PHILOSOPHY • once said to have lived like a

beggar.
PHILOSOPHY
Epicurus
- Love of wisdom
- Study of discipline Study of • Philosophy could enable a man to
discipline that uses human reason to live a life of happiness.
investigate the ultimate cause,
reasons, and principle which govern Epicureanism
all things. ❖ School of philosophy that believes that
- Derived from Greek words ‘philo’ wisdom and simple living will result in a
and ‘sophia’ life free of fear and pain.

PHILO – Love Socrates

SOPHIA – Wisdom - foremost philosopher of ancient times

- Did not claim to be “wise” and merely
----------------------------------------------------------
considered himself a “midwife” t
PHILOSOPHERS - Believe that philosophy could enable a
man to live a life of virtue
Pythagoras
Socratic Method
• Invented the Pythagorean theorem.
• Established community of learners • Examining a topic by devising a series of
devote to the study of religion and questions that let learners examine and
philosophy. analyze his knowledge.
Heraclitus Plato
• “Everything exist is based on higher • Student of Socrates
order” • The foundation of western philosophy
• LOGOS
• “No man ever steps in the same Dialectic
river twice.” • A method of inquiry where two
• Change is permanent aspect of opposing ideas are discussed in an
human condition attempt to arrive at new knowledge.
Democritus Aristotle
• Study the cause of the natural • Prominent student of Plato
phenomena
• All ideas and views are based on
• proposed that matter is composed of perception and reality is based on
tiny particles (atom) what we can sense or perceive.
Diogenes of Sinope TYPES OF REASONING
• Advocate of living simple and Deductive Reasoning
virtuous life
• His emphasis on austerity and • Specific to generalize
simplicity went to extremes
Inductive Reasoning NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE

• Generalize to Specific Empiricism

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY • Acquiring knowledge using our

senses: seeing, hearing, tasting,
Aesthetics
feeling, smelling.
• Deals with beauty and what makes Empiricists
things “beautiful”
• John Locke
Logic
• David Hume
• Branch of philosophy that deals with • George Berkley
correct reasoning
Rationalism
Epistemology
• Acquire knowledge by thinking with
• Discuss the nature of knowledge the use of our minds.
and knowing
Rationalists
Political Philosophy
Rene Descartes
• Study government and deal with
• "Father of Modern Philosophy"
questions of justice, power, and the
• "I think, therefore I am"
right and obligation of the citizen.
Baruch Spinoza
Metaphysics
• Dutch philosopher ,believed in a
• Deals with a question regarding
"Philosophy of tolerance and
reality and existence.
benevolence"
PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON • Criticized and ridiculed during his
life for his alleged atheism.
• Understand human person from
philosophical perspective Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

• The German Philosopher believes

that everything, including plants and
KNOWLEDGE
inanimate objects, has a mind.
Epistemology
PROCESS OF ACRUIRING KNOWLEDGE
• the proper method of acquiring and Reality
validating knowledge
• To know is to know something
PURPOSE OF EPISTEMOLOGY
• If nothing exist, knowledge is
1. To SHOW how we can acquire impossible
knowledge
Perception
2. To give us a METHOD of demonstrating
• Knowledge begins with perceptual
whether the knowledge we acquired is really
knowledge
knowledge.
• senses give us knowledge of things
or entities
Concept

• Building blocks of thoughts Truth

• Things we perceive are similar to
• Validated knowledge
other things
• Based on facts of reality
Proposition
Concept
Affirmative
• Abstract
• Positive proposition
Ex. Men are mortals • Generalize ideas
Negative Proposition Argument
• Negative
Ex, Men are not mortals • A group of statements which is
claimed to provide support or reason
Inference to believe one of the others.
• The process of reasoning from what Dialectic Method
we think is true to what else is true.
• Can be logical • The word dialectic was used my
Socrates
NATURE OF TRUTH 9validating • The art of discussion
knowledge) • Exchange of proposition (thesis) and
“How did I arrive at this belief, by what counterproposition (anti-thesis) that
steps?” results in a synthesis
• “Disciplined conversation”
Use of Senses • Resolves the disagreement through
• Statements based on sense rational discussion.
perception are factual and if we • Intense rigor (accurate truth)
based our beliefs on such facts our
beliefs are true. George Wilhelm
▪ Modernized the Socratic
Consensus method
▪ ‘Social Beings’
• If the majority agrees that a
statement if true, then it is true. Pragmatic Method
Means of Action • Dogma of Science
• Something is true because it works
• Person’s gestures
• Learning by doing
METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
Charles Pierce = Started
Knowledge William james = popularized
• Mental grasp of reality John Dewey = Institutionalized

Epistemology Phenomenological Method

• Method to acquire and validate • Conceived by Edmund Husserl

knowledge • The philosophy of experience
(phenomenology)
 • The ultimate source is experience.
Naturalism

• Idea that everything can be Secondary Reflection

explained in terms of matter or the
• Is synthetic; it unifies rather than
physical.
divides.
Phenomenological Epoch • The function of secondary reflection
is essentially recuperative;
• ‘Pure Subjectivity. reconquers the unity
• to know the truth, we have to put • The result is more expansive
aside one by one all our limiting
beliefs about the world which Analytic Method
represent our biases.
• Analyze
Epoch = bracketing • Analysis of language
“Bracketing is not ignoring” METHOD OF LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
PHENOMENOLOGICAL REDUCTIONS • Principle of verification
• Logical analysis
• Enables us to assume a
phenomenological attitude.
Natural Attitude DIFFERENT FALLACIES
• Men is a rational animal. Logical Fallacy
• Reality is separable from the
subjective experience of it • Flawed, deceptive, or false
arguments that can be proven wrong
PHENOMENOLOGICAL ATTITUDE with reasoning.
• Man is being that possess freedom TYPES OF FALLACY
or a being that escapes definition
• Suspend/bracket the natural attitude Formal Fallacy

EPOCHE • An argument with a premise and

conclusion that doesn’t hold up
• Allows consciousness of our scrutiny.
experience of reality or things. • Scrutiny = Study/inquiry
Reflection Informal Fallacy
• Emerged when something valuable • An error in the form, content, or
is at stake context of the argument.
Primary Reflection Argumentum ad Hominem
• Examines its object by abstraction, • Below the belt banters
by analytically breaking it down
• Concerned with definitions, Argumentum ad Baculum
essences and technical solutions to • Use of force or threat
problems
Argumentum ad Misercordiam

• Use of pity or emotion

• From the word ‘misericordia’ which
means pity
Argumentum ad Populum

• Bandwagon
• Populum = people
Argumentum ad tradition

• Involvement of tradition/practices
Argumentum ad Ignorantiam

• Whatever has been proven false

must be true and vice versa
Petitio Principii

• Begging the question

• Circular argument
• Conclusion is taken for granted
Hasty Generalization

• Generalization without sufficient

evidence
Cause and Effect

• Assuming that the effect is related to

a cause because both events occur
one after the other.
Fallacy of Composition

• If a part is true, everything is true

Fallacy od Division

• If everything is true, each part is true

Fallacy of equivocation

• Using the same term in a different

situation with different meaning.