Ways of expressing concentration 3.

Solve of the mole fraction of

each component (solute and
a. Percentage concentration. Unit: % solvent).
4. Remember, that the sum of
%��
� �� ������
 � 100
� �� �������� the mole fraction of solute
and solvent is 1.
% � �=
� �� ������
 � �� ��������
� 100
Molarity (M)
% � �=
� �� ������
 � �� ��������
� 100
- the number of moles of solute in
Where: m = mass
exactly one liter of a solution.
V = volume
- The measure of the strength of
Solution - Solute + Solvent
the solution.
- A solution that we would call
b. Mole Fraction (X) – the number of
strong would have a higher
moles of the component divided by
molarity than one that we would
the total moles of the components.
call weak.
- No unit.
- Two information needed to
- Mole fraction of solute and
calculate molarity of solute in the
solvent should sum up to 1.
solution:
- Could either be:
- Mole fraction of solute:  The moles of solute present in
�� the solution.
�� =  The volume of solution (in liters)
�� + �����
containing the solute.
- Mole fraction of solvent: ����� �� ������
����� �=
������ �� �������� �� ������
����� =
�� + �����
��
�ℎ���: � = ������ �=
solv = solvent ����
sol = solution - Unit: mol/L or molar (M)
n = number of moles
X = mole fraction Molality
When the number of moles of - Tells the number of moles of
the components are not given solute dissolved in exactly one
the following should be done: kilogram of solvent.
1. Solve of the molar mass of - Two information needed to
the components by calculate molarity of solute in the
multiplying the number of solution:
atoms of each in the  The moles of solute present in
substance and the atomic the solution.
mass. molar mass has a  The volume of solution (in liters)
unit: g/mol containing the solute.
2. Solve the number of moles �=
����� �� ������
of each component by ���� �� �������� �� ���������
converting the mass of the ��
component by dividing it by �=
����
the molar mass. The desired
unit in this part is mole/mol
 Where: m = molality; ns = moles -Properties depend on how many solute
of solute; msol = mass of solution particles are present as well as the solvent
in kg amount, but they do NOT depend on the
- Unit: mol/kg or molal (m) type of solute particles, although do depend
Normality (N) on the type of solvent.
- Is the gram equivalent weight of
BOILING POINT (BP) ELEVATION
a solute per liter of solution
- Is the only concentration that The boiling points of solutions are higher
is reaction dependent. than that of the pure solvent. This effect is
- �= directly proportional to the molality of the
��. �� ����������� �� ������
solute.
����
∆T_B=K_B . m . i
�����
- ����: �
�� �
Where: ∆T_B = change in bp
gram equivalent weight or equivalent.
- Is the measure of the attractive KB= bp constant or molal boiling
capacity of a given chemical point constant of pure solvent (ex. water =
species (ions, mole, etc) 0.512 oC/m
m = molality
������ �� ����������� �� ������
���� �� ����� i = Van't Hoff factor
=
�� ��
- Equivalents weight would FREEZING POINT (FP) DEPRESSION
depend on the subscript The freezing points of solutions are all lower
(charges) of the replaceable than that of the pure solvent. The freezing
ions. In aci, base or salt in a point depression is directly proportional to
given chemical reaction. the molality of the solute.
For acids:
��������� ���� ∆T_F=K_F . m . i
�� �� =
������ �� ����������� �+
Where: ∆T_F = change in FP
For Base KF= FP constant/molal FP constant
�� �� of pure solvent (ex. water = 1.86 oC/m
��������� ����
=
������ �� ����������� ��− m = molality

For salt i = Van't Hoff factor

�� ��
��������� ���� VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING
=
������ �������� ��� �������� ������� The vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution
is always lower than the vapor pressure of
the pure solvent.
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF
The vapor pressure lowering is directly
SOLUTIONS
proportional to the mole fraction of the solute.
-Colligative properties are the physical
changes that result from adding solute to a
solvent.
VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING
P_sol= X_solv . P_solv
Where:
P_sol =vapor pressure of solution
X_solv = mole fraction of solvent
P_solv = vapor pressure of solvent

OSMOTIC PRESSURE
The osmotic pressure of a solution
is the pressure difference needed
to stop the flow of solvent across a
semipermeable membrane. The
osmotic pressure of a solution is
proportional to the molar
concentration of the solute
particles in solution.

π=MRTi
Where:
π = osmotic pressure
M = molarity
T = temperature in kelvin = oC +
273.15
R = universal gas constant =
0.08206 L.atm/mol.K
i = Van't Hoff factor