ABSTRACT

Holoptelea integrifolia (Ulmaceae) is a versatile medicinal plant used in various indigenous

systems of medicine for curing routine healthcare maladies. It is traditionally used in the
treatment and prevention of several ailments like leprosy, inflammation, rickets, leucoderma,
scabies, rheumatism, ringworm, eczema, malaria, intestinal cancer, and chronic wounds. In
vitro and in vivo pharmacological investigations on crude extracts and isolated compounds
showed antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic,
antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal, adaptogenic, anticancer, wound healing, hepatoprotective,
larvicidal, antiemetic, CNS depressant, and hypolipidemic activities. It is an evergreen,
scattered, glabrous tree with 30-35 m in height and is commonly known as Chilbil in India. In
India, stem bark and leaves of the plant are used in indigenous system of medicines such as
Ayurveda, Unani, siddha phytochemical investigation confirms the presence of signature
chemical constituents such as terpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, steroids,
sterols, saponins, tannins, proteins, and flavonoids.
INTRODUCTION:
Now-a-days there is a renewed interest in
drugs of natural origin simply because they are
considered as green medicine and green medicine is
always supposed to be safe. Another factor which
emphasizes this attention is the incidences of harmful
nature of synthetic drugs which brings obnoxious
effects to human beings. The advantage of natural
drugs is their easy availability, economic and less or
no side effects but the disadvantage is that they are
subjected to adulteration
Now-a-days there is a renewed interest in
drugs of natural origin simply because they are
considered as green medicine and green medicine is
always supposed to be safe. Another factor which
emphasizes this attention is the incidences of harmful
nature of synthetic drugs which brings obnoxious
effects to human beings. The advantage of natural
drugs is their easy availability, economic and less or
no side effects but the disadvantage is that they are
subjected to adulteration
Now-a-days there is a renewed interest in
drugs of natural origin simply because they are
considered as green medicine and green medicine is
always supposed to be safe. Another factor which
emphasizes this attention is the incidences of harmful
nature of synthetic drugs which brings obnoxious
effects to human beings. The advantage of natural
drugs is their easy availability, economic and less or
no side effects but the disadvantage is that they are
subjected to adulteration
Now-a-days there is a renewed interest in
drugs of natural origin simply because they are
considered as green medicine and green medicine is
always supposed to be safe. Another factor which
emphasizes this attention is the incidences of harmful
nature of synthetic drugs which brings obnoxious
effects to human beings. The advantage of natural
drugs is their easy availability, economic and less or
no side effects but the disadvantage is that they are
subjected to adulteration.
a chanda. Importance of pharmacognostic
study of medicinal plants: An overview. Journal of
pharmacognosy and phytochemistry. 2014; 2 (5):
69-73.
3. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants.
Plant based drugs like Ayurveda drugs used a primitive technique in human civilization, up to
middle era, plant drugs was only source for treat various diseases and alignments. From 18th
century rapid developments in modern science synthetic drugs slowly occupied plant drugs
place. But still the drug discovery system is based on plant chemical analysis of ethno
botanical plants and many aboriginal tribes and poor countries still practicing plant-based
medicine. Recent days very high interests develop on plant-based medicine due to synthetic
drug harmful effects to human and environment. At the same time very often using of
synthetic drugs causes multi drug resistance microbes developed and hardness to life.
Recently we seen many types of viral and bacterial strains are evolve and challenge to human
life. Overcome to these barriers only solution is discovery of plant medicine. Ethno
medicinally used plants Phyto chemical analysis give an account of plant drug discovery.
The plant species native place was from Pacific Islands (Singh 2012). It’s dispersed in all
tropical regions of northern hemispheres. In India, it is found in altogether told mover the
India, particularly tropical forest of south India and western India. It’s an outsized deciduous
tree with a height up to 40-50m. The bark is grey, exploit in rather corky scales. Leaves are
alternate, elliptic-ovate, 4-14 cm long, acuminate, entire, pinnate venation. Flowers are mixed
colour of green-yellow, flowering commonly takes place within the month of January to
February. Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb) Plant is one of the wide ranges used medicinally in
India Holoptelea integrifolia belongs to the Ulmaceae family, generally referred as Indian
Elm, natively distributed in tropical regions of Asia, also found in numerous areas of
Telangana especially in Adilabad and d Karimnagar Districts lies with Maharashtra state
border area. All parts of this plant accustomed, especially leaves to treat inflammation,
bacterial infections, diarrhoea, tumour, diabetes and wound, etc. Bark and leaves of H.
integrifolia are used as bitter, anthelmintic, astringent, thermogenic, anti-inflammatory,
digestive, acrid, carminative and laxative to treat different diseases.[1][2][3] Recently the
WHO (World Health Organization) estimated that 80% of people worldwide rely on herbal
medicines for some aspects. Many developing countries all over the world have intensified
their ef forts in documenting the ethnomedical data and scientific research on medicinal
plants. It is estimated that there are 250,000 to 500,000 species of plants on earth [4].

