COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

YEAR OF
IMAGE PROCESSING CATEGORY L T P CREDIT INTRODUCTION
CST438
TECHNIQUE
PEC 2 1 0 3 2019

Preamble: This course helps the learners understand the core concepts and applications of Digital
Image Processing. It covers Digital Image Fundamentals, Image Transforms, Image Enhancement
in Spatial and Frequency Domain, Image Restoration & Image Segmentation and Morphological
Operations & Representation and Description. The learners will be able to develop new
algorithms, tools, and application software for real-world applications involving image processing.
Prerequisite: A basic knowledge of Computer Graphics and Image representation
Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course, the student will be able to

CO1 Explain the concepts of image formation and the basis of digital image processing.
(Cognitive Knowledge Level: Understand)

CO2 Demonstrate the role of image transforms in representing, highlighting, and modifying
image features. (Cognitive Knowledge Level: Apply)
Solve image enhancement problems using spatial and frequency domain techniques.
CO3
(Cognitive Knowledge Level: Apply)

CO4 Make use of the concept of image restoration and image segmentation techniques in
real-world problems. (Cognitive Knowledge Level: Apply)

CO5 Interpret morphological operations, image representation, and description techniques.

(Cognitive Knowledge Level: Understand)

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1
CO2
CO3
CO4
CO5

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Abstract POs defined by National Board of Accreditation

PO# Broad PO PO# Broad PO

PO1 Engineering Knowledge PO7 Environment and Sustainability

PO2 Problem Analysis PO8 Ethics

PO3 Design/Development of PO9 Individual and teamwork

solutions
Conduct investigations of
PO4 complex problems PO10 Communication

PO5 Modern tool usage PO11 Project Management and Finance

PO6 The Engineer and Society PO12 Life long learning

Assessment Pattern

Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester

Bloom’s Examination
Category Marks (%)
Test 1 Test 2
(%) (%)

Remember 30 30 30

Understand 40 40 40

Apply 30 30 30

Analyze

Evaluate
Create

Mark Distribution

Total CIE ESE Marks ESE

Marks Marks Duration

150 50 100 3

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Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Tests (Average of Internal Tests 1 & 2) 25 marks

Continuous Assessment Assignment 15 marks

Internal Examination Pattern
Each of the two internal examinations has to be conducted out of 50 marks. The first series test
shall be preferably conducted after completing the first half of the syllabus and the second series
test shall be preferably conducted after completing the remaining part of the syllabus. There will
be two parts: Part A and Part B. Part A contains 5 questions (preferably, 2 questions each from
the completed modules and 1 question from the partly completed module), having 3 marks for
each question adding up to 15 marks for part A. Students should answer all questions from Part A.
Part B contains 7 questions (preferably, 3 questions each from the completed modules and 1
question from the partly completed module), each with 7 marks. Out of the 7 questions, a student
should answer any 5.
End Semester Examination Pattern:
There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contains 10 questions with 2 questions from
each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students should answer all questions. Part B
contains 2 full questions from each module of which students should answer anyone. Each
question can have a maximum 2 subdivisions and carries 14 marks.

Syllabus
Module – 1 (Digital Image Fundamentals)

Elements of Visual Perception, A Simple Image Formation Model. Spatial and Intensity
Resolution. Image Interpolation. Classification of Digital Images. Image Types. Image Storage
Mechanisms. Arithmetic and Logical Operations. Geometric Spatial Transformations and Image
Registration. Image File Formats. Colour Fundamentals and Colour Models.
Module - 2 (Image Transforms)
Basic concept of spatial domain and frequency domain, Unitary transform, Discrete Fourier
Transform- 2D DFT, 4 order DFT Transform coefficients, Forward and inverse transform,
Discrete Cosine Transform- 2D DCT, 4 order DCT Transform Coefficients(No derivation
needed), Forward and Inverse DCT, Hadamard Transform.
Module - 3 (Image Enhancement in Spatial and Frequency Domain)

Point operations- Clipping and Thresholding, Digital Negative, Intensity Level Slicing, Bit
Extraction, Range Compression. Spatial Operations- Fundamentals of spatial convolution and

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correlation, Spatial averaging and spatial Low pass filtering, Directional Smoothing, Median
Filtering, Unsharp masking and Crispening.

Basics of Filtering in Frequency Domain, Filters, Smoothing Frequency Domain Filters-

Sharpening Frequency Domain Filters

Module - 4 (Image Restoration & Image Segmentation)

Image degradation model, Noise models, Mean Filters, Order Statistic filter, Adaptive filters.
Edge Detection, gradient operators, Laplace operators and zero crossings. Thresholding, Basic
Global Thresholding, Optimum global thresholding using Otsu method, Multiple thresholds,
Variable thresholding, Multivariable thresholding. Region-Based Approach to Segmentation.

