Contents page

Part I. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 2

Part II. Cultural heritages .............................................................................................................................. 3

Part III - Grammar: relative clauses .............................................................................................................. 5

Part IV-Writing ............................................................................................................................................. 7

Part V - Culture ........................................................................................................................................... 10

Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 12

References ................................................................................................................................................... 13

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Part I. Introduction
Cultural heritage is a rich tapestry that encompasses the traditions, customs, artifacts, and practices
that have been passed down through generations. It holds profound meaning for communities
worldwide, serving as a testament to their identity, history, and values. Through grammar relative
clauses, we can explore the significance of cultural heritage, the advantages of its preservation,
and the pivotal roles it plays in society. One exceptional example that showcases the mesmerizing
power of cultural heritage is the art of the coffee ceremony

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Part II. Cultural heritages
Activity 5.1: pre reading questions

Instruction: answer the following questions in groups before you read the passage.

1. What is heritage? What do they include?

• Heritages are: anything valued by people today that were also valued by previous
generations. They are what we have accepted as gifts from those who came before us. They
are of our inheritance of land, language, ecosystems, knowledge, and culture
• They include: land, physical and material objects, monuments, and sites, as well as
intangible beliefs, customs, knowledge and traditions, reflecting the collective experiences
and creativity of humanity.

2. State the Ethiopian heritage registered in UNSICO.

Ethiopian heritages registered in UNESCO include ancient Axum obelisks, walled Old City of
Harar and fossilized evidence of the ancestors of homo sapiens such as Dinknesh, or Lucy found
in Afar region, rock-hewan church of Lalibela, and so many others.

3. Describe the heritages you listed in no. 2.

• Axum Obelisk: Founded more than 3000 years ago. It’s specific location around Tigray
region. The ancient capital of Axum surrounded by towering obelisks and ruined palaces
dating back to its heyday.
• walled Old City of Harar: is a UNESCO World Heritage site and is known for its well-
preserved historic buildings, colorful markets, and unique cultural heritage. It is a must-
visit destination for anyone interested in exploring the rich history and architecture of
Ethiopia.
• Lucy, also known as Dinknesh, is the name given to the 3.2-million-year-old skeleton of a
female hominin that was discovered in the Afar region of Ethiopia. This significant
archaeological find has provided valuable insights into human evolution.
• Rock-hewan Church of Lalibela: It’s found in Amhara region specifically Lalibela. This
complex of rock-hewn churches of Lalibela is Sub-Saharan Africa’s most breathtaking

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 historical sites, comprising as it does eleven rock churches and two chapels excavated in
the 12th century. Registered in 1978.

4. Welch (2014) defined heritages as “the past made present” explain it.

• Welch’s definition of heritage as “the past made present” encapsulates the idea that
heritages serves as a tangible link between history and the contemporary world. It
emphasizes the role of heritages in making history, traditions, and value visible and
relevant in the present, offering a tangible connection to past cultures, events, and
achievements. This definition highlights the dynamic and living nature of heritage as it
continually shapes and informs our understanding of the world and its traditions.

5.Why should we pay to heritage?

Heritages are fundamental sources of individual and group identity, vitality, and solidarity and
they help determine ones’ destiny and that of generation to come they hold cultural, historical, and
environmental significance that contribute to our identity, understanding of the past, and the
richness of human exercise.

6. What values can heritages have to society?

Heritages hold various values for society, including: cultural value, Historical value, educational
value, economic value, Environmental value, social value, Symbolic value, Aesthetic value.
Additionally, they serve as repositories of collective memory fostering a greater appreciation for
the richness and complexity of human experience.

7. What is indigenous knowledge?

It is refers to the cultural and natural resource, traditions, practices, and knowledge systems of
indigenous communities worldwide. It is also the languages, aircrafts, and spiritual practices of
native peoples, reflecting their unique cultural identity and historical legacy.

Activity 5.2 reading questions

Instruction: answer the following questions based on the information in the passage above.

1. What does the writer want to say when he writes “heritages is the past made present”?

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This means something happened in past which is valuable today, or anything valued by people
today that was also valued by previous generations. heritages serve as a living entity that brings
the past into present, emphasizing its continuous and dynamic nature.