FIG.1 Holoptelea integrifolia (Ulmaceae)

Taxonomy of the Plant:

Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Urticales
Genus: Holoptelea
Specific epithet: integrifolia - Planch
Botanical name: Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch

Various common name [5]:

Hindi: Papri, Chilbil, Kanju, Cilbil, Poothigam, Chirabil
Sanskrit: Chirivilva, Pootikaranja, Vayasi, Karanji, Chirabilwa
English: Indian Elm, Jungle cork tree, Monkey Biscuit Tree
Malayalam: Aavil, Aval
Punjabi: Rajain, Khulen, Arjan
Telugu: Nemilinara, Nali, Thapasi, Nemali, Pedanevili
Kannada: Kaladri, Nilavahi, Rahubija, Rasbija
Tamil: Aya, Ayil, Kanci, Avil, Pattai
Bengali: Nata Karanja
Marathi: Ainasadada, Vavala, Vavli, Papra, Bawal
Oriya: Dhauranjan, Turuda, Karanja
Gujarati: Charal, Charel, Kanjo, Chirbil, Chirmil
Konkani: Vamvlo
Burmese: Myaukseik, Pyaukseik
Nepali: Sano pangro
Siddha: Iya

PHARMACOGNOSTIC
The definition of pharmacognostic requirements for medicinal plants used in various
medications is crucial and extremely vital. The study of drugs derived from organic
materials, primarily plants, is known as pharmacognosy. It primarily focuses on the
standardization, authenticity, and research of natural medicines. The majority of
pharmacognosy research has focused on finding contentious plant species and validating
widely used traditional medicinal plants through morphological, phytochemical, and
physicochemical investigation. In recent years, pharmacognosy has become increasingly
important. Pharmacognostic investigations provide standardized guidelines that aid to prevent
adulterations while ensuring plant identification. These investigations will aid in plant
identification and guarantee the reproducible quality of herbal goods, resulting in the safety
and effectiveness of natural remedies [6].

Origin and dissemination's: -

The Pacific Islands are where the plant species first appeared [7]. It is found throughout the
northern hemisphere's tropical and temperate regions. India and other tropical regions of Asia
are immune to the plant. Indo-China, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and
China, Vietnam, and Burma [8]. It can be found in India. region of the outer Himalayas from
Jammu to the east up to 2000 ft. stretching southwest from Assam to Burma and to Assam
Bengal to the drier regions of Central, Western, and South India Ceylon.

Description of the plant.