Module - 5 (Morphological Operations & Representation and Description)

Structuring Element, Dilation and Erosion, Opening and Closing, Hit or Miss Transformation.

Boundary Following. Chain Codes. Polygonal Approximation. Boundary Descriptors. Regional

Descriptors. Relational Descriptors.
Text Books
1. Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, Digital Image Processing (English) 3rd Edition,
Pearson India, 2013
2. A K. Jain, Fundamentals of digital image processing, Prentice Hall of India, 1989.
Reference Books
1. Al Bovik, The Essential Guide to Image Processing, Academic Press, 2009.
2. Milan Sonka, Vaclav Hlavac and Roger Boyle, Image Processing, Analysis, and Machine
Vision, Thomson Learning, 2008.
3. S Jayaraman, S Esakkirajan and T Veerakumar, Digital Image Processing, McGraw Hill
Education, 2009.
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome1 (CO1) :
1. Find the number of bits required to store a 256 X 256 image with 32 gray levels.
2. Explain the reasons for blocking artifacts and false contours in an image.
Course Outcome 2 (CO2) :
1. Compare different image transforms based on their roles, properties and applications.
2. Compute the inverse 2D DFT of the transform coefficients F(k,l) given below.

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3. Use Discrete Fourier transform to construct 2D DFT for a 4x4 image given below. Assume that
indices start from (0,0)

Course Outcome 3 (CO3) :

1. Perform intensity level slicing on the 3 BPP (Bit Per Pixel) image. Let r1=3 and r2=5. Draw
the modified image with/without background transformations.

2. Let y(m) = {2,3,8,4,2}. Obtain the median filter output for the window W = [-1,0,1,2] and
show how salt and pepper noise is reduced.
3. Consider a 3*3 spatial mask that averages the four closest neighbors of a point(x,y), but
excludes the point itself from the average.

(a) Find the equivalent filter H(u,v) in the frequency domain.

(b) Show that H(u,v) is a lowpass filter (ASSIGNMENT)

Course Outcome 4 (CO4) :

1. Compare Region and Edge-based techniques in segmentation.

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2. Consider a noisy image that is restored using arithmetic mean filter of size 3x3 and
using the geometric mean filter of the same size. Which image will be less blurred and
why?
3. Suppose that you want to help a radiologist to extract the tumor portion from an MRI
image for volumetric analysis. This volumetric analysis determines the effect of
treatment on the patient, which can be judged from the extracted size and shape of the
abnormal portion. Manual tracing of the tumor regions is very difficult since the tumor
portion on the MRI image is inhomogeneous, with complex shapes and ambiguous
boundaries. Suggest a sequence of steps that you may use to automate this process as an
image processing student. (ASSIGNMENT)

Course Outcome 5 (CO5) :

4. Explain the significance of structuring elements in morphological operations with
example.
5. Explain how chain codes are used to represent boundaries of a region with examples.

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Model Question Paper

QP CODE:
Reg No: _______________
Name: _________________ PAGES : 4
APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
EIGHTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MONTH & YEAR
Course Code: CST438
Course Name: IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUE
Max. Marks : 100 Duration: 3 Hours
PART A
Answer All Questions. Each Question Carries 3 Marks
1. Give an image representation model and describe how the representation changes
in different types of images.
2. Describe any three types of color models.

3. Obtain the HADAMARD basis matrix for N=8.

4. Prove that DFT is a unitary transform.

5. Sketch perspective plot of a 2-D ideal low pass filter transfer function and filter
cross-section. List its usefulness in Image enhancement.
6. Explain the significance of directional smoothing technique.
7. Specify the significance of the Zero crossing detector.

8. Describe region growing technique for image segmentation.

9. Define ‘Structuring Element’ used in morphological operations. Give samples for
Structuring Elements.
10. Explain image boundary representation using polygonal approximation.
(10x3=30)
Part B
(Answer any one question from each module. Each question carries 14 Marks)
11. (a) (7)
Explain a Simple Image Formation Model with the help of a neat diagram.
(b) Explain the relationship between image size, spatial resolution, and image (7)
quality. Compare gray level and intensity resolution.
OR
12. (a) Describe arithmetic, logical and geometrical operations on Image. (7)

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(b) Explain the significance of image interpolation and describe its various types. (7)
13. (a) State the advantages of Discrete Cosine Transform over Discrete Fourier (4)
Transform.
(b) You are given a 4 X 4 image patch Compute 2D DCT for the image patch. (10)
Reconstruct the original image patch by neglecting the last four coefficients in
2D DCT. Comment on the observed result.