2. Why could heritage be an individual, group and national identity?

Because Heritages form as the basis of individual, group and national identity by preserving
traditions, values, and cultural expressions, and collective experiences, it reflects the cultural,
social and historical elements that shapes our identities.

3. Why do people give negative and positive values to heritages?

• Because Negative and positive values are often influenced, we should see the historical context
or background due to their personal, cultural, and historical perspectives as well as their
attitudes toward change, preservation and adaptation

Part III - Grammar: relative clauses

Grammar: Relative Clause

Relative Clauses

Relative clauses are a type of subordinate clause that provide additional information about a noun
in the main clause. They are used to modify, identify, or provide more details about a specific
noun. Relative clauses usually begin with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, or that)
or a relative adverb (when, where, or why).

▪ Forming Relative Clauses- Relative clauses can be formed in several ways:

- Using relative pronouns (e.g., who, whom, whose, which, and that).
- Combining sentences using relative pronouns: "The book is on the table. You bought the
book." becomes "The book which you bought is on the table."
- Omitting the relative pronoun in non-defining relative clauses: "My friend, who is from
Canada, is visiting." vs "My friend, from Canada, is visiting."
▪ Defining and Non-defining Relative Clauses

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1. Defining Relative Clauses: These are essential for identifying the noun they refer to. They
provide necessary and specific information about the noun. They are not separated by commas
and are not easily removed from the sentence without losing essential information.
- Example: "The car that is parked outside is mine."
2. Non-defining Relative Clauses: These provide additional information about a noun, but the
information is not essential for identifying the noun. They are separated by commas and can
be removed from the sentence without disrupting the main message.
- Example: "My car, which I bought last year, is in the parking lot."
Relative clauses are a powerful and flexible tool in English grammar, allowing writers to
provide a range of information about the nouns in their sentences.
Activity 5.4: select the correct relative pronoun from the list given and complete the blank
space.
Where When Who
Which Why Whose
1. This is a restaurant ……. You can find many different cuisines from around the world.
2. The moment …….. I found out the exam results was one of the worst times in my life.
3. Those …….. are eager to join the Spanish class should sign up by tomorrow.
4. Los Angeles, ……….is one the most visited tourist destinations, is a fascinating city.
5. I would like to know the reason ……. You decided not to join us.
6. The Amazons, …….. warrior nature is stressed in Greek mythology, have been a popular
subject for the movie industry.
7. The early bronze age was a period …….. the climate was significantly warmer and drier
than today.
8. Anyone ……… is interested in mountaineering should have enough physical strength to
endure the harsh conditions.
9. Creating a website …….. is accessible to color blind people can make a big difference.
10. One of the reasons ……..most of us change is because we need to adjust and adopt to the
changing life conditions.
11. The 19th century artist, ……..name I couldn’t remember, was very prolific at his time.
Answers
1. Where 5. Why 9. Which/that

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 2. When 6. Whose 10. Why
3. Who 7. Which/that 11. Whose
4. Which 8. Who
Activity 5.5: Answers
1. Who 4. Whom 7. What
2. That 5. Which 8. When
3. Which 6. Whose 9. Wherever
Activity 5.6: Answers
1. That 4. Who 7. Whom 10. that
2. Whose 5. Who 8. Who/that
3. Who/that 6. That 9. Who

Activity 5.7: Answers

1. Whose 4. When
2. who 5. Which
3. which 6. Who

Part IV-Writing
Pre-writing, writing, and post-writing are three stages of the writing process. They are sequential
steps that writers go through to plan, compose, and revise their written work.

1. Pre-writing- "Pre-writing" refers to the initial stage of the writing process, encompassing all
the steps and activities that take place before the drafting of the actual written work. This phase
includes various techniques and strategies to generate ideas, organize thoughts, and plan the
direction and structure of the writing. It may involve activities such as brainstorming, outlining,
researching, or generating preliminary drafts. The aim of pre-writing is to prepare and organize
thoughts and ideas before the formal writing process begins.

2. Writing: Writing encompasses the entire process of composing written material, covering the
stages from the initial idea generation to the final draft. It involves expressing thoughts, ideas, and
information through the written word, and can take various forms such as essays, reports, stories,
emails, articles, and more.