The plant is a big, 25-meter-tall deciduous tree. White or Gray, 6 to 8 mm thick, smooth, and
with pubescent branchlets, the bark. Simple, alternating, stipulate, ovate or elliptic-ovate, and
acuminate are the characteristics of the leaves. The bark when it is chopped and crushed
leaves release an unpleasant odour. Small, greenish-purple, and polygamous flowers are in
bloom and found in axillary fascicles or short racemes. in male 8 stamens are present in
flowers, with 5 stamens present in bisexual blooms Are in place. Obvious, monocular,
compact, and superior ovary stalked. A bifid stigma is seen on a fairly short (2.5–4 mm long)
style. Fruits are obliquely elliptic, one seeded, light brown samara .2.5-3.5 cm, winged and
stalked, orbicular, indehiscent,1.5 to 2.5 cm length and broad. Fruit and flowering are
evident. urinary astringent, anthelmintic, depurative, and unpleasant [9] Tribal people utilize
the leaves and stem bark of H. integrifolia to treat a variety of diseases
ethnopharmacologically. Boiling and grinding the mucilaginous barkthe juice was extracted,
then used to treat rheumatic swellings [10]. To treat, one applies stem bark paste externally.
Ringworm, scabies, and lymph gland inflammation. To control fat metabolism, make a
decoction of the leaves. cure eczema, ringworm, and other skin conditions [11]. Stem, Bark
especially works as an anti-inflammatory for the eyes. External application of stem bark paste
to the forehead of the patient with a typical fever [12]. Paste made of leaves and bark the
plant are externally applied on the white spots or leucoderma. boiling bark with garlic and
coconut oil is applied externally to eczema [13].

LEAF
Small parenchymatous cells with a barrel shape make up the top epidermis. They seem wavy
in surface view, and trichomes are abundant on both leaf surfaces, more so along the midrib
region and less so along the edges. a laminate. Simple, unbranched, uniseriate, unicellular
structures with blunt apexes make up the covering trichomes. walls are clean. On the lower
surface, there are stomata. the dorsiventral leaf kind. There is only one palisade. A layer of
uniform, long, columnar cells, followed by a mass of three to four layers of densely packed
cells loaded with using chloroplast. Stomata of the anomocytic kind are represented. The
lower epidermis has several oil glands. The cortex in the midrib area is made up of 5–7 layers
of parenchymatous cells. The form of the vascular bundle is ovoid. Phloem and xylem mass
exhibit many structural types. There is a region of sclerenchymatous tissues present beneath
the vascular bundle. Between the vascular bundle and the upper epidermis, there are six to
seven layers of There are collenchyma cells with uneven shapes. The vascular bundle is open-
ended and collateral. There aren't many Between the xylem and phloem, there are layers of
cambium. The phloem is made up of companion cells, sieve tubes, and plumbum
parenchyma. Tracheid’s, parenchyma, and xylem vessels make up xylem. On the top,
Xylem is visible. Phloem is visible on the bottom side of the epidermis, whereas side [14].

Traditional uses: -
Plant is helpful in the treatment of bronchitis, edema, and obesity. It has a history of acting as
a protease inhibitor. When administered topically, mucilage and juice made from boiling
bark have been shown to be beneficial for rheumatism and intestinal tumours. Applying bark
juice on rheumatoid arthritis swellings [15]. In pregnancy, bark juice is effective as an
oxytocic. Ringworm, eczema, and other cutaneous disorders can be treated externally with a
paste made from seeds and stems of bark trees. Lymph node irritation is treated topically
with stem bark paste. ringworm, scabies, and common fever in addition to the gland. External
application of bark and leaf paste is used to cure leukoderma [16,17,18].

LEAF CONSTANT STUDIES

stomata are only found on the lower surface of leaves. They are the anomocytic variety.
Stomatal frequency range is 34.25 and stomatal index is 14.83 mm.

Quantitative leaf microscopy [19]