OR
14. (a) Discuss the concept of sequency in Hadamard transform. (4)
(b) Find the 2D forward DFT of the image segment (10)
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
Prove the unitary property of the given image segment.
15. (a) Explain the output and application of the following point processing (9)
techniques
(i)Range Compression (ii) Bit Extraction (iii) Thresholding
(b) State and explain the features of median filtering. Compute the output of the (5)
median filtering for Y(m)={2,4,8,3,2} , w={-1,0,1,2} where Y(m) is an array
and w is a window.
OR
16. (a) Describe the role of Unsharp masking with its applications (4)
(b) Explain and compare the basic frequency domain filters for image sharpening (10)

17. (a) A 4×4 image is given by (8)

2 4 8 7
12 6 9 8
13 7 4 3
8 12 4 9

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Filter the above image using

(a) MIN filter (b) MAX filter using the filter mask
0 1 0
1 1 1
0 1 0
(Assume replicate padding of the input image)
(b) Explain any two types of thresholding techniques. Describe the threshold (6)
detection algorithm using Otsu’s method.
OR
18. (a) Explain Image degradation model with the help of a neat diagram. (8)

(b) Illustrate the split and merge algorithm for image segmentation using neat (6)
sketches.
19. (a) Explain the purpose of morphological operations in digital image? Describe (7)
the opening and closing operations with examples.
(b) Illustrate Hit or Miss Transformation. (7)
OR
20. (a) Explain the concept of the chain coding scheme with its applications. (6)
(b) Describe in detail any two boundary representation schemes and illustrate (8)
with examples.

Teaching Plan

No. of
Lecture
No Contents Hours
(36 hrs)
Module-1 (Digital Image Fundamentals) (7 hours)

1.1 Elements of Visual Perception, A Simple Image Formation Model 1

1.2 Spatial and Intensity Resolution, Image Interpolation, Classification of 1

Digital Image.
1.3 Image Types, Image Storage Mechanisms. 1
1.4 Arithmetic and Logical Operations. 1
1.5 Geometric Spatial Transformations and Image Registration. 1
1.6 Image File Formats. 1

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1.7 Colour Fundamentals and Colour Models. 1

Module-2 (Image Transforms) (8 hours)
2.1 Basic concept of spatial domain and frequency domain. 1
2.2 Need of Image Transform, Basic properties of unitary transform. 1
2.3 Discrete Fourier transform, Proof DFT is Unitary. 1
2.4 4 order DFT Transform coefficients (Derivation). 1
2.5 Problems ( 4 order DFT). 1
2.6 Discrete Cosine Transform- 2D DCT. 1
2.7 4 order DCT Transform Coefficients(No derivation needed). 1
2.8 Hadamard Transform. 1
Module-3 (Image Enhancement in spatial and frequency domain) (8 hours)

Point operations- Clipping and Thresholding, Digital Negative. Intensity

3.1 1
Level Slicing.

3.2 Bit Extraction, Range Compression + (Work out problems). 1

3.3 Spatial Operations-Fundamentals of spatial convolution and correlation. 1

3.4 Spatial averaging and spatial Low pass filtering, Directional Smoothing. 1

3.5 Median Filtering, Unsharp masking and Crispening. 1

3.6 Basics of Filtering in Frequency Domain. 1

3.7 Smoothing Frequency Domain Filters : Ideal Low Pass Filter; Gaussian Low 1
Pass Filter; Butterworth Low Pass Filter;

3.8 Sharpening Frequency Domain Filters: Ideal High Pass Filter; Gaussian High 1
Pass Filter; Butterworth High Pass filter.
Module-4 (Image Restoration & Image Segmentation) ( 6 hours)
4.1 Image degradation model, Noise models. 1
4.2 Mean Filters – Order Statistic filter – Adaptive filters. 1

4.3 Edge Detection, Gradient operators, Laplace operators and zero crossings. 1

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Thresholding- Basic Global Thresholding, Optimum global thresholding

4.4 using Otsu method. 1

4.5 Multiple thresholds, Variable thresholding, Multivariable thresholding. 1

4.6 Region-Based Approach to Segmentation. 1
Module-5 (Morphological Operations & Representation and Description) (7 hours)
5.1 Structuring Element. Dilation and Erosion, 1
5.2 Morphological Opening, Closing. 1
5.3 Hit or Miss Transformation. 1
5.4 Boundary Following. Chain Codes, Polygonal Approximation. 1
5.5 Boundary Descriptors. 1
5.6 Regional Descriptors. 1
5.7 Relational Descriptors. 1

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