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3. Post-writing: Post-writing is the final stage of the writing process, where writers revise, edit,
and proofread their written work. It involves s reviewing and refining the content to improve
clarity, coherence, and overall quality. The post-writing stage ensures that the written work is
polished, error-free, and ready for publication or submission.

Activity 5.9: Write an essay on the following topics

1. We have to preserve our cultural heritages.

2. Cultural heritages have multiple advantages to our country.
3. Our roles in valuing our cultural heritages.

Preserving Our Cultural Heritages: Valuing and Benefiting from our Rich Legacy

Cultural heritage encompasses the collective history, traditions, practices, and artifacts that define
a society. It serves as a thread connecting the past, present, and future, reflecting the unique identity
and diversity of a nation. Preserving our cultural heritages is of utmost importance as they hold
multiple advantages for our country. As individuals and as a society, we have a vital role to play
in valuing and safeguarding these precious treasures.

1. Preservation of Cultural Heritages:

Preserving our cultural heritages is essential for several reasons. Firstly, cultural heritages serve as
a source of national pride and identity. They remind us of our roots, allowing us to understand and
appreciate where we come from. By preserving our cultural heritages, we ensure that future
generations have the opportunity to connect with their ancestral past and maintain a sense of
belonging.

Secondly, cultural heritages contribute to the economic growth of a country. Historic sites,
traditional crafts, and cultural tourism attract visitors from around the world, stimulating local
economies and creating job opportunities. For example, UNESCO World Heritage Sites draw

millions of tourists each year, generating revenue and fostering sustainable development in the
surrounding areas.

Furthermore, cultural heritages bear testimony to the evolution of human civilization. They are
living records of our history, showcasing the achievements, struggles, and milestones of our

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ancestors. By preserving these tangible and intangible legacies, we preserve a wealth of knowledge
and understanding, allowing us to learn from the past and make informed decisions for the future.

2. Advantages of Cultural Heritages:

Cultural heritages provide numerous advantages to our country. Firstly, they promote cultural
exchange and understanding. When we preserve and share our cultural heritages, we invite others
to experience and appreciate our traditions, customs, and values. This exchange of ideas and
perspectives fosters tolerance, empathy, and cross-cultural dialogue, contributing to a more
harmonious and inclusive society.

Secondly, cultural heritages have educational value. They serve as educational resources for
schools, universities, and research institutions, offering unique insights into various fields such as
history, anthropology, archaeology, and art. Studying cultural heritages enhances critical thinking,
encourages creativity, and broadens our understanding of human diversity and creativity.

Moreover, cultural heritages are a source of inspiration and creativity. They provide artists,
musicians, writers, and performers with a rich tapestry of themes, motifs, and narratives to draw
upon. By preserving our cultural heritages, we ensure that future generations can continue to be
inspired and create new works that reflect our cultural legacy, pushing the boundaries of innovation
and artistic expression.

3. Our Roles in Valuing Cultural Heritages:

As individuals and as a society, we have crucial roles to play in valuing our cultural heritages.
Firstly, we must promote awareness and appreciation of our cultural heritage. This can be achieved
through educational programs, public campaigns, and community engagement initiatives. By
fostering a sense of pride and ownership, we encourage active participation in preserving and
safeguarding our cultural legacy.

Secondly, we should actively engage in the preservation and conservation of cultural heritages.
This involves supporting the maintenance and restoration of historic sites, monuments, and
artifacts. Additionally, we should advocate for sustainable tourism practices that minimize the
negative impact on cultural sites and ensure their long-term preservation.

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Furthermore, we should actively participate in the transmission of cultural practices and traditions
to future generations. This can be done through intergenerational exchanges, mentorship programs,
and community events. By passing down our cultural knowledge, skills, and values, we ensure the
continuity and vitality of our heritage.

Preserving our cultural heritages is a responsibility that we must embrace as individuals and as a
society. The advantages of cultural heritages extend beyond national pride and economic benefits;
they contribute to cultural exchange, education, inspiration, and creativity. By valuing and
protecting our cultural legacy, we not only honor our past but also shape a brighter future. Let us
be proactive in preserving our cultural heritages, ensuring that they continue to enrich our lives
and serve as a bridge between generations.