Palisade ratio of 7 to 10
Stomata count 7.00 to 9.00 on the upper surface
Stomata count 4.00 to 8.00 on the lower surface
Index of stomata Surface above: 14.08 to 20.34
Index of stomata Surface below: 12.44 to 18.4
Number of vein islets: 4.01 to 5.75
Number of veinlets that terminate: 3.01–3.50
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Numerous phytoconstituents, including flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, saponins, and
glycosides, are present in the H. integrifolia plant [20]. Figure A: Holoptelin-A friedlin
(Figure C), epifredlin (Figure B), and holoptelin-B 2-aminonaphthoquinone, beta-sitosterol,
D-glucose, beta-amyrin, and hederagenin have been extracted from Hexacosanol (Figure F).
is mixed with heart wood and bark. Octacosanol, -sitosterol, and -amyrin were extracted
from tree leaves Figure E, and 1, 4-naphthalenedione extracted from leaves and have
antimicrobial properties a campaign to combat Staphylococcus aureus [21]. Antibiotics can
no longer prevent the formation of bacterial cell walls. Studies on molecules and modelling
suggested that compound 1,4 Naphthalene has a considerable inhibitory effect on the -
Lactame action because it binds to the active site and locks impact on the creation of efficient
- lactamase It can be used to combat lactame resistance Staphylococcus aureus or other
microbiological strains. Staphylococcus aureus's -lactame activity was highest in the extract
of diethyl ether, then it was highest in hexane, acetone, and water extract [22,23].
PHARMACOLOGY
It is well known that H. integrifolia has therapeutic value in traditional medicine and exhibits
a diverse spectrum of pharmacological activities. Despite the fact that H. integrifolia has a
number of acknowledged traditional uses, scientific validity and supporting evidence are
necessary before commercial utilization.H.integrifolia extract and extracted plant component.
In the text that follows, a few publications that are now available about the significant
pharmacological potential extracts from H. integrifolia are being discussed.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
Holoptelea integrifolia leaf extracts in hexane, diethyl ether, acetone, and water had an
antibacterial effect on a lac tam-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Benzyl ether,
diethyl extract has demonstrated the greatest efficacy and active ingredient. with chronic lung
disease, intestinal pathogenic, nasal mucosa atrophy, and rhinoscleroma, it is an opportunistic
infection. According to ethnobotanical data on the plant species, K. pneumonia was resistant
to the antibacterial effects of acetone. [24].
Neonatal nosocomial infections are increasingly being caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The
most significant member of the Klebsiella genus of Enterobacteriaceae clinically is Klebsiella
pneumoniae. The nosocomial pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae is becoming more common
and has new, antibiotic-resistant forms. Although Klebsiella pneumoniae can cause bacterial
pneumonia, it is most frequently linked to urinary tract and would infections have acquired in
hospitals, especially in people with impaired immune systems. For patients Identified as
being in charge of the current activities were 1, 4, naphthalene Dione. The compound's MIC
was discovered to be 4 mg/ml [25].
Holoptelea integrifolia leaf extract in chloroform has antibacterial properties against a variety
of pathogenic pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus luteus, Citrobact-
er freundii, and Pseudomonas fluorescence. Disk diffusion was used to test the antibacterial
sensitivity at different concentrations, comparing the zone of inhibition to the reference
medication cefotaxime. C. freundii proved to be the target of H. integrifolia's overall antibac-
terial activity, with P. following in decreasing order. fluorescence, M. luteus with P. aerugino-
sa [26].
ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY
Examined the effects of various extracts, including petroleum ether and ethanol. Holoptelea
integrifolia leaves were tested for their anti-diabetic properties in aqueous, chloroform, and
albino rat models of alloxan-induced diabetes. The research showed that ethanolic, Aqueous
extracts and chloroform had more significant (P 0.01 percent) anti-diabetic activity (178.3
2.91, 192.7 4.09, and195.0 2.89, resp.) during both acute and ongoing therapy (172.9 5.05,
162.7 1.47, and 180.9 2.28, respectively) in comparison to (210.7 x 3.24) control. The
outcomes were comparable to the glibenclamide reference standard(170.18 2.58,159.8 2.53).
Extract of petroleum ether did not exhibit any significant (P 0.05) activity in the acute study
at the seventh hour (207.7 4.42) as opposed to diabetes management [27].
H. integrifolia stem bark extract's anti-diabetic effects in rats with diabetes brought on by
alloxan. Three weeks of treatment were given to estimate body weight, lipid profile, and
blood glucose level. The animals' blood glucose level steadily dropped. oral administration of
the bark extract (250 and 500 mg/kg b.w.). the management of body weight loss in diabetic
animals was discovered to be considerable in the animals of both on day 15 therapy teams
[28].
extract of H. integrifolia leaves in petroleum ether and methanol for anti-diabetic action. The
test animal, a male wistar albino rat, had diabetes. was brought on by the poisonous glucose
analog Alloxan. The thing that was contrasted with a generic form of glibenclamide. using
petroleum methanolic extract and ether extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg each demonstrated
strong anti-diabetic effects at 200 mg/kg dosage. activity. The activity could result from the
use of steroids and in the test extracts, glycosides. These phytochemicals could cause the
pancreatic beta cells' ATP-sensitive potassium channels to be blocked. This inhibition results
in a depolarization of the cell membrane, which opens voltage-dependent calcium channels.
to open and the beta cells' intracellular calcium levels to rise This encourages the release of
insulin [29].

