods and is paid by the manufacturer or importer of the goods.
Custom duty, also known as import duty, is a tax that is imposed on goods that are imported into
a country. It ranges from 0-80% (dr.pushpa raj kandel, 2077/78)differing from goods to goods. It
is a type of indirect tax that is typically based on the value of the goods, and it is paid by the
importer of the goods. The custom duty rate can vary depending on the type of goods being
imported and the country from which they are being imported.
In Nepal, the Nepal Customs, the department under the Ministry of Finance, is responsible for
the collection of customs duty and excise duty on the imported goods. The customs duty and
excise duty rate vary depending on the type of goods and the country of origin. The government
can also change the rate of duty over time based on the economic situation of Nepal.
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CHAPTER-5

REASONS, CHALLENGES AND TRADE GAP BALANCE

5.1 Reasons for huge trade deficit

Here are several reasons for Nepal's large trade deficit, including:
1. Dependence on imports: Nepal relies heavily on imports for essential goods such as fuel,
machinery, and consumer goods.
2. Limited exports: Nepal's exports are mostly limited to agricultural and handicraft
products, which do not generate enough foreign exchange to offset the cost of imports.
3. Unfavorable trade agreements: Nepal's trade agreements with neighboring countries,
particularly India, are often seen as unfavorable to Nepal, resulting in a trade deficit.
4. Infrastructure constraints: Nepal's poor infrastructure, including inadequate
transportation and communication systems, makes it difficult for the country to compete in
the global market.
5. Political instability: Political instability and frequent changes in government policies have
resulted in a lack of consistency and predictability in Nepal's trade and economic policies,
which has led to a trade deficit.
6. Lack of industrialization: Nepal has not been able to industrialize at the same rate as other
countries in the region and thus is not able to compete on the same level in the global
market.

5.2 Challenges in Importing

Here are several challenges that companies and countries face when importing goods, including:
(challenges in importing goods, 2019)
1. Tariffs and trade barriers: Importing goods can be expensive due to tariffs and other
trade barriers imposed by the destination country.
2. Currency fluctuations: Fluctuations in currency exchange rates can make imported
goods more expensive and affect the profitability of import businesses.
3. Logistics and transportation: Importing goods can be logistically challenging and
time-consuming, especially if the destination country is far away or if there are
inadequate transportation and communication systems.
4. Customs clearance: Clearing goods through customs can be a complex and lengthy
process, and can be further complicated by lack of transparency, inconsistent
regulations, and corruption.
5. Quality control and compliance: Importing goods can be risky if the supplier is unable
or unwilling to meet quality standards or comply with regulations.
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6. Legal and regulatory compliance: Importing goods can be challenging due to the need
to comply with laws and regulations in both the exporting and importing countries.
7. Political instability: Importing goods can be disrupted by political instability or
changes in government policies in the importing or exporting country.

5.3 Controlling measures for huge trade gap

There are several measures that can be taken to control Nepal's trade deficit and improve its
importing capabilities, including:
1. Diversifying exports: Nepal can diversify its exports by promoting new products and
expanding its export markets, which can help to increase foreign exchange earnings and
offset the cost of imports.
2. Improving trade agreements: Nepal can negotiate more favorable trade agreements with
other countries, particularly with its major trading partners such as India, in order to
reduce its trade deficit.
3. Developing infrastructure: Nepal can improve its infrastructure, including
transportation, communication systems, and ports, to make it easier and more efficient to
import and export goods.
4. Encouraging foreign investment: Nepal can encourage foreign investment in sectors
such as tourism, hydropower, and manufacturing to increase exports and reduce its trade
deficit.
5. Industrialization: Nepal can invest in industry and manufacturing to produce goods that
are in high demand in the global market, which can help to reduce its trade deficit.
6. Encouraging domestic production: Nepal can reduce imports by encouraging domestic
production of goods that are currently imported, such as food and consumer goods.
7. Improving ease of doing business: Nepal can improve its business environment by
simplifying regulations, reducing bureaucracy, and increasing transparency to attract more
foreign and domestic investment.
8. Improving governance: Nepal can improve governance by ensuring more consistency
and predictability in its trade and economic policies, reducing corruption, and creating a
more stable business environment.
9. Quality control and compliance: Nepal can ensure that imported goods meet quality
standards and comply with regulations by implementing effective quality control and
compliance mechanisms.
10. Technical assistance: Nepal can seek technical assistance from international
organizations and developed countries to help improve its trade and import capabilities.
 19

CONCLUSION

The objectives of my study were achieved. I acquired knowledge and insight on the import and
import oriented industries, its contribution to the national GDP and its current problem and the
future prospects. Though Nepal is facing huge trade deficit, import is equally important as export
for the balance of economy in the country. But the thing is that we should decrease the gap of
import and export for foreign reserve. I went through various research articles, web portals and
various secondary sources to get the required information about our relevant topic. I knew about
the current trade statistics of our nation and also compared with various foreign nation to study
about strength and weaknesses about our export, industries and trade situation.

And I have been concluded my project report successfully gaining various knowledge about the
topic. And most importantly I would like to thank our instructor Mr. Tanka Raj Panta sir for
providing me this wonderful opportunity that make me learn and you deserve our sincere
gratitude for this.
 REFERENCES

 Custom office, Nepal. (2022/2023). Retrieved from www.cdn.gov.com.np.

 Department of drug administration. (2000-2022). Retrieved from www.mohp.gov.np.

 Dr.pushpa raj kandel. (2077/78). 15th economic plan of Nepal. Kathmandu: National
Planning Commission.

 Ministry of Industry, commerce, and trade. (2007 A.D). Retrieved from

www.doc.gov.np.

 Secretary general. (2022). economic sectors in Nepal. Kathmandu: ministry of Finance.

 Trade and Export promotion center. (2021). Retrieved from tepc.gov.np.

 World Bank. (2021). world trade data(import and export).