Part V - Culture
The Mesmerizing Art of Ethiopian Coffee Ceremony
Ethiopia, the land of ancient civilizations and diverse cultural heritage, is renowned for its rich
traditions and rituals. Among the many cultural treasures, the Ethiopian coffee ceremony stands
out as a unique and captivating experience. Rooted in centuries-old traditions, this ceremonial
practice has become an integral part of Ethiopian social customs, fostering a sense of community
and celebration. In this essay, we will delve into the fascinating world of the Ethiopian coffee
ceremony, exploring its significance, rituals, and cultural impact.

Historical and Cultural Significance of Coffee holds a special place in Ethiopian history and
culture. Ethiopia is widely considered the birthplace of coffee, and its cultivation and consumption
have been deeply ingrained in Ethiopian society for centuries. The coffee ceremony, known as
"Buna" in Amharic, has its roots in ancient Ethiopian traditions and has been passed down through
generations. It serves not only as a means of enjoying the beverage but also as a symbol of
hospitality, friendship, and social connection.

Rituals and Preparation of the Ethiopian coffee ceremony is a meticulous and time-honored
process, often carried out by women, showcasing their expertise in preparing and serving coffee.
The ritual begins with the roasting of coffee beans over a small charcoal stove, typically in a
traditional clay pot known as a "jebena." As the beans roast, an intoxicating aroma fills the air,
heightening anticipation.

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Once the beans are roasted to perfection, they are ground using a wooden mortar and pestle, known
as a "mukecha." The ground coffee is then placed into the jebena along with hot water and brought
to a boil. The hostess skillfully pours the coffee into small, handle-less cups called "ceramic,"
which are often placed on a beautifully decorated tray or basket made from woven grass or straw.

Significance of the Ceremony is Beyond its technicalities, the Ethiopian coffee ceremony holds
deep cultural and social significance. It serves as a communal gathering where family, friends, and
neighbors come together to partake in the ritual. The ceremony embodies the Ethiopian concept of
"Buna dabo new," which translates to "coffee is our bread" and reflects the idea that coffee is a
staple of Ethiopian life, much like bread in other cultures. The coffee ceremony is also a symbol
of hospitality and respect. Inviting someone to partake in the ceremony is a gesture of friendship
and warmth, emphasizing the importance of social bonds. The hostess takes pride in serving the
guests, and the act of pouring coffee becomes an expression of honor and goodwill.

Cultural Impact and Legacy of the Ethiopian coffee ceremony has not only preserved ancient
traditions but has also become a symbol of national identity and cultural pride. It has gained
recognition and popularity around the world, captivating coffee enthusiasts and cultural enthusiasts
alike. Ethiopian coffee, known for its distinct flavor and quality, owes its reputation in part to the
elaborate ceremony that accompanies its preparation. Furthermore, the ceremony has become an
important tourist attraction, allowing visitors to immerse themselves in Ethiopian culture and
experience its hospitality firsthand. It serves as a bridge between cultures, fostering understanding
and appreciation for Ethiopia's rich heritage.

The Ethiopian coffee ceremony stands as a testament to the country's vibrant cultural tapestry and
enduring traditions. Through its intricate rituals, the ceremony encapsulates the values of
community, hospitality, and interconnectedness that are deeply ingrained in Ethiopian society. As
the aroma of freshly brewed coffee permeates the air, it creates an atmosphere of warmth,
friendship, and celebration. The Ethiopian coffee ceremony is a true embodiment of the country's
unique cultural heritage, captivating all who have the privilege to partake in this mesmerizing
experience.

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 Conclusion

In conclusion, cultural heritage is not merely a collection of objects and practices; it is a

living testament to the diversity and resilience of human civilization. By preserving and
celebrating cultural heritage, we gain invaluable insights into our past, deepen our
understanding of different cultures, and foster a sense of belonging and pride among
communities. The magnificent art of the coffee ceremony stands as a shining example of
how cultural heritage has the power to captivate and unite people, transcending time and
geographical boundaries. Let us continue to cherish, protect, and promote our cultural
heritage for the benefit of present and future generations

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References
➢ Communicative English language skill II module
➢ https://www.atlasobscura.com/foods/cultural-heritage-coffee-ethiopia
➢ https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/english-grammar-reference/relative-clauses
➢ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/grammar/relative_clauses/index.html
➢ https://www.ncausa.org/About-Coffee/History-of-Coffee

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