WOUND HEALING
The complex process of wound healing involves the growth of connective tissue and paren-
chymal cells, the production of extracellular matrix proteins, the remodelling of connective
tissue, and parenchymal elements, and development of wound toughness [30].
The H. integrifolia in the investigation, two distinct H. integrifolia extracts—methanolic leaf
(ML) and preparations of methanolic stem bark (MSB) were examined for Utilizing two
wound models, albino rats' wound healing capacity models for incision and excision wounds.
The results showed that, in the excision wound model, treated groups experienced more than
90% wound healing by 14 days after surgery, whereas only 62.99% was noted in the control
team. Higher breaking strengths in the Incision model the higher hydroxyproline level in
treated groups than in the control group suggested increased collagen re-deposition.
Additionally, the external use of these extracts on the preventing germs from colonizing the
wound, resulting in the protection of the wound from microbial invasion infections [31].
ANTIOXIDANT
H. integrifolia's leaves (MLE) and stem bark (MSBE) methanolic extracts were tested for
their antioxidant capacity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. HPLC technique for meas-
uring (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity [32].
And estimate of the total phenolic content was made. Two distinct methods have been used to
assess the crude extract of H. integrifolia’s antioxidant capacity. techniques, such as thiobar-
bituric acid and ferric thiocynate method. Extract of ethanol demonstrated strong antioxidant
potential by preventing linoleic acid's oxidation in Comparing both FTC and TBA techniques
with vitamin E, at a set concentration, as a standard medication [33].
Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase are just a few of the anti-
oxidant enzymes the body creates to combat various kinds of free radicals . Numerous
vitamins and minerals , including vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene , lutein , lycopene ,
vitamin B2, and cysteine, work as antioxidants in addition to enzymes. Numerous herbs,
including those with antioxidant properties include bilberry, turmeric, grape, orange, tea, and
pine bark. Over the past three decades, a number of antioxidant-based formulations have been
created to treat conditions like cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, and
stroke [34].
The stem bark was pulverized, shade-dried, and kept at 27° in an airtight container. Using the
Soxhlet equipment, ten grams of powder were precisely weighed and thoroughly extracted
with pure alcohol. The extract was filtered, dried under vacuum to a dryness of 205 mg, and
then used for tests on the antioxidant activity. Based on the detection of peroxide (lipid) at the
initial stage of linoleic acid peroxidation, the ferric thiocyanate method. The ferric chloride
pigment, which is measured at 500 nm, is created when the peroxide combines with ferrous
chloride [35].
By scavenging the free radicals, antioxidants may provide resistance to oxidative stress. free
radicals, which stop the oxidation of lipids. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and the
preceding scientific studies were used in the current inquiry to: Studies have demonstrated
that an extract of Holoptelea integrifolia leaves in petroleum ether demonstrated the steroids,
triterpenoids, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, and proteins in abundance both carbs and
tannin’s. Previous research in science has demonstrated that these supplementary Pharmaco-
logical activities are mostly caused by plant metabolites, and as a result It backed up the con-
ventional applications. which could also be accountable for the different actions. Holoptelea
integrifolia . This indicates that there is room for more investigation of this plant. For the
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conventional claims for a number of complaints that either have no or relatively little
effective medication therapy [36,37].

