8 Human Health and Diseases PPT - (13 Feb 2022) (Repaired)

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✔ Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.

✔ Health is affected by genetic disorders, infections, change in life style


(food, water, rest, exercise, habits etc).
✔ Mind influences immune system (through neural and endocrine
systems) and thereby health.
✔ HYPOTHALAMUS is the link between Neural System and Endocrine
System.
✔ When the functioning of organs or systems of the body is adversely
affected, it is called a disease.
✔ William Harvey discovered Circulatory System.
DISEASES

Infectious: Non-infectious:
Transmits from one person to Do not transmit from one person to
another. another.

Disease causing organisms are called Pathogens.


Parasites are pathogens as they harm the host.
COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MAN
Pathogen Salmonella typhi
BACTERIAL
DISEASES Mode of It enters small intestine through food & water and
transmission migrates to other organs via blood.
Sustained high fever (39o-40o C), headache,
A. Typhoid Symptoms weakness, stomach pain, constipation & loss of
appetite.Intestinal perforation and death mayoccur.
COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MAN

BACTERIAL
DISEASES Widal test is used for confirmation of the disease.

A. Typhoid

Mary Mallon nicknamed Typhoid Mary was a


professional cook. She was a typhoid carrier
who continued to spread typhoid for several
years through the food she prepared.
COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MAN
• It infects lung alveoli.
BACTERIAL • The alveoli get filled with fluid leading to respiratory problems.
DISEASES

B. Pneumonia
COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MAN

BACTERIAL Streptococcus pneumoniae & Haemophilus


Pathogen
influenzae
DISEASES
Inhaling the droplets/aerosols released by an
Mode of
infected person. Sharing glasses and utensils with an
B. Pneumonia transmission
infected person.

Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus


influenzae
COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MAN

BACTERIAL
Respiratory problems, fever, chills, cough,
DISEASES headache. In severe cases, lips and nails of the
Symptoms
finger turn grey to bluish colour.
Reason- due to lack of Oxygen (HYPOXIA).
B. Pneumonia
COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MAN
• It infects nose & respiratory passage but not lungs.
VIRAL • It lasts for 3-7 days.
DISEASES

COMMON
COLD
COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MAN
Pathogen Rhinoviruses
VIRAL
DISEASES Inhaling droplets resulting from cough or sneezes.
Mode of
Through contaminated objects (pens, books, cups,
transmission
doorknobs, computer accessories) etc.

COMMON Nasal congestion & discharge, fever, headache, sore


Symptoms
throat, cough, hoarseness, tiredness etc.
COLD/Rhinitis
COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MAN
Plasmodium sp. (P. vivax, P.malariae &
PROTOZOAN Pathogen P.falciparum).
P. falciparum causes most serious (malignant) malaria.
DISEASES Mode of
By biting of female Anopheles mosquito.
transmission
Haemozoin (toxin released by Plasmodium) causes
1. MALARIA Symptoms
chill and high fever recurring every 3-4 days.
Gametocytes of
P.falciparum in blood
COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MAN

PROTOZOAN Life cycle of Plasmodium


DISEASES Female Anopheles-
long PROBOSCIS- to get gametes
(to do reproduction)
1. MALARIA

Plasmodium.flaciparum-
most dangerous
Plasmodium.ovale-NORTH
EASTERN STATE
Life cycle of Plasmodium
Digenetic Life Cycle- 2 Host
Human-Primary Host ❖ Plasmodium enters the human
body as small sporozoites through
Mosquito- Secondary Host the bite of infected female
Anopheles mosquito and multiplies
within the Liver cells.
❖ Later attacks the RBCs resulting
the rapture with release of toxic
substance, Haemozoin which is
responsible for high fever and chill
recurring every three to four days.
COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MAN

PROTOZOAN Pathogen Entamoeba.histolytica (Endoparasite)


DISEASES Mode of
It enters large intestine through food & water.
transmission
Blood in Large intestine comes out along with stool
2.AMOEBIASIS Symptoms
(ULCER)

Entamoeba.histolytica -
(2 shapes)
MINUTA (harmless)

MAGNA (harmful)
COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MAN

Pathogen Ascaris- Aschelminthes


HELMINTHES Mode of
Endoparasite of Large Intestine
DISEASES transmission

1.ASCARIASIS Symptoms Internal Bleeding and Muscular Pain.


COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MAN

Pathogen Wuchereria.bancrofti (Filarial worm)


HELMINTHES
Symptoms Elephant like foot and genitals
DISEASES
2.ELEPHANTIASIS
Digenetic Life Cycle- 2 Host
Human-Primary Host
Mosquito - Female Culex
Secondary Host

Endoparasite of
Lymphatic system
COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MAN

Pathogen Taenia solium


HELMINTHES Mode of
DISEASES transmission
By eating Raw Pig

3.TAENIASIS
Digenetic Life Cycle- 2 Host
Human - Primary Host
Pig - Secondary Host
COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MAN

Pathogen Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton.

FUNGAL Mode of
Infected Towel,Cloth and Comb
DISEASE transmission

1.RINGWORM
ATHLETE’S FOOT DISEASE
Important Points-
➔ The disease which is completely eradicated from the world - Small pox

➔ DPT- Diphtheria
Pertussis
Tetanus

➔ Sabin/Salk- Polio vaccine

➔ BCG - Bacillus
Calmette Tuberculosis

Guerin
IMMUNITY
The overall ability of the host to fight the disease
causing organism by immune system is called
immunity.

There are two types of immunity:


1.Innate Immunity.
2.Acquired Immunity.
i) Active and
ii) Passive


Innate (non-specific)
immunity:
Called
★ — inborn immunity.
★ Always available to protect our body.

★ This is called the first line of

defense.
★ Consists of various barriers that

prevent entry of foreign agents into
the
body.
If enters
★ — they are quickly killed by
some other components of
this system.
Acquired (specific) immunity:

★ It is also known as adaptive immunity.

★ This immunity developed after birth when encountered


with pathogen.

★ It supplements the immunity provided by the innate


immunity.
Acquired immunity has following unique features:

Specificity: distinguish specific foreign molecules.


Diversity: recognize vast variety of foreign molecules.


Discrimination between self and non-self: it is able to recognize and respond to



molecules that are foreign or non-self. It will not respond to our own cell or
molecules.

Memory: after responding to the foreign microbes and elimination, this immune
system retains the memory of that encounter (primary immune response). The
second encounter with the same microbe evokes a heightened immune response.
(Secondary immune response)
Acquired
★ — immunity is carried out by two special types of lymphocytes:
B-lymphocytes.

T-lymphocytes.


★ The B-lymphocytes produce a group of proteins in response to pathogen
into the blood to fight with them called antibody.

★ T-lymphocytes do not produce antibody but help B-cells to produce them.


Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
— Method of transmission:
Syndrome means a group of symptoms.
— ➔ Sexual contact with infected persons.
AIDS was first reported in 1981.
➔ T
—ransfusion of contaminated blood and blood
products.
AIDS is caused by HIV (Human Immuno —
Deficiency Virus) ➔ Sharing infected needles as intravenous drug
user.

HIV is retrovirus, having RNA as the ➔ From infected mother to the foetus through
genetic material. placenta

Diagnosis:
ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay)
PCR
WESTERN BLOTTING (Confirmatory checkup)

1 December

★ Uncontrolled cell division leads to production


of mass of cell called cancer.

★ —
Cancerous cell lost the property of contact
inhibition.

★ —
Cancerous cell just continue to divide giving
rise to masses of cell called tumors.


Benign tumors: Malignant tumors:

Normally
★ — remain confined to their
★ Mass of proliferating cells called neoplastic
original location.
or tumor cells.
★—
Do not spread to other location.
★ These cells grow very rapidly.
★—
Cause little damage.
★ Invade and damage surrounding tissues.

★ These cells actively divide and grow; they


also starve the normal cells.

★ Cancerous cells escape from the site of


origin and moves to distant place by blood,
wherever they get lodged make the normal
cell cancerous.This property is called
metastasis.
Causes of Cancer
Normal cells transformed into cancerous Biological agents:

neoplastic cells by physical, chemical and


biological agents.These agents are called ★ Cancer causing viruses called
oncogenic viruses have a gene
carcinogen. called viral oncogenes, induce
transformation of neoplastic cells.
Physical agents: ionizing radiation like X- ★ Cellular oncogenes (c-onc) or proto
rays, gamma rays non-ionizing radiations like oncogenes in normal cells, when
UV-rays. activated lead to oncogenic
transformation of the normal cells.

Chemical agents: Tobacco smoke, sodium


azaide, Methyl ethane sulphonate.
Cancer detection and diagnosis

★ Biopsy and histopathological study of the tissues.

★ Radiography like X-rays, CT (computerized


tomography)

★ MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging).

★ Presence of antibodies against cancer-specific


antigen.
Treatment of Cancer

★ —urgery.
S
★ —adiation therapy.
R
★ Immunotherapy.

★ —hemotherapy.
C
★ Cryosurgery.

★ Laser therapy.

★ α-interferon a response

modifier used to detect the
cancer.

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