ANTICANCER EFFECT
The ethanolic extract of H. integrifolia has anti-oxidant properties that protect against 7,12-
dimethyl benz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer. Female Sprague-Dawley rats
were examined for cancer. in this research. animal body weight, load tumour volume in the
breast, tumour frequency, and Levels of antioxidants including CAT, SOD, GSH, and GPx
were also measured. Tamoxifen was the usual medication utilized. The 250 and 500 mg/kg
p.o. oral dosages of the extract were administered. revealed significant dose-dependent% (P
0.05, 0.01) prevention of breast cancer development [38].
Antineoplastic (anti-cancer/antitumor) activity of Holoptelea integrifolia bark extracts in
butanol, hexane, ethyl acetate, and chloroform. Cell lines for small cell lung cancer, breast,
prostate, colorectal, and hepatic cancers were examined for their effects. The study's findings
demonstrated that the cytotoxic effects of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts on breast and
prostate cancer cells were significant. Interestingly, hexane extract was fold more hazardous
to prostate cancer cells. fold more toxic to colon cancer cells, and fold more toxic to breast
cancer cells. In a similar manner, ethyl acetate extract was approximately two to three times
more hazardous in all cancer cells than in non-cancer HEK cells. Particularly, the IC50 value
of ethyl acetate in prostate cancer cells was approximately ten times higher than that of HEK
[39].

Anti -inflammatory Activity

In numerous animal models, ethanolic extract of H. integrifolia leaves (EHL) also significa-
ntly reduced inflammation. EHL was ingested by rats at a dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg once
orally to investigate its impact on inflammatory response (granuloma brought on by carrage-
enan) models). The research showed that H. ethanolic extract was effective. Holoptelea
Integrifolia demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory effects. variously tested animal models
[40].
To evaluate the percentage inhibition of paw oedema caused by Petroleum ether, methanol
extract (100-200 mg/kg p.o.), which was equivalent to Diclofenac, salt as a common anti-
inflammatory medication. The 100 and 200 mg/kg of methanolic extract a considerable
decrease in oedema development brought on by petroleum ether whereas carrageenan disp-
lays no both doses of strong anti-inflammatory action (100 plus 200 mg/ kg) [41].
The Winter et al.(1962) approach was utilized to assess the anti-inflammatory efficacy of the
extracts using a carrageenan-induced paw oedema model. Each rat's left hind paw's sub
plantar tissues were injected with 0.1 ml of 1% carrageenan in physiological saline to cause
paw oedema. 36 rats were placed into 6 groups of 6 animals each and allowed to fast for 18
hours. Group I functioned as the Control and was given the drug (10 ml/kg p.o., 1% Carbox-
ymethylcellulose, CMC). Group II was treated with Diclofenac Sodium (10 mg/kg b.w.) as
the standard [42].
As test groups, Groups III and IV were given dosages of petroleum extract of 100 and 200
mg/kg b.w. p.o., respectively. Groups V and VI, however, were given methanolic extract (100
and 200 mg/kg b.w. p. o., respectively). The right hind paw's sub-plantar region was injected
with 0.1 ml of 1% Carrageenan (in 1% CMC) solution after the animals had been primed
with extract or Diclofenac sodium an hour earlier. By dislocating the water column in a
plethysmometer immediately following the application of carrageenan at 0 and 4 hours after
the stimulus, paw volume was determined. The difference in paw volume between the
vehicle-treated control animals and the experimental animals was interpreted as an anti-
inflammatory effect. Results were presented as a percentage of oedema inhibition [43].
ANTIHELMINTHES
Holoptelin A and B, 2-aminonapthaquinone, friedelin, epifriedelin, b-sitosterol, and its b-D-
glucose are the phytoconstituents isolated thus far from stem bark. In the tropical regions,
Helminthes are acknowledged as a significant barrier to the production of livestock. The
economic impact of parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE), which is a production disease in rumi-
nants and is brought on by mixed infection with several species of stomach and Intestinal
round worms, lies not only in direct losses like a mortality linked to the clinical form of the
disease but also in indirect insidious losses due to weakness, loss of appetite, decrease feed
efficiency, reduced weight gain, and decreased productivity [44].
Anthelminthic’s, also known as anthelmintics, are medications that kill or stupefy parasitic
worms (helminths) so they may be eliminated from the body. They may alternatively be
referred to as vermicides (killing) or vermifuges (astonishing). in mature Pheretima posthu-
ma (earthworm) worms, the impact of benzene, chloroform, methanol, and an aqueous extr-
act of the stem bark of H. integrifolia has been assessed for antihelminthic action. The stan-
dard reference medication was piperazine citrate. When compared to the reference medica-
tion piperazine citrate at doses of 40 and 60 mg/ml, both methanol and the aqueous extract
demonstrated dose-dependent anthelminthic action [45].
In a different investigation, the antihelminthic efficacy of two distinct extracts (methanolic
and aqueous extracts) of H. integrifolia stem bark against adult Pheritima posthuma was
assessed. The usual medication used was piperazine citrate (10m/ml). Significant helmintic
action was detected in the aqueous and ethanolic extract at concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and
100 mg/ml, which are comparable to those of the commonly used medication piperazine
citrate [46].

Mosquito Larvicidal Activity

The first investigation of Holoptelea integrifolia's larvicidal potential After 24, 48, and 72
hours of exposure to five different doses of crude extract (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5%), the
impact of H. integrifolia leaf acetone extract on Culex vishnui larval mortality was assessed.
According to the study, the death rate for all larval in-stars was substantially greater at 0.5%
concentration than at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4% concentrations (P 0.05). Maximum mortality was
noted at 400 ppm acetone extract concentration.
Additionally, a higher mortality rate was noted in the 72-hour bio-assay than in the 24 and
48-hour ones. Regression analysis results showed a favourable correlation between the
mortality rate (Y) and the exposure period (X). According to the log pr-obit analysis, which
had a 95% confidence level, the LC50 values gradually dropped with exposure periods [47].

Hepatoprotective effect
At a concentration of 500 mg/kg orally, a methanolic extract of the leaves of H. integrifolia
showed considerable hepatoprotective efficacy against carbon tetra chloride-induced hepato-
toxicity in male Wistar rats. When compared to the usual medication Silymarins 100 mg/kg
p.o., oral administration of ethanolic extract reduced the raised levels of alanine transaminase
(ALT), alkaline phosphate (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), and total bilirubin during
the hepatotoxicity [48].
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY
H. integrifolia possesses a wide range of antifungal properties [49]. Using the agar well diff-
usion method, the alcohol-based leaf and stem extracts of H. integrifolia were examined for
their antifungal activity against five different fungus strains: Candida Tropicana, Candida
krusei, Candida albicans, Aspergillus Niger, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The outcomes showed that S. cerviceae (MIC: 156.2 g/mL) and C. Tropicana ( MIC: 156.2
g/mL) are the most and equally sensitive organisms to MLE (methanolic leaf extract), where-
as C. Tropicana (MIC: 39 g/mL) is most sensitive to MSBE (methanolic stem bark extract).
For MLE and MSBE, respectively, their MICs varied from 156.2 to 1250 g/mL and 39 to 625
g/mL. For C. Tropicana against MSBE, the lowest MMC (minimum microbicidal concentra-
tion) recorded was 39.04 g/ml.
The various Holoptelea integrifolia leaf extracts on the test fungus Colletotrichum capsici for
antifungal activity. Only the petroleum ether extract was discovered to be fungi-toxicity when
the hydroethanolic extract of the leaves was separated using the differential solubility
method. At this concentration, the active fraction's MIC (200 ppm) was determined, and it
was fungi-cidal in nature. The test pathogen was eradicated by the active fraction in 1.30
hours of exposure, even at MIC, where it was able to survive high inoculum density. It
might prove more efficient than other commercial fungicides and work better at any pH
level between 4 and 9. The active portion was shown to be nonphytotoxic and it accelerated
the rate of Cap-sicum annuum seed germination and seedling growth [50].
Examined the antifungal efficacy of several leaf fractions from H. integrifolia. Agar diffusion
test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanolic
and aqueous fractions were used for the in vitro anti-fungal testing. Among them, ethyl
acetate extract displayed the most antifungal effects on Alternaria sp., Aspergillus
parasiticus, Asper-gillus nidulans, Trichoderma harzianum, and Aspergillus flavus, with
MICs varying from 80 to 40 ppm for each [51].